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The aims of this integrative review included examining the intervention characteristics, religious tailoring, and behavioural outcomes of health and social care interventions with Muslim-minorities in Australia, Canada, UK, and the USA. Nineteen articles were included, and each showed some level of improved health and social care outcomes associated with interventions that were religiously tailored to Islamic teachings, and when notions of health were extended to physical, psychological, spiritual and social domains. Future studies should measure levels of religiosity to understand whether religiously tailored interventions produce a significant intervention effect when compared to non-religiously tailored interventions with Muslims. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toward the development of a new parent-rating for insomnia, this multi-site qualitative study explored sleep problems and related impacts in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and their families. To ensure content validity of the measure, we conducted six focus groups with caregivers (N = 25) of 24 children (age 3 to 18 years) with ASD. Based on parent report, all children had a history of mild or greater insomnia. The focus group transcripts were systematically coded to identify major themes. Verbatim comments from caretakers were used to generate 134 candidate items. Further review by the research team and an expert panel followed by individual cognitive interviews with 12 parents reduced the item bank to 40. The thematic analysis of focus group transcripts identified 7 categories: (1) Trouble falling asleep; (2) trouble staying asleep; (3) early morning waking; (4) bedtime routines; (5) parental strategies for bedtime management; (6) impact of sleep problems on the child; and (7) impact of sleep problems on the family. The Flesch Kincaid Grade Level of the 40-item version was 7.2 (seventh grade reading level). Insomnia in children with ASD shares features in common with insomnia in the general pediatric population. However, perhaps owing to autistic features such as insistence on sameness, sensory sensitivities, communication impairments, insomnia in children with ASD appears to have unique behavioral manifestations. Content validity and item clarity of the 40-item bank were supported by expert panel review and cognitive interviews with caregivers of children with ASD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Characterize experiences with cancer and perceptions of the preventable cancer burden attributable to diet among firefighters. A cross-sectional survey was distributed to assess cancer history and perceptions of cancer. US. US-based firefighters. History of cancer, perceptions of cancer, and perceptions of diet as a means to prevent cancer. Descriptive statistics and use of the Behaviour Change Technique Taxonomy v1 (BCTTv1) to evaluate qualitative responses. A total of 471 firefighters participated. Nearly half (48.4%) voiced they strongly agreed that they were at risk for cancer, whereas 44.6% agreed that changing diet could decrease cancer risk. The most common BCTTv1 codes focused on types of education, including "Instruction on how to perform the behavior" (45.1%, n = 189), followed by those centered on behavior execution (eg, "Action planning" [24.8%, n = 104]). Qualitatively, many were concerned about misinformation. Firefighters acknowledge the role of diet in cancer risk and have a desire for knowledge and behavioral support (eg, goal setting) that includes an emphasis on evidence and tackling misinformation. This information should serve as the basis of future interventions that target diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During public health emergencies, health communication materials to contain the outbreak are needed promptly, which prevents the use of standard approaches for getting feedback from the intended audience. We propose a strategy for rapidly obtaining community feedback on new health communication materials during the public health emergencies. We illustrate this with COVID-19 testing campaign in a Vietnamese–American enclave in the USA. The project included community-based COVID-19 testing and communication activities to increase the awareness of the testing centers and encourage frequent testing. Our strategy involves two main components: (i) use of a research team with an existing trust relationship with the community and that includes researchers from that community and (ii) co-design of communication materials using community-based gatekeepers and a cultural broker. We developed brochures and posters to increase the awareness of the COVID-19 testing services. The cultural broker and community-based partners identified salient message concepts and worked with the researchers to define the objectives and content of the materials, which were then reviewed by the entire team. In lieu of standard pretesting, we relied on feedback on mockups of the materials and subsequent revisions from the community-based gatekeepers and cultural broker. Our strategy strikes a balance between the need to urgently disseminate new materials and the need for community input. One key takeaway is that effective planning for public health emergencies must start long before the crisis occurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conspiracy theories allege secret plots between two or more powerful actors to achieve an outcome, sometimes explaining important events or proposing alternative understandings of reality in opposition to mainstream accounts, and commonly highlight the threat presented by the plot and its conspirators. Research in psychology proposes that belief in conspiracy theories is motivated by a desire to understand threats and is predicted by increased anxiety. Morbid curiosity describes the tendency to seek out information about threatening or dangerous situations and is associated with an interest in threat‐related entertainment and increased anxiety. Across three studies, we investigated the relationship between morbid curiosity and conspiracy theories in US‐based samples. We found that higher trait morbid curiosity was associated with higher general conspiracist beliefs (Study 1) and the perceived threat of conspiratorial explanations of events (Study 2). Using a behavioural choice paradigm, we found that participants who chose to investigate morbidly curious stimuli were more likely to choose to learn about conspiratorial explanations for events (Study 3). Greater curiosity about the minds of dangerous people was consistently the strongest predictor of conspiratorial ideation and interest. These results suggest that morbid curiosity is an important but hitherto unstudied predictor of conspiratorial interest and belief. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Breastfeeding provides several positive health benefits for the newborn child, yet breastfeeding rates remain low in the United States (US). Theory-based approaches have the potential to improve breastfeeding promotion interventions. Hence, the study examined the correlates of intention to breastfeed among US pregnant women based on the multi-theory model (MTM) of health behavior change. Methods: Using a cross-sectional design, a 36-item online survey was administered to a nationally representative sample of 315 pregnant women in the US. The instrument was psychometrically validated for face, content, and construct validity by a panel of six experts over two rounds. Further, construct validation was done by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Hierarchical regression modeling was employed to explain the intention to start breastfeeding and sustain exclusive breastfeeding for up to six months and with complementary foods for up to 24 months. Results: Internal consistency using Cronbach's alpha was found to be acceptable. It was found that behavioral confidence and changes in the physical environment positively affected the initiation of breastfeeding (P <0.01;>P<0.01;>P<0.01;> Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study it is essential for educators and healthcare providers to design MTM-based interventions to promote breastfeeding among pregnant women in the US. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the factors that impact the effectiveness of energy drink-related health messages. Specifically, this study examined how behavioral status moderates the effects of the temporal contexts described in messages related to energy drink consumption. A total of 823 college students enrolled in a northeastern university participated in this study. A 2 (temporal context: proximate vs. distant) × 3 (behavioral status: non-initiator vs. former consumer vs. current consumer) experiment was conducted. Proximate context messages were more effective for non-initiators and current consumers in influencing descriptive norms and attitudes respectively, whereas distant context messages were marginally more effective for former consumers in influencing descriptive norms. The findings contribute to health promotion research by advancing scholarly understanding of the various behavioral status-dependent psychological effects of temporal context. Moreover, the results have implications for designing effective health campaign messages targeted to college students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: People who stutter (PWS) are vulnerable to the development of various psychopathological symptoms, although prevalence data are mixed and less clarity exists about factors that potentially influence their occurrence. The current study sought to shed light on the prevalence of self-reported psychopathology in PWS and aimed to identify relationships between affective, behavioral, and cognitive (ABC) experiences of stuttering and psychological distress (PD). Method: Forty-four PWS were administered the Behavior Assessment Battery (BAB) for Adults who Stutter and the Brief Symptom Inventory-18. The prevalence of clinically significant PD was calculated via BSI-18 global severity index t-score cutoffs. Regression analyses examined relationships between ABC variables of stuttering and PD. Results: Participants' BAB scores approximated normative values, while the PD score distribution was similar to that of a nonclinical sample. Nine percent of participants met thresholds for clinically significant PD. All ABC correlates of stuttering significantly and positively correlated with PD scores, capturing considerable amounts of shared variance. Conclusions: Levels of PD in PWS approximate those of the general community, highlighting the existence of psychologically distressed subgroups of PWS. Speech situation-specific anxiety had the strongest relationship to PD, followed closely by one's report of situation-specific speech disruption. To a lesser but still significant extent, PWS' frequency to which they engage in various avoidance/escape behaviors, as well as their communication attitude, predicted levels of psychopathology. These data inform diagnostic and clinical decision making, drawing attention to factors that should be attended to in treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is growing recognition that integrating clients' religion and spirituality (RS) in mental health practice can contribute to positive outcomes. Given that intrinsic religiosity predicts faculty attitudes/behaviors regarding training students on such integration within social work education, it is worth understanding their RS beliefs and practices. Thus, our current national study describes the RS beliefs and practices of 807 MSW faculty in accredited programs. Interestingly, faculty consider RS to be important within their lives, are frequently involved in RS activities, and tend to be more religiously diverse than the general population. Implications for training and research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unique names have commonly been viewed as undesirable. However, our studies (total N = 6049) suggest the opposite: unique names are perceived as favourable to creativity in occupational contexts. Generally, people held a perception that unique‐named individuals are more creative (albeit less likable) and therefore more suitable for jobs requiring greater creativity (Studies 1–2). Accordingly, participants tended to select candidates with more unique names for creative positions (Study 3) and recommend more unique names to workers in creative jobs for a name change (Study 4). Furthermore, real‐world archival data revealed that artists (typical creative professions) tended to adopt more unique new names, which was replicated cross‐culturally in American, British, and Chinese samples (Study 5), and that Chinese movie directors with more unique names received higher evaluations for the movies they directed (Study 6). Our findings demonstrate a novel form of name stereotype and its behavioural manifestations and real‐world consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to determine if there are unique customer archetypes that can describe the motivations behind consumer buying choice (in person or online) for hearing aids in hearing health care. Method: A consumer survey was developed from themes that arose during 11 semistructured interviews with adults who had no previous hearing aid experience. Using Qualtrics research panels, a 28-item questionnaire was distributed online to U.S. residents above the age of 50 years with no previous hearing aid experience. A quota of 1,000 completed responses was set, with a maximum of 70% of respondents identifying as White. Completed surveys were obtained from 1,377 individuals. Three hundred forty responses were excluded due to ineligibility and/or poor response quality. Results: Two unique customer archetypes were developed using five factors identified in the data set: Physician Trust, Sociability, Comfort Buying Online, Verify Sources, and Reliance on Others. Eighty-four percent of respondents chose an in-person pathway for hearing health care. There was no association between customer archetype and pathway selection choice. Conclusions: The two archetypes reflect those with greater comfort with consuming health care online and in person, respectively. However, both archetypes are likely to use in-person models of hearing health care at the present time. Supplemental Material: https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.24431212 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we examine friendship centrality and reciprocity between kindergarteners who exhibit externalizing classroom behaviors and their classroom peers. Teachers nominated children who display externalizing classroom behaviors, and we collected network data via individual interviews of 411 children (mean age = 6.7 years; SD =.33) from 21 kindergarten classrooms in four U.S. schools. We found that children nominated for elevated levels of externalizing behavior were significantly less central to the classroom friendship network (over and above the contribution of language skills), and this effect was magnified for boys and students in larger classrooms. Moderator analyses revealed a significant gender by behavior interaction, where the difference between boys and girls was conditional on externalizing behavior nomination. Similar main effect results were found when predicting whether or not students had a reciprocal friendship tie. Students who received a teacher nomination for externalizing behavior had 48% lower odds of having a reciprocal friendship tie, after controlling for language skills. We found no significant moderators of the behavior–reciprocity relation. We conclude our study with a discussion of our findings and recommendations for future research and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contraceptive sabotage and other forms of intimate partner violence (IPV) can interfere with contraceptive use. We used 2012 to 2015 Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System data from 8,981 people residing in five states who reported that when they became pregnant, they were not trying to get pregnant. We assessed the relationships between ever experiencing contraceptive sabotage and physical IPV 12 months before pregnancy (both by the current partner) and contraceptive use at the time of pregnancy using multivariable logistic regression. We also assessed the joint associations between physical IPV 12 months before pregnancy and ever experienced contraceptive sabotage with contraceptive use at the time of pregnancy. Few people ever experienced contraceptive sabotage (1.8%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.4, 2.3) or physical IPV 12 months before pregnancy (2.8%; 95% CI: 2.3, 3.3). In models adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, marital status, education, and state of residence, ever experiencing contraceptive sabotage was associated with contraceptive use at the time of pregnancy (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 1.73; 95% CI: 1.06, 2.82), but not with physical IPV 12 months before pregnancy (aOR: 0.69; 95% CI: 0.46, 1.02). When examining the joint association, compared to not ever experiencing contraceptive sabotage or physical IPV 12 months before pregnancy, ever experiencing contraceptive sabotage was significantly related to contraceptive use at the time of pregnancy (aOR: 1.72; 95% CI: 1.00, 2.95). However, it was not associated with experiencing physical IPV 12 months before pregnancy (aOR: 0.68; 95% CI: 0.45, 1.04) or with experiencing both contraceptive sabotage and physical IPV 12 months before pregnancy (aOR: 1.21; 95% CI: 0.42, 3.50), compared to not ever experiencing contraceptive sabotage or physical IPV 12 months before pregnancy. Our study highlights that current partner contraceptive sabotage may motivate those not trying to get pregnant to use contraception; however, all people in our sample still experienced a pregnancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black learners, like all other learners, bring their cultural values into the classroom, how they express themselves, and how they problem-solve. In addition, their life experiences influence their social and emotional behaviors. This study examined the effects of a multicomponent intervention approach—including a culturally adapted social and emotional learning curriculum, check-in/check-out, and self-monitoring—on the externalizing behaviors of Black male learners in an urban elementary school. A multiple-baseline-across-classes, single-case, experimental design evaluated the effects of the intervention package. Results from the study show a consistent decrease in externalizing problem behaviors, increases in social and emotional competencies, and high levels of social validity for the intervention package based on the input of relevant stakeholders. An embedded alternating-treatment, single-case design explored the relative impact of self-monitoring. The authors also include a discussion of the limitations of this work and the implications for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Vocational training centers improve outcomes for people with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD), but employment rates remain low. Additionally, vocational direct support professionals (DSPs) often lack the training to implement effective instruction and the administrative procedures needed for change. OBJECTIVE: This study examines the effect of behavioral skills training (BST) on the maintained procedural fidelity of evidence-based practice (EBP) instruction in direct support providers with clients who have moderate to extensive support needs (M-ESN). METHOD: Three instructor-identified EBPs for teaching individuals with IDD were selected for professional development (PD): most-to-least prompting, time delay procedures, and system of least prompts. Three single case multiple probe across behaviors experiments evaluated the efficacy of the researcher-delivered BST instruction model on trainee accuracy as assessed by trained center administrators. RESULTS: A functional relation between the BST instruction and generalized DSP implementation was indicated, despite challenges and limitations related to COVID-19. Social validity measures found the goals, procedures, and outcomes were socially significant, and the intervention was practical and effective. CONCLUSION: Practices in vocational training should reflect the high standards for systematic instruction in the K-12 setting. EPB BST training with administration progress monitoring can improve DSPs' instruction with clients, thus improving learning outcomes for adults with M-ESN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to determine the dose–response associations between Monitor‐Independent Movement Summary (MIMS) units and health‐related fitness in youth. The sample comprised US children and adolescents who participated in the 2012 National Youth Fitness Survey (NNYFS; N = 1158, 48.9% female). Health‐related fitness domains were assessed using tests of cardiorespiratory endurance (timed maximal and graded treadmill tests), muscular strength (modified pull‐up and grip tests), and muscular endurance (plank test). Movement data were collected using wrist‐worn ActiGraph accelerometers with raw data processed using MIMS and the calculated metrics of average MIMS/day, Peak 60‐min MIMS, and Peak 30‐min MIMS. Weighted regression models examined linear associations between MIMS metrics and fitness test scores. Nonlinear associations were examined using weighted spline models with knots placed at the 10th, 50th, and 90th percentiles. Models were adjusted for covariates and fit was examined using the coefficient of determination (R2). The strongest adjusted linear relationships included a positive association between MIMS/day (per every 1000 units) and maximal endurance times (b = 5.5 s, p < 0.001) and between Peak 60‐min MIMS (per every 10 units) and estimated aerobic capacity (b = 1.7 mL/kg/min, p < 0.001), modified pull‐ups (b = 0.7 reps, p < 0.001), and plank test scores (b = 5.0 s, p < 0.001). Linear spline models had slightly higher R2 values (R2 range = 16.9%–74.8%) compared to linear models (R2 range = 15.0%–74.5%). The relationship between MIMS metrics and fitness test scores was best modeled as piecewise linear functions. Although all MIMS metrics associated with cardiorespiratory endurance, Peak 60‐min MIMS showed stronger associations with tests of muscular strength and endurance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We explored in three cultures (the United States, Korea, and Costa Rica) the association between subjective well-being (SWB) and behaviors often described as positive or beneficial. In two studies we found that three forms of subjective well-being (positive affect, negative affect, and life satisfaction) were associated with several categories of behavior (health behavior, supportive behavior, citizenship behavior, and creative behavior). Most of the associations were significant in three nations and not significantly different between nations. Furthermore, we examined whether there exists a significant association between common variance across types of SWB and common variance of categories of behaviors. We found that there was a significant common pathway between a latent SWB factor and a latent behavior factor, along with unique associations between individual SWB and behavior categories. We conclude that the SWB and behavior associations are widespread across the three distinct cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Women living with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are less of a focus in the HIV literature, which tends to focus on the HIV experiences of men who have sex with men (MSMs). Hence, we conducted a qualitative study that examined: (a) the type of stigma and discrimination that women living with HIV experience related to their HIV status, (b) the source of this stigma and discrimination, (c) their responses related to this stigma and discrimination, and (d) the ways in which women living with HIV cope with these experiences of stigma and discrimination. Design: Participants consisted of 14 self-identified women living with HIV that were recruited at a community organization in the Southern United States that provides services to individuals living with HIV. The participants ranged in age from 27 to 65 (M = 47.92, SD =13.08). The sample primarily identified as Black (N = 12), followed by White (N =1) and Multiracial (N =1). Most women were cisgender (N =13) with one woman identifying as transgender (N = 1). Results: Fourteen women participated in one of two focus groups (seven in each focus group), which were audio recorded and transcribed. We identified 24 categories across five domains (Stigma and Discrimination, Source of Stigma and Discrimination, Response to Stigma and Discrimination, Coping with Stigma and Discrimination, and Support). Conclusions: This study identified that women living with HIV experience stigma and discrimination in a multitude of ways from different sources. Moreover, women with HIV responded to and coped in negative and positive ways. Multidimensional approaches including personal and community education may help alleviate the stigma and discrimination faced by women living with HIV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents findings on the indicators of educational displacement as an early risk factor for radicalization in school settings in the U.S. We collected and analyzed data from 301 students living in 43 U.S. states to inform the creation of Reimagine Resilience, an innovative violence prevention training program for educators and educational staff developed at Teachers College, Columbia University, and to measure early indications of educational displacement as a risk factor for radicalization. The study shows that poor teacher-student relations and multiple experiences of biased speech and behavior are significant early predictors of the students' educational displacement. Educational displacement, in this study, is measured as a lack of social belonging in schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of the study was to examine literature on first impressions and how physical design factors influence users' first impressions. Background: Engineering a first impression through physical design has been successfully used in the context of US federal buildings and retail. A patient's first impression is important as it affects their downstream behaviors and experiences. However, little is known about it in the context of healthcare design. Method: This study is part of a broader literature review that searched for studies on the first impression phenomenon, which were examined in a cross-disciplinary literature review, along with trade/professional journals/magazines. Three databases were in-depth searched—Scopus, Web of Science, and HaPI along with Google Scholar search and hand searching. A total of 187 satisfied articles and three books were reviewed through three phases to obtain an understanding of the first impressions and the factors affecting it. Results: After the in-depth review of the theories behind the first impression, the authors proposed a conceptual framework explaining the concept of the first impression and engineering it through physical design. The findings from published articles suggest five conceptual steps between early information pickup and early impression formation: (1) exposure time, (2) information pickup, (3) cognition, (4) emotion, and (5) judgment. Conclusions: The findings show a causal association between one's initial information pickup during the first 5 min of exposure to a target and the formation of a first impression. It suggests a crucial role of physical design of the environment, including in healthcare facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Structural and cultural barriers have led to limited access to and use of mental health services among immigrants in the United States (U.S.). This study provided a systematic review of factors associated with help-seeking attitudes, intentions, and behaviors among immigrants who are living in the U.S. This systematic review was performed using Medline, CINAHL, APA PsycInfo, Global Health, and Web of Science. Qualitative and quantitative studies examining mental help-seeking among immigrants in the U.S. were included. 954 records were identified through a search of databases. After removing duplicates and screening by title and abstract, a total of 104 articles were eligible for full-text review and a total of 19 studies were included. Immigrants are more reluctant to seek help from professional mental health services due to barriers such as stigma, cultural beliefs, lack of English language proficiency, and lack of trust in health care providers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Teachers' attributions of student behavior are associated with the decisions they make about how to respond to behavior problems and support their students. This exploratory study investigates teachers' attributions of student externalizing behavior, how attributions vary as a function of teacher and school characteristics, and the association of those attributions with teachers' perceived likelihood of referring students to mental health services or implementing punitive discipline. We provided a sample of U.S. secondary school teachers (N = 426) a vignette depicting a student with oppositional defiant disorder and asked them to describe what was happening with the student. Attributions were categorized as internal to the student (e.g., mental health), external (e.g., problems at home), both (internal and external), and neutral (e.g., "normal teen behavior"). Results indicated the majority of teachers attributed vignette behavior to external factors. Results suggest that teachers indicating both internal and external attributions had increased likelihood of providing a mental health referral. Teacher and school characteristics were also associated with attributions. Results provide support for the importance of considering teachers' attributions of student behavior and the association of these attributions to pathways into mental health services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectiveHeavy alcohol use has been clearly linked to risk for suicidal behaviors and is also prevalent on many American college campuses. This report uses a large sample of college students to explore relationships between alcohol use, depressive symptoms, and suicidality. Methods: A brief suicide screen was completed by 40,335 university students at four pariticipating sites. Assessments quantified recent depressive symptoms, alcohol use, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempts. Results: Problems from alcohol use were consistently associated with suicidal thoughts and attempts in the previous month, and in the previous year, but the quantity of alcohol used was not. Alcohol related problems exerted effects on the likelihood of both suicide ideation and attempts beyond those explained by their relationship with depressive symptoms. Conclusions: Screens for individuals at increased risk for suicidal ideation and behavior should emphasize alcohol-related problems over quantification of alcohol intake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Twenty percent of Americans live in rural areas where most of their health care is provided in critical-access hospitals (CAHs). It is unknown how frequently obstacle and helpful behavior items occur in end-of-life (EOL) care in CAHs. Objectives: The aims of this study were to determine the frequency of occurrence scores of obstacle and helpful behavior items in providing EOL care in CAHs and to also determine which obstacles and helpful behaviors have the greatest or least impact on EOL care based on the magnitude scores. Methods: A questionnaire was sent to nurses working in 39 CAHs in the United States. Nurse participants were asked to rate obstacle and helpful behavior items by size and frequency of occurrence. Data were analyzed to quantify the impact of obstacle and helpful behavior items on EOL care in CAHs by multiplying the mean size by the mean frequency of items to determine mean magnitude scores. Results: Items with the highest and lowest frequency were determined. In addition, obstacle and helpful behavior item magnitude scores were calculated. Seven of the top 10 obstacles were related to patients' families. Seven of the top 10 helpful behaviors involved nurses ensuring families had positive experiences. Conclusion: Nurses in CAHs perceived issues around patient family members as significant obstacles to EOL care. Nurses work to ensure that families have positive experiences. Visiting hour issues seemed to be irrelevant. The use of technology, such as telehealth, seemed to provide little benefit in EOL care in CAHs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to compare determinants of firearm purchasing related to the pandemic. This was a cross-sectional survey. A total of 3853 online panel participants completed a survey between December 22, 2020, and January 2, 2021, to approximate a nationally representative sample of US adults (aged ≥18 years). Four firearm ownership groups were created: non-owners, a proxy for first-time COVID-19 owners, prepandemic owners with COVID-19 purchase, and prepandemic owners without COVID-19 purchase. Explanatory variables were in four domains: demographics, concern about the pandemic, actions taken in response to COVID-19, and emotional response to COVID-19. Multivariate analysis estimated the adjusted odds of the outcomes. Respondents were categorized as non-owners (n = 2440), pandemic-related purchasers with no other firearms (n = 257), pandemic-related purchasers with other firearms (n = 350), and those who did not purchase in response to the pandemic but have other firearms (n = 806). Multivariable logistic regression found that compared with non-owners, those who had firearms at home with no pandemic-related purchases are more likely to be male, live in rural settings, have higher income, and be Republican. The results highlight the changing profile of American firearm owners and identify that those who purchased firearms for the first time (in response to the pandemic) should be the focus of tailored public health interventions, including provision of education about recommended firearm storage to reduce firearm violence, particularly because they are more likely to have children at home, and belong to demographic groups that may have less experience with firearm safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excessive digital media use has become the common phenomenon among children's lifestyle, and its influences on the plausible accompanying psychological and behavioral problems are gradually investigated. This study aimed to examine the association between screen time and developmental and behavioral problems of children in the United States (US). A secondary analysis based on the data from the 2018 to 2020 National Survey of Children's Health (NSCH) was conducted. Seven types of developmental and behavioral problems and screen time on weekdays of children were collected through parents/caregivers' recall. Logistic regression models were constructed to determine the associations. Overall, 101,350 children aged between 0 and 17 years old were included in this study and 70.3% of preschoolers aged 0–5 years old and 80.2% of children and adolescents aged 6–17 years old had excessive screen time. Excessive screen time was positively associated with behavioral and conduct problem, developmental delay, speech disorder, learning disability, autism spectrum disorders (ASD), and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and there were significant dose-response relationships. The association between excessive screen time and developmental and behavioral problems was stronger among preschoolers than among children and adolescents. Boys with excessive screen time showed high odds of most types of developmental and behavioral problems. It can be concluded that children with excessive screen time are at high odds of developmental and behavioral problems, especially for preschoolers and boys. Early intervention of digital media use is urgent and essential for children in the US. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While a plethora of research has found that parent financial socialization during childhood and adolescence is linked with financial outcomes in emerging adulthood, recent literature suggests that financial socialization may also impact romantic relationship outcomes in emerging adulthood. Utilizing a sample of 1,950 U.S. emerging adults, we test whether retrospectively recalled parent financial socialization is associated with romantic relationship flourishing and whether this association is mediated by financial behaviors and financial distress. We found that financial socialization was positively associated with financial behaviors and relationship flourishing and was negatively associated with financial distress. Further, financial behaviors partially mediated the association between financial socialization and relationship flourishing, while financial distress did not mediate the association. Together with previous literature, these findings provide useful information for therapists and educators in their pursuit to promote robust parent financial socialization in childhood and adolescence and both financial and relational well-being in emerging adulthood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When organizational attributes like management commitment and communication are favorable, they are known to positively influence safety behaviors, morale, and well-being. Fire departments should focus on improving overall safety culture as a way to address the mental health burden of fire and rescue service work. Objective: This study aimed to examine the COVID-19 pandemic's impact on fire service safety culture, behavior and morale, levers of well-being, and well-being outcomes. Methods: Two samples (Stress and Violence against fire-based EMS Responders [SAVER], consisting of 3 metropolitan departments, and Fire service Organizational Culture of Safety [FOCUS], a geographically stratified random sample of 17 departments) were assessed monthly from May to October 2020. Fire department–specific and pooled scores were calculated. Linear regression was used to model trends. Results: We observed concerningly low and decreasing scores on management commitment to safety, leadership communication, supervisor sensegiving, and decision-making. We observed increasing and concerning scores for burnout, intent to leave the profession, and percentage at high risk for anxiety and depression. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that organizational attributes remained generally stable but low during the pandemic and impacted well-being outcomes, job satisfaction, and engagement. Improving safety culture can address the mental health burden of this work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pursuing a more equitable political representation of a country's demographics is essential both as a matter of principle and pragmatism (i.e., realpolitik). As such, the goal of the present study was to replicate and expand on research on the impact of voter race/ethnicity and ideology on voting behaviors and interpersonal judgments of political candidates of color from different racial and ethnic groups. After participants (N = 282) saw the same political candidate of color (randomly assigned to identify as Mexican American vs. African American), we assessed interpersonal judgments and behaviors (e.g., expertise, voting intentions), perceived Americanness, and memory for skin tone of the candidate. In support of hypotheses and previous research/theory, white voters expressed more positive interpersonal judgments toward the African American political candidate and rated him to be more American than the Mexican American political candidate. We expanded upon previous research by directly testing the role of perceived Americanness in the differential judgments of political candidates' race/ethnicity by white voters, with evidence supporting partial mediation. Our findings further showed that judgments toward a political candidate of color were also predicted by voters' political affiliation. Specifically, conservative (vs. liberal) voters generally expressed less positive interpersonal judgments toward the candidates of color and perceived them to be less American and patriotic. Ramifications related to these findings are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As of 2018, there were more than 44.7 million immigrants residing, both lawfully and unlawfully, in the United States [Batalova, J., Blizzard, B., & Bolter, J. (2020, February 14). Frequently requested statistics on immigrants and immigration in the United States. Migration Policy Institute. ]. Understanding the attitudes of U.S. citizens towards immigrants is necessary because of the impact that attitudes can have on policy development and the subsequent national treatment of immigrants based on those policies. This article utilizes a framework of national identity which suggests that this construct is comprised of three separate elements: nativism, emotionality, and behavior. Using U.S. citizen response data from three waves of the National Identity module of the International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) from 1995, 2003, and 2013, multivariate linear regressions were used to explore the relationship between this framework and attitudes towards immigrants. Findings indicated that there were statistically significant relationships between respondents' perceptions of national identity and attitudes towards immigrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Chronic stress and depression disproportionately affect families experiencing poverty, and likely contribute to disparities in early childhood developmental outcomes. Developing strategies to address chronic stress and depression may help mitigate these disparities. Early Head Start (EHS) and Head Start (HS) programs provide an important platform to address the disproportionate burden of stress and mental health issues experienced by EHS/HS families. However, few low-literacy, broad, scalable interventions improve parents' knowledge and attitudes around these topics. Objectives. We examined parents' knowledge and attitudes regarding stress and depression before and after a train-the-trainer (TTT) intervention delivered to 28 EHS/HS agencies across the United States. Methods. Following a TTT workshop, 18 agencies chose to deliver the stress training to 1,089 parents and 5 chose to deliver the depression training to 670 parents. Participating parents completed paper assessments at baseline and 3 months following the training. Paired T-tests and chi-square analyses tested whether responses significantly improved over time. Results. At baseline, 37.2% of parents reported feeling stressed most of the time and 13.4% reported feeling depressed most of the time. Following the trainings and reinforcement activities, parents' knowledge, attitudes and self-reported behaviors significantly improved, including willingness to seek help for depression, avoidance of negative health-risk behaviors and utilization of healthy stress management practices. At follow up, 18.6% of parents reported feeling stressed most of the time and 11% reported feeling depressed. Conclusion. Findings suggest this low-literacy TTT approach is potentially a promising health promotion intervention with broad dissemination potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Teachers' perceptions of high cultural responsiveness in the classroom may be related to positive behavioral outcomes (e.g., higher academic engagement, lower social risk), but little research has explored this possibility. This article addresses this research gap by building upon findings from a preliminary paper in which these relationships were evidenced. Specifically, we present two interrelated follow-up studies. Study 1 examined the relationship between ratings of 20 U.S. teachers on a measure of cultural responsiveness, the Double Check Self-Refection Tool, and students' observed classroom behavior. Results from multilevel modeling indicated that higher Double Check scores significantly predicted higher academic engagement and lower disruptive behavior for 454 students observed. Study 2 investigated the relationship between ratings of 30 U.S. teachers on the Double Check Self-Refection Tool and ratings of 622 students' risk on the Social, Academic, and Emotional Behavior Risk Screener (SAEBRS). Results indicated higher Double Check scores were associated with lower ratings of students' social and emotional risk. Findings also indicated identification as a Black student and a student with a disability predicted teachers' perceptions of higher risk, consistent with previous research. As results remain preliminary, implications include recommendations for additional research and high-quality professional development to promote teachers' cultural responsiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pictorial health warning label (PHWL) is an effective risk communication measure among cigarette smokers. However, there is a lack of knowledge regarding the effect of PHWL on low- and high-frequency waterpipe (WP) smokers. This study examined the effects of PHWL on puffing behavior, subjective experiences, and toxicant exposures among low- and high-frequency WP smokers in the United States (US). Methods: Sixty current (past-month) WP smokers (low-frequency; n = 30 and high-frequency; n = 30) completed two 45-min ad libitum WP smoking sessions in a cross-over design study (WP with no-PHWL vs. WP with PHWL). We compared the mean differences of puff topography, expired carbon monoxide (eCO), plasma nicotine concentration, and subjective experiences between the two smoking groups. Results: Mean age of low-frequency smokers was 21.5 years and high-frequency smokers was 21.3 years. Compared to high-frequency, low-frequency smokers had significant reduction in average total smoking time [mean difference (SD) = −7.6 (10.2) min vs. −2.6 (6.7) min, p = 0.03] and number of puffs [mean difference (SD) = −33.37 (70.7) vs. −0.70 (29.2), p = 0.02] following exposure to PHWL compared to no-PHWL condition. Post-session subjective experiences were lower among high-frequency smokers compared to low-frequency smokers following smoking WP with PHWL compared to the no-PHWL session (puff liking −1.2 vs. −0.5; puff satisfaction −1.0 vs. −0.3; craving reduction −0.5 vs. 1.2) (p < 0.05 for all). Conclusion: Our findings indicate that placing PHWL on the WP device may be a promising strategy with differential effectiveness among WP smokers: low-frequency (reduce puffing behaviors) and high-frequency (reduce smoking experience). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This exploratory study examined the experiences with and perceptions of challenging behavior of speech-language pathologists (SLPs) serving preschool and school-age children. The sample consisted of 106 SLPs between the ages of 23 and 68 years, mostly located in the United States. Participants completed a survey of 40 questions about their own personal experiences with challenging behaviors. SLPs reported off-task behaviors to be the most frequently encountered, followed by defiant behaviors, internalizing behaviors, and aggressive behaviors. SLPs perceived the most problematic to be off-task behaviors, followed by aggressive behaviors, internalizing behaviors, and defiant behaviors. SLPs' level of experience was not associated with their perceptions of problem behaviors but was associated with their self-rated behavior management skills. Behavior management training was related to their self-reported behavior management skills. This study provides preliminary data on SLPs' perceptions and experiences with challenging behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By law, the US government must publicly display the quantities of harmful chemicals in cigarettes by brand, but doing so could mislead people to incorrectly think that some cigarettes are safer than others. We evaluated formats for presenting chemical quantities side-by-side to see if any were misleading. We recruited US convenience (n = 604) and probability (n = 1440) samples. We randomized participants to 1 of 5 formats: checklist, point estimates, ranges, a visual risk indicator, or no-quantity control. Participants were far more likely to incorrectly endorse one cigarette brand as riskier than the other in the checklist (65% made error), point estimate (67–70%), range (64–67%), or risk indicator (68–75%) conditions as compared to the no-quantity control (1%, all p <.001). Among smokers, erroneous risk perceptions mediated the impact of quantity format on interest in switching brands. People viewing chemical quantities for cigarette brands side-by-side misperceived differences in risk, suggesting limited public health value of this information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The prevalence of heart disease has increased and is a leading cause of death in the U.S. Despite the importance of physical activity, only one-third of adults in the United States meet the amount of physical activity recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The purpose of this study was to extend the extended parallel process model (EPPM) by adding a 'barrier' (a construct from Health Belief Model) and exploring the roles of threat, efficacy, and barrier on participants' self-efficacy, attitudes, and intentions toward exercise. Methods: A between-subject experimental design was conducted online in 2018 in the U.S. A total of 446 participants were recruited from the Amazon Mechanical Turk age 18 or above. The participants were first provided with stimuli messages about physical activity behaviors. Then participants' responses to self-efficacy, intention, and attitudes toward exercise were assessed. Results: The results found an interaction between efficacy and barrier to participants' attitudes toward exercise [F(1,435)=4.35, P =0.038, η2part=0.01]. The results also showed that there was a statistically significant effect of barriers on participants' self-efficacy regarding exercise behavior [F(1,442)=4.21, P =0.04, η2part=0.009]. However, three-way interactions of threat, efficacy, and barrier were not found in attitudes or intentions to exercise. Conclusion: The findings suggested that addressing an individual's perceived barrier regarding a health behavior may lead to an increase in self-confidence ensuing in higher physical activity. Future studies should further explore how addressing barriers may influence other health behaviors to design unique and effective health messages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Passwords remain the most common form of authentication in the digital world. People have increasing numbers of passwords, and many people undertake risky password management behaviours such as re-using passwords, writing them down and sharing them. It is unclear whether people persist in these behaviours because they do not understand the risks involved or the benefits of the behaviour outweigh the risk. Two studies investigated the relationships between people's perceptions of the risks and benefits of a range of password management behaviours and their self-reports of their likelihood of undertaking them. The first study involved 120 MTurkers in the U.S.A., the second study involved 128 respondents from 26 different countries including approximately 50% students. In both studies, respondents took rated the risks, benefits and likelihood of undertaking 15 password management behaviours. The two very different samples provided very similar results, validating our classification of password management behaviours into four components: Storing, Sharing, Loggingn and Change behaviours. Somecomponents were more affected by perceptions of the benefits, others were equally affected by the perceptions of the risks and the benefits. These results have implications for how information about risky password behaviours is presented to users and general education about password security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Traditional postpartum care practices in East Asia have been recognized as non-functional by some government public health agencies. This study examined the perception of traditional postpartum care practice among families of Korean descent in the United States. In addition to pragmatic health care issues, the research was designed to contribute to cross-cultural understanding of hot–cold theory of reproductive behavior. Methods: A descriptive survey study and follow-up interviews were conducted among women of Korean descent living in the United States (n = 141). A questionnaire was used to explore the variation in women's beliefs about traditional postpartum care and the extent to which they or their relatives practiced this care. In the follow-up interview, the participants freely described the different ways of postpartum care practice. Results: Compared to women from other Asian and immigrant populations, women of Korean descent maintained similar or higher rates of believing the functionality of temperature maintenance care practice, and believed that the associated forms of traditional care will continue in the future. Conclusions for Practice: Traditional postpartum care practices are broadly shared and practiced in Asian immigrant populations, even in highly industrialized and modernized settings. Furthermore, from their own experience of somatic pain and its functionality, women called for better implementation of traditional care as an alternative or supplement to modern medical care. Health-care systems need to improve understanding and accommodation of cultural beliefs about possible benefits of temperature maintenance after childbirth in Asian ethnic populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID-19 continues to have a deleterious impact on vulnerable populations in our society, and unfortunately, first responders are often overlooked in this conversation. To address that gap, we retrospectively compared routinely collected baseline assessment data from 69 treatment-seeking first responders who presented for treatment before COVID-19 to data collected from 75 similar first responders at the same agency during the pandemic. Data assessments gauged first responders' attachment avoidance, attachment anxiety, resilience, depression, generalized anxiety, PTSD, and suicidality. Findings indicate that the strength of correlations between resilience, depression, generalized anxiety, and PTSD increased for these responders during the COVID-19 pandemic. They further highlight the role that attachment anxiety plays for first responder ability to cope during the pandemic. Practitioners can use these findings to create a conversation early in the treatment process and guide a collaborative treatment plan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cinema, which was included in social life as an art and entertainment tool at the end of the 19th century, gained a mass dimension in a short time. Cinema, which was the most preferred entertainment tool for the middle and lower classes in that period, also caused anxiety and worries in some social segments. Especially conservative social groups claimed that crime, violence, sexuality, alcohol and cigarette consumption were represented in an encouraging way in movies. As these concerns deepened and became widespread, public and non-governmental organizations had to take some steps in this regard. In the United States, between 1929 and 1932, a research series called Motion Pictures and Youth: The Payne Fund Studies was conducted in cooperation with the Motion Picture Research Council and the Payne Research and Experiment Fund, focusing on the effects of cinema on the behavior of children and youth. The results of this research series have been published in twelve reports. According to the results of the research, cinema has turned into an important tool in the formation of attitudes and behaviors of children and young people, and cinema causes behavioral disorders and sleep problems in children. After the reports of the research were published, heavy censorship policies were implemented in the United States of America. This series, which is one of the most comprehensive and influential studies in the history of film studies, has also inspired many researches in the following periods. Our study, which focuses on Payne Fund Studies within the framework of paradigm, method, content and results, is a descriptive study based on literature review and aims to contribute to the sociology of cinema by increasing the visibility of Payne Fund Studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The basis of livestock farming is preventing disease and improving animal welfare and well-being. Organic dairy farmers have very few options for the treatment of diseases and for the mitigation of pain in dairy calves and cows. Calving may be stressful for first-lactation cows because they must adapt to many different situations when they are milking. Alternative therapies to improve animal welfare must be researched in organic livestock production to verify that their use improves animal well-being. This review provides a brief background on organic production systems, illustrates current understanding of pain management for disbudding dairy calves, and discusses managing transition heifer behaviors and udder health to improve organic livestock well-being. The number of organic dairy farms has increased because of the increased growth of the organic market, higher organic milk price, and because some consumers prefer to purchase products from less intensive production systems. Best management practices are expected from organic dairy farms to ensure animal health and milk production. Organic dairy producers typically transition from conventional systems to avoid chemicals and pesticides, enhance economic viability, improve the environment, and increase soil fertility. Organic dairy producers respect and promote a natural environment for their animals, is also an important component of animal welfare. Organic producers have few options to mitigate pain in dairy calves. In the United States, therapies to mitigate pain for disbudded organic dairy calves are regulated by the US National Organic Program. Organic producers regularly use naturally derived alternatives for the treatment of health disorders of dairy calves, heifers, and cows. Alternative natural products may provide an option to mitigate pain in organic dairy calves. Despite the reluctance to implement pain alleviation methods, some organic farmers have expressed interest in or currently implement plant-based alternatives. Efficacy studies of alternative remedies for organic livestock are needed to verify that their use improves animal welfare. Non-effective practices represent a major challenge for organic dairy animal welfare. The relationship between humans and animals may be jeopardized during milking because first-lactation cows may exhibit adverse behaviors during the milking process, such as kicking and stomping. The periparturient period is particularly challenging for first-lactation cows. Adverse behaviors may jeopardize animal welfare and reduce safety for humans because stressed heifers may kick off the milking unit, kick at milkers, and display other unwanted behaviors in the milking parlor. This may reduce milking efficiency, overall production, and ultimately reduce the profitability of the dairy farm. Positive animal welfare is a challenging balancing act between the three overlapping ethic concerns. Identifying animal welfare deficits in organic livestock production is the first step in capitalizing on these opportunities to improve welfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Collaborative Cohort of Cohorts for COVID-19 Research (C4R) is a national prospective study of adults comprising 14 established US prospective cohort studies. Starting as early as 1971, investigators in the C4R cohort studies have collected data on clinical and subclinical diseases and their risk factors, including behavior, cognition, biomarkers, and social determinants of health. C4R links this pre–coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) phenotyping to information on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and acute and postacute COVID-related illness. C4R is largely population-based, has an age range of 18–108 years, and reflects the racial, ethnic, socioeconomic, and geographic diversity of the United States. C4R ascertains SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 illness using standardized questionnaires, ascertainment of COVID-related hospitalizations and deaths, and a SARS-CoV-2 serosurvey conducted via dried blood spots. Master protocols leverage existing robust retention rates for telephone and in-person examinations and high-quality event surveillance. Extensive prepandemic data minimize referral, survival, and recall bias. Data are harmonized with research-quality phenotyping unmatched by clinical and survey-based studies; these data will be pooled and shared widely to expedite collaboration and scientific findings. This resource will allow evaluation of risk and resilience factors for COVID-19 severity and outcomes, including postacute sequelae, and assessment of the social and behavioral impact of the pandemic on long-term health trajectories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study sexual violence internationally, it is helpful to understand similarities and differences in how sexual violence is conceptualised across countries. The current study examined prosecuting attorneys' judgments about which sexual tactics legally qualify as sexual violence in two countries. Attorneys from the U.S. (n = 28) and Colombia (n = 24) evaluated whether 36 tactics would qualify as a sexual offense in their jurisdiction. Although Colombian and U.S. attorneys agreed on the legality of many tactics, Colombian attorneys judged more behaviours as criminal, on average, than U.S. attorneys. Within-country variations suggested that differences were due not only to different legal statutes, but also to different interpretations of laws. Open-ended responses illustrated sources of ambiguity, including lack of clarity about how much coercion is required and which behaviours indicate nonconsent. This suggests that vagueness within legal definitions may allow attorney judgements to be influenced by stereotypes and prejudices. This study illustrates the vagueness of legal definitions of sexual violence in two countries—the United States and Colombia. This vagueness provides prosecuting attorneys with substantial power to interpret the law, and in this study, some attorney judgements of legality seemed to be influenced by stereotypes. Greater training for law students and attorneys about the realities of sexual violence may be helpful in undermining belief in rape myths that may inhibit attorneys from prosecuting certain sexual violence cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rates of alcohol and illicit substance use are higher among persons with psychotic disorders relative to the general population. The adverse health and psychological effects of substance use behaviors disproportionately impact persons with psychotic disorders. Prior research has shown that persons with psychotic disorders experience increased difficulty in reducing substance use behaviors, and interventions targeting substance use behavior change among this population have demonstrated limited effectiveness. One reason for this is that little is known about the factors that influence substance use and behavior change among this population. To address these disparities, the present study investigated sociodemographic and treatment-related factors of substance use recurrence among persons with psychotic disorders who received substance use treatment services. Data came from the 2015–2018 Treatment Episode Dataset-Discharges (TEDS-D). TEDS-D collects annual data on adolescent and adult discharges from state-certified substance use treatment centers in the United States. The study conducted all analyses with a subsample of 1956 adult discharges with a psychotic disorder who received services from an outpatient substance use treatment center for at least one month. χ2 tests of independence and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to examine associations of sociodemographic and treatment-related characteristics with substance use recurrence while in treatment (α < 0.05 analyses). The study presents results from multivariable logistic regression models as adjusted odds ratios (AORs) with 95 % confidence intervals (CI). Those who were age 50 or older, were referred to treatment by the criminal justice system, and attended substance use self-help groups had lower odds of substance use recurrence while in treatment. Sex, educational attainment, employment status, living situation, type of substance use, and treatment history were not significantly associated with substance use recurrence. In designing treatment services, providers should consider whether focusing on sociodemographic, including cultural, factors can affect more positive substance use behavior change and other desired treatment outcomes among those with psychotic disorders and comorbid substance misuse. Further study is needed to identify these factors among specific subpopulations of those with psychotic disorders and substance misuse. • Nearly half of discharges reported substance use in treatment. • Criminal justice involved discharges had lower odds of substance use in treatment. • Self-help group attendance was a protective factor of substance use recurrence. • Identifying protective factors of substance use among subpopulations is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vaccine programs significantly reduce disease burden within a population. The COVID-19 vaccine facilitated a return to "normal"; however, vaccine coverage remains below target levels. Identifying predictors of vaccine uptake is vital for individual and community health. The present study used the Reasoned Action Approach and integrated hazard-specific risk perception, to predict COVID-19 vaccine intention and uptake behavior. Informed by the diffusion of innovations theory, differences in associations and model effects were tested by early adopter status of the seasonal influenza vaccine. We recruited participants online within the United States for a longitudinal survey study. The integrated social cognition model provided an acceptable to ideal fit for both groups but performed better among the not early adopter group with better fit statistics, mostly stronger effect sizes, and greater variance accounted for in intention to vaccinate against COVID-19. Instrumental attitudes toward the COVID-19 vaccine predicted intention for both groups, and uptake among the non-early adopters. Capacity predicted intention among early adopters, and behavior among non-early adopters. Among non-early adopters, subjective norms had a direct effect on intention and an indirect effect on vaccine uptake behavior. Intervention research to support COVID-19 vaccine uptake focusing on the utility of vaccines, fostering self-efficacy, and providing normative information is warranted. • An integrated social cognition model provides a good fit for predicting vaccination. • Model fit was weaker for early adopters of the flu shot. • Utility of COVID-19 vaccine had a direct effect on intention to vaccinate. • Capacity had a direct effect on intention to vaccinate and behavior. • Subjective norms and instrumental attitudes had indirect effects on behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prevalence of cannabis use disorder and its negative consequences among young adults has highlighted the need for prevention and early intervention programs. However, low treatment prevalence persists due to factors such as lack of perceived need, concerns about stigma, and limited access to treatment. To address these barriers, web-based cannabis interventions have been developed, but their efficacy remain limited. This study aims to evaluate the cross-site efficacy of the Cannabis eCHECKUP TO GO program, a web-based Personalized Normative Feedback and Protective Behavioral Strategies intervention for reducing cannabis use frequency and consequences in college students with willingness to change. Participants were 781 students from three universities (two in Canada, one in the US) who reported using cannabis in the past month and expressed interest in reducing or engaging in safer cannabis use. The study randomly assigned them to either an experimental group that received personalized normative feedback or a control group that received information on healthy stress management. The study collected follow-up data 4 weeks after the initial intervention and measured participants' frequency of cannabis use, number of cannabis consequences, descriptive and injunctive norms at both time points. The results showed no significant reductions in cannabis use or negative consequences of use. However, students who received personalized normative feedback experienced a significant reduction in descriptive norms related to cannabis use, to be more in line with actual use. This study suggests that more targeted interventions may be necessary for university students who are already using and seeking help to reduce their use. • This study evaluated the international cross-site efficacy of the Cannabis eCHECKUP TO GO program. • The results showed no significant reductions in cannabis use or negative consequences of use. • Canadian students who received feedback experienced a significant reduction in descriptive norms but not U.S. students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To estimate the survival time of marriages, we investigate influential factors, such as geographical area, educational level, income, children, ethnicity, and economic class, affecting marriages in the United States. Despite evidence that divorce has increased in the Unties States, research has not widely applied survival analysis which can evaluate several factors related to the divorce rate and marriage survival. Drawing from diverse areas of scholarship, we point out that divorce is circumstantial based on multiple social, cultural, and economic variables. Different survival analysis techniques were applied to predict divorce in the United States using a dataset, focusing on four different states, over a time period of 35 years. We discover that numerous social and economic factors drastically influence the survival time of a marriage. With respect to survival, having children decreases marriage survival and a high level of education or a high income increases marriage survival. Experimental results how that 51.4\% of the studied samples would experience divorce after 35 years of marriage. Applications of a survival analysis model has great potential in social science settings. Our findings suggest that wealth and education are key to understanding the greater longevity of marriage. A clear understanding of covariates and patterns, can in turn, help agencies to identify issues, predict future behavior, and enable them to provide proactive support for affected families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Learning is a complex phenomenon in which learners can vary in their learning orientation, learning approaches, and perception of the learning environment. Learners may be characterized as mastery oriented or performance oriented, and this learning orientation can influence their learning approaches, such as whether to seek feedback or ask for help. The learning environment includes institutional assessment policies and informal interactions that emphasize outcomes and differentiation among students. When learners perceive the learning environment as performance oriented, they feel competition from other learners and fear negative feedback. This complex interplay of learning orientation, its influence on feedback-seeking behavior, and the environmental influence and reinforcement of both can be captured through learner profiles. In this multi-institutional cross-sectional survey study of students from six U.S. medical schools, we investigated learner profiles that characterize how these domains manifest together across individual learners. We then determined how these profiles are associated with students' clerkship grades. Measures included the Patterns of Adaptive Learning for learning orientation, self-reports for learning approaches, and perceptions of the learning environment. We used latent profile analysis to cluster students who share common characteristics around orientation, behavior, and environment. The relationship between these profiles and the percentage of honors earned was examined using multiple regression analysis. We found four distinct learner profiles within 666 of 974 (68%) analyzable responses: (1) performance oriented with negative perceptions of environment, (2) mastery oriented with desirable learning approaches, (3) "average" group, and (4) mastery orientation only. Profile 1 (M = 39%) and Profile 4 (M = 38%) students received fewer clerkship honors compared with other profiles. Profile 2 students earned a significantly higher percentage of honors grades (M = 54%) compared with other students. Profile 3 students (average group) earned the second highest percentage of honors (M = 46%). Effect sizes comparing the percentage of honors varied from 0.32 to 0.65, indicating medium to large differences. The highest performers, as measured by clerkship honors grades, were mastery oriented, perceived a more positive learning environment, and were comfortable asking questions and seeking feedback for their learning. The lowest performing students were performance oriented and had negative perceptions of their learning environments. Contrary to previous findings, we found that the relationship between mastery orientation and learning approaches is not unidirectional but rather seems to be mediated by perceptions of the learning environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Behavioral health services specifically targeted for ethnoracial clients are typically tailored to the specific needs and preferences of these populations; however, little research has been done with American Indian clients specifically. To better understand how clinicians handle provision of treatment to this population, we interviewed 28 behavioral health staff at six Urban Indian Health Programs in the United States and conducted focus groups with 23 staff at five such programs. Thematic analysis of transcripts from these interviews and focus groups suggests that these staff attempt to blend and tailor empirically supported treatments with American Indian cultural values and practices where possible. Simultaneously, staff try to honor the client's specific preferences and needs and to encourage clients to seek cultural practices and connection outside of the therapy room. In so doing staff members were acutely aware of the limitations of the evidence base and the lack of research with American Indian clients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increase in electric vehicles as a low‐carbon mobility option has driven interest from many workplaces and local governments to offer charging services for employees, customers and visitors. However, the lack of incentives to limit over‐consumption in shared charging resources has led to congestion issues. In this paper, we use high‐frequency data to study two deterrence mechanisms implemented at one of the largest workplace charging programs in the United States. We study both price and nonprice interventions that encourage adoption of workplace norms and charging etiquette for resource sharing in charging stations. To study these mechanisms, we use a dynamic regression discontinuity design to separately identify treatment effects with digital platform data. Our findings provide new evidence that group norms can play an important role in driving behavioral compliance when setting EV access policies. We also find that workplace norms are complements to dynamic pricing policies. We discuss the implications of this data discovery for the effective management of common pool resources in the context of workplace charging and space‐constrained environments. This article met the requirements for a Gold‐Gold JIE data openness badge described at http://jie.click/badges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]