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Hate crimes, which stem from prejudiced attitudes, have a distributionally detrimental impact on societal stability. Although inter-group contacts are potentially an effective means for reducing prejudice and subsequently decreasing the number of hate crimes, scholars have recently recognized the possibility of negative contacts that might actually amplify prejudice. As a result, the question of whether intergroup contacts truly possess the ability to effectively decrease hate crime numbers remains inconclusive. In addition, prior contact research primarily relies on laboratory experiments because the establishment of intergroup contacts in a field setting is challenging. Examination of the effectiveness of intergroup contacts hence merits further investigation in a real-world setting. In this article, we propose that ride-hailing services, which naturally connect individuals from different backgrounds, offer an avenue to facilitate intergroup contacts in practice, which could potentially reduce prejudice and the volume of hate crimes. Leveraging the staggered introduction of this technology into counties in the United States, we conducted a series of analyses to empirically evaluate the contact effects in the open field. Our analysis reveals a notable decrease in the number of hate crimes (particularly a 5.75% reduction in racial hate crimes) after the introduction of ride-hailing services. These findings remained consistent across various robustness tests. Additional moderation analysis suggests that the increased interaction between different groups, facilitated by ride-hailing services, is the most likely explanation for the observed decrease in hate crimes. We further conducted an extensive survey involving real ride-hailing drivers and passengers. The results from our survey provide direct evidence that ride-hailing services create natural and constructive environments where positive interactions and mutual understanding can develop among diverse groups of people. This, in turn, helps mitigate prejudice and hate crimes within society, as observed in our analysis. This study not only extends the existing body of literature on contact theory but also sheds light on how modern technologies can play a pivotal role in curtailing hate crime, yielding both theoretical and practical implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gaining a perspective on the evolution of psychological concepts can show students the power of theory and societal perspective in shaping scientific ideas across time. In this article, the author uses two constructs, the broad concept of intelligence and the narrow concept of combat stress reaction, to illustrate how psychologists have grappled with these ideas over the past century. These examples can provide a model for using the history of psychology to explain how ideas have taken their shape. These illustrations also show the difficulty in developing ideas that are scientifically useful and that periodic changes in the conceptualization of ideas are a normal feature of a dynamic discipline. (Contains 1 figure.)

The Modern Corporation and Private Property (MCPP) by Adolf A. Berle Jr. and Gardiner Means, published in 1932, is undisputedly the most influential work ever written in the field of corporate governance. In a nutshell, Berle and Means argued that corporate control had been usurped by a new class of managers, the result of which included (1) shareholder loss of control (a basic property right), (2) questionable corporate objectives and behavior, and (3) the potential breakdown of the market mechanism. In this paper, I examine the origins of MCPP, paying particular attention to the authors' underlying motives. I argue that shareholder primacy was not the principal motive. Rather, the principal underlying motive was the well-documented growing gap between potential gross domestic product (GDP) and actual GDP in the 1920s, a problem they, like myriad other period writers, attributed to managerial behavior--in short, a breakdown of governance. In this regard, MCPP should be seen as analogous in scope to the period writings of Thorstein Veblen, Paul Douglas, Henry Ford, Edward Filene, Rexford Tugwell, and many others in the 1920s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Matching laboratory experiments were conducted in two distinct national cultures to investigate whether computer-mediated communication (CMC) can reduce status effects during group communication in both national cultures. Three independent variables were studied: national culture (Singapore versus U.S.), task type (intellective versus preference), and communication medium (unsupported versus CMC). Three different facets of status effects were measured as dependent variables: status influence, sustained influence, and perceived influence. Singapore groups reported higher sustained influence than U.S. groups. Preference task groups experienced higher status influence and sustained influence than intellective task groups. Unsupported groups also had higher status influence and sustained influence compared to CMC groups. In addition, Singapore groups that completed the preference task in the unsupported setting reported higher perceived influence than groups under other treatments. These results demonstrate that CMC appears to be able to reduce status effects during group communication, both in Singapore and in the United States. This is especially true when groups are working on a preference task. Moreover, status influence appears to be more sustainable in Singapore groups, where group members appear to be more conscious of its presence, than in U.S. groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrification and the introduction of high-throughput, continuous-flow production tech- niques in the 1920s vastly increased America’s capacity to produce wealth. Getting in the way, according to many, were weak product markets, prompting ranking Republicans Reed Smoot and Ellis Hawley, in the Party’s 1928 presidential platform, to advocate yet another generalized upward tariff revision—the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Bill (SHTB). The stock market responded favorably, as prices increased throughout 1928 and most of 1929. They crashed, however, in October 1929 when it became evident that the proposed Smoot-Hawley Tariff Bill which called for across-the-board tariff would be defeated by an Insurgent-Republican Democrat coalition and replaced with substantially lower tariffs on manufactures. Using longitudinal analysis, this paper shows how stock prices of firms in industries most affected by electrification tracked these developments, rising in response to good tariff news, and falling in response to bad tariff news. Operationally, a tariff news proxy variable is developed and included in the three-factor Fama-French model of stock prices. Our hypothesis is then tested using daily stock returns for a subsample of nineteen DJIA firms. The results show a positive and significant effect of tariff news on all nineteen stock prices. Lastly, we show that good tariff news explains up to 76% of stock price appreciation in the 1928-1929 period of firms in industries most affected by electrification. These results suggest that the stock market boom and crash of 1929 can be understood in terms of political developments set against a background of improved fundamentals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is generally believed that the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act (SHTA) of 1930 was an electoral response on the part of the Republican Party to Midwestern farmers' concerns in the 1928 general election which via the legislative process (pork-barreling and log-rolling) was transformed into a generalized upwards tariff revision. There are, however, problems with this view, not the least of which is the fact that the farmers themselves were well aware of the fact that higher tariffs would not improve their lot, and hence favored the price support/equalization measures found in the Haugen-McNary Farm Relief Bill. This paper presents an alternative explanation. Specifically, it is argued that the SHTA had its origins in manufacturing states where the demand for a comprehensive upward revision of tariffs was transformed via the electoral process - and not the legislative process - into an omnibus upward tariff revision that included agriculture. The omnibus nature of the bill, it is argued, was intended as both (i) an electoral strategy and (ii) a hedge against near-certain revolt in rural America over anticipated higher prices for manufactures. We show that while successful electorally (i.e., in the 1928 presidential election), the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Bill fell apart in the legislature in the summer of 1929 when 13 Insurgent Republicans broke with the party to vote with the Democrats to lower tariffs on manufactures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a case of infection with New York orthohantavirus in a woman who showed renal impairment and hemorrhage, complicated by hydrocephalus, in Long Island, New York, USA. Phylogenetic analysis showed that this virus was genetically similar to a New York orthohantavirus isolated in the same region during 1993. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act of 1930 has been typically viewed as being the Republican Party’s policy response to weak farm prices which – via political logrolling – snowballed into a full-fledged, across-the-board tariff bill, wreaking havoc at home and abroad (Irwin 2011; Shattschneider 1935; Taussig 1930). Empirical evidence, however, has failed to confirm this hypothesis (Callahan, McDonald and O’Brien 1994; Destler 1986; Pastor 1980). Rather, voting patterns in the Senate have been consistent with the “party platform” hypothesis. This paper presents an alternative account of the origins of the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act of 1930, which is in keeping with the “party platform” hypothesis, and whose results are consistent with the “log-rolling” hypothesis. Specifically, I argue that the demand for protection on the part of U.S. farmers and manufacturers in the late 1920s, and the subsequent supply of protection by the Republican Party, were the direct result of a general-purpose technology shock – namely, electrification whose diffusion throughout the 1920s led to significant excess capacity in manufacturing and agriculture. In manufacturing, more productive firms became increasingly constrained on product markets. The resulting tractorization of U.S. agriculture and the motorization (trucks and automobiles) of transportation throughout the 1920s wreaked havoc on an already weakened agricultural sector (owing to lower post-war exports) by decreasing the demand by 48,294,887 grain- and hayequivalent acres. The proposed tariff bill sought to increase domestic firms’ market share in these industries by reducing imports. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Purpose: To study the feasibility of using a nonmydriatic camera to screen children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1) as young as 2 years for diabetic retinopathy. Methods: Prospective pilot imaging study involving children with DM1 aged 2 to 17 years. The screening consisted of: (1) intake form; (2) measurement of blood pressure, pulse, and oximetry; (3) assessment of visual acuity (SIMAV, Padova, Italy); and (4) nonmydriatic color imaging (Canon CX-1 45° 15.1 megapixel camera; Canon Corp., Tokyo, Japan). Images were assessed for signs of diabetic retinopathy and graded for quality on a scale of 1 to 5 by two clinicians. Kappa coefficient was calculated to determine inter-observer agreement. Results: One hundred four of 106 (98%) children underwent imaging (mean age: 11.1 years, 51% male, 88% white). One (1%) child had nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy and 2 (1.9%) had incidental findings. Only 62% of children had an eye examination within the past year, with children with DM1 for more than 5 years significantly more likely to have done so (One hundred four of 106 (98%) children underwent imaging (mean age: 11.1 years, 51% male, 88% white). One (1%) child had nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy and 2 (1.9%) had incidental findings. Only 62% of children had an eye examination within the past year, with children with DM1 for more than 5 years significantly more likely to have done so (P = .03). Children who had an eye examination within the past year were significantly older than their counterparts (P = .01). Images of high quality (grades 4 and 5) were acquired in 178 (86%) eyes, and images of some clinical value (grades ≥ 2) were obtained in 207 (99.5%) eyes. Inter-observer agreement for image quality was 0.896. Conclusions: The feasibility of using a nonmydriatic camera to screen children as young as 2 years for changes related to diabetic eye disease was demonstrated. Nonmydriatic imaging may supplement standard dilated clinical ophthalmology examinations for select patient populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In this paper, the concept of “productive energy” as a substitute for conventional labour is examined historically, theoretically and empirically. Over the course of the last centuries, productive energy has been substituted for human, muscle- and brain-based work, providing the wherewithal for the phenomenal growth in material wealth in Western societies. In this era of rising energy costs and increasing energy scarcity, future growth appears to be compromised. To better understand the consequences for society, estimates of the energy content of a dollar’s worth of output are provided for the US and Russia. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Traces the legislative history of the fight to save New York's Adirondack Park from acid rains from its inception to the adoption of the first law in the nation to address the impact of acid rain. Description of the park; Background on the report prepared by the National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program with regard to the issue; Trends in emissions and allowance trading by the U.S. Government Accounting Office.

A study of 19 Northeast Ohio manufacturing firms replicated the major result of a recent study of 30 industrial enterprises in India, in that management concern for task environmental agents was significantly related to the organizations' degree of decentralization. However, where this relationship had been linear in the Indian context, it was curvilinear in the shape of an inverted U in the U.S. setting. For relatively centralized firms a strong positive relationship between decentralization and management concern for task agents was observed, while this relationship actually was negative for the relatively decentralized firms. Some interesting differences between the Indian and American studies were also observed for relationships between decentralization and management concern for individual task agents (such as consumers, suppliers, or employees). In spite of some differences in the measure of both management concern and decentralization between the two studies, the replication of the Indian results in the very different industrial climate of the United States was considered as very encouraging. It suggested that management concern for task environmental agents could be a useful variable for cross-national organization research, since the relationship of this variable to decentralization was found to be similar to that observed in India, but at the same time somewhat more complex - in keeping with the more complex industrial environment of the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Describes the relationship between stock price and the success of business enterprises in the U.S. Relevance of product market competitions; Importance of cash flow and capital cost; Superiority of accounting-based financial performance.

The article presents a study which examined relationships between sex roles, domestic roles and occupational expectations within a large sample of United States adolescents. Questionnaire data shows that domestic and occupational expectations are intricately interwoven for females, but are relatively discrete spheres for males. In an occupational system in which fulltime, continuous employment is normative, many women find themselves at a disadvantage. Domestic responsibilities keep many at home, at least temporarily, or necessitate part-time employment. Some women thus find themselves channeled into traditional "female" occupations where cyclical labor force participation is more acceptable but salaries are low, and advancement unlikely. Others with more extensive employment apparently find their occupational attainments less limited. While adolescents' expectations are antecedent to their attainments as adults, the relationship between anticipated domestic obligations and occupational expectations has not been thoroughly studied. Recent research has shown that female adolescents tend to have occupational aspirations which parallel the sex segregation of adult attainments, and that this tendency is more pronounced for older adolescents.

This study assesses the incidence and social correlates of the female form of the Chameleon Syndrome--an accommodative response to an environment perceived as hostile to inaappropriate sex role behavior--among a sample of American adolescents. The subjects are 3200 adolescent females and males attending junior and senior high schools in three upstate New York cities. An empirical measure of the female version of the Chameleon Syndrome is developed from responses to a group-administered questionnaire. The data show mean Chameleon Syndrome Index (female form) scores to be significantly higher among females than males. Girls whose parents are restrictive and controlling and who emphasize interpersonal relationships tend to have high Chameleon Syndrome scores. Superficial heterosexual relationships were found conducive to the development of the Chameleon Syndrome in females. The Chameleon Syndrome score among girls is also positively related to a desire to marry early and have children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent establishment of the ???20 million Teaching and Learning Technology Programme by the Universities' Funding Council in the UK provides one of the largest boosts for IT and education since PLATO (in the USA) and NDPCAL (in the UK). This note describes the BITE project which is part of the above programme and highlights some of the problems that have affected both the development and evaluation of accounting courseware in the past. By using a strong interdisciplinary team of software, educational and subject specialists, the project hopes to overcome some or all of these problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT This study presents a path analytic model of status expectations that focuses on how sex influences the educational and occupational expectations of a large sample of American adolescents. While female and male expectations can be predicted by the same model variables, the process is by no means identical for both sexes. Exogenous background variables have greater total effects for females, while intervening social-psychological and achievement related variables have substantially lesser effects for females than males. The same-sex parent is found to have a greater effect on adolescent expectations than the opposite-sex parent. No significant sex differences are found in the mean level of either expectation, but the distribution of occupational choices parallel the current sex segregation of the occupational sector. Further, relative to academic achievement, the females have lower expectations than the males. These results are interpreted as consequences of traditional sex role socialization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a reply to the commentary of John W. Pawling regarding the author's paper "Early Perception of a High Plain in Michigan." Summary of the main points of the paper; Examination of the reviewer's comments; Contentions on Pawling's claims.

The ‘high plain’ shown on many early maps of Michigan was not a fanciful creation, but reality as perceived by early travelers. Their perception of a high plain was as much the result of a change in vegetation as of an actual change in landforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a historical exploration into the event surrounding the adoption of the U.S. Federal Constitution in Connecticut. Details are given profiling several influential statesmen from Connecticut which participated and contributed to the debates of the 1780s regarding the formation of the U.S. Constitution, including Governor Jonathan Trumbull, William Samuel Johnson and Oliver Ellsworth. Subjects highlighted include the position of Connecticut regarding the role of central government in the future U.S., the comparative political theories of contemporary nations referenced at the time of its creation, and the financial responsibilities of the Congress. The events surrounding the ratification of the Constitution are also provided.

This article focuses on the problem of redefining the concepts of forensic psychiatry in the U.S. during the 1950s. While there may be absolute values of good and evil in a moral sense, it is obvious that legally there cannot be such absolute evaluations, that good and evil are relative values, and shift with the changes in social attitudes. Another flaw in the concept of free will is the failure to consider the part played in any decision by factors that are considered to be outside the realm of conscious cerebration, and therefore not subject to conscious control. The additional factor of a disordered perception and understanding of reality must be considered as a factor in many antisocial acts. The U.S. system of justice and law enforcement is based on the concept that penalties for wrongdoing will inhibit the choice of evil acts, and therefore promote the choice of good acts. On the conscious level, the motivation for a sexual offense appears obvious: sexual gratification. Operating on this assumption, castration as a method of handling sex offenses has been advocated and adopted in some countries. From the psychological point of view, one would expect castration to increase, rather than decrease the incidence of sex offenses. The reasons for this assumption stem from finding that the unconscious motivation for a large percentage of the sex offenses studied is not sexual gratification.

Is the military policy public in the United States--those attentive to and interested in military issues of foreign policy--similar to or different from the foreign policy public generally? This paper identifies this military policy public, specifies some of its demographic characteristics, and compares it with the American foreign policy public and the attentive public policy public. It adds a significant refinement to the understanding of public opinion and public policy relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experimental course in mathematical ecology at the University of Tennessee is described. Applied statistics is not emphasized, the objectives being to develop: (1) appreciation for natural affinities between ecology and mathematics. (2) familiarity with techniques of systems analysis, and (3) skill in the use of analog and digital computers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on Jewish and Italian social mobility differences in the U.S., in an attempted evaluation of occupations. It also analyzes the delimited aspect of mobility in an effort to detect Jewish and Italian cultural differences as they may be present in the perspectives of adolescent boys. The aspect of mobility considered is the evaluation of occupations of different status. The underlying assumption is that boys who find high status occupations more attractive will in later life have a better chance of occupying the higher positions. East European Jews have been more consistently upwardly mobile in the U.S. than Southern Italians. There are many alternative explanations for this difference. There is some evidence that Jews came to the U.S. with occupational skills better suited to urban living than those of the Italians, even though both groups had approximately the same economic status upon arrival. he cultural tradition of veneration of rational control and learning in the Jewish religion has no parallel in the Catholic beliefs of Southern Italians and, insofar as this tradition has been transformed into a greater respect and desire for higher education in the U.S., it has probably contributed strongly to Jewish upward mobility.

The article looks into the training programs of the Democratic National Committee in the United States. The attention given by the committee to these training programs resulted from a marriage of necessity and principle. To win elections the Democratic Party in most areas of the country needs hundreds of volunteers for specific tasks and this involvement of volunteers in the serious work of Party organization is a fundamental of genuine democracy. When Party leaders discuss the need for better training of volunteers, the main emphasis is usually upon its necessity to win elections and emphasis of training to the unpaid volunteer. Elected or appointed Democratic leaders are also beginning to accept that greater citizen involvement is a legitimate, useful and inevitable development.

Examines the effectivity of using Barnum effect on teaching students about ethics and deception in research in the U.S. Analysis on the pitfalls of blind acceptance of test results; Avoidance of deception in research; Implication on the effectivity of the technique.

Presents a study, the objective of which was to examine health care workers' acceptance of and adherence to isoniazid preventive therapy in the setting of a comprehensive tuberculin skin-testing program. Methods; Results; Comment.

A letter to the editor is presented in response to the article on the strategy management process of the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA), published in the previous issue.

The article presents the petition of the authors to amend some of the provisions in the Bylaws of the Council for Exceptional Children in the U.S. The authors proposed to amend Article XVI, Amendments, Section 2-b by adding after the 21st word "session" the phrase "with a request for the body's recommendation" per Section 1. An amendment was also presented to make some changes to Article XVI, Amendments, Section 2-c. The authors clarified the exact provisions of the Bylaws under the proposed amendments.

Introduction: Unlike orthopedic or visceral surgeons, French military neurosurgeons are not permanently deployed on the conflict zone. Thus, craniocerebral war casualties are often managed by general surgeons in the mobile field surgical team. The objective of the study was to provide the feedback of French military surgeons who operated on craniocerebral injuries during their deployment in a role 2 surgical hospital without a neurosurgeon., Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted by phone in March 2020, involving every military surgeon currently working in the French Military Training Hospitals, with an experience of cranial surgery without the support of a neurosurgeon during deployment. We strived to obtain contextual, clinical, radiological, and surgical data., Results: A total of 33 cranial procedures involving 64 surgeons were reported from 1993 to 2018. A preoperative CT scan was not available in 18 patients (55%). Half of the procedures consisted in debridement of craniocerebral wounds (52%, n = 17), followed by decompressive craniectomies (30%, n = 10), craniotomy with hematoma evacuation (15%, n = 5), and finally one (3%) surgery with exploratory burr holes were performed. The 30-day survival rate was 52% (n = 17) and 50% (n = 10/20) among the patients who sustained severe traumatic brain injury., Conclusions: This survey demonstrates the feasibility and the plus-value of a neurosurgical damage control procedure performed on the field by a surgeon nonspecialized in cranial surgery. The stereotyped neurosurgical techniques used by the in-theater surgeon were learned during a specific predeployment training course. However, the use of a live telemedicine neurosurgical support seems indispensable and could benefit the general surgeon in strained resources setting., (© The Association of Military Surgeons of the United States 2022. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Background: Clostridioides difficile infections (CDIs) have been identified as a major health concern due to the high morbidity, mortality, and cost of treatment. The aim of this study was to review the extant literature and identify the various patient-related, medication-related, and organizational risk factors associated with developing hospital-acquired CDIs in adult patients in the United States., Methods: A systematic review of four (4) online databases, including Scopus, PubMed, CINAHL, and Cochrane Library, was conducted to identify empirical studies published from 2007 to 2017 pertaining to risk factors of developing hospital-acquired CDIs., Findings: Thirty-eight studies (38) were included in the review. Various patient-level and medication-related risk factors were identified including advanced patient age, comorbidities, length of hospital stay, previous hospitalizations, use of probiotic medications and proton pump inhibitors. The review also identified organizational factors such as room size, academic affiliation, and geographic location to be significantly associated with hospital-acquired CDIs., Conclusion: Validation of the factors associated with high risk of developing hospital-acquired CDIs identified in this review can aid in the development of risk prediction models to identify patients who are at a higher risk of developing CDIs and developing quality improvement interventions that might improve patient outcomes by minimizing risk of infection.

Background: Whether contact precautions (CP) are required to control the endemic transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) or vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) in acute care hospitals is controversial in light of improvements in hand hygiene, MRSA decolonization, environmental cleaning and disinfection, fomite elimination, and chlorhexidine bathing., Objective: To provide a framework for decision making around use of CP for endemic MRSA and VRE based on a summary of evidence related to use of CP, including impact on patients and patient care processes, and current practices in use of CP for MRSA and VRE in US hospitals., Design: A literature review, a survey of Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America Research Network members on use of CP, and a detailed examination of the experience of a convenience sample of hospitals not using CP for MRSA or VRE., Participants: Hospital epidemiologists and infection prevention experts., Results: No high quality data support or reject use of CP for endemic MRSA or VRE. Our survey found more than 90% of responding hospitals currently use CP for MRSA and VRE, but approximately 60% are interested in using CP in a different manner. More than 30 US hospitals do not use CP for control of endemic MRSA or VRE., Conclusions: Higher quality research on the benefits and harms of CP in the control of endemic MRSA and VRE is needed. Until more definitive data are available, the use of CP for endemic MRSA or VRE in acute care hospitals should be guided by local needs and resources.

Background: The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations has made the reduction of health care-associated infections one of its National Patient Safety Goals for 2005., Case Study: A 57-year-old man who underwent coronary artery bypass graft surgery was discharged from the hospital without any complications. During his routine follow-up surgery clinic visit two weeks later, his sternal wound was found to be infected. Wound and blood cultures were positive for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). IMPLEMENTING SOLUTIONS: Health care workers at Barnes-Jewish Hospital (BJH), St. Louis, attended a mandatory educational session that reviewed hand hygiene guidelines and the hospital policy related to hand hygiene and infection control. In addition, posters and flyers were posted. An increase in the use of alcohol hand rubs was found. In a later effort, a multidisciplinary hand hygiene campaign was launched at one of the BJC community hospitals. All physicians were sent hand hygiene materials and supplies, and signs were posted in key areas such as the hospital cafeteria. After a six-month period, the compliance rate increased from 35% to 53%., Conclusion: Hospital-related infections will never be completely eradicated, but many can be prevented.