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The regular army, rather than citizen-soldiers, drove nineteenth-century U.S. military history (apart from the Civil War). The national standing army was crucial to the defeat of Native Americans, and more important than citizen-soldiers or white pressure on Native American subsistence. Despite new circumstances west of the Mississippi River, the contexts and methods of this warfare did not fundamentally change, and learning (or relearning) and adaptation were crucial to the army's success. The most important learning was strategic, particularly in lessons of patience, persistence, and control over the initiation and conduct of warfare, and in response to external, non-military contexts (the tug of war between citizen land hunger and tax aversion). Army learning and adaptation did not win these wars by itself, but it facilitated the effective and successful use of force at a cost the nation was willing to pay, and reduced the incidence of large-scale atrocity in comparison with operations by citizen-soldiers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OCD and anxiety are both associated with depression and suicide, but there is a need for comprehensive assessment and screening of depression risk factors within ethnically and racially minoritized college students. In total, 128 university students were surveyed in 2022 in the northeastern United States who all endorsed at least one non-white racial identity. They completed measures of anxiety, depression, OCD symptoms and psychological flexibility. Results supported that anxiety and OCD symptoms were positively associated with high depression, and high psychological flexibility was associated with low depression. Results support continued screening and intervention for anxiety and OCD symptoms to address depression in diverse young adults. Future work should continue to assess the protective effects of targeting psychological flexibility constructs and to assess longitudinal impacts of OCD symptoms and anxiety on depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The infertility experience is often surrounded by frustration and discouragement associated with the thwarted goal to have a child. Though research has identified commonly used strategies to cope with infertility, this study is the first to examine how different goal attributes and processes associated with the experience of infertility relate to coping strategy use and psychological distress. Method: Women (N = 353) recruited from online support forums reported on the nature of their goal to have a child, their psychological distress, and their use of strategies to cope with the failure to achieve that goal. Results: Women reported high striving toward a goal high in importance and commitment, coupled with high goal–related stress and feeling that achievement is blocked. Consistent with the notion that coping strategy use is specific to the features of the experience, no single goal attribute nor combination of attributes consistently accounted for coping strategy use, suggesting that the latter may be specific to the cognitions and processes of pursuit of the goal to have a child. With one exception, perceptions of impediment were better predictors of psychological distress than any level of perceived facilitators of goal pursuit, positing potential targets for future psychological interventions. Conclusion: Understanding how women cope with infertility may require a detailed conceptualization of their goal to have a child. In the present sample, dynamic processes and coping strategies that otherwise detract from success were generally beneficial by providing alternatives to the pursuit of a thwarted goal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prospective research presented herein extends work on parent and peer effects on adolescent psychosocial adjustment by looking beyond average effects. Instead, it considers variation in susceptibility to each source of influence in order to assess the extent to which those individuals most and least susceptible to parent effects are similarly—or differentially—susceptible to peer effects. Data from the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (n = 1364, 48.3% female, age range: 10–15 yrs., race/ethnicity: 80.4% white, 12.9% black and 6.7% other) was analyzed to assess the degree to which each child was susceptible to parent and peer effects. Toward this end, an influence statistic, DFBETAS, was used. A significant and moderate positive association between the two susceptibility effects indicated that children most or least susceptible to the effects of quality of parenting proved to be similarly affected by their peers, although this was not the case for a substantial minority of youth. The fact that at least some children vary dramatically in the effects to which they are most susceptible is discussed with respect to potential targets of intervention, namely, parents or peers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined US parent and youth perceptions of how life events, both positive and negative, associated with COVID-19 resulted in changes in family and youth functioning. Families (n = 105, 80% white, 48% male, and 87% mothers) completed surveys during the pandemic (May to July 2020) and 3 years prior (for youth ages M = 10.6, SD = 1.17 and M = 13.6, SD = 1.19). Declines in youth, though not parent, report of open family communication, parental support, and family satisfaction were found. Declines were associated with various domains of pandemic-related stress in parent report, though positive life events served as buffers. Pre-pandemic family functioning also predicted pandemic stress. Spillover effects in turn impacted youth functioning. The current findings shed light on how experiences of the pandemic are linked with family functioning and have implications for how to support families during this time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Negotiating romantic relational dynamics is inherent to family caregiving situations, which continue to be on the rise in the United States. However, despite evidence that family caregiving duties are linked to a variety of negative relational outcomes, limited research examines communication processes that contribute to or alleviate the burden of caregiver duties on romantic relationships. Guided by psychological reactance theory (PRT), this study examined the link between romantic partner interference with family caregiving duties and the reactance process, as well as directness of communication about irritation as a type of freedom restoration behavior associated with reactance. Adults caring for aging family members recruited from MTurk (N = 187) completed an online survey as part of a larger study of romantic partner communication surrounding family caregiving. Results using PROCESS serial mediation indicated that greater partner interference was related to heightened perceptions of freedom threat, which was positively associated with the experience of reactance, which in turn was associated with communication about irritation. However, the association between reactance and directness of communication about irritation was negative, the opposite direction of what was hypothesized. Implications for PRT and interventions with caregivers and their romantic partners are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prior research links adaptive humor styles (affiliative and self-enhancing) with enhanced psychological well-being and maladaptive humor styles (aggressive and self-defeating) with worse psychological well-being, primarily through humor styles' influence on individuals' social interactions and efforts to positively reframe stressors. The present study examined the unique relation of each humor style with psychological well-being with a focus on understanding mechanisms of adjustment under highly stressful conditions. Ninety-nine parents of children with disabilities were surveyed at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States in March 2020, and 79 parents completed follow-up surveys in July 2020. As predicted, at T1, self-enhancing humor was associated with less psychological distress and greater family satisfaction, self-defeating humor was associated with greater distress, and aggressive humor was associated with lower family satisfaction. Moreover, affiliative humor predicted decreased psychological distress over time, whereas self-defeating humor predicted increased psychological distress and decreased family satisfaction over time. Relations were largely mediated by caregiver positive reappraisal, family efforts to reframe daily disability-related challenges, and negative social interactions. Future research should further examine the influence of caregiver humor styles on family dynamics, family reframing norms, and caregiving efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Stimulant use among college students is a significant public health concern due to its consequential effects. Given that many students reportedly use prescription stimulants for academic purposes, empirical investigations are needed to identify those students at risk for prescription stimulant misuse (PSM). The purpose of the current study was to examine the role of coping styles on the association between prescription stimulant use and related consequences. We hypothesized that more maladaptive (vs. adaptive) coping strategies would mediate this association, particularly for underclassmen (freshmen/sophomores) and men. Method: Participants were n = 787 college students across seven universities in the United States who completed an online survey assessing substance use and coping behaviors. Prior to hypothesis testing, we conducted factor analysis on the COPE measure and found support for a three-factor solution, which we named maladaptive coping, adaptive coping, and supportive coping. Results: Prescription stimulant use was positively related to stimulant-related negative consequences. Multiple mediation analyses indicated that the maladaptive coping factor partially mediated this direct association. Multi-group analyses revealed that maladaptive coping style was a significant mediator for college women in the sample, but not men. Conclusions: These results scratch the surface of the relationship between coping and risky stimulant use among college students and imply that the building of coping strategies is a useful target in identifying at-risk students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an increasing number of individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) matriculate on college campuses, all stakeholders should be prepared to meet their needs. Despite a body of literature describing adaptive behavior deficits of individuals with ASD, there is a paucity of research examining these skills among those who are college-ready. The present study investigated the adaptive behavior of a diverse group (N = 27) of incoming college students with ASD and examined to what extent these skills could predict initial academic success. Despite average intelligence and good academic indicators, deficits in communication, socialization, and daily living skills were found. No models, even those that included intelligence quotient (IQ) and SAT scores, were predictive of first-semester or first-year grade point average (GPA). Importantly, freshman-to-sophomore retention appeared higher than the university average. Findings suggest that practitioners and families should consider adaptive behavior in addition to intellectual and academic capabilities when considering postsecondary opportunities and available supports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When COVID-19 disrupted autism spectrum disorder research globally, many clinical trials of behavioral interventions pivoted to telehealth. Telehealth has the potential to increase geographic reach and improve racial/ethnic diversity in research. This matters because most autism spectrum disorder intervention studies have primarily included White, upper-middle-income families from North America and Europe. Participant homogeneity limits our ability to identify what types of intervention works in which context for which populations. Importantly, telehealth needs to "fit" the local context, and in particular, include strategies that factor in the "digital divide." This short report details contextual considerations and pre-implementation pragmatic adaptations in two autism spectrum disorder clinical trials that include Early Start Denver Model–informed caregiver coaching in the United States and South Africa. By comparing and contrasting how implementation context informed the telehealth pivot in these two clinical trials in different hemispheres, we highlight equity considerations for adaption. The pandemic is an opportunity to understand how remote intervention can "fit" diverse contexts, while providing valid scientific results. It is however important that adaptations be documented and feasibility of the adapted approach be tracked. COVID-19-related telehealth adaptations of behavioral interventions could facilitate the development of new strategies with wider global impact. COVID-19 caused many autism spectrum disorder caregiver-coaching studies to move to telehealth. Telehealth can increase the diversity of people who take part in research. This matters because most autism spectrum disorder studies have included people who have resources, are White, and live in North America and Europe. When study participants are similar, it is hard to understand which interventions can help different types of people who live in different parts of the world. While telehealth may allow more people to take part in research, it needs to "fit" the local context and consider the "digital divide" because many people around the world have no access to computers and the Internet. This short report describes changes to two research studies that include caregiver coaching based on the Early Start Denver Model in the United States and South Africa. We describe how the local context, including technology and Internet access, guided the telehealth approach. By doing so, we highlight ways to make telehealth available to more people around the world. The pandemic can help us understand how telehealth can "fit" diverse places and support high-quality research. It is important that study changes are tracked and we assess how well the changes work. COVID-19 telehealth changes to caregiver coaching can result in new ways to reach more people around the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Since the World Health Organization declared the coronavirus outbreak a global pandemic several million cases and more than three million deaths have been already confirmed worldwide due to COVID‐19. Design and Methods: Early Career Psychiatrists from all over the world present an overview of what happened in their own countries and what they have learned so far by this experience in everyday clinical practice. Practice Implication: We tried to take a real time picture of this unexpected situation, drawing useful hints for now and the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Policies to reduce the spread of COVID-19 are negatively impacting the psychological well-being of the general population. This cross-sectional study explores the associations of coping strategies with symptoms of depression and anxiety among adults residing in the United States. Our results showed that participants who turned to religion were less depressed or anxious. Those engaging in substance use, behavioral disengagement, and seeking social support for emotional reasons had increased odds of feelings of depression and anxiety about the future. These findings can be used to tailor intervention and policy-making efforts to reduce the mental health toll in the general population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A case study approach was used to investigate the adaptation experiences of Turkish international students (TIS), which may vary according to the host culture, in two different cultures: Hungary (n = 14) and the United States (US) (n = 12). The findings of the data analysis yielded four broad overlapping categories: (1) experiences in academic setting, (2) interaction with others in the host country, (3) political reflections in the host country, and (4) everyday matters in the host country. According to findings, depending on the factors in the institutional, social and physical environment, and societal contexts, both the psychological and sociocultural adaptation experiences of the participants in Hungary and the US differed. The study revealed that studying in Hungary, which offers english mediuim instruction programs, poses some serious difficulties for TIS compared to their co-nationals studying in an English-speaking country, such as in-school separation from local students. However, due to a shared historical background between Hungarians and Turks, TIS in Hungary have experienced many cultural similarities in their relations and daily lives unlike TIS in the US. Additionally, the positive attitudes of some Hungarian politicians toward Turkey and Turkish ethnicity have contributed to TIS' perceived low cultural distance and positively affected their cross-cultural adaptation process. Whereas, TIS in the US experienced stress that hindered adaptation due to certain political developments in the US and their political relations with Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Child maltreatment is a major public health issue in the United States. In the federal fiscal year 2017, approximately 7.5 million children were referred to child welfare services (CSW) in the nation. Developmental, emotional, behavioral, and cognitive problems are prevalent among children referred to CWS. For those in foster care, temporary or permanent placement frequently introduces additional instability into a child's already chaotic life, increasing their risk for deleterious physical and mental health outcomes. Limited research exists documenting the impact of efficacious culturally adapted parent training (PT) interventions aimed at serving low‐income ethnic minority families involved in CWS. The objective of this study was twofold: to explicate how a culturally adapted PT intervention for diverse families involved in CWS was perceived by participants and to better understand how interventionists adapted to families' needs. In this study, we conducted in‐depth interviews with 14 parents who had completed the adapted intervention, as well as all of the interventionists providing the intervention. A thematic analysis approach was used to analyze and interpret the data. Parents indicated the positive impact that the intervention had on enhancing their parenting skills, as well as their ability to cope with the challenges associated with having a child removed by CWS. Interventionists described the gradual adaptations they implemented, in an effort to increase its cultural and contextual relevance. Research findings are relevant to the family therapy field as they increase understanding about culturally adapted PT interventions for ethnic minority families within CWS contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coronavirus outbreak created diverse challenges for mental health services in general and to psychotherapy in particular. One of the most prominent of these is the move from delivering psychotherapy in face to face sessions to telephone or internet-based platforms. While this is a challenge to all psychotherapies, this paper examines specific considerations that should be taken into account when doing recovery-oriented integrative psychotherapy with persons with schizophrenia. Based on our clinical experiences conducting trials of psychotherapy with people with schizophrenia in Israel and in the United States, we describe several changes that took place as we were providing psychotherapy at the outbreak of the pandemic. These include general changes in the platform of psychotherapy and in the focus of sessions at both process and content levels. These changes represent both barriers and opportunities for the recovery process. Following a description of these changes we discuss and outline adaptations that are needed for sustaining patient's sense of their own agency and of the intersubjective nature of the session. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transitioning out of a military career can be difficult and stressful for Veterans. The purpose of this study was to gain an in-depth understanding of the challenges and needs of career transitioning Veterans. Fifteen United States Veterans from a larger mixed methods research project completed a qualitative semi-structured interview regarding their career transition. Interview questions invited participants to define their transition experience, identify influential psychosocial factors, resources utilized or needed, what it meant to transition out of the military, role changes experienced, and how the participant had adapted to the transition. Emergent thematic analysis revealed 4 themes: 1) it is necessary to actively prepare for the transition; 2) a variety of factors impacted the military career transition process; 3) transitioning out of a military career equated to the loss of structure; and 4) the transition required Veterans to establish themselves outside of the military. Findings from this study identified barriers, desired assistance, and facilitators to the career transition process, which should be considered by those assisting transitioning Veterans and when developing transition-related resources. Continuing to expand on this knowledge will positively impact service members as they exit their military career. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: We aimed to describe the current practices of speech-language pathologists regarding the creation and implementation of home practice programs for persons with poststroke aphasia. Method: Survey participants were American SpeechLanguage-Hearing Association–certified speech-language pathologists, had 30% of their caseload include persons with aphasia, and had recently created at least two home programs for persons with aphasia. Respondents completed a web-based survey on home program creation, training, technology, and methods for tracking adherence with closed and open-ended questions. Results: We analyzed 80 complete surveys. Most of the participants (n = 56) created home programs for greater than 75% of their caseload. Common interventions in home programs addressed functional practice and spoken expression. Participants describe instructional techniques including building skill practice in daily routines and guided practice. Applications of technology and formal mechanisms to monitor adherence were less frequently reported. Various factors were identified as facilitators and barriers to home program creation with environmental support from others and client factors (i.e., motivation, impairments) most evident. Conclusions: This study provides insight into speechlanguage pathologists’ home program creation and implementation. Results can be used to consider mechanisms to improve use of and adherence to home programs to further support recovery [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An increasing number of U.S. families are adopting children with HIV born outside the country. This exploratory qualitative study seeks to understand providers' perspectives on international adoptee and family preparation and adjustment to life in the U.S. Eleven psychosocial and five medical care providers participated in hour-long, semi-structured, recorded interviews focused on their experiences caring for internationally adopted children with HIV (IACH) and their adoptive parents. Transcribed interviews were analyzed to identify emergent themes. Providers described considerable variation among families who adopted children. Some had grown biological children and several adopted multiple children with special needs. Most were connected to communities of faith which served as an inspiration to adopt and offered support. Serious medical and HIV-related issues were minimal. Psychosocial concerns were more common and included attachment, adjustment, and behavioral issues. Participants noted that adoptive parents were well informed about HIV, but less prepared for cognitive delays and emotional challenges. Some providers experienced or expected to have challenges offering sexual and reproductive health education to adolescents due to their adoptive parents' religious beliefs on sexuality. Additional support managing behavioral and emotional challenges, as well as sexual education, may be needed especially as IACH transition into adolescence and young adulthood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic surfaced and deepened entrenched preexisting health injustice in the United States. Racialized, marginalized, poor, and hyper-exploited populations suffered disproportionately negative outcomes due to the pandemic. The structures that generate and sustain health inequity in the United States-including in access to justice, housing, health care, employment, and education-have produced predictably disparate results. The authors, law school clinicians and professors involved with medical-legal partnerships, discuss the lessons learned by employing a health justice framework in teaching students to address issues of health inequity during the pandemic. The goal of health justice is to eliminate health disparities that are linked to structural causes like subordination, discrimination, and poverty. This Article suggests six maxims for law school clinics to advance health justice, centering on themes of transdisciplinary collaboration, upstream interventions, adaptability, racial justice, systemic advocacy, and community-based strategies. The discussion draws on analyses of the scholarly literature on medical-legal partnerships and examples from the authors' clinics. These maxims for health justice are particularly relevant during a global public health emergency, but they also transcend the current moment by contributing to the long-running cross-clinic dialogue about teaching and designing clinics for social justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes how a new participant-centered facilitation method developed because the workshop facilitators wanted a process that was more culturally responsive to the perspectives of immigrant participants. Because conventional workshop methods focus on teaching immigrants about how things work in the United States, they often fail to make space for immigrants to talk about how they respond to this information or develop their own bicultural understandings. The participant-centered, Dialogical Facilitation Method emerged when participants were given more time and opportunities to reflect on their own values and share how they responded to the prevailing U.S. values. By shifting away from an expert-centered facilitation approach with a set curriculum to a participant-centered approach promoting emergent dialogues, the workshops evolved from an assimilation perspective to a bicultural approach. New knowledge about immigrant life emerged because participants were encouraged to discuss topics even if the concerns were not explicitly part of the original workshop theme or curriculum. Immigrants with longer experiences in the United States were encouraged to share their learned wisdom about how to be bicultural. Facilitators did not judge nor evaluate what participants said, but instead encouraged a diversity of perspectives and strategies, and encouraged participants to be the experts. The Dialogical Facilitation Method provides social service professionals with a rapid method to identify contemporary issues and strategies than allowed by conventional research methods or programming practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a case of a caregiving life story which provides insights for social workers to better understand the complexity of caregiving in a Chinese American family. Topics discussed include an immigrant Chinese woman's social role as a her husband's and family's caregiver, local club volunteer, and in broader civil engagement, the adjustment of her mind-set and schedule, and the natural acceptance of her role. Also noted is the need for resilience in social role transitions.

Survival for hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) has improved dramatically. Little is known about early family function, quality of life (QOL), or well-being/adjustment for parents of infants with HLHS. Parent/family outcomes over time, predictors, and differences in 143 mothers and 72 fathers were examined. Parents reported better family function compared with published norms, but 26% experienced family dysfunction. QOL and well-being were significantly lower than adult norms. QOL scores generally declined over time, whereas self-reported well-being improved. Responses from mothers and fathers showed different trends, with mothers having worse scores on most measures and at most time points. Being a single parent was a risk factor for poorer family function, but not for lower individual QOL or well-being. Family characteristics, stress, and coping skills were predictive of outcomes. Parents' psychosocial responses to the challenges of life with infants with HLHS change over time. Individually tailored psychosocial support is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spreading rapidly across the United States beginning in the spring of 2020, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic radically disrupted Americans' lives. Previous studies of community-wide disasters suggested people are fairly resilient and identified resources and strategies that promote that resilience. Yet, the COVID-19 pandemic is in some ways unique, with high levels of uncertainty, evolving implications and restrictions, and varied and uneven impacts. How resilient were Americans as the pandemic progressed? What psychosocial resources and coping strategies facilitated adjustment as the country moved into a summer of uneven reopenings and reclosures? Data from a national sample of 674 Americans were gathered at the height of early lockdowns and peaking infections in mid-April, 2020, and again, 5 and 10 weeks later. The study aimed to determine levels and sources of distress and to identify the resources and coping efforts that promoted or impeded resilience. Early levels of distress diminished to some extent over subsequent months while levels of wellbeing were comparable with usual norms, suggesting a largely resilient response. COVID-19-related stress exposure also decreased gradually over time. Older age, higher levels of mindfulness and social support, and meaning focused coping predicted better adjustment, reflecting resilience, while avoidance coping was particularly unhelpful. In models predicting change over time, approach-oriented coping (i.e., active coping, meaning-focused coping, and seeking social support) was minimally predictive of subsequent adjustment. Given the unique and ongoing circumstances presented by COVID-19, specific interventions targeting psychosocial resources and coping identified here may help to promote resilience as the pandemic continues to unfold. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: How couples communicate about cancer is an important predictor of psychological outcomes for men diagnosed with localised prostate cancer and their spouses. We examined the predictive role of disclosure, responsiveness, mutual avoidance, and holding back on depressive symptoms, psychological adjustment, cancer‐specific distress, and cancer concerns. Methods: Eighty‐one prostate cancer patients and their spouses completed measures of communication at baseline and measures of four psychological outcomes at baseline, five, 12, and 26 weeks after baseline. Dyadic growth models tested the effects of time and role on each outcome over time. Results: Higher disclosure and responsiveness predicted better psychological outcomes. Less mutual avoidance and holding back predicted poorer psychological outcomes. Across communication variables, individuals who engaged in poorer communication initially had poorer psychological outcomes that improved over time, whereas individuals who engaged in better communication initially maintained their more positive standing without change or changed in the positive direction. For all outcomes, those with better communication still had better psychological outcomes at six months. Conclusion: Couples' cancer‐specific relationship communication predicts their psychological outcomes. More research is needed to identify effective interventions, including a longer therapy course, individual communication training, or greater focus on addressing barriers to sharing and responsiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relatively few studies have examined the construct of self-esteem among Mexican immigrant adolescents in the United States, and most studies have focused on the independent influence of variables as opposed to adopting an ecological perspective. The present study examined individual, familial, and societal predictors associated with the self-esteem of Mexican immigrant youth. This study also examined the moderator effects of bilingualism, family cohesion, and parent-adolescent conflict on the relationship between perceived societal discrimination and Mexican immigrant adolescents' self-esteem. Hierarchical linear regression analyses were conducted drawing data from Wave 2 of the Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Study (CILS). The sample consisted of 575 Mexican immigrant adolescents. The results indicated that academic achievement, bilingualism, and family cohesion were positively associated with self-esteem, while parent-adolescent conflict and societal discrimination were negatively associated with self-esteem. Additionally, both bilingualism and parent-adolescent conflict moderated the relationship between perceived societal discrimination and self-esteem. The findings of this study suggest that in order to protect the self-esteem of Mexican immigrant adolescents, social work practitioners need to target individual, familial, and societal context factors associated with self-esteem. Specifically, family cohesion appears to be most salient to the self-esteem of Latino adolescents. Bilingualism also protects Mexican immigrant youth from the harmful effects of societal discrimination. It is also crucial to identify sources of parent-adolescent conflict among Mexican immigrant families and work to resolve them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a cross-sectional study on the cultural and structural features of zero-burnout primary care practices in the U.S. In the study, the practices of small-to-medium-size primary care clinics taking part in the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality's EvidenceNOW program were analyzed. Other topics include the potential strategies to prevent burnout like promoting leadership development and fostering practice agency.

Research shows that John Henryism, a high-effort, active coping style, is associated with poor physical health, whereas others suggest it may be psychologically beneficial. As such, it is unclear whether John Henryism represents a health risk or resource for black Americans and whether its impact varies across sociodemographic and gender groups. The present study used data from a representative community sample of black Americans (n = 627) from the Nashville Stress and Health Study (2011-2014) to clarify the physical and mental health consequences of John Henryism by assessing its relationship with depressive symptoms and allostatic load (AL). Results indicate that John Henryism is associated with increased AL scores and fewer depressive symptoms. Additionally, the association between John Henryism and AL is conditional on socioeconomic status. Study results underscore the importance of evaluating both physical and mental health to clarify the health significance of John Henryism among black Americans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we articulate a conceptual model for the process of ethnic identity development and integration among Asian American children and youth that offers potential explanations for their marginalization as they negotiate multiple facets of their identities and locate themselves in local and national contexts. The conceptual model is based on an integration of theory and empirical research on the intertwined processes of ethnic identity development and socialization of children and youth in Asian American families and is anchored in the developmental domain of identity formation and integration. We present the conceptual model as three overlapping circles to represent salient features of physical and social contexts, prevalent metanarratives that have been empirically established as salient meaning-making frames pertinent to the lived experience of Asian Americans in the United States, and the dynamic individual-context interplay and mutual adjustment that is part of developmental process. We then build on the work of scholars who have advanced the theoretical and empirical literature on the Asian American experience in the United States, to illustrate how the three components (features of context, master narratives, and developmental processes) intersect in the overlapping spaces of the model to foreground the dialectic processes whereby identity is constructed as contextualized in place. The primary contribution of the model is to facilitate generating research questions that can unravel the complexities of how specific ethnic backgrounds (e.g., immigration and settlement histories), developmental status, individual position on societal racial/ethnic hierarchy, and prevalent societal metanarratives contextualize the development of an Asian American ethnic-racial identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To study differences by sperm donor type in the psychological adjustment of the U.S. National Longitudinal Lesbian Family Study (NLLFS) offspring across three time periods from childhood to adulthood.Design: U.S.-based prospective cohort study.Setting: Paper-and-pencil questionnaires and protected online surveys.Patient(s): A cohort of 74 offspring conceived by lesbian parents using an anonymous (n = 26), a known (n = 26), or an open-identity (n = 22) sperm donor. Data were reported when offspring were ages 10 (wave 4), 17 (wave 5), and 25 (wave 6).Intervention(s): None.Main Outcome Measure(s): Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist administered to lesbian parents when offspring were ages 10 and 17 and the Achenbach Adult Self-Report administered to offspring at age 25.Result(s): In both relative and absolute stability, no differences were found in internalizing, externalizing, and total problem behaviors by donor type over 15 years. However, both externalizing and total problem behaviors significantly declined from age 10 to 17 and then increased from age 17 to 25. Irrespective of donor type, among the 74 offspring, the large majority scored continuously within the normal range on internalizing (n = 62, 83.8%), externalizing (n = 62, 83.8%), and total problem behaviors (n = 60, 81.1%).Conclusion(s): The results reassure prospective lesbian parents and provide policy makers and reproductive medicine practitioners with empirical evidence that psychological adjustment in offspring raised by lesbian parents is unrelated to donor type in the long term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a public health problem that continues to affect abused mothers after separation from an abusive partner. In addition to the risk of ongoing control and violence by abusers, the custody determination process may present challenges for mothers who end up with negative custody outcomes (e.g., share custody with abusers or lose custody). Using constructivist grounded theory techniques, we conducted a qualitative analysis of interviews with 24 abused mothers with negative custody outcomes to understand how they perceive and make sense of the process as a whole, and how they cope with these outcomes. The custody determination process was reportedly complex and stressful, and most mothers did not anticipate a negative custody outcome. Mothers' perceptions and experiences followed three phases: " trusting "the system" to protect them and their children, adapting to "the system" in search of positive outcomes, and, once custody decisions were determined, coping with the aftermath of the judicial system process, either by accepting or resisting the outcome. This study echoes previous calls for further training and policies that make the custody determination process less burdensome and harmful for survivors and their children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Civil war in Syria has resulted in the largest refugee group and the newest wave of refugees resettling in countries worldwide. Although they have experienced war, migration, and great trauma, resettlement introduces a new set of obstacles including cultural adjustment, language learning, and the development of a new social network. This paper is a qualitative analysis of the acculturation, mental health, and academic experience of Syrian refugee adolescents in the United States. The study is unique in its use of an ecological framework to organize emerging themes, and integrates responses from parents and adolescents to provide a comprehensive understanding of this experience. Moreover, the researchers focus on an important setting for support and intervention: the school system. Implications and recommendations for assessment, intervention, and programming are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports a study examining the impact of online spiritual counseling (OSC) sessions in mitigating immigration stress and promoting better marital adjustment of South Asian young dual earner couples emigrating to the USA. The OSC was effective for intervention group couples as compared to the waitlist control group. Post-test immigration stress was lower for those with professional degrees and who had prior living experience in the USA. Marital adjustment scores were higher for Hindu and Sikh couples, with professional degrees, who had prior living experience in the USA, for whom the marriage was a personal choice, and who had no children. Intervention compliance in terms of attendance and self-practice mediated the association between socio-demographic predictors and outcomes. There was concordance in outcomes of the dyadic partners, immigration stress and marital adjustment scores of husbands and wives were interdependent and associated. Within family therapy, the effectiveness of the OSC sessions for immigrant couples is supported with modifications for certain subgroups. Refinements may include adding familiar spiritual tenets for Christian and Muslim couples, including aspects of dealing with acculturation for those with no prior emigration experience and partner adjustment for couples in arranged marriages, and simpler expectations from those with children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Problem-solving courts such as prostitution courts are becoming an important feature of the American court landscape. Internationally, while there is a great deal of skepticism regarding problem solving courts, at least five countries (e.g., England, Scotland, Ireland, Australia, and Canada) are deliberating whether this "revolutionary panacea" which has swept America's criminal justice system is the right approach for them. Few studies have explored the benefits and challenges of problem solving courts (i.e. prostitution court) using an interprofessional collaborative framework. The purpose of this case study is to examine contemporary issues related to prostitution courts using Bronstein's model of interprofessional collaborative framework which identifies five components that facilitate optimum IPC: 1) interdependence, 2)newly created professional activities, 3)flexibility, 4)collective ownership of goals, and 5) reflection on the process. Some benefits of IPC include working collaboratively, adaptability, adjusting expectations, investment in the process and making changes as needed. Some of the challenges of IPC were coercive power, dual roles, bait and switch, hierarchy, and push for outcomes at the expense of clients. As criminal justice systems nationally and internationally contemplate widespread implementation of different kinds of problem-solving courts, these benefits and challenges need to be considered before states and countries adopt these courts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mindfulness, resilience, and resourcefulness are theoretically distinct but related constructs critical for improving psychosocial well-being outcomes for informal caregivers and others. Our aims were to evaluate the theoretical and operational distinctions among these constructs. Measures of mindfulness (Decentering Scale), resilience (Connor-Davidson Scale) and resourcefulness (Resourcefulness Scale) were collected from a national sample of 348 grandmother caregivers. We conducted exploratory factor analysis and examined correlation patterns. Inter-correlations ranged from r=.26 (resourcefulness and resilience) to r=.73 (resilience and mindfulness). Factor analyses and scree plots indicated unidimensional factors for resilience and for mindfulness, and two factors for resourcefulness (personal and social). When items from all measures were analyzed together, the four factors remained. Distinct relationships were found between mindfulness, resilience, and resourcefulness with relevant external variables. Our results support the conceptual distinctions among the constructs, providing support for interventions targeting these constructs to improve psychosocial outcomes in caregivers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a significant social and public health problem that includes physical violence, sexual violence, threats of physical or sexual violence, stalking, and psychological aggression by an intimate partner. Estimates suggest that 35% of Latinas living in the United States experience IPV in their lifetime, with known severe negative outcomes. One mental health consequence of concern is depression, which disproportionately affects IPV-exposed Latinas. The present study tested the effectiveness of the Moms' Empowerment Program (MEP), a culturally adapted intervention to reduce depressive symptoms among IPV-exposed Spanish-speaking Latina mothers. Additional psychosocial predictors of levels of depressed affect over time are examined, including levels of post-traumatic stress, IPV exposure, positive parenting, parental acceptance of children's negative emotions, and maternal employment. Participants (N = 72) were assigned to a treatment or a wait-list comparison condition, and those in the treatment group completed a 10-week group intervention addressing the unique problems associated with IPV exposure, mental health, and parenting among Spanish-speaking Latinas. Results of multilevel modeling revealed that participation in the MEP was associated with significant reductions in depressed affect. Lower levels of post-traumatic stress and higher levels of positive parenting, maternal acceptance of children's negative emotions, and maternal employment predicted lower levels of depressed affect. The amount of total IPV exposure was not significantly associated with the extent of depressed affect. The MEP represents a culturally tailored, evidence-based intervention to reduce depressed affect among Spanish-speaking Latinas. The clinical implications of the additional predictors of levels of depressed affect are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

International students face a variety of challenges in their acculturation process. Acculturation, the process of adapting to a new cultural environment, is highly variable and influenced by environmental and individual factors that exist before or arise during acculturation. Among the moderating personal factors existing prior to acculturation, adult attachment has received attention as an important variable impacting the acculturation process and adaptation outcomes. Based on the bi-dimensional model of acculturation (Berry, 1997) and the concept of adult attachment (Bowlby, 1977), the current study hypothesized that an insecure attachment (i.e., high attachment anxiety and avoidance) would predict more acculturative stress, less psychological adaptation, and less sociocultural adaptation. We also hypothesized that students who highly identified with their heritage culture and were highly acculturated to the U.S. culture would experience higher levels of psychological and sociocultural adaptation. Also, we examined if adult attachment moderated the effects of acculturation on international students' psychological and sociocultural adaptation. International students enrolled in higher education institutions in different geographic locations in the United States (N = 221) completed measures of adult attachment, acculturation, acculturative stress, and psychological and sociocultural adaptation. The results suggested that attachment anxiety was a significant predictor of international students' psychological adaptation. High acculturation to the U.S. significantly predicted more sociocultural adaptation. Attachment avoidance significantly moderated the effect of acculturation to the U.S. culture on international students' psychological distress, while attachment anxiety was a significant moderator for the effect of acculturation to the U.S. culture on sociocultural adaptation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article offers a perspective and an application of transnational feminist therapy with Latinas that affirm the value of testimonio as a theoretical framework. Political, social, and interpersonal levels are addressed and linked to clear roots in oral tradition and resistance movements. The goal is to share a clinical approach that applies the tenets of transnational feminism that differ from the definition of "global sisterhood" and recognizes the effects of interactive connections that apply to different levels of identity, adaptation, and wellbeing of Latinas living in the United States. Clinical vignettes shared by many Latinas living in the United States and at different points in their life cycles illustrate the relevance and negative effects caused by the intersectional components of gender, class, ethnicity, race, nation, age, and language that can lead to feelings of shame connected to societal rejections on the basis of being "the other." An application of theory in the flesh illustrates the need to move from talking in a disembodied manner to an embodied conversation during the therapy process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social distancing currently in place to reduce community spread of the COVID-19 pandemic has also resulted in negative structural, social, psychological, and financial consequences. Loneliness is linked to adverse mental health and health outcomes, and facing COVID-19 can increase feelings of stress and loneliness. In this study, we aimed to gain a better understanding of how COVID-19 affects mental health in vulnerable populations. Data from 269 individuals with disabilities and chronic conditions (mean age 39.37; 56.1% male; 84.0% white) were collected to understand whether loneliness mediates the relationship between perceived COVID-19 stress and maladaptive COVID-19 coping strategies among people with disabilities and chronic health conditions. The findings suggest that loneliness serves as a partial mediator between perceived COVID-19 stress and maladaptive COVID-19 coping. Implications of the findings for public health and rehabilitation intervention for individuals with disabilities are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the adaptation of a web-based safety planning intervention for Native American women exposed to intimate partner violence (IPV). We conducted interviews with Native American women exposed to intimate partner violence (n = 40) and practitioners who work with Native American survivors (n = 41) to gain an understanding of culturally specific risk and protective factors for IPV. Participants were from three regions of the U.S. – the Northeast, Southeast, and Southwest – from a mixture of rural (reservation and non-reservation) and urban settings. These data were then used to inform culturally responsive adaptation of a web-based safety app, called myPlan (renamed ourCircle) by infusing it with culturally specific safety priorities and safety strategies. This research has implications for the Grand Challenges for Social Work, specifically the Challenges to End Family Violence, Harness Technology for Social Good, and Achieve Equal Opportunity and Justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Participation in social behaviors that enhance group-level fitness may be influenced by mutations that affect patterns of social epistasis in human populations. Mutations that cause individuals to not participate in these behaviors may weaken the ability of members of a group to coordinate and regulate behavior, which may in turn negatively affect fitness. To investigate the possibility that de novo mutations degrade these adaptive social behaviors, we examine the effect of paternal age (as a well-established proxy for de novo mutation load) on one such social behavior, namely religious observance, since religiosity may be a group-level cultural adaptation facilitating enhanced social coordination. Using two large samples (Wisconsin Longitudinal Study and AddHealth), each of a different US birth cohort, paternal age was used to hierarchically predict respondent's level of church attendance after controlling for multiple covariates. The effect is absent in WLS (β =.007, ns, N = 4560); however, it is present in AddHealth (β = −.046, p <.05, N = 4873) increasing the adjusted model R2 by.005. The WLS respondents were (mostly) born in the 1930s, whereas the AddHealth respondents were (mostly) born in the 1970s. This may indicate that social-epistatic regulation of behavior has weakened historically in the USA, which might stem from and enhance the ability for de novo mutations to influence behavior among more recently born cohorts—paralleling the secular rise in the heritability of age at sexual debut after the sexual revolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study comprises a first attempt to explore a cross‐cultural application of Bowen family systems theory and examines the relationship between differentiation of self and couple adjustment using measurement invariance. A sample of 2,141 individuals (n = 915 from the United States; n = 635 from Italy; n = 591 from Spain) completed measures of differentiation of self (DSI‐R; Skowron & Schmitt, J Marital Fam Ther, 29, 2003, 209) and couple adjustment (DAS; Spanier, J Marriage Fam, 38, 1976, 15). Results showed evidence of partial measurement equivalence for the DSI‐R across the three samples. Additionally, results from latent regression showed that less emotional cutoff predicted greater couple adjustment in the United States, Spain, and Italy, whereas greater emotional reactivity predicted poorer couple adjustment only in the more collectivistic cultures, Spain and Italy. Our findings are consistent with prior empirical studies, which suggest that emotional cutoff is a strong predictor of relationship adjustment. The use of measurement invariance provides a foundation for future studies to continue employing rigorous statistical methods when examining constructs across different cultures. The findings highlight culture‐specific similarities and differences in differentiation that may benefit practitioners by informing psychotherapy with individuals, couples, or families from diverse populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through analysing data collected from interviews with 12 students and 7 teachers, observations, students' journals and other documents at a US high school, this qualitative study examines the sociocultural adaptation of "parachute kids" from mainland China. Emerging themes revealed adjustments to be made at three levels, namely, tangible, structural and mental ones. Parachute kids who had become separated from the host culture appeared to have refused to make adjustments at any of these three levels. Those who were found to be integrated were characterised by an open and curious mind, and were proactive in making adjustments at all three levels. In between separation and integration were children willing to make some adjustments, but not at the mental level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Central to the theory underpinning schema therapy is a hierarchically structured model where maladaptive and adaptive schemas are manifestations of higher order core emotional needs which emerge through specific parenting conditions. Despite widespread use in therapy, the hierarchical model of adaptive schemas has not been tested nor has it been linked to recollections of positive parenting patterns. In Study 1, both single and multigroup confirmatory factor analysis on Eastern (Singapore, n = 628; Kuala Lumpur, n = 229) and Western (United States, n = 214) samples tested the hierarchical structure of positive schemas and provided further evidence of four types of core emotional needs. They ran in parallel with the previously established four negative counterparts of unmet core emotional needs derived from other studies of second order maladaptive schemas. Since schemas theoretically develop during childhood, Study 2 explored links between positive recollections of parenting with the model of core emotional needs obtained from Study 1. Using samples with separate ratings for fathers and mothers from Manila (Philippines; n = 520, 538), Jakarta (Indonesia; n = 366, 383) and the United States (n = 204, 214), and utilizing structural equation modeling, statistically significant positive relationships were found between these higher order solutions of recollections of positive parenting patterns and the theorized four core emotional needs which were believed to be represented by these higher order adaptive schemas. This supported a core assumption of schema therapy. Highlights: The four-factor model of higher order positive schemas was the most robust. The four-factor model is believed to represent four core emotional needs. The model runs fairly parallel with four higher orders of negative schemas. Positive schemas were linked with past positive parenting patterns. Schema therapy should consider revising its model of core emotional needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although sibling ties are typically among the longest lasting family relationships, relatively little is known about how adult siblings navigate family caregiving when a brother or sister has a serious mental illness. The present study examined the role of primary caregiver status, perceived sibling illness severity, sibling relationship quality, and self and sibling caregiving attitudes in understanding reports of personal loss and stress-related personal growth among siblings of adults with serious mental illness. Online surveys were completed by 226 adult siblings (141 women; 85 men; mean age = 34 years; SD = 9.05). Results suggest that well siblings' reports of self and sibling caregiving attitudes significantly differed as a function of primary caregiver status (i.e., sibling, parents, or others as primary caregiver or no caregiver). Sibling caregiving attitudes differentially predicted well siblings' experience of personal loss and stress-related growth, regardless of demographics and primary caregiver status, perceived sibling illness severity, and sibling relationship quality. Greater ambivalence about providing care to their sibling with mental illness was associated with adults' reports of greater personal loss while higher levels of sibling balanced care priorities were significantly related to higher levels of personal growth. Greater self-care attitudes were significantly related to lower levels of both personal loss and personal growth for well siblings. Understanding sibling caregiving attitudes has important implications for research and interventions with families coping with mental illness. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experiences of racism contribute to the mental health burden of Black individuals in the United States, and during emerging adulthood, these impacts may be especially intensified. The majority of research on racism captures individual-level experiences and utilizes frequency-based measures. This mixed methods investigation examines convergence and divergence between a measure of recent experiences of racism and a measure of worst experiences of racism at multiple levels (individual, cultural, institutional). A sample of 186 Black college-attending emerging adults (Mage = 19.36; 62.7% female) reported their recent experiences using a quantitative measure and their worst experiences via a qualitative open-ended response, which were analyzed via convergent parallel design. The results indicated that a majority of reported worst experiences had an institutional-level component. Although the quantitative measure of recent experiences corresponded with reports of individual-level worst experiences, the institutional- and cultural-level worst experiences were rarely fully captured by the recent experiences measure. Implications for the mental health of Black college-attending emerging adults are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose/Objective: This commentary demonstrates the need for culturally adapted interventions to support informal caregivers (care partners) of adults with traumatic brain injuries (TBI), proposes and supports an evidence-based intervention, Problem-Solving Training (PST), uniquely suitable for cultural adaptation for Latinx care partners, and describes several considerations and concrete suggestions for initial cultural adaption of PST for Latinx care partners of adults with TBI. Results: Caregiving among Latinxs is rooted in cultural values and norms that may facilitate or challenge family coping and adaptation after TBI in the United States. Evidence-based interventions to address emotional distress, health, and caregiver burden are needed for Latinx care partners, but must first be translated and adapted to address language and cultural values. Compared with other cognitive and behavioral evidence-based interventions, PST is ideal for cultural adaptation, as the problem-solving process is driven by, and therefore sensitive and responsive to, care partners and their individual values and situations. Conclusions/Implications: Adapting evidence-based problem-solving interventions like PST ("Descubriendo Soluciones Juntos") to be culturally tailored and culturally sensitive for Spanish-speaking Latinx care partners of adults with TBI could reduce existing health disparities and improve the health, well-being, and quality of life of these care partners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author explains why it is not accurate to use the term "mental health (MH) pandemic" to refer to the increasing number of adults experiencing MH problems due to the COVID-19 crisis. Topics mentioned include the difference between the meanings of the terms "epidemic" and "pandemic," and the misleading idea about mental disorder. Also discussed are the findings of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's survey on the prevalence of MH conditions among adults during the pandemic.

The study examined the relationship between spirituality, identity development, and maladjustment variables. A total of 1,016 college student participants (53.9% female) were recruited from a major state university in the southern United States, the structural equation modeling revealed that aspects of identity development mediated the relationship between certain aspects of spirituality (spiritual transcendence, spiritual search, and spiritual function) and certain maladjustment variables (existential anxiety, identity distress, and internalizing symptoms). Identity exploration and identity commitment items appeared to have some unique relationships with the other variables, as did the various aspects of spirituality. Implications for measurement and future research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose/objectives: This study examines the amount and sources of stress, as well as coping strategies, exercise, and alcohol use, among pediatric dental residents in the United States.Methods: One hundred fifty pediatric dental residents (n = 76 postgraduate year [PGY] 1; n = 74 PGY2) in 2-year residency programs responded to an anonymous survey that included demographic questions, the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), Graduate Dental Environment Stress Scale (GDES), Tactics For Coping With Stress Inventory, and questions about alcohol consumption and exercise.Results: Stress scores were moderate (mean PSS = 16.7 ± 7.1; GDES = 61.7 ± 16.0). The largest sources of stress were research requirements, program/clinic issues, and finances. There were no significant differences in amount and sources of stress between PGY1 and PGY2 residents (P ≥ 0.10). Residents from western programs (based on AAPD districts) reported less stress than those in other areas (PSS, P = 0.04; GDES, P = 0.09). Number of negative coping tactics used was positively correlated (PPS, P < 0.0001; GDES, P = 0.0004), while number of positive coping tactics was negatively correlated (PSS, P < 0.0001; GDES, P = 0.0008) with stress scores. Younger residents (< 30yrs) used more coping tactics than older residents (P = 0.0002). Hospital-based residents used more negative coping tactics than those in university-based and combined programs (P = 0.05). Residents exercising > 150 min/wk had lower PSS (P = 0.03) and GDES (P = 0.09) scores. Alcohol consumption was unrelated to stress scores.Conclusion(s): Amount and sources of stress do not differ by residency year. Residents utilizing positive coping strategies and exercising had lower stress than those using negative coping strategies. Pediatric dental residency programs should educate and encourage residents to use positive coping strategies and exercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motor vehicle crashes are the major cause of deaths in the United States. Conventional driving training approaches including classroom education, vehicle owner manuals, training videos, on-the-road skill training, and non-adaptive driving simulation-based training have limited effect on crash and traffic violation reduction. The objectives of this research were to: (1) develop a framework for adaptive driving simulation-based training (ADST); (2) review the recent advances in ADST; (3) provide recommendations to improve adaptive training in this area; and (4) identify the domains that can benefit from ADST. A systematic literature search was conducted using Compendex, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases to find relevant research published since 2000. Results indicated that the ADST framework consists of three components including performance measures, adaptive logic, and adaptive variables. Adaptations can occur on the training content and/or feedback and prior (i.e., parametering) or during the training session (i.e., dynamic adaptation). Based on the developed framework and literature review, a set of guidelines was provided to improve ADST along with some specific domains that can benefit from this approach. Finally, recommendations were provided to evaluate ADST effectiveness and transfer of knowledge in future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]