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This article argues that as a consequence of austerity, police in England and Wales have taken over important roles in welfare and social policy institutions. This renders those institutions more coercive, punitive and exclusionary, and normalises a police worldview in those institutions. This process of what I call austerity-driven policification can be observed specifically well in the increasing numbers of police officers integrated into schools most affected by austerity. Such 'transinstitutional policing' in Britain is triggered by contradictory post-global financial crisis austerity measures, but reliant upon a long, racialised history of authoritarian neoliberalisation. Cuts to public spending in the 2010s reduced state institutions' capacities to provide for vulnerable people, who were further criminalised and whose rights to support and solidarity were further delegitimised by a radicalisation of the framing of welfare recipients as undeserving, social housing estates as drug-infested gang territories, and schools in deprived areas, and Black pupils in particular, as dangerous. Police, while subjected to austerity measures also, functioned as an institution of last resort, supplementing and replacing incapacitated state institutions, while also being presented as an appropriate institution to address problems increasingly understood to be of a criminal rather than educational nature. This article suggests that austerity-driven policification is an intensification of longer-term trends toward a larger role for police in the neoliberal era. It shows the racial and authoritarian nature of neoliberalisation, and its messy realisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes that everyday life in housing contains the possibility to shape and transform its material, cultural, and social conditions. Mobilizing a materialist ontology and insights from human geography, we examine how shared spaces manifest practices of togetherness which prefigure the enactment of socioecological degrowth. We draw on ethnographic fieldwork on a housing estate in Manchester (UK) to identify practices that characterize everyday housing geographies, including reappropriation, commoning, accepting limits, and territorializing tendencies. These constitute a therapeutic assemblage, facilitating wellbeing while simultaneously enfolded with(in) the political possibilities being realized on the estate to form a contingent, yet durable, instantiation of everyday degrowth. We thus contribute to revealing how transformative degrowth politics are sustained in everyday housing contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Youth violence is on the increase across many UK cities and although national trends, such as more networked entrepreneurial drug dealing, are contributing to the spread of such incidents, localised community environments play a significant role in the development of violent youth cultures. Based on a 4-year ethnographic study, this article explores how the shift from a resident led, relationship-based interaction, to a more professionalised evidenced-based intervention model, increased the risk of young people getting involved in youth violence. Efforts to address youth violence should consider including more relational informal support networks, alongside more specialist interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With analysis occurring during a heightened concern with the Black Lives Matter movement and knife crime in the U.K., this paper aims to delineate the characteristics of a street code, constituting a specific dominant and often hegemonic form of 'street masculinity' found on an inner-city housing estate in London called Maxwell. The fieldwork ran over nine months in 2019, involving 48 Black, Asian, and minority ethnic men aged 18–22. Using an ethnographic methodology, the principal methods of data generation were observations, interviews and informal conversations. The main theories this study draws on to understand 'street masculinity' were Connell's and Messerschmidt's dominant, hegemonic, subordinate and complicit masculinity forms. Findings centre on data from two young men who exemplify different patterns of masculinity performing the street code. Findings are presented under a series of characteristics that make up the game of the 'on-road' street masculinity and include (1) authenticity, 'swagger' and not being 'pussy'; (2) a preparedness for violence; (3) knife-carrying; (4) a presence on the digital street. Although this way of living drove a desire for respect and group status, there was also an underlying and pervasive sense of vulnerability derived from risk-taking and anticipation of danger. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent research relating to energy use and carbon emissions by buildings has started to move from operational energy carbon impacts to the embodied energy/carbon impacts of buildings, and the methods and approaches used in architectural design to reduce embodied carbon have become more prominent. From a practitioner's perspective, working with an 'in-house' Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) tool has become a growing trend for architects, and one perceived way of improving the LCA outcomes of a proposed building is to consider prefabrication of the construction process. Initiatives such as the Low Energy Transformation Initiative (LETI) and government bodies such as Greater London Authorities (GLA) provide guidance on LCA and upfront carbon emission targets for transitioning to net zero by 2050. The aim of this study was to establish (i) the LCA impacts from prefabricated residential buildings against current benchmarks; (ii) boundaries and opportunities in architectural practice in the UK when conducting an LCA; (iii) the effectiveness of an in-house LCA tool. This study shows that, although the life-cycle emissions of this prefabricated building achieved a low band in the LETI labelling system, with 1076 kgCO2e/m², it still performs better than the business-as-usual model value of 1200 kgCO2e/m². The results also reveal that the construction industry is not ready to provide realistic data on the prefabrication process to test its advantages compared to conventional constructional methods. However, having an in-house LCA tool provides a faster and more comprehensive LCA due to the commitment to carbon assessment in the office and saves time compared to manual calculations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The movement to provide government subsidies to public housing arose in the U.K., in the early 20th century. Housing environment and dwelling unit environment were improved through this movement. This study examines improvements in the provisions of housing Acts and housing estates around World War I (WWI). Major findings of this study are as follows: Government subsidies or loans, dwelling unit density, and relaxation of byelaws were established in the provisions of the housing Acts. Further,—improvements to living conditions were realized in housing estates during WWI, and many other improvements suggested in the recommendation of Tudor Walters report were realized after WWI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article tracks how a trope of middle-class household thrift, grounded on the autarchic Aristotelian oikos, has long fueled derogatory discourses in Britain aimed at low-income urban residents who practice quite different forms of thrift. Since the 1970s this trope has migrated across scales, proving a potent metaphor for national economic policy and planetary care alike, and morally and economically justifying both neoliberal welfare retraction compounded by austerity policies and national responses to excessive resource extraction and waste production. Both austerity and formal recycling schemes shift responsibility onto consumer citizens, regardless of capacity. Further, this model of thrift eclipses the thriftiness of low-income urban households, which emerges at the nexus of kin and waged labor, sharing, welfare, debt, conserving material resources through remaking and repair and, crucially, the fundamental need for decency expressed through kin care. Through a historicized ethnography of a London social housing estate and its residents, this paper excavates what happens as these different forms and scales of household thrift coexist, change over time, and clash. Ultimately, neoliberal policy centered on an inimical idiom of thrift delegitimizes and disentitles low-income urban households and undermines their ability to enact livelihood practices of sustainability and projects of dignity across generations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the discussion on focusing to the environmental crisis from Global South and postcolonial perspectives screened online and in-person. Topics include collection of essays co-edited by Graiwoot and Lovatt addressing the environmental crisis from the perspective of Southeast Asia; and exploring communities, habitats and places through the colonial, political, military and environmental histories.

The article is situated ethnographically in households on the main social housing estate in Harpurhey, North Manchester, England. It explores the affective dynamics of motherhood and imaginations of the future with a backdrop of prolonged government disinvestment. We follow the experiences of a mother and her son as they deal with moments of uncertainty and attempt to imagine and prepare for his future free from dependence on state welfare. Considering that parenting marks time in the most intimate of ways and it confronts parents with the passing of time in terms of biological "growth" that sequences time for us, this article addresses how and at what points dependence on the state, over time, reconfigures the affective dynamics of motherhood and imaginations of familial dependencies into the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to contribute to understanding the range of site characteristics that are associated with multi-modal trip generation rates at residential developments. Data was extracted from the Trip Rate Information Computer System (TRICS) database for 933 residential developments in the United Kingdom and Ireland, with trip generation rates estimated separately for person, vehicle, public transport, pedestrian and bicycle trips. A total of 65 independent variables were included in the analysis, representing a range of site characteristics relating to location and housing attributes, public transport service quality, parking and travel plan measures. Trip generation rates by mode and time period were then regressed against the site characteristics to explore their association with multi-modal trip generation. Key findings showed that multi-modal trip generation rates are associated with a range of site characteristics at residential developments. These include, to varying degrees, locational and housing attributes such as apartment developments and housing size, population density, car ownership, distance to local facilities such as the nearest local/corner shop, public transport service quality, on-site parking spaces/dwelling, plus various travel plan initiatives such as secure well-lit/covered cycle parking. The results imply that various site characteristics deserve greater consideration in establishing multi-modal trip generation rates and that characteristics that support travel by non-vehicle modes should be incorporated within new residential developments where possible. • Data extracted from TRICS database for 933 residential developments (UK & Ireland). • Trip generation rates estimated separately by transport mode and time period. • Total of 65 variables considered, representing a range of site characteristics. • Multi-modal trip generation rates were associated with various site characteristics. • Associations with site characteristics differed by transport mode and time period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The argument for natural flood management in the UK has strengthened in recent years with increasing awareness of the potential benefits gained from upstream interventions (especially improvements in water quality, public amenities and biodiversity). This study aims to develop an understanding of another potential benefit—interventions promoting free discharge at downstream urban drainage outfalls by moderating water levels in receiving watercourses. A novel, coupled model (linking dynamic TOPMODEL, HEC-RAS and Infoworks ICM) is calibrated for the Asker catchment in Dorset, England. This predominantly rural watershed drains to the town of Bridport, frequently submerging a surface drainage outfall in a nearby housing estate. Two forms of upstream, catchment-scale intervention (hillslope tree planting and in-channel large woody debris) are modelled to understand their impacts on the functioning of the drainage network during both the calibration period and a range of design storms. The results indicate that interventions have the greatest positive impact during frequent events. For example, during a storm with a 10% annual exceedance probability (AEP), upstream NFM could reduce outfall inundation by up to 3.75 h and remove any surcharging of flow within the drainage system in Bridport. In more severe storms, the results suggest interventions could slightly prolong the time the outfall was submerged. However, by slowing the wider catchment's response during the 3.3% AEP storm, upstream interventions allow more water to escape the urban drainage system and reduce the maximum surface flooding extent within the housing estate by 35%. This article is part of the theme issue 'Urban flood resilience'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A powerful dystopian imaginary dominates political and cultural representations of Britain's postwar tower blocks, which continue to be linked to social dysfunction and alienation despite extensive empirical research that challenges such claims. This article asks what contested declarations of failure "do" by examining how "tower block failure" is discursively deployed by placemaking professionals--planners, architects, housing managers, regeneration practitioners--engaged in the construction of a "model" mixed-tenure neighborhood in London's Olympic Park. Examining how the aesthetic figure of the "failed" high-rise housing estate is configured in relation to the normative models of citizenship and community that infuse social and spatial policy, I argue "failure" is entangled with a speculative, future-oriented economy of risk management, which refracts wider questions about the nonobvious forms that power takes in the neoliberal city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The estates of stately homes or manor houses are an untapped resource for assessing the ecosystem services provided by trees. Many of these estates have large collections of trees with clear value in terms of carbon storage, runoff prevention, and pollution removal along with additional benefits to biodiversity and human health. The estate of Harewood House in North Yorkshire represents an ideal example of such a stately home with a mixture of parkland and more formally planted gardens. The trees in each type of garden were analysed for height, diameter at breast height and light exposure. The data were then processed in iTrees software to generate economic benefits for each tree in both gardens. The analysis found that the larger North Front parkland garden had greater total benefits but the more densely planted formal West Garden had the greater per hectare value. In total, the trees on Harewood House estate are estimated to provide approximately £29 million in ecosystem service benefits. This study is the first to analyse the trees of stately homes for economic benefits and highlights that the trees are a valuable commodity for the estates. This should be considered in future planning and management of such estates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A literary criticism of the book "NW," by Zadie Smith is presented. It outlines the characters and explores the symbolic significance of the characters in the planned communities in London, England and social isolation. Also mentioned are the social aspects of immigrants in Great Britain, the social conditions of women, and the religious identity.

This paper contributes to recent critical geographical writing on university campuses by setting their physical production and reproduction centre stage and taking an historical perspective. Focusing on a single case study campus in the UK we revisit the archival record on its planning and early years, revealing gaps between stated intentions of increasing equality between social classes and discourses and practices which reinforced middle and upper class cultural hegemony. We then draw on oral history interviews with residents of the social housing estates immediately adjacent to the campus, including its former builders and cleaners, to explore the spatialized subjectivities of people who were generally absent from the consultations conducted by the university's planners, and whose perspectives are not found in its official history. The findings confirm the idea of university campuses as paradoxical spaces for their working-class neighbours, at once excluding and, in unexpected ways, potentially transformational. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Minimum parking standards, which require developers to build a certain amount of off-street parking spaces, are increasingly criticized for leading to excess parking supply and automobile travel in recent years. However, due to the difficulty in identifying the policy effect, few empirical studies have directly and accurately estimated the effects of parking standards on parking supply. The present study examines a parking reform in London, UK, where minimum parking standards for residential developments were replaced with maximum standards in the early 2000s. Using planning application records, we match neighboring pre-reform and post-reform developments to estimate the effect of the parking standard switch and further identify the “binding” and “capping” effects of minimum and maximum parking standards. It is found that the parking reform in London has led to a reduction of approximately 0.76 parking spaces per unit in residential development applications, or 49% of the pre-reform level. Minimum parking standards seem to have a larger impact than maximum ones on parking supply that fell more upon inner city developments, while maximum parking standards have more influenced suburban neighborhoods. Market forces have played a major role in the decline of parking supply. The findings provide strong evidence for the market distortion effect of minimum parking standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the landscape of the British housing estate as a social and aesthetic backdrop and environment in female coming-of-age narratives. I argue that the relatively unexamined, complex, and paradoxical space of the housing estate – defined by its social and spatial peripherality – is integral to these stories of self-identity. I show how housing estates, associated with a narrative of decline, inform specific female ways of seeing and ways of articulating subjectivity in contemporary Britain. Through close analysis of three contemporary British texts that use the housing estate as a pivotal location, I examine the significance of narrative arcs that uphold individualist principles of escape and self-sufficiency as the only possible frameworks for selfhood. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In an attempt to understand youth-related antisocial behaviour, UK social policy has typically sought answers from the edge; investigating the motivations of young people perpetrating deviant behaviour or exploring the experiences of victims. Equally polarised and sensationalist narratives are present in journalistic accounts, with Knight's Hood Rat and BBC documentary The Scheme both depicting the lives of young people in 'disadvantaged' neighbourhoods as on the margins of society. Drawing on ethnographic research conducted in a Scottish housing estate, this paper calls for a localised and situated approach to understanding 'the antisocial'. The empirical data shows that young people do not fit easily into the dualist categories of 'perpetrator' or 'victim'. Despite living in what could be classed an 'antisocial' place the majority of young people's everyday experiences were not spent on the margins but rather somewhere in-between, while their own identities were described as normal and unspectacular. The paper concludes by emphasising the value of research that situates understandings of 'the antisocial' within its everyday social context. This offers us the opportunity to take a broader analysis of young lives and crucially re-establish the connection between lives on the margins and the 'missing middle'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From 2001, the construction of flats and high-density developments increased in England and the building of houses declined. Does this indicate a change in taste or is it a result of government planning policies? In this paper, an analysis is made of the long-term effects of the policy of constraint which has existed for the past 50 years but the increase in density is identified as occurring primarily after new, revised, planning guidance was issued in England in 2000 which discouraged low-density development. To substantiate this, it is pointed out that the change which occurred in England did not occur in Scotland where guidance was not changed to encourage high-density residential development. The conclusion that the change is the result of planning policies and not of a change in taste is confirmed by surveys of the occupants of new high-rise developments in Leeds. The new flat-dwellers were predominantly young and childless and expressed the intention, in the near future, when they could, of moving out of the city centre and into houses. From recent changes in guidance by the new coalition government, it is expected that the construction of flats in England will fall back to earlier levels over the next few years. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper models trip generation for a cross-section of residential developments around the UK. Consistent with recent literature, the empirical model tests whether trip making patterns for residential developments are independent of car ownership and finds that trip generation is dependent upon car ownership socio-economic factors and site-specific characteristics, in particular land-zone type (e.g. town centre, out of town, etc.). However, public transport services are not found to have a significant relationship with trip generation; consequently, a policy implication of the results is that increasing bus services to residential developments is not associated with a reduction in generated trips. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay offers an historical analysis of two kinds of housing. It proposes a connection between the densely packed housing of the poor in nineteenth-century London, the so-called rookeries, and post-war local authority built modernist housing estates. It argues that there are similarities in the spatial character of the two forms, particularly in the complexity of the relationship between the private and public realms, and that this, together with the close identification of both forms with their inhabitants, provoked similar responses in representation and action. The main body of the dissertation is based on historical analysis of two examples, the parish of St. Giles-in-the-Fields, London and, in greater detail, the local authority housing estate called Broadwater Farm, Tottenham, in the London Borough of Haringey. Alternating with historical accounts are descriptions and analyses of form and spatial character, and discussion of the ideologies underlying the responses (that is, the ideas that shaped the housing and urban forms, particularly those offered as alternatives to our case studies). Parallels are drawn between responses to the two forms studied in terms of the 'fear' in the title of the work, with an attempt to clarify where this fear lay and the nature of the responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the provision of public schooling, public housing and social justice in Great Britain. It highlights on the social issues that applies on the way education, housing policy, and systematic injustice has been connected with each other in contemporary Britain. It also discusses the comparison between the housing estate of Cambridgeshire and Newfoundland wherein the housing of Newfoundland for economically disadvantaged people has been spread out in smaller concentrations and not in one or two large estates.

The article examines the modernist housing estates of Geoffrey Jellicoe in the 1940s in Great Britain. It relates the work of Jellicoe and his contribution in architecture in the middle of wartime conditions. It also highlights the success of Jellicoe, through his landscaping experience and belief that architecture was part of the environment, but incomplete when it was isolated. Moreover, Jellicoe was one of the many architects who had been approached by the Ministry of Supply to design housing for war-workers and was known for his distinctive modernist design.

This paper sets out to review to what extent policies aimed at improving the quality of 'council-built' neighbourhoods achieved their objectives in the period 1975-2000, and the relevance of the experience for current policy. It discusses the main approaches to and diagnoses of problem estates, including the failure of the welfare state, the absence of enterprise, the failure of housing management, 'housing is not enough' and 'effort fragmentation', and provides an evaluation of the impacts of the main programmes, based mainly on the results of official evaluations. The paper notes the difficulties in making assessments of impacts in this area due to data shortcomings, but concludes that over 20 years of policies and programmes did not resolve the complex problems of these estates, nor reposition council-built estates from the bottom of the residential hierarchy. It suggests the reason for this failure was partly that the macro-economic climate and other government policies were countervailing, but also that policy lacked both clear goals and a good understanding of the problems to be faced. It also notes that housing improvements were often compromised by the failure to deal with wider problems. The paper argues that recent policy shows more promise, and seeks to better integrate mainstream spending programmes with area initiatives, although there is little evidence yet on how this is really working. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New-build city-centre residential development in the UK has increasingly been identified as a form of 'third-wave' or 'postrecession' gentrification. The aim of this paper is, first, to extend our understanding of new, developer-led, residential development in the context of nonmetropolitan urban areas in the UK, which it does by means of a case study of the city of Bristol. The second aim is to revisit the issue of whether such residential development should be seen as a form of postrecession gentrification and to question the meaning of the term 'gentrification' as it has been increasingly used in a global context. This discussion draws both on a detailed case study of Bristol and on a critical reading of Davidson and Lees (2005, "New build 'gentrification' and London's riverside renaissance", Envronment and Planning A 37 1165-1190) account of new-build 'gentrification' in London's riverside. In conclusion, it is argued that these forms of residential development and investment flows reflect a powerful and complex set of processes which it is important to understand. In contrast to Davidson and Lees, however, the conclusion is also that the extension of the term 'gentrification' to embrace such forms of development stretches it beyond the point at which it retains utility or meaning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent years have seen the emergence of two policy objectives and associated development trends in UK city centres relating to urban vitality and to the urban renaissance policy agenda. These involve a shift towards more city centre residential development and, associated with the 24-Hour City agenda, a shift towards the development of evening/night-time economies (ENTEs). Mixed land uses are seen as an essential component of this vitality. But conflicts often arise from different land uses in close proximity, which, in turn, suggests a need for the sensitive management of urban areas in general and the ENTE in particular. Focusing on the management of activities in space and time in the ENTE of UK cities, this article explores how planning and liquor licensing controls, the two main sets of contextual controls for the ENTE, provide both the context for more active forms of management and policing and frame an opportunity space for behaviour and conduct. The article's overarching argument is that the management of the ETNE should be considered in terms of a fine-grained understanding of space and time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a recent conference paper Lambert and Boddy (2002) questioned whether new-build residential developments in UK city centres were examples of gentrification. They concluded that this stretched the term too far and coined 'residentialisation' as an alternative term. In contrast, we argue in this paper that new-build residential developments in city centres are examples of gentrification. We argue that new-build gentrification is part and parcel of the maturation and mutation of the gentrification process during the post-recession era. We outline the conceptual cases for and against new-build 'gentrification', then, using the case of London's riverside renaissance, we find in favour of the case for. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the author explains why it is important to make sure sheltered housing residents start claiming their place in cyberspace now. Recent data from the Cabinet Office tells us that 19 million people in Great Britain are still digitally unengaged, meaning that it may not occur to them that there is, for instance, an armchair route to the supermarket; that library books can be renewed by email; or that new friends or a spare part for the car can be found by surfing the net. If these things do occur to them, these methods of relating to the world may appear not for them. The Digital Unite programmes (DUP) are designed to change minds by showing how a community of people who are information technology (IT) literate and fully in ownership of their own IT literacy project can be created, aided and supported by their housing provider. The programmes do not insist that participants must become online communicators if they would rather spend all their time on Excel spreadsheets or playing solitaire. In practice, a DUP allocates a trainer to a sheltered housing estate: a person who visits the scheme to provide: an induction day that forms a scheme working group, including residents, staff and the trainer, one skills training day per week for seven to 11 weeks, working in ratios of up to one to three with learners on their community computer and others.

The question of how and where to accommodate the growing number of households in Britain is a key issue for both academic and policy debate. The research presented in this paper identifies the principal factors underlying the increasing pressure for residential development in the countryside around major towns and cities. The relative merits of alternative forms of urban development are assessed. The potential significance of a new settlement strategy in meeting the challenge of urban development in the United Kingdom in the 21st century is highlighted. With the United Kingdom policy environment as conceptual framework, the discussion examines three key issues that affect the nature and feasibility of new settlements. These relate to the distribution of the costs and benefits of development; the social balance of new communities; and the appropriate development agency. The conceptual analysis of the new settlement strategy is complemented by empirical evidence from major stakeholders in relation to key aspects of the new settlement option. Finally, a number of policy-oriented recommendations are presented to inform development of a new programme of new settlements for Britain in the early 21st century. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

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Presents an agenda for improving the practice of design intervention in volume-built speculative residential development in Great Britain. Public perception of speculative residential design; Obstacles in the procurement of quality residential design; Inclusion of overrigid interpretation of highways standards.

Examines the employment of standard house types in speculative housebuilding in Great Britain. Comparison between private and public forms of residential building; Emphasis on communal aesthetic and functional values in public dwellings; Constraint on individuality of design on speculative housebuilding.

Explores the relation between patterns of ethnic residence in `complex' cities and the character of social division in class terms in such cities. Examination of the patterns of social division and ethnic residence in Leicester and Bradford, United Kingdom; Argument that deindustrialization has transformed industrial cities; Conclusion on the residential patterns described.

The article discusses the idea of a balanced community as stated in the 1945 legislative foundation for the building of new towns in Great Britain. It stated that the primary goal for the creation of new towns is that they should be self-contained and have balanced communities for work and living. The New Towns Committee was appointed under the chairmanship of Lord Reith and he expressed doubts about whether the object of developing a balanced community could be an inspiring concept. The committee expected social organisations to make a major contribution towards the mixing together of the different social classes. A study was conducted on three new towns to establish how far the assumptions of the committee works.

The article features the architectural design of the residential development area in Canary Wharf in London, England. The author narrated that the design proposed a large riverside park with terraces that steps down to the Thames. The said garden was semi-enclosed on the inland sides by linear buildings that contains offices, retail spaces, and a hotel. The buildings were also reported to have its own parking and service infrastructure.

Drawing on the expertise of the National Association for the Care and Resettlement of Offenders (NACRO) in crime prevention, the author describes a typical NACRO project on a housing estate in the Midlands and highlights five key issues. First, resources are needed to establish neighborhood infrastructure to support leadership at the local level. Second, the approach needed is one of a consultation and planning partnership between a neighborhood and the agencies that deliver services in that neighborhood. Third, services are needed that are responsive to customers' needs and that put people first. Fourth, crime prevention must be on the agenda of people at all levels in the public, private, and voluntary sectors. Government funds in particular are needed to pump-prime new initiatives. Fifth, the skills of the millions of unemployed must be harnessed in order to reduce not only the amount of crime but also the fear of crime and the number of entrants into the criminal justice system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a geographical research which examines some of the characteristics of the migrants of British New Towns in 1970. It is stated that there are two developments in recent years which have tended to focus attention on British New Towns. One of these is the increasing attention being paid to the inner city in the wake of both 1981 riots and the 1981 Census, and the decision of the government to wind up some of the older New Town Development Corporations and turn in their functions to the respective District Councils. Accordingly, the effects of more diversified economic structures in New Towns resulted in rising unemployment rates, and might have some effects on the level of skills of the migrants.

The article presents an analysis regarding the visual principles relating to fenestration design in Great Britain. It examines the validity of aesthetic control as implies in the "Design Guide for Residential Areas" (E.D.G.) by the Essex County Council. It states that the statutory process aimed to improve the standard of residential development in the county, however, it was vague that it achieves its implicit objective, particularly of meeting public visual requirements. A detailed and illustrated statement of planning and design of the exploratory study is given.

The growing concern over disorderly metropolitan growth in the U.S. has fostered discussion and some implementation of the new towns concept. Actually, the new towns idea is not "new," being first formulated and promoted under the label of garden cities by urban planner Ebenezer Howard in 1898. Howard himself led the actual development of two such towns in 1903 and 1920 and after World War II, Great Britain, through the New Towns Act, embarked on a path-breaking program of creating several more. Usually, the introduction of a novel idea is followed by a great deal of fault-finding with little activity devoted to merit-finding. From the start, the new towns concept seems to have developed in the opposite fashion. The very fact that a nation such as Great Britain should incorporate such a concept into its national policy is a testimony to this. And now, twenty years after Great Britain is pioneering experiment, the phrase, new town, is becoming familiar to the citizenry of this country. There are still many unanswered questions concerning the new towns such as their proper size, where they should be placed and whether private enterprise or government should do the developing. However, all these questions presuppose that new towns should exist. The first two questions are more of a theoretical nature whose answers should be given with reference to two larger questions; what form should the major urban areas take and is there an optimum size to these major urban areas.