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In order to achieve the objective of this study, two Mediterranean countries on two different sides of the Mediterranean were chosen as examples: Turkey and Algeria. General information on the current structure of beekeeping was obtained from beekeepers in both countries. The results provided general information on beekeeping structure, beekeeping culture, bee management strategies, current knowledge on Nosema spp. and control methods. Two diagnostic methods, haemocytometry and PCR analysis, were used to scientifically monitor the social information obtained from the survey results. Nosema spp. spores were found in the majority of samples examined by haemocytometric analysis. In the samples from both countries, the PCR results showed the dominance of N. ceranae. In addition, this study also showed that the microscopic method should be essential for the diagnosis of nosemosis and that the combination of microscopic and molecular examination gives more reliable information on the prevalence of the disease, especially when some results showed the absence of Nosema spp. by PCR but their spores were observed by microscopy and the opposite situation was also recorded. Furthermore, the study showed similarity in both field and laboratory results of the two countries, as there are great similarities between the countries, especially in the structure of beekeeping and in the culture in general. It was therefore concluded that further studies could be conducted in countries with different geographical and cultural backgrounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this study is to examine the consumption preferences, trends, and purchasing behaviors of consumers residing in Izmir Province towards bee products before and after COVID-19. The main material of the study consists of online surveys conducted in March-April 2023 with consumers living in the seven districts of Izmir province with the highest population. The survey form comprises of three sections: consumption and purchasing behaviors of bee products, attitudes towards bee products, and questions on demographic characteristics of consumers. Since the first days when coronavirus cases began to emerge in our country, natural products that support the immune system such as bee products have been met with intense interest. The sustainability of bees and bee products in agriculture is always among the important issues. However, during the pandemic period, people's attention has been more focused on this issue. The value of honey and bee products, the miraculous food of nature, has been better understood, and this has been reflected in sales. If natural and economic conditions are favourable, this rise in the sector will continue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the role and importance of agriculture-based investments in sustainable development were investigated. For this purpose, a situation analysis of these matters was conducted for Yozgat province, which is from the 1st Degree Priority Regions in development. In the study, interviews were conducted with managers or expert personnel of institutions and organizations related to the subject. Data obtained via the interview were the primary data of the study. Papers and books published related to the subject, and data obtained from the database of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MAF) and the Turkish Statistical Institute (TSI) were also the secondary data of this study. According to the research findings, it is seen that significant investments based on agriculture have been made in the province. Among these investments, there are sugar factory (2 units), Kabalı Integrated Orchard (Turkey's largest integrated orchard), geothermal greenhouses, flour production (12 units), milk and milk products (12 units), meat and meat products (11 units). and fruit and vegetable processing-packaging facilities (4 units). With investment depended on agriculture, there have been positive developments in per capita gross domestic product, employment, labor force participation rate and unemployment rate in the province. While in 2004, gross domestic product per capita was USD 3,272, employment rate was 31.6%, the participation rate to labor force was 36.2% and unemployment rate was 12.8%, in 2021 these were, respectively, USD 4,869, 48.5%, 55.1% and 12%. In Kabalı Integrated Orchard, which is one of the largest orchards in Turkey, in addition to orcharding, there have been animal breeding activities such as goose, sheep and beekeeping. The cherry orchard located in the integrated facility is the third-largest cherry orchard in Europe. This study is important in terms of the sustainability of investments depending on agriculture and the formation of strong expectations for rural development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

American foulbrood is an important bacterial disease affecting the larvae of honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) caused by Paenibacillus larvae. Due to easy transmission of disease and the ability of bacteria to create spores, it is a bacterium resistant to both physical and chemical conditions. The study aims to isolate, perform microbiological analyses, and determine biochemical properties and genotypes P. larvae strains from AFB samples collected from Turkey's Central and Eastern Black Sea regions. An isolation study was conducted on adult bees, larvae, honey, and primary honeycomb samples from suspected colonies in the regions under study. After the purification of bacterial isolates from samples, P. larvae strains were identified using biochemical and molecular methods. The genetic diversity and ERIC types of P. larvae isolates were determined by rep-PCR DNA genotyping using BOX A1R and MBO REP1 primers and multiplex-PCR. A phylogenetic tree of P. larvae strains was constructed in the study. All P. larvae isolates were determined as ERIC I type. According to the rep-PCR results of P. larvae strains, 15 of the 28 isolates were Ab genotype (54%), 7 (25%) Aβ genotype, 4 (14%) AB genotype, 1 (3.5%) αB genotype, and 1 (3.5%) ab genotype. From an epidemiological viewpoint, it was determined that Ab and Aβ genotypes were widely distributed, while other genotypes (AB, αB, and ab) showed less spread. The results of the study will guide researchers in taking relevant measures to prevent and control American foulbrood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Eurasian Journal of Veterinary Sciences is the property of Eurasian Journal of Veterinary Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Simple Summary: The biggest obstacles in the conservation of existing honeybee subspecies and ecotypes may be the concentration of beekeeping activity in certain flora zones as well as the beekeeper's choice of queen genotype. In this study, various morphological characteristics and colony performance parameters of local honeybees in Southeastern Turkey were investigated. As a result, homogenous honeybees can be found in the Adıyaman province in terms of morphological characteristics. Although the colony performance values of local honeybees are modest, their capacity to adapt to dry regions and limited vegetation and the preservation of their genetic material are critical attributes. Local honeybees can be used as genetic material in selection and breeding due to their hygienic behavior, survival rate, and high wintering abilities. The aim of this study was to investigate the morphological traits and colony performance parameters of local honeybees of the Adıyaman province for future breeding programs. The study was carried out in 2019–2020; a total of 39 colonies were obtained from 13 apiaries in 5 districts, which represented local honeybees, and they were placed in an isolated area. At the same time, 835 worker bees representing local honeybees were assessed for 21 morphological features. There was a difference between the district groups according to the morphological traits (p < 0.05). In terms of the morphological characteristics of honeybees, the correct classification rate to their original groups was determined to be 65.1%. The difference between the district groups was statistically significant regarding the number of frames covered with bees, brood area, and hygienic behavior (p < 0.05). The average weight at the emergence of queens according to district groups and flight activity was found to be significant according to the periods (p < 0.01). As a result, homogeneous honeybees can be found in provinces when considering morphological characteristics. Although colony performance values are low, it is essential to protect the bees' genetic material given their ability to adapt to arid climates and insufficient flora. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thirty-three honey samples were collected between 2017 and 2018 in Kastamonu Province, in order to characterise the palynological and physico-chemical properties of the honey produced in the western Black Sea region of Türkiye. Melissopalynological characteristics of the honey samples were determined based on the total pollen number in 10 g (TPN-10 g) along with the pollen taxa diversity. The physicochemical properties of the samples including humidity ratio, volatile organic compounds, total phenolic content, fructose/glucose ratio and hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) content were determined using a refractometer, gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC–MS), ultraviolet-visible spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography, respectively. Melissopalynological analysis revealed that the honey samples contain 49 taxa, of which 18 were determined at family level and 31 were determined at genus level. The most common taxon was Castanea sativa while the other important taxa were Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Amaranthaceae, Boraginaceae, Brassicaceae, Fabaceae and Lamiaceae. Eleven out of 33 honey samples were monofloral and the remaining 22 samples were multifloral. According to the TPN-10 g results of the honey samples, the total number of pollens in 10 g of Kastamonu honey was between 1051 and 325 108 pollen grains. The moisture ratio was obtained between 11.9 and 18.9% while the fructose + glucose values were between 35.84 and 84.1 g/100 g. HMF content varied between 0.38 and 21.31 ppm while the total phenolic content varied between 39.6 and 138.8 mg GAE/100 g. The GC–MS analysis revealed that the samples contain compounds belonging to the groups of aldehydes, aliphatic acid and its esters, alcohols, hydrocarbons, flavonoids, carboxylic acid and esters, ketones, and sugars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to analyze the factors affecting the marketing channel choices of beekeepers in the sale of strained honey. The primary data was collected with questionnaires conducted with 162 bee breeders in Türkiye. When beekeeper characteristics by marketing channel selections were compared, it was determined that breeder's education status, income other than beekeeping, the status of getting support, payment method, satisfaction with the marketing channel, way of determining the price, the source of information, and credit usage status were the variables influential in choosing a marketing channel. As a result of comparing the group selling strained honey through the direct channel and the group selling it through the indirect channel, significant differences were found between the groups in terms of beekeeper's age, the share of beekeeping in annual income, the number of hives, the share of strained honey in beekeeping income, and the selling price of honey. Providing training for beekeepers, ensuring their access to market information, improving infrastructure conditions, and encouraging the production of bee products and cooperative membership will increase their income. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of our study is to determine important honey resources and botanical characterisation of honey in a high-altitude region of Türkiye. Natural honey samples were collected from all possible locations in 2017. The melissopalynological analysis identified 14 unifloral honey samples, and many plants were also determined as important sources for multifloral honey. Principal component analysis separated honey samples from low-altitude regions while high-altitude regions form a tight cluster. Pollen diversity was found to be lower in honeys at low altitudes and higher pollen diversity was found in honeys at high altitudes. Altitude plays an important role in the pollen content of the honey, with Cornus mas, Asteraceae, and Hypericum being indicator pollen types above 1500 m; Castanea sativa and Myosotis pollen were found predominant or secondary under 1100 m altitude. This has allowed the altitude preferences of some plants, which are important for beekeeping, to be associated with the location of the apiaries and, therefore, the composition of the honey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this study was to determine whether colonies with clinical signs of foulbrood in apiaries and hive tools, smokers, gloves, feeders and beekeeper's veils used in the same colonies were a reservoir source for microbial infections. For this purpose, samples were taken from colonies with clinical signs of foulbrood and collected from 29 different apiaries in the Southern Marmara region of Türkiye. The samples were brought to the laboratory under appropriate conditions, and agent isolation and identification were performed. Different microorganisms were isolated from the feeder, hive tool, beekeeper smoker, gloves and beekeeper suit samples collected from each apiary. Bacteria isolated from the samples taken from the hives with clinical signs of foulbrood and from the samples taken from the tools and equipment were isolated as the same species or as a mixture. As a result, an intense presence of microorganisms was detected in the hive tool, beekeeper suit, gloves, feeder, and beekeeper's smoker, used by beekeepers, and it was determined that these materials used in beekeeping were a source of microbial reservoirs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted to determine the production potential and economic significance of chestnut honey and other apiculture products in the Eastern Black Sea Region in Turkey. Although there are several studies on the production and economic aspects of flower honey in the national and international literature, the lack of adequate studies on the production and economic aspects of chestnut honey increases the significance of the present study. The study data were collected with a 19-item survey from 500 beekeepers in the Eastern Black Sea Region (Samsun, Ordu, Giresun, Trabzon, Rize, and Artvin provinces). The study data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, analysis of variance, and correlation analysis. Economic analyzes on chestnut honey production were conducted based on Gross Production Value, Net Profit, Gross Profit, and Profitability. In 2017, the profitability in chestnut honey production was calculated as 86% in the Eastern Black Sea Region. Furthermore, economic revenues in relation to honey production in chestnut forests totaled US $ 76.15 million/year in the region. The results show that chestnut honey apiculture was economically profitable in the Eastern Black Sea Region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The health of bees is suspected to be low in Turkey due to the lower amounts of bee products that they produce per colony. Regular monitoring of bee diseases in Turkey has been lacking. We sampled bees from 115 colonies across five different locations to determine which pathogens are present and how much of each pathogen was in a bee colony. We found that the Varroa mite is widespread and consistently found in 90% of the bee colonies. We also found that pathogens normally transmitted by this parasite was also present in nearly 100% of the colonies sampled. We therefore concluded that the presence of Varroa mites is central to the decline in bee health and that management practices targeted for this parasite will most likely improve bee health in Turkey. In addition, three bee viruses are interacting with one another that influence the susceptibility to a more deadly variant responsible for colony death. Therefore, these viral interactions should be considered in the future to devise effective ways to improve honey bee health. Beekeeping has yet to reach its full potential in terms of productivity in Turkey where it has a relatively large role in the economy. Poor colony health is suspected to be the reason for this, but comprehensive disease monitoring programs are lacking to support this notion. We sampled a total of 115 colonies across five different apiaries throughout the Marmara region of Turkey and screened for all of the major bee pathogens using PCR and RNA-seq methods. We found that Varroa mites are more prevalent in comparison to Nosema infections. The pathogens ABPV, DWV, KV, and VDV1 are near 100% prevalent and are the most abundant across all locations, which are known to be vectored by the Varroa mite. We therefore suspect that controlling Varroa mites will be key for improving bee health in Turkey moving forward. We also documented significant interactions between DWV, KV, and VDV1, which may explain how the more virulent strain of the virus becomes abundant. ABPV had a positive interaction with VDV1, thereby possibly facilitating this more virulent viral strain, but a negative interaction with Nosema ceranae. Therefore, these complex pathogen interactions should be taken into consideration in the future to improve bee health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ascosphaera apis (Maassen ex Claussen) Olive et Spiltoir is a causal agent of chalkbrood disease and is widely found in mainly honeybee colonies worldwide. Chalkbrood disease rarely causes colony death, but severe infections can lead to a decrease in honeybee populations and as a result, a decrease in honey production or beekeeping byproducts. Therefore, it is important to determine the distribution and prevalence of this disease agent in a certain region in terms of controlling of it. In this study, it was aimed to identify chalkbrood disease agents affecting honeybee colonies especially in beekeeping places in Turkey, to isolate and identify them using morphological and molecular methods, especially ITS gene sequencing. Morphologically, pure cultures of clinically suspected samples in terms of chalkbrood disease were created and microscopically evaluated. After that, genomic DNA isolation was performed from pure cultures to amplify ITS gene region and the resulting gene sequences were used in molecular identification and phylogenetic analysis. For this purpose, a total of 1.193 hives were randomly selected from 400 apiaries in 40 provinces throughout Turkey between 2018 and 2019. As a result, the presence of A. apis was detected in 7 hives in 2018 and 19 hives in 2019, as a result a total of 26 samples were found to be positive. Accordingly, the infection rate was determined as 2.18%. The obtained results are thought to be important in terms of determining the spread rate of A. apis and the rate of chalkbrood disease in Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turkey is the second largest honey producer in the world. However, the beekeeping sector, especially the export of honey and honey products, is not supported by income compatible with this asset. The main reasons for this discrepancy are the presence of honey bee diseases (predators) and their residues in honey. Due to the observation of Aethina tumida (small hive beetle; SHB) in Europe (Italy) and Tropilealaps spp. Iran’s border regions close to Turkey, the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry of the Republic of Turkey has raised its alert level for these two notifiable diseases. Aethina tumida is a fruit insect originally from South Africa and it has later adapted to bee colonies. In the early 2000s, the agent came to North America with imported fruits and caused serious bee losses. SHB, which has spread to 12 countries so far, caused serious economic losses in the countries it entered and could not be eliminated. Tropilaelaps spp. is an ectoparasite that cannot survive for long without honey bee brood it feeds on and needs to survive. Tropilaelaps mite even suppresses Varroa when found in a colony and extinguishes the colony in a short time. It is a fact that these two pests may spread rapidly in Turkey due to the practice of migratory beekeeping and they can cause serious damage to our beekeeping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beekeeping contributes significantly to both beekeeping enterprises and the country's economy, as it provides jobs, income, and nutrition for the rural population of developing countries. Mersin City is an essential region for beekeeping, both in terms of honey production and migratory beekeeping in Turkey. In this study, the efficiency of beekeeping enterprises was revealed, and the factors causing inefficiency were examined. The efficiency measure of enterprises was determined using data envelopment analysis (DEA). According to the findings obtained, beekeeping enterprises' technical efficiency, allocation efficiency, and economic efficiency were calculated as 0.89, 0.84, and 0.81, respectively. The economic efficiency score showed that inefficient enterprises could effectively reduce their production costs by 19%. When the factors causing inefficiency are examined, it is revealed that income per hive, subsidy rate, and credit use have adverse effects on efficiency, education level, experience, number of honey frames used per hive, and migratory beekeeping effects. According to the results, it is thought that increasing education and extension activities, improving marketing opportunities, legal regulations in using agricultural credits, and extending consultancy services can also help to increase economic efficiency in the research field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beekeeping is an area open to development. There can be significant differences from region to region. Even within the same region, it is affected by many factors. In this study, the structural features and production problems of beekeeping enterprises in Malatya province were examined. The results of 77 surveys conducted between November 2020 and February 2021 for those engaged in beekeeping activities were evaluated. It was observed that the average honey yield per hive was 11.87 kg. This amount was found to be different in a statistically significant degree from Turkey's average. In this study, unlike other studies, a different result was found from the answers given to the question of the creatures known to be most harmful to the bee. Of the answers to this question, 68.8% were bee - eaters, 24.7% were wild bees, 3.9% were hedgehogs and 2.6% all of them. Consequently, considering the studies on beekeeping problems, it is noteworthy that a standard cannot be reached in general. The reason for the differences in the studies may be of regional origin. Or it may be that some distinctions are not fully made in the studies. Besides, for better results, first of all, accurate and reliable data should be obtained. For this purpose, more comprehensive data can be obtained by ensuring that beekeepers keep records about the sector. Due to regional differences, universities or provincial directorates of agriculture may take the lead in conducting surveys or field studies by the people of the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural cooperatives have important contributions to farmers. Thanks to cooperatives, agricultural products are sold at high prices, while agricultural inputs can be purchased at low prices. Cooperatives provide their partners with technical support in product processing, grading, standardization, storage and quality. On the other hand, cooperatives contribute to the sustainability of agricultural activities by providing credit support to their members. The current research was carried out Milas district of Muğla province, which is the center of pine honey production in Turkey. In the current research, a survey was conducted face to face with 62 farmers engaged in beekeeping, and the decision tree model, which is one of the data mining methods, was used in determining the factors that affect the beekeepers' membership in cooperatives. As a result of the statistical analyses conducted, it was concluded that on the cooperative membership of beekeepers, their status of using credit, education level and status of receiving beekeeping supports have a highly significant influence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beekeeping provides important contributions to the agricultural economy and crop production through pollination both in Turkey and the world. It is evaluated that without bees, the plant production can decrease by 47%. Many factors affect honey production negatively. Among these reasons, besides diseases caused by microorganisms, diseases and dangers originating from organisms are at the forefront. Today, many methods are used in the control these pests and yet they are still unavoidable. Among these methods, the biological control method is not used commonly. The aim of the study is to create a basis for the development of biopesticides to control bee diseases. In this context, as a result of the study, 16 bacteria were isolated from honey bees. While, 12 bacteria belonging to the genus Bacillus, two bacteria belonging to the genus Lysinibacillus, one bacterium belonging to the genus Paenibacillus and one bacterium belonging to the genus Pantoea were obtained. Molecular and biochemical identifications of these bacteria were done and registered in GenBank and their accession numbers were obtained. cry gene analyzes of 15 bacteria belonging to the genus Bacillus were performed. As it is known, cry genes have the potential to be used against pests. In the future, these bacteria and their genes will have the potential to be used as biopesticides. According to these results, the cry1 gene was observed in 8 bacteria and the cry3 gene was observed in 3 bacteria. cry2 and cry4 genes could not be detected in these bacteria. Bacteria that including cry genes are of great importance for honey bee health. Bacteria have the potential to be developed as internal biopesticides and used against different bee diseases to improve honey bee health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Besides its contribution to ecological balance, being an alternative source of income in rural areas increases the importance of beekeeping. The aim of this study is the determination of the efficiency of beekeeping by provinces in Turkey. The research data consists of honey production, beeswax production, the number of beekeeping businesses, and the number of hives in 81 provinces. Data envelopment analysis was used to determine the efficiency of beekeeping by provinces. The number of beekeeping businesses and the number of hives were defined as the input variables for analysis. Honey production was defined as the output variable in the first model, and honey production and wax production were defined as the output variables in the second model. Ordu is among the provinces that have full efficiency in both models. Total efficiency values were calculated as 0.19 and 0.30 in the first and second models, respectively. These values show that the efficiency in beekeeping in Turkey is low. However, it has been determined that the efficiency value is high in provinces with large-scale beekeeping businesses and high honey yield. Therefore, it is important to implement incentive policies for beekeepers to increase the number of hives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Anadolu Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Ondokuz Mayis Universitesi, Ziraat Fakultesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Harran University Journal of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine / Harran Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Harran University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Honey bee viruses may be of severe adverse effect on bee colonies. Till now, more than twenty honey bee viruses have been identified. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of seven honey bee viruses, namely Israeli acute paralysis virus (IAPV), deformed wing virus (DWV), sacbrood virus (SBV), acute bee paralysis virus (ABPV), black queen cell virus (BQCV), Kashmir bee virus (KBV), and chronic bee paralysis virus (CBPV) using a multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (mRT-PCR). A total of 111 apiaries were randomly selected and adult bees and larvae samples were obtained from seemingly healthy colonies located at Aegean region of west Turkey. The presence of black queen cell virus (BQCV), chronic bee paralysis virus (CBPV), deformed wing virus (DWV), acute bee paralysis virus (ABPV), and sacbrood virus (SBV) was detected, while Israeli acute paralysis virus (IAPV) or Kashmir bee virus (KBV) couldn't be detected in studied colonies. The results showed the virus with the highest prevalence was DWV followed by BQCV, ABPV, SBV, and CBPV. PCR products for DWV, BQCV, ABPV, SBV, CBPV were sequenced and compared to the Genbank database. The Turkish strains demonstrated heterogeneous populations of DWV, BQCV, and relatively homogenous populations of ABPV, CBPV, and SBV. Based on these results, SBV and CBPV had formed different branch and genotypes when compared to previous studies. In conclusion, this study provides information about the distinctive honey bee viruses for future researches in Turkey, which holds the largest number of managed colonies in Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past decade, the importance of the beekeeping activities has been emphasized in the field of biodiversity, ecosystems, agriculture, and human health. Thus, deciding correct beekeeping activities seems essential to maintain and improve productivity and efficiency. Due to this importance, considering the economic contributions of beekeeping to the rural area, the need for suitability analysis concept has been revealed. At this point, multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) and geographical information system (GIS) integration provides efficient solutions to the complex structure of decision-making process for beekeeping activities. In this study, site suitability analysis for beekeeping via analytical hierarchy process (AHP), the technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS), and vise kriterijumska optimizacija I kompromisno resenje (VIKOR) was carried out to increase honey productivity and compare MCDA techniques for Konya city in Turkey. Slope, elevation, aspect, distance to water resources, roads and settlements, precipitation, and flora criteria were included to determine suitability. The requirements, expectations, and limitations of beekeeping activities were specified with the participation of experts and stakeholders. The final suitability maps resulted from each method were validated with existing 117 beekeeping locations and Turkish Statistical Institute 2015 beekeeping statistics for Konya province. Considering existing beekeeper locations, AHP has 82%, VIKOR 88%, and TOPSIS 91% overlapping rates with the suitability maps. According to the correlation R values between total beekeeper count and suitability rates, VIKOR has 0.70, TOPSIS 0.68 and AHP 0.66. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, land use changes in Mersin, Adana, Osmaniye and Hatay provinces were determined. The study area has vital importance on honey production (citrus, cotton, etc.) for the Turkish beekeeping sector and it is very vulnerable to land use changes due to urbanization and climate change. The land use changes were determined by using 2000, 2006, 2012 and 2018 land cover maps in the Geographical Information Systems (GIS) platform. Moreover, 2000, 2006, 2012 and 2018 beekeeping statistics were retrieved to compare the land use changes and honey production. The results indicate that the fruit trees land use class has increased 1210 km2 from 2000 to 2018 because of these suitable lands for citrus production. In total, 3170 km2 natural plant areas have been destroyed within 18 years which threaten natural beekeeping activities. The study area includes 42 districts and when evaluating the beekeeping statistics, total honey production has increased from 6500 tons to 15000 tons from 2000 to 2018. For the purpose of evaluating land use change and its effects, transitions were determined for the 2000-2018 period to understand the change in land-use trends. The transitions revealed that fruit tree and agricultural lands are being enlarge by destroying the natural plant areas and other complex patterns which are important for beekeeping activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Eurasian Journal of Veterinary Sciences is the property of Eurasian Journal of Veterinary Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Beekeeping activities in Turkey between the years 2018 and 2007 are discussed in this study. The current status of honey production and number of hives in the process has been demonstrated. Turkey's 81 provinces are carried out more or less in beekeeping. While the geographic regions were examined, data were also included in the provincial scale. In terms of production and beehive, it is seen that the Black Sea Region takes the first place and the Southeast Anatolia Region takes the first place. In terms of production, while Ordu was the first with 16994 tons in 2018, Kilis takes the last place with 43 tons. Muğla takes the first place in the number of hives with 935463 units, while Uşak takes the last place with 8479 units concept does not exist in current literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: In this study, artificial intelligence models that identify sunn pest‐damaged wheat grains (SDG) and healthy wheat grains (HWG) are presented. Svevo durum wheat cultivated in Konya province, Turkey is used for the process, with 150 HWG and 150 SDG being used for classification. Thanks to the constructed imaging setup, photos of the 300 wheat grains are obtained. Seventeen visual features of each wheat grain are extracted by image‐processing techniques and evaluated in three different groups of dimension, texture and pattern as visual parameters. Artificial bee colony (ABC) optimization‐based artificial neural network (ANN) and extreme learning machine (ELM) algorithms are implemented to classify the damaged wheat grains. RESULTS: A correlation‐based feature selection (CFS) technique is also utilized to find the most effective among the 17 features. In the classification process using five selected features, the mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean square error (RMSE) values for ABC‐based ANN are calculated as 0.00174 and 0.00433 respectively. The proposed technique is integrated into graphical user interface (GUI) software to construct an effective detection system for practical use. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that, thanks to the modified ANN algorithm and implemented CFS algorithm, the detection accuracy of damaged wheat grains is considerably increased. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out to determine the economic structure and efficiencies of the beekeeping enterprises in Çanakkale Province. Beekeepers were divided into three groups/strata according to number of hives: 1-75 hives (first group), 76-150 hives (second group) and 151 hives and above (third group). Survey sample size was determined as 87 based on stratified random sampling method. The portion of fixed costs were 65.25% and variable costs were 34.75% in averages of production costs of all enterprises. The cost of honey production per kg changed between 2.04 US$ to 3.54 US$ among to enterprises. The average production cost of honey per kg was 2.92 US$. Average yield amount per hive was 16.24 kg and production cost per hive was 53.32 US$. Besides, average gross profit, net profit and relative profit were determined as 77.53 US$, 42.74 US$ and 1.80, respectively. According to the average of the enterprises, total technical efficiency (constant return to scale), pure technical efficiency (variable return to scale), scale efficiency, allocative efficiency and economic efficiency were found as 0.64, 0.89, 0.70, 0.74 and 0.66, respectively. It was determined that producer's age and agricultural activity apart from beekeeping affected the economic efficiency negatively and land size, income per hive and honeycomb changing frequency affected the economic efficiency positively. According to the results, it was concluded that honey production was a profitable activity in Çanakkale Province and relative profits and efficiencies of the enterprises in the third group were higher than the other groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research aimed to reveal the members' willingness to invest capital in the Agricultural Producer Union (APU) and the factors influencing their decisions. The main data of the study obtained through the surveys from 420 members of the APU. Members' willingness to invest capital in their unions and effective factors were determined using the Contingent Valuation Method and the Random Effects Tobit model, respectively. The research revealed that 44% of the union members were willing to make an average contribution of 355 TL to their unions. Random Effects Tobit model results revealed that member's trust, membership fee, participation in trainings, memberships of livestock union, apple and beekeeping, export crops through the union, attending the general assembly, level of education and agricultural experience positively affected the willingness to invest capital, while membership of the organic hazelnut and vegetables union, gender, management experience, age and total income negative affected the willingness to invest capital. In order to increase members' willingness to invest capital to their unions, members' trusts and participations in the training activities and administration of the unions should be increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Animal Production / Hayvansal Üretim is the property of Hayvansal Uretim (Journal of Animal Production) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Beekeeping is an agricultural and animal activity that provides the output of bee products through the use of herbal resources together with Bee and labor. Turkey has a very high potential for beekeeping activities. In particular, our country, where four seasons are experienced, provides opportunities for diversity in bee breeds. Today there are about 91 million registered bee hives in the world and about 8 million of them are in Turkey. The research was carried out to measure the level of information about the consumers ' bee products and to investigate the levels of confidence and purchasing behavior. Within this scope, 308 online surveys were conducted. Data obtained were analyzed by SPSS package program. According to the results, when buying bee products, the most affected source is the newspaper/magazine ads. The most common bee product, honeycomb honey, is the least known bee product bee venom. The bee product that consumers buy and consume the most is the honey filter. The most preferred packaging for all bee products has been glass jars. When looking at consumers ' brand preferences, branded products are preferred for all bee products. Consumers buy bee products most from the market and manufacturer. The most reliable source of bee products is honeycomb honey, which is the most trusted bee product of the manufacturer itself. It has been observed that there is a difference between the level of knowledge of consumers about bee products and the level of confidence of consumers in purchasing bee products and gender, age and education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, it was discussed whether the package beekeeping was an economical alternative to traditional beekeeping in Turkey. An experiment involving two different applications was carried out in the province of Edirne, which has a short production season due to the cold climate conditions. The control groups representing the colonies formed by the artificial swarms and the colonies formed by the package bees were compared in terms of economic feasibility in this experiment. The results of this study showed that package beekeeping was more advantageous for beekeeping enterprises when the artificial swarms' application was taken into consideration. The purchase price of package bees for beekeeping enterprises in Edirne Province should be below US$39.52. In other words, package beekeeping for Edirne province is profitable for enterprises at prices below US$ 39.52. The package beekeeping can provide savings for beekeepers whose bees overwinter in cold climates. It was determined that if the bees were not wintered, the beekeeping enterprises could save US$31.63 per hive in this study. According to the results, it is expected that the dissemination of package beekeeping will have a hugely positive impact on beekeeping enterprises for North, Northwest and Eastern Anatolia Regions of Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to detect the factors which are effective on the adoption and the implementation of the agricultural innovations by the farmers who are focused on the beekeeping in the Milas district Muğla province of Turkey. For this aim, a questionnaire is made with 62 farmers who are determined with the method of proportional sampling. The method of Logistic Regression Analysis is used with the aim of the determination of the factors which are effective on the implementation of the innovations related to the beekeeping by farmers. According to the results of the analysis, it is determined that young farmers, farmers who have problems related to production, who are members of cooperative and who do not store the honey implement the agricultural innovations which are related to beekeeping more. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turkey is one of the best areas for beekeeping because of its geography, climate, and the diversity of flora and fauna. Beekeeping is a traditional and socio-economic activity which is performed throughout Anatolia and has a place in our culture. Besides this, bee-keeping is very important to protect biodiversity and pass it onto the next generations, and also to provide and enhance food security. There are more than 100,000 families with 6.6 million colonies in Turkey. With all those, bee-keeping contributes to Turkish economy around US$ 5-6 billion, not only through bee products but also pollination. As a part of the national policy, ORKÖY (the office of forest-village relations) provides micro-credits to villagers, who live in and around forested areas. In this study, ORKOY branch office distributed 30 beehives to 80 villagers with beekeeping certificates (in 2016 and 2017) and let them put their hives in the "honey forest" which was established in the region by the Forest Directorate. Face-to-face surveys, interviews and observations were conducted with 80 participants who benefited from beehive support and "honey forest." At the end of the study, socio-economic effects and welfare improvement of local people through beekeeping and producing of bee products are analyzed in the northwest of Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to find out the marketing problems of the beekeepers in Muğla province, Milas district of Turkey and offer potential solutions. The main material of the research is the data gained via surveys, performed as face-to-face interviews with beekeeping farmers in Milas district. According to the data of Milas District Agriculture and Forestry Directorate, 721 beekeepers constitute the main part of the research. The proportional sample size has been determined as 62 people. The most significant problems that farmers face during the production are diseases and pests by 53.2%, while the most significant problem during marketing is the low selling price of honey by 80.6%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to determine the economic analysis of beekeeping enterprises in Aegean Region of Turkey. The material of the current study was collected through face to face interviews from the total of 73 small, medium and largescale enterprises determined by simple random sampling in Aegean region of Turkey (Aydın, Denizli, Mugla provinces). A backward regression model was developed to assess the input and output relationships in the enterprises. According to the results, the factors that affect the total profit, namely, marketing costs, sale price, unit cost, equipment and other expenses were found to be statistically significant (p<0.05). In the study, the lowest cost of producing honey was found to be in large-scale enterprises (1.82 US$/kg) and in the province of Aydın (1.64 US$/kg), whereas the highest cost of producing honey was found to be in small-scale enterprises (3.14 US$/kg) and in the province of Denizli (3.79 US$/kg). Net profit was calculated to be 41.16 US$/hive in small-scale, 28.75 US$/hive in medium-scale and 35.45 US$/hive in large-scale enterprises. In conclusion, considering that the major problem of beekeeping enterprises in Aegean Region is the marketing (64.3%) and the, study also suggested that some measures and supports actions should be put into practice including augmentation of the sale opportunities of the honey produced and the activation of structures of cooperatives so that the profitability of enterprises may be increased, and beekeeping activity may be carried out in a sustainable manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Animal Production / Hayvansal Üretim is the property of Hayvansal Uretim (Journal of Animal Production) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We aimed to determine the socioeconomic structure, colony management practices, colony losses and problems of beekeeping in the Aegean region of Turkey. According to the stratified sampling method, enterprises were divided into five groups according to the number of colonies. We determined that the average age of beekeepers was between 47.1×2.35 years (Group III) and 56.1×3.05 years (Group I). Beekeeping experience ranged from 14.4 ×24.2 years (Group I) and 26.4×2.91 years (Group V). The wintering losses of the groups between 2009 and 2012 varied from 6.0% (Group IV) to 29.4% (Group I) and the honey yield ranged from 11.4×2.30 kg (Group I) to 21.4×1.38 kg (Group V). The primary problems of beekeepers in the region are overcrowding of migratory beekeepers at certain times of the year, varroa mite and diseases and lower honey prices. In conclusion, a lower education level, an increased beekeeper age, concern about colony management, wintering with weak population and increasing varroa mite and diseases problems due mainly to overcrowding of migratory beekeepers in the region are some of the characteristics of beekeeping in the Aegean Region. These problems can be solved by reorganizing the baiting of beekeepers, providing support only to beekeepers that make a living from beekeeping (Group IV and V) and creating an organizational structure among beekeepers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was planned to investigate colony feeding practices, the selection methods of colonies, the control methods of diseases, yearly losses from 2008 to 2011 in each operation and included both migratory and local colonies in Turkey. The beekeepers (92.6%) used to feed their colony in early spring and autumn with supplemental food. The most of local (37.7%) and migratory (62.4%) beekeepers preferred to feed their colonies with both syrup and supplemental food. The beekeepers generally prefer colonies that are not aggressive and with high honey production (47.6%) and also tendency to high swarming (14.2%), resistant to diseases (5.2%) and other factors such as subspecies and physiological characteristics of queens are causes of preference. The colony losses due to winter in 2008-9; 2009-10; 2010-11 were observed as 14.5%, 18.6%, 12.6%, respectively and also the significant correlation (P<0.01) were found between 2009-2010. Our study reveals regular survey studies play a crucial role to improve both colony management and monitoring of colony losses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to examine the current status and development of the beekeeping sector in Turkey and in the world during the 2000-2013 period. Whereas honey production in the world was 1.3 million tons during the 2000- 2002 period, it increased by 31% reaching 1.7 million tons in 2013. China is ranked number one in the world with a share of 27%, whereas Turkey is ranked number two with a share of 6%. Turkey is followed by Argentina, Ukraine and Russia in order. When the significant honey producing countries in the world are compared with respect to their shares among the world colony existence, it can be observed that China is ranked number one with a ratio 22%, India is ranked second with a share of 14% and Turkey is ranked number three with a share of 8%. 35% of all honey produced in the world is exported. Whereas world honey export was 380 thousand tons during the 2000-2002 period, it increased by 53% reaching 583 thousand tons in 2013. China is ranked number one in the world for honey export with a share of 21% and Argentina is ranked number two with a share of 11%. Whereas Turkey is ranked number 26 in the world with a 1% share of world honey export. Low honey export in Turkey is due mostly to the fact that the majority of the produced honey is consumed domestically. When world honey import is examined, it can be observed that the USA is ranked number one with a share of 27% followed by Germany (15%). Honey consumption average per capita is 0.20 kg/year. Countries in the world with the highest honey consumption per capita are Central African Republic (3.5 kg/year), Switzerland (1.5 kg/year), Greece (1.4 kg/year) and Turkey (1.3 kg/year). The most important problems related with beekeeping in Turkey can be listed as; productivity, quality and accordance with international standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The empirical studies in the field of apiculture are rare both in Turkey and abroad. Nevertheless the importance of apicultural productions for nutrition and industry is growing. In this study we are modeling long years' apiculture data of Turkey. The employed methodology is a compound of econometric structural modeling combined with time series approach of ARMA. At the first step we have estimated a Cobb-Douglas production function for each of honey and wax production series. Then the residuals are tested for unit roots and searched for ARMA structures. Cobb-Douglas functions of honey and wax productions are significant with relevant ARMA modeling of residuals.We have found that, the elasticities of honey and wax productions against the old type hives are negative while their elasticities against new types are 0.45 and 0.35 respectively. Overall the results are indicative of inelasticity of productions for the number of colonies. This is a clear setback for the productivity of apiculture industry given the high rank Turkey's production and colony numbers in the world ranking. More sophisticated methods should be searched in order to develop productivity and competitiveness of Turkish apiculture in the world markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The objective of this work was to determine the characteristics of allergic reactions that may occur after a bee sting and alternative treatment methods in Turkish beekeepers. Methods A written questionnaire was administered to beekeepers from the Ordu, Samsun, Sinop, Amasya, and Çorum provinces located in the Central Black Sea Region of Turkey. Results The study included 301 beekeepers, 295 (98%) of whom were male. Their mean age was 48.2 ± 11.5 years. The mean beekeeping duration was 15.3 ± 10.5 years. A total of 270 participants (89.9%) had a history of bee stings in the previous 12 months. Systemic reactions, large local reactions, and local reactions were seen in 21 (6.9%), 193 (64.1%), and 12 (4.0%) beekeepers, respectively. The face was the most frequently stung body site, and swelling generally occurred in the eyelids. The size of the swellings decreased within 12 to 24 hours in 259 (86.1%) beekeepers. The size of the swellings was 1 × 2 cm in diameter in 157 (52.2%) beekeepers. Natural protection against bee stings had developed by 12 months in 140 (46.5%) beekeepers. In total, 61.5% of the beekeepers applied alternative treatments (eg, garlic, onion water, yogurt), whereas 14.0% (3/21) were admitted to a hospital with a systemic reaction. In total, 10.6% and 14.2% of beekeepers were aware of adrenaline auto-injector and venom immunotherapy, respectively. Conclusion This study indicates insufficient knowledge and attitudes among Turkish beekeepers regarding bee sting reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Andrena, which is the largest genus in the Andrenidae, is a very important genus for the pollination of fruit trees. Andrena flavipes Panzer is one of the most common species observed in the study area and can continue the flight activity even under low temperature. In this study, the pollen collected by A. flavipes was determined. In addition, the potential to carry sweet cherry pollen of the aforementioned species was also researched. For the pollen preparates, the scopae of 34 females were used. As a result of the diagnosis studies, it was determined that A. flavipes species collected the pollens of 13 families and that the dominant pollen group belonged to the Brassicaceae. It was ascertained that A. flavipes collected sweet cherry pollen and that the sweet cherry flowers do not represent a primary pollen source, however. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turkey has considerable potential in beekeeping with her rich flora, proper ecological conditions and existence of colony. However Turkish beekeeping sector has not utilized the rich natural resources sufficiently. Turkey is one of the most important honey producer countries. In Turkey, 200 000 agricultural organizations have activities in apiculture. But, only 20 000 of these organizations deal with apiculture as their main source of income. Apiculture sector in Turkey still has faced to some important problems with respect to high chemical use in the hives and marketing and export problems caused by quality of honey, mix harvest, and so on. The aim of this research is to analyze of apiaries' technical and economic aspects in Turkey. The total numbers of surveyed of apiaries in Bursa province of Turkey are 80 in 2008 production period. Although it has high quality honey production, Bursa province has the highest quality pollen production in Turkey. First of all, technical and economic aspects of beekeepers are given under three sub-groups by the number of colonies (50≥, 51-100, 101≤). One of the principal factors is use of the old types of beehive. In this paper, the effect of old and new type beehive use on the honey production in Turkey has been examined. A time series data between 1936 and 2005 has been used in analyzing by ARD model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of Nosema apis (Zander) in honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) in the province of Muğla which is one of the major beekeeping areas in Turkey. 4320 worker honey bees were collected from 108 apiaries in autumn (13-15 November 2006) and spring (9-11 April 2007). They were examined in Hacettepe University Honey Bee Health Laboratory. All of the apiaries were infected with nosema. The number of spores per bee was ranged in a wide scale. According to the results, no significant difference was seen between the districts; however there was significant difference between the seasons and disease level declined in spring. In addition, the question "Is nosemosis caused the spring bee loses?" has still been discussing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, migratory beekeeping behavior, which is an important form of beekeeping, has been modeled. Modeling was performed in conditions of Turkey. Modeling was made by considering food sources (nectar / pollen) and meteorological variables (temperature, humidity, number of rainy days, number of cloudy days and sunshine duration) for Turkey in which migratory beekeeping carried out in a different form than in developed countries. The main output in migratory beekeeping is honey production. Considering honey production, modeling has been made with the food sources and meteorological variables that have the greatest effect on honey production. Since the data set developed for modeling consists of relatively few samples, the ensemble learning approach was preferred from the machine learning approaches. Random Forest and Decision Tree algorithms, which are among the ensemble learning techniques, were used. As a result, the migratory beekeeping behavior was correctly classified at a rate of 92%. As a result of classification of Turkey's 81 provinces in five different categories, it was concluded that 33 provinces are suitable for migratory beekeeping at different times of the year. These 33 provinces are regions in the "good" and "very good" categories. In the next stage, thematic maps were produced for migratory beekeepers. Maps were produced for each month of the year. Thus, a guidance and information system has been obtained for migratory beekeepers. • In this study, migratory beekeeping was modeled considering meteorological variables and nectar sources. • Modeling ensemble learning techniques were used. • Modeling was performed with an accuracy of 92%. • As a result of the modeling, practical information is given to the migratory beekeepers with thematic maps for the whole country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]