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Head and neck cancer is often diagnosed late and prognosis for most head and neck cancer patients remains poor. To aid early detection, we developed a risk prediction model based on demographic and lifestyle risk factors, human papillomavirus (HPV) serological markers and genetic markers. A total of 10 126 head and neck cancer cases and 5254 controls from five North American and European studies were included. HPV serostatus was determined by antibodies for HPV16 early oncoproteins (E6, E7) and regulatory early proteins (E1, E2, E4). The data were split into a training set (70%) for model development and a hold‐out testing set (30%) for model performance evaluation, including discriminative ability and calibration. The risk models including demographic, lifestyle risk factors and polygenic risk score showed a reasonable predictive accuracy for head and neck cancer overall. A risk model that also included HPV serology showed substantially improved predictive accuracy for oropharyngeal cancer (AUC = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.92‐0.95 in men and AUC = 0.92, 95% CI = 0.88‐0.95 in women). The 5‐year absolute risk estimates showed distinct trajectories by risk factor profiles. Based on the UK Biobank cohort, the risks of developing oropharyngeal cancer among 60 years old and HPV16 seropositive in the next 5 years ranged from 5.8% to 14.9% with an average of 8.1% for men, 1.3% to 4.4% with an average of 2.2% for women. Absolute risk was generally higher among individuals with heavy smoking, heavy drinking, HPV seropositivity and those with higher polygenic risk score. These risk models may be helpful for identifying people at high risk of developing head and neck cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the British Infection Association's guidelines on the management of opportunistic infection in people living with HIV. It discusses the epidemiology of candidiasis, along with information on the Candida species causing Candida infections in people living with HIV. It mentions the role of endoscopy in the diagnosis of oesophageal candidiasis.

Objective Controlling oral cancer ( OC) through screening is appealing. Advantages of this are as follows: OC is often preceded by visible premalignant lesions, early-stage survival is threefold greater than late-stage survival, and visual screening is inexpensive. Disadvantages of this are as follows: high frequency of false positives, undemonstrated cost-effectiveness, and irregular screening attendance by high-risk individuals. Screening effectiveness in Western countries has not been proven, because of low OC prevalence, which disproportionally increases the number of individuals needed to screen ( NNS) to decrease mortality. This study estimated the NNS to obtain an evident decrease in OC mortality rate in the UK. Methods Data gathered from reliable databanks were used. NNS to detect one case ( NNScase) was estimated using a Bayesian approach. NNS to prevent one death ( NNSdeath) was assessed multiplying NNScase by the number of cases that must be screen-detected to prevent one death. NNS to decrease mortality rate by 1% ( NNSmortality) was assessed multiplying NNSdeath by 1% of annual OC deaths. Results NNSmortality was overall 1 125 000 (95% confidence interval - 95 CI, 690 000-1 870 000), males 551 000 (95 CI, 337 000-916 000), and females 571 000 (95 CI, 347 000-942 000). Conclusions An OC visual screening campaign capable of producing an evident decrease in mortality rate in the UK requires a large number of adults to be annually and regularly screened. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Dental caries affects 60-90% of children across the world and is associated with a variety of negative impacts. Despite its ubiquity, there has been surprisingly little exploration of these impacts from the child's perspective. Aim The aim was to allow children to describe the impact of dental caries on their daily lives and to describe the terminology they used. Design Children, aged 5-15 years, with caries experience were purposively sampled from primary and secondary care dental clinics. Focus groups ( n = 5) and in-depth interviews ( n = 16) were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data analysis took a narrative approach, and themes were derived from the data using framework analysis. Results Pain was the main theme to emerge. Within this, three subthemes were identified: impacts related to pain, strategies adopted to reduce pain, and emotional aspects resulting from pain. A second theme was also identified relating to the aesthetic aspects of caries. Conclusion Children as young as 5 years of age were able to competently discuss their experiences of dental caries. Participants reported a number of impacts affecting various aspects of their lives. These will be incorporated into the future development of a caries-specific measure of oral health-related quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. The incidence of oral (mouth) cancer in the UK is continuing to rise. Individuals who are at greatest risk rarely visit a dentist but do consult general medical practitioners (GMPs). Therefore, GMPs could have an important role in the early detection of oral cancer. Research has shown that GMPs do not opportunistically screen high-risk individuals; however, the barriers to screening are poorly understood. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]