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While many pundits claim that publishers are not innovative, this paper cites dozens of recent examples of innovation in the publishing industry. The main models reviewed are: innovative projects/partnerships, investment, accelerators/incubators, public/private partnership, and grass-roots programs. Case studies are presented from HarperCollins, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, Penguin Random House, and many others, based on research and the author's own experience. By following the lead of these innovative accomplishments, publishers can foster innovation at their own companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We argue that social integration--in the sense of within-community interconnectedness--and venture capital have a complementary relationship in fostering innovation, entrepreneurship, and economic growth. Using panel data on metropolitan areas in the United States from 1993 to 2002, our analyses reveal that racial integration--in the microgeography of residential patterns--moderates the effect of venture capital, with more ethnically-integrated places benefiting more from venture capital. We provide evidence for the underlying mechanisms by demonstrating that communities with higher levels of racial integration foster the discovery of more novel and more valuable inventions and the emergence of more ethnically-diverse entrepreneurial groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although innovation has long been considered a key driver of economic growth, no commonly accepted standard exists by which to measure innovative activities. Therefore, this article adopted a comprehensive variable, Innovation Index 2.0, which includes most previously used measurements of innovative activities in the literature. By using this index and its sub-indexes, we are able to thoroughly examine how they are connected to total personal income and population growth as proxies of economic growth. Another contribution of this article is that it focuses on smaller economic entities, U.S. counties, which have not been popularly studied in the literature. The regression results show that innovation as well as most of its related measures contribute to U.S. counties' income and population growth rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the status of America's patent disclosure laws as of 2016, and it mentions U.S. patent laws and the author's proposal for more dynamic patent disclosures (DPDs) involving technical information during the post-patent filing stage. According to the article, DPDs would help to effectuate the goal of promoting technological innovation in America. Patent costs and reliability are examined, along with rulings by the U.S. Supreme Court in patent law cases.

Public value creation has become a critical challenge, but existing approaches have limitations and it is unclear how they can be integrated. This article addresses this issue by analyzing four best-practice cases in which public value was created through the integration of community indicators and government performance management. It identifies an iterative process of participation, legitimation, and implementation, with institutional innovations across boundaries between civil society, politics, and administration. These institutional innovations help integrate the often fragmented arenas of participation, legitimation, and implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An editorial is presented which addresses the authors' views about implementing innovations which are designed to improve public health preparedness and response (PHPR) communications in America, and it mentions evidence-based PHPR and the PERRCoLate (Preparedness and Emergency Response Research and Learning) Project. Public health agencies in Washington State are examined, along with online surveys, Web sites, and semistructured interviews.

There is fierce regional competition to grow "innovation clusters" in the United States. Many commentators worry that states and cities are overspending on innovation rather than focusing on more immediate problems like improving basic infrastructure. For the first time, the federal government is beginning to take action to reduce the costs of regional cluster competition through various national cluster programs run by agencies like the Economic Development Administration and the Small Business Administration. Drawing on patent law theory, I argue these programs represent an innovative way to "manage" local investments in innovation. Instead of granting regions exclusive rights over particular clusters, the federal government provides grants for regions that design and disclose winning cluster strategies. In theory, this encourages regions to specialize in areas where they have a real comparative advantage--such as efficient energy in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania or 3-D printing in Youngstown, Ohio--rather than wasting money in a race to be winners in the same technology fields. In addition, federal involvement may change the types of innovation in which regions invest, making "high-spillover" research that benefits other places more attractive through the promise of federal subsidy. Lastly, Congress has authorized creation of a new database containing information and analysis of regional cluster activity, to be shared with other state and local actors. Despite its advantages, this strategy also faces a serious challenge. As in patent law, where inventors may spend more on research due to the prospect of getting a patent, regions may engage in more rather than less wasteful spending on innovation due to the opportunity for federal grants. Therefore, I argue the "carrot" of federal subsidy should be accompanied by the "stick" of preemption in certain circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Policy entrepreneurship is often used to explain agenda setting through reference to the behavior of individual 'change agents.' But there are still gaps in our understanding of what motivates entrepreneurs. Rational choice theory emphasizes the importance of material and nonmaterial incentives; however, it remains unclear what role institutions play. This article aims to empirically examine the relationship between incentives and institutional encouragement of innovation. Using a case study of the federal government of Canada, I find evidence that incentives matter. Government agencies with many incentives are more likely to encourage innovation than agencies with few incentives. These results underscore the importance of institutions in determining the motivations of policy entrepreneurs, and suggest future research should focus on the interplay among individual, political, and institutional factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this analysis is to increase understanding of the possibilities and challenges of building educational infrastructure-the basic, foundational structures, systems, and resources-to support large-scale school turnaround. Building educational infrastructure often exceeds the capacity of schools, districts, and state education agencies and, thus, requires collaborating with 'lead turnaround partners' with specialized capabilities for such work. However, there is little research to guide the selection or operation of lead turnaround partners. The analysis uses a descriptive case study of one organization with success operating as a lead turnaround partner (Success for All) to develop a framework to guide the selection of lead turnaround partners, support their operations, and structure further research. While base level achievement gains can be realized within 3 years, the analysis suggests that fully establishing school-level infrastructure is estimated conservatively as a 7 years process, and fully establishing system-level infrastructure has been an on-going, 40 year process. The analysis suggests a strong need to balance the rhetorical urgency of 'turnaround' with the understanding that building educational infrastructure to improve large numbers of underperforming schools will likely require massive, sustained technical, financial, policy, and political support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses critical legal research strategies as a potential element in the development of law reforms in the Appalachian Region of the U.S. as of 2015, and it mentions various online legal research tools such as Westlaw and Lexis, as well as the possible utilization of commercial and non-commercial legal resources. Innovation management and mountaintop removal mining laws are examined, as well as algorithms,the U.S. legal publishing industry, and free Internet searching.

An essay is presented which addresses economist Joseph A. Schumpeter's views about capitalism and the efforts to promote innovation as of 2015, and it provides a comparative examination of the competition and intellectual property laws in the U.S. and the European Union (EU). Schumpeter's competition policy is mentioned, along with American antitrust laws and Schumeter's book "Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy." Unilateral conduct cases, creative destruction, and U.S. mergers are examined.

Indian tribes, because of their distinctive regulatory authority and significant connection to the environment, possess unique capacities to innovate within the field of environmental law in the over fifty-six million acres that make up Indian country. This Article—the first scholarly work to address this aspect of tribal environmental law—advocates for the idea of tribes as "laboratories" for examining environmental regulation. Tribes enact environmental regulation by two primary means—in their capacity as "tribes as states" (TAS) and in their capacity as inherent sovereigns—both of which create unparalleled space for innovation. Moving first to the TAS setting, the Article examines synergies between federal and tribal environmental law. Following an expansive discussion of laws adopted by several tribes under their TAS authority, the Article turns to a discussion of the implications of tribal environmental innovations. In this discussion, the Article looks at the emerging trends in tribal adaptation of federal environmental law. The Article turns next to tribal environmental law adopted purely as a result of tribal inherent sovereignty. Here, the Article initiates a foundational discussion of how tribes may take lessons learned from the TAS setting and, by exercising inherent sovereignty, truly innovate in the development of environmental law. The Article then develops some initial thoughts of how tribes, the states, and the federal government may benefit from innovations occurring within the tribal environmental laboratory. Tribal environmental law is particularly exciting given its ability to transcend federal environmental law. Ultimately, the Article concludes that, by enacting environmental laws to meet their distinctive tribal needs, many tribes are creating and innovating in the field under their unique powers as separate sovereigns within the United States—truly acting as laboratories of the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The age of Big Data is upon us. The analysis of personal data is generating greater opportunities for privacy breaches as well as innovative progress. Governments worldwide are striving to establish a proper response to the ongoing practices of personal-data collection, analysis, and usage. This regulatory discourse immediately leads to a discussion of the relation between privacy rules and the broad and complex concept of innovation. Privacy laws could either enable or impede the flow of personal data. Availability and access to such data can either enhance or undermine innovation. The overarching debate on the relation between privacy and innovation is constantly heating, especially in the political and policy world. In addition, the link between privacy and innovation raises a variety of complicated analytical questions, hence calls for a nuanced academic and theoretical discussion. This Article introduces the first attempt to compressively map out and evaluate the various ways in which the relationship between privacy and innovation could be articulated. In Part II, the Article launches the discussion by providing foundational working definitions of the concepts of privacy and innovation. Thereafter, it maps out five possible links between privacy and innovation. This Part concludes that among the different arguments, the "privacy-versus-innovation " theme is of greatest interest and relevance to the current academic and policy discourse. Part III scrutinizes this latter theme closely. At first blush the "privacy-versus-innovation" argument seems absurd or intentionally manipulative. Yet a deeper examination shows that it might rely on the argument that peripheral privacy rights are potentially uncertain or overbroad. Part TV strives briefly and cautiously to move the "privacy-versusinnovation " argument, and the cross-Atlantic policy debate it involves, to the empirical realm. Here the Article confronts the possible linkage between lenient privacy laws in the United States and the success of U.S. firms in the internet/ICT environment, as opposed to strict privacy and relative failure in Europe. This Part strives to properly frame the meaning of this linkage in the underlying privacy--innovation discussion. In addition, Part TV carefully examines the policy implications of recognizing a causal relationship, as opposed to mere linkage, between privacy and innovation in the United States and the EU. One course of action would be to change the existing EU data-protection scheme and to assure the persistence of lenient privacy laws in the United States. However, other theories and policy steps, which account for the way laws shape technologies in a global setting, might recommend the adoption of a global, strict privacy regime. The Article concludes by alluding to the most recent trends and transactions in global ICT markets, which might indicate a new direction for privacy, innovation, and the interaction between them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the legal aspects of patent experimentalism in America, and it mentions U.S. patent laws and a second-order question about what policies should be adopted "to promote innovation about promoting innovation." Uniformity and local control are mentioned, along with information about patent examiners and judges. Uncertainty and patent law costs are examined, as well as regulated patent federalism and the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights.

Cost-benefit analysis does not age well. As scientific understanding of health, safety, and environmental risks accumulates over time-and as the technology to mitigate those risks becomes more affordable-the assumptions underlying a rule's cost-benefit analysis obsolesce. Yet because of agency inaction, rulemaking ossification, and inattention to priority setting, outdated rules persist. In order to combat obsolescence, agencies should use cost-benefit analysis as a commitment device. When an agency analyzes a rule, it should precommit to subsequently adopting a more stringent rule than the one it initially promulgates, if and when a private actor credibly demonstrates that the stricter rule has become cost-benefit justified. Using cost-benefit analysis as a commitment device would (1) more accurately calibrate rules over time, (2) induce innovation in risk-mitigating technologies by signaling to investors that future regulation would create demand, (3) improve the adversarial dynamic of the rulemaking process by encouraging innovator firms to defect from entrenched anti-regulatory coalitions, and (4) reorient the way administrations and agencies set regulatory priorities. Cost-benefit analysis has been used to constrain regulation, but it can-and should-be used to compel regulation and expedite the regulatory state's reduction of risks over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses standard-setting organizations (SSOs), intellectual property rights (IPR), and the role of antitrust law in regulating incomplete contracts in the U.S. as of 2015. According to the article, SSOs foster the economic benefits of standardization and help in commercializing innovation. Standard Essential Patents (SEPs), IPR licensing terms, and Fair/Reasonable and Non-Discriminatory (F/RAND) commitments are examined, along with market failure in SSO contracting.

A change in U.S. patent law in the early 1980s increased the value of patents, particularly for firms in the electronics and semiconductors industry, yet many of the industry's leading firms did not embrace patenting after the change. We show through an in-depth study of International Business Machines (IBM), the world's largest patentee, that the company's practices during much of the 1980s discouraged patenting. IBM adopted pro-patent management practices in 1989 after the installation of a new research and development head and in the face of faltering financial performance. IBM's increased patenting and licensing activities improved its financial bottom lines but curtailed its industry-wide knowledge spillovers. These causes and consequences of pro-patent practices are visible in several other large U.S. corporations. Thus, in the context of the "patent explosion" of the 1980s, we show that intraorganizational forces such as inertia, financial pressures, and new leadership shaped established firms' uptake of pro-patent management practices and their success. Our findings also suggest that pro-patent practices associated with "open innovation" may stem the free flow of knowledge across organizational boundaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An essay is presented on legal innovations in America in relation to the nation's mergers and acquisitions (M&A) laws, the Skadden, Arps and Wachtell, Lipton law firms, and the efforts to defend against hostile takeovers. U.S. corporate attorneys such as Joe Flom and Marty Lipton are mentioned, along with a "poison pill" innovation which involves the issuance of potential rights to shareholders of target corporations. American corporate laws and various legal arguments are also examined.

A bivariate generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedastic model with dynamic conditional correlation and leverage effect (DCC-GJR-GARCH) for modelling financial time series data is considered. For robustness it is helpful to assume a multivariate Student-tdistribution for the innovation terms. This paper proposes a new modified multivariatet-distribution which is a robustifying distribution and offers independent marginal Student-tdistributions with different degrees of freedom, thereby highlighting the relationship among different assets. A Bayesian approach with adaptive Markov chain Monte Carlo methods is used for statistical inference. A simulation experiment illustrates good performance in estimation over reasonable sample sizes. In the empirical studies, the pairwise relationship between the Australian stock market and foreign exchange market, and between the US stock market and crude oil market are investigated, including out-of-sample volatility forecasts. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article discusses whether patents have a creative or a destructive influence on innovation, focusing on issues related to the patent aggregation acquisition process, America's patent laws, and the impacts that patent aggregators have on inventors and incentives for promoting innovation in the U.S. According to the article, the patent aggregator form Intellectual Ventures Management LLC holds over 30,000 patents. Efforts to profit from licensing fees and the sales of patents are mentioned.

This paper examines both conditions that can enable collaborative and combinative knowledge generation within multinational corporations ( MNCs) and benefits that firms can achieve from these types of innovations. I posit that more basic relationships that have been established through manufacturing integration can enable multicountry collaborative innovations and that these innovations will bring together diverse knowledge that is likely to spawn further innovation within firms. Empirical analysis of a panel that includes comprehensive and confidential data on the worldwide operations of U.S. MNCs and their worldwide patents reveals robust support for these arguments. Overall, this paper broadens extant research on knowledge generation within MNCs by exploring both the antecedents and benefits of multicountry collaborative innovations. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High growth and progressive regions possess a culture that promotes innovation. In-novation depends on a region's ability to use its own existing knowledge and knowledge generated elsewhere. This paper demonstrates the importance of the ability to absorb external knowledge in ex-plaining innovation productivity for 106 U.S. metropolitan areas. Using a spatial interaction model of patent citation flows with origin and destination dependence, the destination fixed-effects coefficients provides a measure of a region's absorptive capacity. We identify local conditions that shape a region's absorptive capacity and demonstrate it has a positive and significant impact on innovation productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses economic indicators related to the performance of the U.S. manufacturing industry as of July 2013, with information on manufacturing revenues contributing to the U.S. gross domestic product (GDP). Topics include a report by the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) on manufacturing productivity, the views of U.S. manufacturers on competitiveness challenges such as sustainability and innovation management, and information on reports in the publication "Facts About Modern Manufacturing" released by U.S. manufacturing associations in 2012.

Within changing value networks, the profits and competitive advantages of participation reside dynamically at control points that are the positions of greatest value and/or power. The enterprises that hold these positions have a great deal of control over how the network operates, how the benefits are redistributed, and how this influences the execution of a digital business strategy. This article is based on a field study that provides preliminary, yet promising, empirical evidence that sheds light on the dynamic cycle of value creation and value capture points in digitally enabled networks in response to triggers related to technology and business strategy. The context used is that of the European and U.S. broadcasting industry. Specifically, the paper illustrates how incremental innovations may shift value networks from static, vertically integrated networks to more loosely coupled networks, and how cross-boundary industry disruptions may then, in turn, shift those to two-sided markets. Based on the analysis, insights and implications for digital business strategy research and practice are then provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economists are unable to provide a clear answer to how effective the patent system is in encouraging innovation. At best, they point to certain sectors, such as pharmaceutical and biotechnology, which benefit from a robust patent scheme. Conversely, sectors such as software and, ironically at the same time, biotechnology may be harmed by an overly broad patent scheme. The question emerges: Why do the various stakeholders in all industrial sectors, Congress, the Patent and Trademark Office ("PTO"), and the courts (in particular, the Federal Circuit) continue to center the development of patent law around the "innovation presumption" despite the lack of theoretical and empirical evidence to answer the fundamental question: Do patents actually create more incentive to innovate, more actual innovation, and hence more economic growth? Preparing for this Symposium on the Federal Circuit, innovation, and disruptive technologies has allowed me to reflect further on why it is necessary to challenge the innovation presumption and explore alternative paradigms, such as the use of innovation "policy levers" for this problematic narrative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Academic landscape of innovation research was analyzed by citation network analysis, which was divided into three main clusters; with "technological innovation" as the central core together with "innovation fundamentals" and "innovation management". Historically, research on innovation started from innovation management, such as innovational organization research, but research in the other two cluster areas is currently more active. With this background, we prepared a historical overview of national innovation system policy in Japan and the United States. Finally, we compared the trend of global innovation research with that of the national innovation systems in Japan and the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starting and developing a business is no longer a challenge as booth an adventure. Wold (economic, social, cultural) today differs fundamentally from that of a century ago and half of the United States of America or Europe, when there were first a family business or individual as the predecessor of today's small and medium enterprises. Reality economic, social and European policy today requires more than ever to create a business environment to highlight the private initiative, entrepreneurship, competitiveness and innovation. Most of the characteristics of small and medium-sized private business in Romania are similar to those in countries where such organizations is encouraged. A small portion of them are influenced by specific factors, however, when presenting a comparative analysis of certain elements of differentiation. The current phase they go through private small and medium enterprises in Romania, which began with ongoing EU accession prospects have the seeds of Romanian entrepreneurship in the coming years. How real economic integration efforts are consistent on both sides, the focus of political attention is warranted and is intended to be a sustainable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzes how the time allocation decisions of tenured and tenure-track academic scientists in U.S. research universities affect the odds of being engaged in the creation, transfer, and commercialization of novel technologies with one or more industrial partners. Academic scientists are making time allocation decisions across three types of activities typically associated with the academic profession: teaching, research, and service. In a representative sample of 1543 scientists, the empirical results show that those scientists spending more time on research funded by federal grants and industrial contracts have higher propensity of being engaged in technology commercialization efforts than those who spent less time on this type of research. In contrast, scientists spending more time on research that is not funded by grants or industry contracts have significantly lower chances of being involved in technology commercialization. Surprisingly, spending more time on either teaching undergraduate or graduate students does not affect scientists’ chances for technology commercialization. Scientists doing more paid consulting also have a higher likelihood of being involved in technology commercialization. Finally, we found complementary and substituting effects between certain types of research and time spent on teaching undergraduate students and their impact on being involved in technology commercialization. We discuss the implications for policy and academic entrepreneurship. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]