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Giant Indian Gooseberry (GIG) or Phyllanthus indofischeri Bennet are commercially cultivated and commonly used herbs in Traditional medicine, especially in Thailand. The aim of this study was to assess the potential of the GIG extracts in anti-aging activities to be a dermatological application. The juice, meat residues, and seeds of GIG collected from Sra Kaeo Province, Thailand, were extracted by the Boiling method (B) and the Maceration process (M) by using 95% ethanol as a solvent. The GIG extracts gave the total phenolic, total flavonoid contents and quercetin contents, as well as exhibited anti-oxidative activities. The GIG-R-B extract inhibited tyrosinase activity and had the highest anti-melanogenesis activity on B16F10 cells at 31.63 ± 0.70%. The GIG-S-B, GIG-S-M, and GIG-R-M extracts demonstrated the highest collagen biosynthesis, which was comparable to vitamin C (p < 0.05), whereas the GIG-R-B extracts gave the highest stimulation of anti-aging genes (SIRT1 and FOXO1). All extracts at the concentration of 0.1 mg/mL showed no cytotoxicity on human skin fibroblasts. Therefore, the GIG-S-B extract was discovered to be a promising natural anti-aging agent for dermatological health and aesthetic applications that can be further developed in cosmetic, functional food and food supplement industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new diterpenoid, phyllane C (1), along with three known compounds, ovoideal E (2), spruceanol (3), and fluacinoid B (4) were isolated from the leaves of Phyllanthus acidus growing in Thailand. The structures were determined by analysis of their MS and NMR data as well as by comparison with literature values. DFT-NMR chemical shift calculations and subsequent DP4/DP4+ probability methods were applied to define the relative configuration of 1. Compound 3 showed a weak cytotoxicity against K562 cell line (IC50 41.9 ± 2.31 µg/mL). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phyllanthus acidus, an evergreen shrub or tree in Euphorbiaceae, is mainly distributed in Thailand, Vietnam, Myanmar, Laos, etc. It is also introduced and cultivated in Xishuangbanna and Yuanjiang areas of Yunnan Province, China. The fruits are edible and the plant has been widely used to treat various diseases, such as hypertension, asthma, diabetes, dermatitis, fever, smallpox, and so on, by the local people of its growing areas. Moreover, the young leaves are utilized as edible vegetables in Indonesia, Thailand and India. Phytochemical studies yielded sesquiterpenes, diterpenes and triterpenes from roots and stems, and flavonoids as the major chemical constituents from the leaves. Some constituents showed obvious anti-hepatitis B virus(HBV), anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective and anti-hypertensive activities. For example, parts of the norbisabolane sesquiterpenes displayed potential anti-HBV activities, with IC50 values of 0.8-36 μmol·L-1 against HBV surface antigen(HBsAg)and HBV excreted antigen(HBeAg), and the results indicate that the ketal group at C-5 and sugar moieties at C-13 play important roles in the selectivity of HBsAg and HBeAg. This paper reviews the research progress of chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of the plant from 1966 to 2020, which provides scientific evidence and reference for its future study, spread, application and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel highly oxygenated norbisabolane sesquiterpene, namely phyllanthacidoid U (1), along with nine known sesquiterpenes (2–10) was isolated from the roots and stems of Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels (Phyllanthaceae), collected from Xishuangbanna, Yunnan province, China. Their structures were elucidated by means of extensive spectroscopic analysis and by comparison of their data with reported values in literatures. Instead of the C-13 ester O-glycosyl found mostly in the titled plant growing in Thailand, compound 1 possessed a rare N-β-glucosamine-2-N-acetate moiety linked directly to the carbonyl at C-13 through an amido bond. Moreover, the acyl group at C-10 in 1 was (Z)-2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-pent-2-enedioyl group, instead of benzoic or p-hydroxybenzoic moieties found commonly in the reported norbisabolane sesquiterpenes. The known sesquiterpene 5 displayed stronger anti hepatitis B virus (HBV) activity with IC50 values of 1.69 ± 0.22 and 2.79 ± 0.69 μM towards HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) and HBV excreted antigen (HBeAg) secretion, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two Phyllanthus species are newly described from a limestone mountain in the north of Thailand. The first species, P. huamotensis Pornp., Chantar. & J.Parn., sp. nov., is one of the most distinct Phyllanthus species easily distinguished by its reddish branchlets and stem, conspicuous reddish venation, especially on the lower leaf surface, red sepals with long fimbriate margin and red capsule with papillose-puberulous surface. The second species, P. chantaranothaii Pornp., J.Parn. & Hodk., sp. nov., is similar to P. pulcher Wall. ex Müll. Arg., but it is distinguished by its puberulous upper leaf surface and pistillate flowers which have red, narrowly lanceolate sepals with a white, long fimbriate margin, puberulous outer side as well as puberulous pedicel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Age-related diseases (ARDs) and cellular senescence are significant concerns as the aging population increases in Thailand and the ASEAN region. Oxidative stress, induced by free radicals that result in the formation of senescent cells (SCs), is a primary contributor to ARDs. Antioxidant-rich plants have potential in mitigating free radical-related diseases, but their safety for normal cells requires careful investigation. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-oxidative and anti-senescence properties of Amaranthus dubius leaves (AD), Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton seeds (PF), and Phyllanthus emblica fruits (PE), commonly used in culinary and traditional medicine in northern Thailand. The study assessed the phytochemical composition of the plant extracts by GC-MS, their total phenolic content, ability to scavenge free radicals and H 2 O 2 , and their potential for DNA damage protection, cellular senescence prevention, and restoration. The results showed that all plant extracts possessed antioxidant, H 2 O 2 scavenging, and DNA damage protection properties, with PE displaying the highest efficacy. AD and PF were potentially non-toxic, whereas PE was observed to be harmful to HDF-a after 24-h treatment, with all extracts exhibiting potential harm after 72 h. Additionally, all extracts showed preventive properties against oxidative stress and cellular senescence but were not restorative, with PE exhibiting the greatest performance. In conclusion, PE displayed the most significant preventive properties against oxidative stress and cellular senescence, making it a potential candidate for supplement development to potentially mitigate the risk of ARDs occurrence. • Oxidative stress (OS) and cellular senescence causes age-related diseases (ARDs). • Antioxidants from the spinach, Perilla, and Indian gooseberry reduce ARD risks. • Safety dose of plant extracts to normal cells is vital and needs further studies. • 200 μg/mL of all extracts were non-toxic to normal fibroblasts otherwise harmful. • Regular consumption of these plants and/or their products prevents risks of ARDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) has a low incidence universally, but very high incidence in the northeast of Thailand. Currently, the treatments of CCA are ineffective. Therefore, substances from natural products have been developed to replace by reducing the toxicity of chemotherapy drugs. Therefore, this study evaluated the effects of Terminalia chebula , Terminalia bellirica , and Phyllanthus emblica extracts on CCA cell lines. The total phenolic, flavonoid, tannic acid contents were determined by HPLC. Moreover, study effects of three herbs on the inhibitory effects of inflammation, cell proliferation, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and the expression of tumor genes were assesed. From the results, P. emblica exhibited the best anti-inflammatory effects and contained high total phenolic, flavonoid content, and had the highest tannic acid, while the cytotoxicity results showed that it inhibited the proliferation of CCA cell lines at 48 and 72 h and could inhibit migration in CCA cell lines. In regard to cell cycle arrest, only T. bellirica extracts were found to inhibit cell cycle arrest in the S phase. Results suggest that the treatment with all of the extracts induces apoptosis. The mRNA expression levels of apoptosis-related genes (BAX, caspase-3, caspase-9, and p53) tended to be increased, while on the other hand, the expression levels of Bcl-2 significantly decreased. The results of this research confirmed that P. emblica herbal extracts had the best inhibitory effect on growth and induced apoptosis best through the mitochondria apoptotic signaling pathway. This research is useful for developing products for the treatment of CCA in vivo [Display omitted] • Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) has a low incidence worldwide, but very high incidence in the northeast of Thailand. • Substances from natural products have been developed to replace and reduce the toxicity of chemotherapy drugs. • T. chebula, T. bellirica and P. emblica extracts can inhibited inflammation. • T. chebula, T. bellirica and P. emblica extracts had an inhibitory effect on CCA cell growth and induced apoptosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Head lice infestation (or pediculosis) is an important public health problem in Thailand, especially in children between the ages 5 and 11 years. Head lice resistance is increasing, chemical pediculicides have lost their efficacy, and, therefore, alternative pediculicides such as herbal shampoos have been proposed to treat head lice infestation. Thus, the present study investigated the efficacy of three herbal shampoos based on native plants in Thailand ( Acorus calamus Linn., Phyllanthus emblica Linn., and Zanthoxylum limonella Alston) against head lice and compared them with carbaryl shampoo (Hafif shampoo®, 0.6 % w/ v carbaryl), malathion shampoo (A-Lice shampoo®, 1.0 % w/ v malathion), and commercial shampoos (Babi Mild Natural' N Mild® and Johnson's baby shampoo®) in order to assess their in vitro and in vivo efficacy. For in vitro study, doses of 0.12 and 0.25 ml/cm of each herbal shampoo were applied to filter paper, then 10 head lice were place on the filter paper. The mortalities of head lice were recorded at 5, 15, 30, and 60 min. The results revealed that all herbal shampoo were more effective on pediculicidal activity than chemical and commercial shampoos with 100 % mortality at 15 min; LT values ranged from 0.25 to 1.90 min. Meanwhile, chemical shampoos caused 20-80 % mortality, and LT values ranged from 6.50 to 85.43 min. On the other side, commercial shampoos showed 4.0 % mortality. The most effective pediculicide was Z. limonella shampoo, followed by A. calamus shampoo, P. emblica shampoo, carbaryl shampoo, malathion shampoo, and commercial shampoo, respectively. In vivo results showed that all herbal shampoos were also more effective for head lice treatment than chemical and commercial shampoos with 94.67-97.68 % of cure rate after the first treatment; the second treatment, 7 days later, revealed that the cure rate was 100 %. Meanwhile, chemical shampoo showed 71.67-93.0 % of cure rate and, unfortunately, commercial shampoos were nontoxic to head lice and showed 0 % of cure rate after the first and the second treatments. Our data showed that three herbal shampoos of native plants in Thailand in this study are suitable to be used as pediculicides for Thai children since it is safe for children and there is no side-effect after application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Four new rare dichapetalins (1–4) were isolated from Phyllanthus acidus. • Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic data and X-ray diffraction analysis. • The isolated dichapetalins showed cytotoxicity against seven human cancer or normal cell lines. The young leaves of Phyllanthus acidus (Euphorbiaceae) are commonly used as edible vegetables in Indonesia, Thailand, and India, and their water infusions as dieting aids for people trying to remain slim. However, it is regarded as a poisonous plant in Malaya, and current researches are insufficient to provide a conclusion on its toxicity and safety under large doses. In this study, we firstly found that the refined nonpolar extracts of P. acidus leaves showed significant cytotoxic effect against BEAS-2B and L02 normal cell lines with IC 50 values of 2.15 and 1.64 mg/mL, respectively. Further bioactivity-guided isolation produced four new rare dichapetalins (pacidusins A – D) from the most active fraction. Their structures including absolute configurations were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic data and X-ray diffraction analysis. All the isolated dichapetalins exhibited moderate cytotoxicity against, BEAS-2B and L02 normal cell lines with IC 50 values ranging from 12.44 to 22.55 μM, as well as five human cancer cell lines with IC 50 values ranging from 3.38 to 22.38 μM. Furthermore, the content of the main dichapetalins in the leaves were determined by analytical HPLC, which showed that the leaves contained a very high amount of the four isolated dichapetalins with a total yield of 0.488 mg/g of dry plant material. These toxic dichapetalins may lead to adverse health effects in higher doses. Our findings indicate that the dichapetalin containing leaves may not be suitable for consumption in large quantities as food, but demonstrate their potency as anti-cancer agents for new drug discovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]