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Happiness is a fundamental human affective trait, but its biological basis is not well understood. Using a novel approach, we construct LDpred-inf polygenic scores of a general happiness measure in 2 cohorts: the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) cohort (N = 15,924, age range 9.23–11.8 years), the Add Health cohort (N = 9129, age range 24.5–34.7) to determine associations with several well-being and happiness measures. Additionally, we investigated associations between genetic scores for happiness and brain structure in ABCD (N = 9626, age range (8.9–11) and UK Biobank (N = 16,957, age range 45–83). We detected significant (p.FDR < 0.05) associations between higher genetic scores vs. several well-being measures (best r2 = 0.019) in children of multiple ancestries in ABCD and small yet significant correlations with a happiness measure in European participants in Add Health (r2 = 0.004). Additionally, we show significant associations between lower genetic scores for happiness with smaller structural brain phenotypes in a white British subsample of UK Biobank and a white sub-sample group of ABCD. We demonstrate that the genetic basis for general happiness level appears to have a consistent effect on happiness and wellbeing measures throughout the lifespan, across multiple ancestral backgrounds, and multiple brain structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Physical activity (PA) has been associated with benefits for cognitive function (CF), but previous estimates of the strength of this relationship may have been biased due to limitations in statistical modelling practices that are common among observational studies. We aimed to address this by using a rigorously constructed conceptual causal model to guide an empirical analysis estimating the effect of PA on CF in the UK Biobank cohort of middle-aged and older adults. Methods This study analysed a subsample of 334 227 adults from the UK Biobank prospective cohort study. PA was measured subjectively by self-report and by device using accelerometry, and CF was measured using objective cognitive tests. Composite CF measures were derived to represent general and domain-specific performance. Effect coefficients were estimated using regression models, adjusting for a wide range of confounders specified by the assumed causal model, including genetic risk factors, and relevant health, sociodemographic and behavioural variables from across the lifespan. Results Results indicated very small effect sizes (standardized mean difference estimates all <0.01) of inconsistent direction, for both cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. Conclusions The expected protective effect of PA on CF was not observed. This may reflect selection bias within UK Biobank, or the relatively young age of the sample at follow-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Points: Questions: Are hypothesized associations between familial risk of depression and lower cognitive performance evident across the life span for both family history and genetic risk measures? Findings: In this cohort study including 57 308 participants from 4 cohorts, among the 3 younger cohorts (age range, 6 to 42 years), family history of depression was primarily associated with lower performance in the memory domain, whereas in the older cohort (age range, 44 to 83 years), the associations were shown for processing speed, attention, and executive function. Associations were similar in the polygenic risk score analyses and were evident even in participants who had never been depressed themselves but had a family history of depression. Meaning: In this study, whether assessed by family history or genetic data, depression in prior generations was associated with lower cognitive performance in offspring, which has important implications for understanding and addressing potentially modifiable risk factors. This cohort study evaluates associations between familial risk of depression and cognitive performance in 4 independent cohorts with varied depth of assessment, using both family history and genetic risk measures. Importance: Cognitive impairment in depression is poorly understood. Family history of depression is a potentially useful risk marker for cognitive impairment, facilitating early identification and targeted intervention in those at highest risk, even if they do not themselves have depression. Several research cohorts have emerged recently that enable findings to be compared according to varying depths of family history phenotyping, in some cases also with genetic data, across the life span. Objective: To investigate associations between familial risk of depression and cognitive performance in 4 independent cohorts with varied depth of assessment, using both family history and genetic risk measures. Design, Setting, and Participants: This study used data from the Three Generations at High and Low Risk of Depression Followed Longitudinally (TGS) family study (data collected from 1982 to 2015) and 3 large population cohorts, including the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study (data collected from 2016 to 2021), National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health; data collected from 1994 to 2018), and UK Biobank (data collected from 2006 to 2022). Children and adults with or without familial risk of depression were included. Cross-sectional analyses were conducted from March to June 2022. Exposures: Family history (across 1 or 2 prior generations) and polygenic risk of depression. Main Outcomes and Measures: Neurocognitive tests at follow-up. Regression models were adjusted for confounders and corrected for multiple comparisons. Results: A total of 57 308 participants were studied, including 87 from TGS (42 [48%] female; mean [SD] age, 19.7 [6.6] years), 10 258 from ABCD (4899 [48%] female; mean [SD] age, 12.0 [0.7] years), 1064 from Add Health (584 [49%] female; mean [SD] age, 37.8 [1.9] years), and 45 899 from UK Biobank (23 605 [51%] female; mean [SD] age, 64.0 [7.7] years). In the younger cohorts (TGS, ABCD, and Add Health), family history of depression was primarily associated with lower performance in the memory domain, and there were indications that this may be partly associated with educational and socioeconomic factors. In the older UK Biobank cohort, there were associations with processing speed, attention, and executive function, with little evidence of education or socioeconomic influences. These associations were evident even in participants who had never been depressed themselves. Effect sizes between familial risk of depression and neurocognitive test performance were largest in TGS; the largest standardized mean differences in primary analyses were −0.55 (95% CI, −1.49 to 0.38) in TGS, −0.09 (95% CI, −0.15 to −0.03) in ABCD, −0.16 (95% CI, −0.31 to −0.01) in Add Health, and −0.10 (95% CI, −0.13 to −0.06) in UK Biobank. Results were generally similar in the polygenic risk score analyses. In UK Biobank, several tasks showed statistically significant associations in the polygenic risk score analysis that were not evident in the family history models. Conclusions and Relevance: In this study, whether assessed by family history or genetic data, depression in prior generations was associated with lower cognitive performance in offspring. There are opportunities to generate hypotheses about how this arises through genetic and environmental determinants, moderators of brain development and brain aging, and potentially modifiable social and lifestyle factors across the life span. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An interview with nurse Breda Patterson is presented. Topics include skills that are important for nursing in HIV; the biggest challenges in HIV management in present time; and her long-term vision for HIV and how is she working towards that now in her current role at Gilead Sciences which is allowing her to take on the challenge of HIV from a new perspective.

Background: There is uncertainty whether unipolar mania is a discrete sub‐type of bipolar disorder. Disrupted rest/activity rhythms are a key feature of bipolar disorder (BD) but have not been well characterised in unipolar mania/hypomania (UM). We compared subjective and objective rest/activity patterns, demographic and mental health outcomes across BD, UM and control groups. Methods: UK residents aged 37–73 years were recruited into UK Biobank from 2006 to 2010. BD, UM and control groups were identified via a mental health questionnaire. Demographic, mental health and subjective sleep outcomes were self‐reported. Accelerometery data were available for a subset of participants, and objective measures of sleep and activity were derived. Results: A greater proportion of males met UM criteria, and more females were in the BD group. Both BD and UM groups had poor mental health outcomes vs. controls. Objectively measured activity differed between all three groups: UM had highest levels of activity and BD lowest. The UM group had shorter sleep duration compared to controls. Subjective rest/activity measures showed that both mood disorder groups (compared to controls) had later chronotype preference, more disturbed sleep and increased difficulty getting up in the morning. However, the UM group were more likely to report an early chronotype compared to BD and control groups. Conclusions: BD and UM share features in common, but key differences support the proposition that UM may be a distinct and more clinically homogenous disorder. UM was characterised by a higher proportion of males, early chronotype, increased activity and shorter sleep duration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: As the numbers of people with dementia worldwide rises, there is a need for improved knowledge and awareness about the condition across the healthcare workforce. There are concerns that traditional models of healthcare education, which focus on short-term episodes of care, limit student understanding of long-term conditions. We therefore designed and delivered the Time for Dementia programme at five Universities in the UK. Through longitudinal contact with families living with dementia, healthcare students gain increased understanding about the experiences of living with dementia. However, implementing new educational models brings challenges. To enable implementation of similar programmes in other educational institutions, this study aimed to identify the common barriers and facilitators of implementing these types of longitudinal programmes at scale. Methods: To understand the facilitators and barriers of implementing a longitudinal dementia educational programme, a qualitative study was completed. Between October and December 2018, twelve in-depth semi-structured interviews were completed with university teaching staff (n = 6), programme administrators (n = 4), and Alzheimer's Society staff (n = 2) that had key responsibilities for implementing Time for Dementia. Interview questions explored participants experiences, the facilitators, and the challenges encountered when implementing the programme. Interviews were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analysed using inductive thematic analysis. Results: The analysis identified five key themes: "Leadership characteristics", "Organisational and student buy-in", "Perceived value and motivating factors", "Team coalition and support", and "Time and fit". Implementation of the programme was enhanced by resilient leaders managing the challenges of curricular change. Their belief in the value of the programme, stakeholder buy-in, and supportive team working enabled challenges to be overcome. Workload was reduced and student buy-in increased as time progressed and as more resources became available. A flexible approach to implementation was recommended to ensure the programme fits within the established curriculum. Conclusion: Curricular change is a challenging task, yet necessary, if we are to improve care for people with long term conditions such as dementia. This study highlights the common barriers and facilitators experienced when implementing a longitudinal educational programme at scale. The findings presented in this study can be used by other educational institutions to manage curricular change efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The association between loneliness and suicide is poorly understood. We investigated how living alone, loneliness and emotional support were related to suicide and self-harm in a longitudinal design.Methods: Between 2006 and 2010 UK Biobank recruited and assessed in detail over 0.5 million people in middle age. Data were linked to prospective hospital admission and mortality records. Adjusted Cox regression models were used to investigate relationships between living arrangements, loneliness and emotional support, and both suicide and self-harm as outcomes.Results: For men, both living alone (Hazard Ratio (HR) 2.16, 95%CI 1.51-3.09) and living with non-partners (HR 1.80, 95%CI 1.08-3.00) were associated with death by suicide, independently of loneliness, which had a modest relationship with suicide (HR 1.43, 95%CI 0.1.01-2.03). For women, there was no evidence that living arrangements, loneliness or emotional support were associated with death by suicide. Associations between living alone and self-harm were explained by health for women, and by health, loneliness and emotional support for men. In fully adjusted models, loneliness was associated with hospital admissions for self-harm in both women (HR 1.89, 95%CI 1.57-2.28) and men (HR 1.74, 95%CI 1.40-2.16).Limitations: Loneliness and emotional support were operationalized using single item measures.Conclusions: For men - but not for women - living alone or living with a non-partner increased the risk of suicide, a finding not explained by subjective loneliness. Overall, loneliness may be more important as a risk factor for self-harm than for suicide. Loneliness also appears to lessen the protective associations of cohabitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Systemic inflammation has been linked with mood disorder and cognitive impairment. The extent of this relationship remains uncertain, with the effects of serum inflammatory biomarkers compared to genetic predisposition toward inflammation yet to be clearly established. Methods. We investigated the magnitude of associations between C-reactive protein (CRP) measures, lifetime history of bipolar disorder or major depression, and cognitive function (reaction time and visuospatial memory) in 84,268UKBiobank participants. CRP was measured in serum and a polygenic risk score for CRP was calculated, based on a published genome-wide association study. Multiple regression models adjusted for sociodemographic and clinical confounders. Results. Increased serum CRP was significantly associated with mood disorder history (Kruskal-Wallis H = 196.06, p <0.001, X² =0.002) but increased polygenic risk for CRP was not (F =0.668, p =0.648, X² < 0.001). Compared to the lowest quintile, the highest serum CRP quintile was significantly associated with both negative and positive differences in cognitive performance (fully adjusted models: reaction time B =-0.030, 95% CI=-0.052, -0.008; visuospatial memory B = 0.066, 95% CI= 0.042, 0.089). More severe mood disorder categories were significantly associated with worse cognitive performance and this was not moderated by serum or genetic CRP level. Conclusions. In this large cohort study, we found that measured inflammation was associated with mood disorder history, but genetic predisposition to inflammation was not. The association between mood disorder and worse cognitive performance was very small and did not vary by CRP level. The inconsistent relationship between CRP measures and cognitive performance warrants further study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim was to determine whether commercial baby foods marketed within Europe (up to 36 months of age) have inappropriate formulation and high sugar content and to provide suggestions to update European regulations and recommendations as part of a nutrient profile model developed for this age group. The latter was produced following recommended World Health Organization (WHO) steps, including undertaking a rapid literature review. Packaging information from countries across the WHO European region was used to determine mean energy from total sugar by food category. The percentage of products containing added sugar and the percentage of savoury meal‐type products containing pureed fruit were also calculated. A total of 2,634 baby foods from 10 countries were summarised: 768 sold in the United Kingdom, over 200 each from Denmark (319), Spain (241), Italy (430) and Malta (243) and between 99–200 from Hungary, Norway, Portugal, Estonia and Slovenia. On average, approximately a third of energy in baby foods in these European countries came from total sugar, and for most food categories, energy from sugar was higher than 10%. Use of added sugars was widespread across product categories, with concentrated fruit juice most commonly used. Savoury meal‐type purees did not contain added sugars except in United Kingdom and Malta; however, fruit as an ingredient was found in 7% of savoury meals, most frequently seen in UK products. Clear proposals for reducing the high sugar content seen in commercial baby foods were produced. These suggestions, relating to both content and labelling, should be used to update regulations and promote product reformulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cognitive impairment is strongly linked with persistent disability in people with mood disorders, but the factors that explain cognitive impairment in this population are unclear.Aims: To estimate the total effect of (a) bipolar disorder and (b) major depression on cognitive function, and the magnitude of the effect that is explained by potentially modifiable intermediate factors.Method: Cross-sectional study using baseline data from the UK Biobank cohort. Participants were categorised as having bipolar disorder (n = 2709), major depression (n = 50 975) or no mood disorder (n = 102 931 and n = 105 284). The outcomes were computerised tests of reasoning, reaction time and memory. The potential mediators were cardiometabolic disease and psychotropic medication. Analyses were informed by graphical methods and controlled for confounding using regression, propensity score-based methods and G-computation.Results: Group differences of small magnitude were found on a visuospatial memory test. Z-score differences for the bipolar disorder group were in the range -0.23 to -0.17 (95% CI -0.39 to -0.03) across different estimation methods, and for the major depression group they were approximately -0.07 (95% CI -0.10 to -0.03). One-quarter of the effect was mediated via psychotropic medication in the bipolar disorder group (-0.05; 95% CI -0.09 to -0.01). No evidence was found for mediation via cardiometabolic disease.Conclusions: In a large community-based sample in middle to early old age, bipolar disorder and depression were associated with lower visuospatial memory performance, in part potentially due to psychotropic medication use. Mood disorders and their treatments will have increasing importance for population cognitive health as the proportion of older adults continues to grow.Declaration Of Interest: I.J.D. is a UK Biobank participant. J.P.P. is a member of the UK Biobank Steering Committee. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: For many research cohorts, it is not practical to provide a "gold‐standard" mental health diagnosis. It is therefore important for mental health research that potential alternative measures for ascertaining mental disorder status are understood. Methods: Data from UK Biobank in those participants who had completed the online Mental Health Questionnaire (n = 157,363) were used to compare the classification of mental disorder by four methods: symptom‐based outcome (self‐complete based on diagnostic interviews), self‐reported diagnosis, hospital data linkage, and self‐report medication. Results: Participants self‐reporting any psychiatric diagnosis had elevated risk of any symptom‐based outcome. Cohen's κ between self‐reported diagnosis and symptom‐based outcome was 0.46 for depression, 0.28 for bipolar affective disorder, and 0.24 for anxiety. There were small numbers of participants uniquely identified by hospital data linkage and medication. Conclusion: Our results confirm that ascertainment of mental disorder diagnosis in large cohorts such as UK Biobank is complex. There may not be one method of classification that is right for all circumstances, but an informed and transparent use of outcome measure(s) to suit each research question will maximise the potential of UK Biobank and other resources for mental health research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depression and chronic inflammatory medical conditions have been linked to impaired cognitive ability. However despite frequent comorbidity, their combined association with cognitive ability has rarely been examined. This study examined associations between self-reported depression and chronic inflammatory diseases and their interaction with cognitive performance in 456,748 participants of the UK Biobank, adjusting for sociodemographic and lifestyle factors. Numbers with available data ranged from 94,899 to 453,208 depending on the cognitive test. Self-reported depression was associated with poorer performance compared to controls in several cognitive tests (fully adjusted models, reaction time: B = 6.08, 95% CI = 5.09, 7.07; pairs matching: incidence rate ratio = 1.02, 95% CI = 1.02, 1.03; Trail Making Test B: B = 1.37, 95% CI = 0.88, 1.87; Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST): B = −0.35, 95% CI = −0.44, −0.27). Self-reported chronic inflammatory conditions were associated with slower reaction time (B = 3.79, 95% CI = 2.81, 4.78) and lower DSST scores (B = −0.21, 95% CI = −0.30, −0.13). No interaction effects were observed. In this large, population-based study we provide evidence of lower cognitive performance in both depression and a comprehensive category of chronic inflammatory conditions. Results are consistent with additive effects of both types of disorder on cognitive ability. Clinicians should be aware of such effects, particularly as cognitive impairment is linked to poorer disease outcomes and quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently much research has focused on student engagement, both at school and at university. This attention is motivated by the role that engagement plays in student learning and in the student experience. Acknowledging that student engagement is a multifaceted construct we focus on the contribution that teaching and teacher traits make to the quality of student engagement, from the student’s perspective. In this small scale study, we adopt a qualitative methodology to investigate students’ perceptions of what factors impact on their engagement and what role the students themselves have in fostering such engagement. Focus group and one-to-one interviews with students in the last year of school and at university were analysed to reveal four overarching themes related to engagement in classroom life including the importance of active listening on the part of both students and teachers. The resulting Refined Quality Teaching Initiatives Framework outlines how dual engagement and active listening can be viable pedagogical strategies both at school and university. The framework also brings to the fore the active role and responsibilities that students have, in their own perceptions, for engagement in the classroom. We conclude with a reflection on the implications of our findings for teaching and teacher training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The WHO encourages the virtual elimination of artificial trans-fatty acids (TFA), which increase CHD risk. Our UK analysis explores whether voluntary reformulation results in differential TFA intakes among socio-economic groups by determining characteristics of high TFA consumers before and after product reformulation.Design: Food intake was collected by 7d weighed records pre-reformulation and 4d diaries post-reformulation. Sociodemographic characteristics of TFA consumers above the WHO limit, and of the top 10 % of TFA consumers as a percentage food energy, were compared with those of lower TFA consumers. Multivariate logistic regression determined independent socio-economic predictors of being a top 10 % consumer.Subjects: UK National Diet and Nutrition Surveys (NDNS) for adults aged 19-64 years pre-reformulation (2000/01; N 1724) and post-reformulation (2010/11-2011/12; N 848).Results: Post-reformulation 2·5 % of adults exceeded the WHO limit, v. 57 % pre-reformulation. In unadjusted analyses, high TFA consumption was associated with lower income, lower education and long-term illness/disability pre- but not post-reformulation. In adjusted pre-reformulation analyses, degree holders were half as likely as those without qualifications to be top 10 % consumers (OR=0·51; 95 % CI 0·28, 0·92). In adjusted post-reformulation analyses, those with higher income were 2·5-3·3 times more likely to be top 10 % consumers than lowest income households. Pre-reformulation, high consumers consumed more foods containing artificial TFA, whereas ruminant TFA were more prominent post-reformulation.Conclusions: High TFA consumption was associated with socio-economic disadvantage pre-reformulation, but evidence of this is less clear post-reformulation. Voluntary reformulation appeared effective in reducing TFA content in many UK products with mixed effects on dietary inequalities relating to income and education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims. To identify the practical challenges encountered when using wearable monitors for patients discharged from the intensive care unit. Background. Patients discharged from intensive care units are a high-risk group that might benefit from continuing observation using 'wearable' monitors to enable faster identification of physiological deterioration and facilitate timely clinical action. This area of technological innovation is of key interest to nurses who manage this group of patients. Design. A prospective observational study. Methods. An observational study conducted in 2013-2014 used wearable monitors to record continuous observations for patients discharged from an intensive care unit to develop a predictive model of patients likely to deteriorate. Screening data for study eligibility and case report form data to assess monitor tolerance and comfort were collected daily and analysed using Microsoft Access. Results/findings. Patients (n = 2704) were discharged from an intensive care unit during the study, 208 consented to wearing the monitor. Of the 192 included in analysis, 130 (67.7%) removed the monitor before the trial finished. Reasons cited for removal included 'discomfort and irritation' 61 (31.8%) and 'feeling too unwell' 8 (4.2%). Five hundred seventeen patients were screened following adaption of the wearable monitor. Despite design changes, 56 (10.8%) patients were unable to wear monitors for reasons related to their anatomy or condition. Of 124 patients, 65 patients (52.4%) who were approached refused participation. Conclusion. Work is needed to understand wireless monitor comfort and design for acutely unwell patients. Product design needs to develop further, so patients are catered for in flexibility of monitor placement and improved comfort for long-term wear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: the apolipoprotein (APOE) e4 locus is a genetic risk factor for dementia. Carriers ofthe e4 allele may be more vulnerable to conditions that are independent risk factors for cognitive decline, such as cardiometabolic diseases. Objective: we tested whether any association with APOE e4 status on cognitive ability was larger in older ages or in those with cardiometabolic diseases. Subjects: UK Biobank includes over 500,000 middle- and older aged adults who have undergone detailed medical and cognitive phenotypic assessment. Around 150,000 currently have genetic data. We examined 111,739 participants with complete genetic and cognitive data. Methods: baseline cognitive data relating to information processing speed, memory and reasoning were used. We tested for interactions with age and with the presence versus absence of type 2 diabetes (T2D), coronary artery disease (CAD) and hypertension. Results: in several instances, APOE e4 dosage interacted with older age and disease presence to affect cognitive scores. When adjusted for potentially confounding variables, there was no APOE e4 effect on the outcome variables. Conclusions: future research in large independent cohorts should continue to investigate this important question, which has potential implications for aetiology related to dementia and cognitive impairment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

UK Biobank includes 502,649 middle- and older-aged adults from the general population who have undergone detailed phenotypic assessment. The majority of participants completed tests of cognitive functioning, and on average four years later a sub-group of N = 20,346 participants repeated most of the assessment. These measures will be used in a range of future studies of health outcomes in this cohort. The format and content of the cognitive tasks were partly novel. The aim of the present study was to validate and characterize the cognitive data: to describe the inter-correlational structure of the cognitive variables at baseline assessment, and the degree of stability in scores across longitudinal assessment. Baseline cognitive data were used to examine the inter-correlational/factor-structure, using principal components analysis (PCA). We also assessed the degree of stability in cognitive scores in the subsample of participants with repeat data. The different tests of cognitive ability showed significant raw inter-correlations in the expected directions. PCA suggested a one-factor solution (eigenvalue = 1.60), which accounted for around 40% of the variance. Scores showed varying levels of stability across time-points (intraclass correlation range = 0.16 to 0.65). UK Biobank cognitive data has the potential to be a significant resource for researchers looking to investigate predictors and modifiers of cognitive abilities and associated health outcomes in the general population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People with severe mental illness have a higher risk of cardiometabolic disease than the general population. Traditionally attributed to sociodemographic, behavioural factors and medication effects, recent genetic studies have provided evidence of shared biological mechanisms underlying mental illness and cardiometabolic disease. We aimed to determine whether signals in the DCC locus, implicated in psychiatric and cardiometabolic traits, were shared or distinct. In UK Biobank, we systematically assessed genetic variation in the DCC locus for association with metabolic, cardiovascular and psychiatric-related traits in unrelated "white British" participants (N = 402,837). Logistic or linear regression were applied assuming an additive genetic model and adjusting for age, sex, genotyping chip and population structure. Bonferroni correction for the number of independent variants was applied. Conditional analyses (including lead variants as covariates) and trans-ancestry analyses were used to investigate linkage disequilibrium between signals. Significant associations were observed between DCC variants and smoking, anhedonia, body mass index (BMI), neuroticism and mood instability. Conditional analyses and linkage disequilibrium structure suggested signals for smoking and BMI were distinct from each other and the mood traits, whilst individual mood traits were inter-related in a complex manner. Restricting analyses in non-"white British" individuals to the phenotypes significant in the "white British" sample is not ideal, but the smaller samples sizes restricted the phenotypes possible to analyse. Genetic variation in the DCC locus had distinct effects on BMI, smoking and mood traits, and therefore is unlikely to contribute to shared mechanisms underpinning mental and cardiometabolic traits. • DCC variants were associated with BMI, smoking, anhedonia, neuroticism and mood instability in a White British subset • Multiple signals for BMI and mood traits had multiple conditionally-independent signals • BMI, smoking and mood traits constituted distinct signals. • Some BMI and mood trait signals appeared to be relevant across ancestry groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Comorbid chronic pain and depression is a challenging dyad of conditions to manage in primary care and reporting has shown to vary by ethnic group. Whether the relationship between depression and chronic pain varies by ethnicity is unclear. This study aims to explore chronic pain and depression reporting across ethnic groups and examine whether this association differs, independently of potential confounding factors. Methods: Cross-sectional study of UK Biobank participants with complete data on chronic pain and probable lifetime history of depression, who reported their ethnic group as White, Asian/Asian British or Black/Black British. Chronic pain classification: present if participants had ≥ 1 site of body pain (up to seven sites or "pain all over the body" could be selected) that lasted ≥ 3 months; extent of chronic pain categories: 0, 1, 2-3, 4-7 sites or pain all over the body. Probable depression classification: an algorithm of low mood, anhedonia and help-seeking behaviour. Relationship between depression and presence/extent of chronic pain assessed using logistic/ multinomial regression models (odds ratio (OR); relative risk ratio (RRR), 95 % confidence intervals), adjusted for sociodemographic, lifestyle, and morbidity factors; and a final adjustment for current depressive symptoms. Results: The number of participants eligible for inclusion was 144,139: 35,703 (94 %) White, 4539 (3 %) Asian, and 3897 (3 %) Black. Chronic pain was less (40.5 %, 45.8 %, 45.0 %, respectively) and depression more (22.1 %, 12.9 %, 13.8 %, respectively) commonly reported in White participants than Asian and Black participants. Statistically significant associations between depression and presence/extent of chronic pain persisted following adjustment for potential confounding variables; this relationship was strongest for Black participants (presence of chronic pain: OR 1.86 (1.52, 2.27); RRR 1 site 1.49 (1.16, 1.91), 2-3 sites 1.98 (1.53, 2.56), 4-7 sites 3.23 (2.09, 4.99), pain all over the body 3.31 (2.05, 5.33). When current depressive symptoms were considered these relationships were attenuated. Conclusions: Chronic pain and depression reporting varies across ethnic groups. Differences in health seeking behaviour between ethnic groups may impact on the results reported. Clinicians, particularly in primary care, need to be aware of the cultural barriers within certain ethic groups to expressing concern over mood and to consider their approach accordingly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Life expectancy is increasing worldwide, thus the incidence of neurodegenerative disorders (ND) such as Parkinson's (PD) and Alzheimer's (AD) diseases is on the rise. In the UK alone, ~700,000 people are suffering from these age-related disorders and this number is estimated to further increase by 2030, placing an enormous burden on healthcare. Several of these pathologies share the hallmark of protein misfolding, leading to neuronal dysfunction and ultimately cell death. Furthermore, a common characteristic of these disorders is the abnormal accumulation of protein aggregates/inclusions such as amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in AD and Lewy bodies in PD. Although the effect of accumulation of these insoluble proteins on molecular processes is still unclear, a view is emerging that compromised synaptic function may underlie the earliest symptoms of ND. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Chronic pain has a strong association with major depressive disorder (MDD), but there is a relative paucity of studies on the association between chronic multisite pain and bipolar disorder (BD). Such studies are required to help elucidate the complex biological and psychological overlap between pain and mood disorders. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between chronic multisite pain and mood disorder across the unipolar-bipolar spectrum. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study of 149,611 UK Biobank participants. Self-reported depressive and bipolar features were used to categorise participants into MDD and BD groups and a non-mood disordered comparison group. Multinomial logistic regression was used to establish whether there was an association between extent of chronic pain (independent variable) and mood disorder category (dependent variable), using no pain as the referent category, and adjusting for a wide range of potential sociodemographic, lifestyle and comorbidity confounders. Results Multisite pain was significantly more prevalent in participants with BD and MDD, for example, 4-7 pain sites: BD 5.8%, MDD 4.5%, and comparison group 1.8% (p < 0.001). A relationship was observed between extent of chronic pain and risk of BD and persisted after adjusting for confounders (relative to individuals with no chronic pain): 2-3 sites RRR of BD 1.84 (95% CI 1.61, 2.11); 4-7 sites RRR of BD 2.39 (95%CI 1.88, 3.03) and widespread pain RRR of BD 2.37 (95%CI 1.73, 3.23). A similar relationship was observed between chronic pain and MDD: 2-3 sites RRR of MDD 1.59 (95%CI 1.54, 1.65); 4-7 sites RRR of MDD 2.13 (95%CI 1.98, 2.30); widespread pain RRR of MDD 1.86 (95%CI 1.66, 2.08). Conclusions Individuals who report chronic pain and multiple sites of pain are more likely to have MDD and are at higher risk of BD. These findings highlight an important aspect of comorbidity in MDD and BD and may have implications for understanding the shared neurobiology of chronic pain and mood disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Previous studies on the association between adiposity and mood disorder have produced contradictory results, and few have used measurements other than body mass index (BMI). We examined the association between probable major depression and several measurements of adiposity: BMI, waist circumference (WC), waist-hip-ratio (WHR), and body fat percentage (BF%). Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study using baseline data on the sub-group of UK Biobank participants who were assessed for mood disorder. Multivariate logistic regression models were used, adjusting for potential confounders including: demographic and life-style factors, comorbidity and psychotropic medication. Results Of the 140,564 eligible participants, evidence of probable major depression was reported by 30,145 (21.5%). The fully adjusted odds ratios (OR) for obese participants were 1.16 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.12, 1.20) using BMI, 1.15 (95% CI 1.11, 1.19) using WC, 1.09 (95% CI 1.05, 1.13) using WHR and 1.18 (95% CI 1.12, 1.25) using BF% (all p < 0.001). There was a significant interaction between adiposity and gender (p = 0.001). Overweight women were at increased risk of depression with a dose response relationship across the overweight (25.0-29.9 kg/m²), obese I (30.0-34.9 kg/m²), II (35.0-39.9 kg/m²) and III (≥40.0 kg/m²) categories; fully adjusted ORs 1.14, 1.20, 1.29 and 1.48, respectively (all p < 0.001). In contrast, only obese III men had significantly increased risk of depression (OR 1.29, 95% CI 1.08, 1.54, p = 0.006). Conclusion Adiposity was associated with probable major depression, irrespective of the measurement used. The association was stronger in women than men. Physicians managing overweight and obese women should be alert to this increased risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Obesity is known to increase the risk of many diseases and reduce overall quality of life. This study examines the relationship with self-reported health (SRH) and happiness. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study of the 163 066 UK Biobank participants who completed the happiness rating. The association between adiposity and SRH and happiness was examined using logistic regression. SRH was defined as good (excellent, good), or poor (fair, poor). Self-reported happiness was defined as happy (extremely, very, moderately) or unhappy (moderately, very, extremely). Results Poor health was reported by 44 457 (27.3%) participants. The adjusted ORs for poor health were 3.86, 2.92, 2.60 and 6.41 for the highest, compared with lowest, deciles of Body Mass Index, waist circumference, waist to hip ratio and body fat percent, respectively. The associations were stronger in men (p<0.001). Overall, 7511 (4.6%) participants felt unhappy, and only class III obese participants were more likely to feel unhappy (adjusted OR 1.33, 95% CI 1.15 to 1.53, p<0.001) but the associations differed by sex (p<0.001). Among women, there was a significant association between unhappiness and all levels of obesity. By contrast, only class III obese men had significantly increased risk and overweight and class I obese men were less likely to be unhappy. Conclusions Obesity impacts adversely on happiness as well as health, but the association with unhappiness disappeared after adjustment for self-reported health, indicating this may be mediated by health. Compared with obese men, obese women are less likely to report poor health, but more likely to feel unhappy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: UK Biobank is a landmark cohort of over 500,000 participants which will be used to investigate genetic and non-genetic risk factors for a wide range of adverse health outcomes. This is the first study to systematically assess the prevalence and validity of proposed criteria for probable mood disorders within the cohort (major depression and bipolar disorder). Methods: This was a descriptive epidemiological study of 172,751 individuals assessed for a lifetime history of mood disorder in relation to a range of demographic, social, lifestyle, personality and health-related factors. The main outcomes were prevalence of a probable lifetime (single) episode of major depression, probable recurrent major depressive disorder (moderate), probable recurrent major depressive disorder (severe), probable bipolar disorder and no history of mood disorder (comparison group). Outcomes were compared on age, gender, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, educational attainment, functioning, self-reported health status, current depressive symptoms, neuroticism score, smoking status and alcohol use. Results: Prevalence rates for probable single lifetime episode of major depression (6.4%), probable recurrent major depression (moderate) (12.2%), probable recurrent major depression (severe) (7.2%) and probable bipolar disorder (1.3%) were comparable to those found in other population studies. The proposed diagnostic criteria have promising validity, with a gradient in evidence from no mood disorder through major depression and probable bipolar disorder in terms of gender distribution, socioeconomic status, self-reported health rating, current depressive symptoms and smoking. Significance: The validity of our proposed criteria for probable major depression and probable bipolar disorder within this cohort are supported by these cross-sectional analyses. Our findings are likely to prove useful as a framework for a wide range of future genetic and non-genetic studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study of the Deaf Relay Interpreters or Deaf interpreters as a less well-known profession. It cites examples of deaf people from Australian and British communities working as language brokers, translators and interpreters. It suggests that the ghost writers or the deaf translators have established their own translation norms and deaf social networks or deaf clubs provide an avenue for them to develop their translation skills.

Abstract: Rhinoceroses (Stephanorhinus) and large bovids (Bison, Bos) from the early Middle Pleistocene of Britain are analysed with regard to their taxonomy, biometric variation, and possible biochronological significance. The localities considered are West Runton (type Cromerian), Pakefield, Westbury-sub-Mendip, and Boxgrove. The samples include important, previously undescribed material. Among the rhinos, in addition to the common Stephanorhinus hundsheimensis, upper dentitions from Pakefield and West Runton provide hints of undescribed taxa with affinity to, but distinct from, S. etruscus and S. hundsheimensis. At Boxgrove, a further rhino cf. S. megarhinus occurs, corroborating the chronological extension of this ‘Pliocene’ species into the Middle Pleistocene. A small bison referable to B. schoetensacki occurs at all sites, but in the Westbury Yellow Breccia (upper interglacial level) it is accompanied by a larger bison which may be B. priscus. Dental material from Pakefield provides evidence of additional, smaller bovid species, with features recalling Leptobos and Bubalus, but their identity is unclear; there is also larger material probably representing Bos, which if confirmed would be the oldest record of aurochs in the British Isles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: No studies to date have demonstrated a clear association with breast cancer risk and dietary exposure to acrylamide.Methods: A 217-item food frequency questionnaire was used to estimate dietary acrylamide intake in 33,731 women aged 35-69 years from the UK Women's Cohort Study followed up for a median of 11 years.Results: In all, 1084 incident breast cancers occurred during follow-up. There was no evidence of an overall association between acrylamide intake and breast cancer (hazard ratio=1.08 per 10 μg day(-1), 95% CI: 0.98-1.18, P(trend)=0.1). There was a suggestion of a possible weak positive association between dietary acrylamide intake and premenopausal breast cancer after adjustment for potential confounders (hazard ratio=1.2, 95% CI: 1.0-1.3, P(trend)=0.008). There was no suggestion of any association for postmenopausal breast cancer (hazard ratio=1.0, 95% CI: 0.9-1.1, P(trend)=0.99).Conclusions: There is no evidence of an association between dietary acrylamide intake and breast cancer. A weak association may exist with premenopausal breast cancer, but requires further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates the multilocated belonging(s) of Irish women in England and how these are mediated by what Alison Bailey (1998) calls 'whitely scripts'. The concept of belonging(s) and theoretical approaches to 'whiteness' frame the discussion of gendered Irish migrancy in England. Belongings are broken down into 'political', 'cultural' and 'ethnic' forms of membership in late 20th-century England. The article argues that slippages between inclusion and exclusion, identification and (dis)identification, constitute Irish women's belongings in England as gendered, migrant, national and transnational in contradictory ways. In response to their positioning by a gendered migrant labour market and postcolonial stereotypes of a feminized culture, some women embrace masculine discourses of national identity and mobility as a means of asserting an agentic self. Simultaneously, the adoption of 'whitely scripts' by some women locates them within the gendered constraints and privileges of the category 'white women'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The link between cardiometabolic and psychiatric illness has long been attributed to human behaviour, however recent research highlights shared biological mechanisms. The ASTN2 locus has been previously implicated in psychiatric and cardiometabolic traits, therefore this study aimed to systematically investigate the genetic architecture of ASTN2 in relation to a wide range of relevant traits. Methods: Baseline questionnaire, assessment and genetic data of 402111 unrelated white British ancestry individuals from the UK Biobank was analysed. Genetic association analyses were conducted using PLINK 1.07, assuming an additive genetic model and adjusting for age, sex, genotyping chip, and population structure. Conditional analyses and linkage disequilibrium assessment were used to determine whether cardiometabolic and psychiatric signals were independent. Results: Associations between genetic variants in the ASTN2 locus and blood pressure, total and central obesity, neuroticism, anhedonia and mood instability were identified. All analyses support the independence of the cardiometabolic traits from the psychiatric traits. In silico analyses provide support for the central obesity signal acting through ASTN2, however most of the other signals are likely acting through other genes in the locus. Conclusions: Our systematic analysis demonstrates that ASTN2 has pleiotropic effects on cardiometabolic and psychiatric traits, rather than contributing to shared pathology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Individuals with severe mental illness have an increased risk of cardiometabolic diseases compared to the general population. Shared risk factors and medication effects explain part of this excess risk; however, there is growing evidence to suggest that shared biology (including genetic variation) is likely to contribute to comorbidity between mental and physical illness. Contactins are a family of genes involved in development of the nervous system and implicated, though genome-wide association studies, in a wide range of psychological, psychiatric and cardiometabolic conditions. Contactins are plausible candidates for shared pathology between mental and physical health. We used data from UK Biobank to systematically assess how genetic variation in contactin genes was associated with a wide range of psychological, psychiatric and cardiometabolic conditions. We also investigated whether associations for cardiometabolic and psychological traits represented the same or distinct signals and how the genetic variation might influence the measured traits. We identified: A novel genetic association between variation in CNTN1 and current smoking; two independent signals in CNTN4 for BMI; and demonstrated that associations between CNTN5 and neuroticism were distinct from those between CNTN5 and blood pressure/HbA1c. There was no evidence that the contactin genes contributed to shared aetiology between physical and mental illness [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Addressing the social, environmental and economic consequences of food waste has become an urgent issue for governments and industry stakeholders. This study investigates the factors influencing consumer acceptance of novel value-added surplus products (VASP) which could advance industry action to reduce food waste. Consumers' perceptions and potential acceptance of VASP is under-explored in the academic literature. A survey with a panel of 687 consumers in Australia and the UK was conducted to examine the factors that influence consumers' willingness to buy VASP and to identify potential consumer segments. Almost half of the participants are willing to buy VASP, such as a vegetable powder, a snack and a fermented product, with Australian respondents being more likely to buy these types of foods (47%, 51% and 44%) than respondents in the UK (43%, 49% and 39%). Consumers who are price conscious, convenience oriented, status seeking and concerned about the consequences of food waste are more willing to buy VASP than others. Cluster analysis reveals two consumer segments that show promise for the targeted marketing of VASP: the 'status and convenience seeker', which is a larger segment in Australia (76%) than in the UK (59%), and the 'price and environmentally conscious' consumer, which is larger in the UK (41%) than in Australia (24%). Respondents generally rank 'other-oriented' benefits, such as farmers' welfare, as more important drivers of purchasing than 'self-oriented' benefits, such as healthy food. The results not only advance the theoretical understanding about consumer acceptance and segmentation of novel products, but also provide a valuable indication of the market potential of VASP, along with positioning strategies to assist marketers and policy makers in preventing pre-consumption food waste. Image 1 • Potential markets for VASP exist in both Australia and the UK. • Two market segments: status & convenience seeker and price & environmentally conscious. • Other-oriented benefits matter more than self-oriented benefits for VASP acceptance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trans fatty acids (TFA) increase the risk of mortality and chronic diseases. TFA intakes have fallen since reformulation, but may still be high in certain, vulnerable, groups. This paper investigates socio-economic and food consumption characteristics of high TFA consumers after voluntary reformulation in the Netherlands and UK. Post-reformulation data of adults aged 19–64 was analysed in two national surveys: the Dutch National Food Consumption Survey (DNFCS) collected 2007–2010 using 2*24hr recalls (N = 1933) and the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) years 3&4 collected 2010/11 and 2011/12 using 4-day food diaries (N = 848). The socio-economic and food consumption characteristics of the top 10% and remaining 90% TFA consumers were compared. Means of continuous data were compared using t-tests and categorical data means using chi-squared tests. Multivariate logistic regression models indicated which socio-demographic variables were associated with high TFA consumption. In the Dutch analyses, women and those born outside the Netherlands were more likely to be top 10% TFA consumers than men and Dutch-born. In the UK unadjusted analyses there was no significant trend in socio-economic characteristics between high and lower TFA consumers, but there were regional differences in the multivariate logistic regression analyses. In the Netherlands, high TFA consumers were more likely to be consumers of cakes, buns & pastries; cream; and fried potato than the remaining 90%. Whereas in the UK, high TFA consumers were more likely to be consumers of lamb; cheese; and dairy desserts and lower crisps and savoury snack consumers. Some socio-demographic differences between high and lower TFA consumers were evident post-reformulation. High TFA consumers in the Dutch 2007–10 survey appeared more likely to obtain TFA from artificial sources than those in the UK survey. Further analyses using more up-to-date food composition databases may be needed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Sleep and circadian disruption are associated with depression onset and severity, but it is unclear which features (e.g., sleep duration, chronotype) are important and whether they can identify individuals showing poorer outcomes. Within a subset of the UK Biobank with actigraphy and mental health data (n = 64,353), penalised regression identified the most useful of 51 sleep/rest-activity predictors of depression-related outcomes; including case-control (Major Depression (MD) vs. controls; postnatal depression vs. controls) and within-case comparisons (severe vs. moderate MD; early vs. later onset, atypical vs. typical symptoms; comorbid anxiety; suicidality). Best models (of lasso, ridge, and elastic net) were selected based on Area Under the Curve (AUC). For MD vs. controls (n (MD) = 24,229; n (control) = 40,124), lasso AUC was 0.68, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.67–0.69. Discrimination was reasonable for atypical vs. typical symptoms (n (atypical) = 958; n (typical) = 18,722; ridge: AUC 0.74, 95 % CI 0.71–0.77) but poor for remaining models (AUCs 0.59–0.67). Key predictors across most models included: difficulty getting up, insomnia symptoms, snoring, actigraphy-measured daytime inactivity and lower morning activity (~8 am). In a distinct subset (n = 310,718), the number of these factors shown was associated with all depression outcomes. Analyses were cross-sectional and in middle-/older aged adults: comparison with longitudinal investigations and younger cohorts is necessary. Sleep and circadian measures alone provided poor to moderate discrimination of depression outcomes, but several characteristics were identified that may be clinically useful. Future work should assess these features alongside broader sociodemographic, lifestyle and genetic features. • Sleep and circadian disruption are linked to worse depression outcomes. • Sleep and circadian data help identify depression with vs. without atypical symptoms. • Top predictors of depression included insomnia, napping and daytime inactivity. • These markers of poor sleep were associated with all depression outcomes examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents an analytical description of the annual Educational Leadership Development Conference held at St Peter's College, Oxford University, UK. The venue, participants, programme goals, activity structure, and learning processes are described. For analysis, concepts draw primarily from the literature in adult learning, andragogy, and transformational learning. Cranton's process model is used as the analytical framework. Enriching the analysis are the voices of the participants as recorded in the annual Conference monographs. The article concludes with a set of suggestions for leaders who wish to engage in emancipatory education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Risk-taking is a key component of several psychiatric disorders and could influence lifestyle choices such as smoking, alcohol use and diet. Risk-taking behaviour therefore fits within the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) approach, whereby elucidation of the genetic determinants of this trait has the potential to improve our understanding of behaviours that span a number of psychiatric disorders. A genome wide association study was conducted in 116 255 UK Biobank participants who responded yes/no to the question "would you consider yourself a risk-taker?". Genetic correlations were calculated between risk-taking and phenotypes relevant to psychiatric disorders. Expression quantitative trait loci analyses in the brain were conducted for significant loci. Risk-takers (compared to controls) were more likely to be men, smokers and have a history of mental illness. Significant loci associated with risk-taking behaviour were identified on chromosomes 3 (rs13084531) and 6 (rs9379971). The effect of rs13084531 was comparable between men and women, whilst rs9379971 showed stronger effects in women than men. Rs13084531 on chromosome 3 demonstrated significant effects on CADM2 mRNA expression levels. CADM2 has previously been implicated in cognition, including executive function. The chromosome 6 locus remains challenging to interpret due to the complexity of the HLA region, although a number of testis-specific genes were observed in this locus. Genetic susceptibility for risk-taking behaviour was significantly correlated with schizophrenia (rg 0.27 p= 4.54⁎10–11), bipolar disorder (rg 0.26 p= 1.73⁎10-4), attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (rg 0.31 p= 0.0132) and post-traumatic stress disorder (rg 0.51 p= 0.0018), as well as with smoking (rg 0.17 p= 0.0102)and total obesity (rg 0.10 p= 0.0028). Despite being based on only a single question, this study identified genetic determinants of risk-taking behaviour and further demonstrated genetic correlation with psychiatric disorders where this trait is a feature. Although it is not clear which subtypes of risk-taking behaviour are being assessed, these findings further our understanding of the biology of risk-taking behaviour, a trait which has a major impact on a broad spectrum of physical and mental disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The taxonomy and biostratigraphic significance of horses (Equus), deer (Capreolus, Dama, Cervus, Cervalces, Praemegaceros, Megaloceros) and pigs (Sus) from key British early Middle Pleistocene sites are investigated using a biometric approach. The sites compared are West Runton (type Cromerian), Pakefield, Little Oakley, Westbury-sub-Mendip, and Boxgrove. The samples include a significant amount of previously undescribed material. Stenonid horses dominate at Pakefield and West Runton, caballines at Westbury and Boxgrove, corresponding to the Mimomys/Arvicola division. The deer of Boxgrove include relatively large roe and small red deer, the latter distinguishing it from the Westbury Pink Breccia. The poorly-known giant deer Praemegaceros dawkinsi spans both the Mimomys (Little Oakley, Pakefield) and Arvicola (Boxgrove) zones of the Cromerian Complex. There is a marked shift in cervid abundance from predominant megacerines (Mimomys zone) to predominant red deer (Arvicola zone). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]