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The article talks about the Descriptions or Geographical Relations of the Archbishopric of Toledo, an illustrated project by Cardinal Lorenzana. These descriptions are an important source of information about the territories where they were made, providing data on history, demography, production, religiosity, institutions, communications, among other aspects. These descriptions were made both in Spain and in America, and questionnaires were used to gather the necessary information. The objective of these descriptions was to know the reality of the people, the towns, and the territory in order to write a history based on data and develop good governance in the New World. [Extracted from the article]

The prevalence of alcohol intake in women who become pregnant is similar to that found in the general population, especially in cases of unplanned pregnancies. Consequently, foetal exposure is high during the period of maximum vulnerability. The present study was carried out to determine the prenatal level of exposure to alcohol in Málaga, a Mediterranean region whose economy is based on the touristic sector (Costa del Sol). A cross-sectional, observational design was used to investigate the consumption of alcohol during pregnancy, based on a self-reporting questionnaire. A total of 451 women in the first, second or third trimesters of pregnancy were recruited. Consumption prevalences in each trimester were 40.7%, 25.5% and 17.1%. A higher educational level was associated with greater exposure to alcohol (risk ratio, 1.87 [1.30–2.69]). These results should alert the providers of obstetric care in touristic areas to the need for the adoption of adequate preventive measures. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article discusses the innovative experiment to improve teaching approach at the University of Granada in Spain. The experiment involves a video presentation using three-dimensional animation to show the main functions of an oscilloscope. It evaluates the excellent role of visualization tools in science education.

Background: Ischemic stroke (IS) represents a significant health burden globally, necessitating a better understanding of its genetic underpinnings to improve prevention and treatment strategies. Despite advances in IS genetics, studies focusing on the Spanish population and sex-stratified analyses are lacking., Methods: A case-control genome-wide association study was conducted with 9081 individuals (3493 IS cases and 5588 healthy controls). IS subtypes using Trial of ORG 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment criteria were explored in a sex-stratified approach. Replication efforts involved the MEGASTROKE, GIGASTROKE, and the UK Biobank international cohorts. Post-genome-wide association study analysis included: in silico proteomic analysis, gene-based analysis, quantitative trait loci annotation, transcriptome-wide association analysis, and bioinformatic analysis using chromatin accessibility data., Results: Identified as associated with IS and its subtypes were 4 significant and independent loci. Replication confirmed 5p15.2 as a new locus associated with small-vessel occlusion stroke, with rs59970332-T as the lead variant (beta [SE], 0.13 [0.02]; P =4.34×10 -8 ). Functional analyses revealed CTNND2 given proximity and its implication in pathways involved in vascular integrity and angiogenesis. Integration of Hi-C data identified additional potentially modulated genes, and in silico proteomic analysis suggested a distinctive blood proteome profile associated with the lead variant. Gene-set enrichment analyses highlighted pathways consistent with small-vessel disease pathogenesis. Gene-based associations with known stroke-related genes such as F2 and FGG were also observed, reinforcing the relevance of our findings., Conclusions: We found CTNND2 as a potential key molecule in small-vessel occlusion stroke risk, and predominantly in males. This study sheds light on the genetic architecture of IS in the Spanish population, providing novel insights into sex-specific associations and potential molecular mechanisms. Further research, including replication in larger cohorts, is essential for a comprehensive understanding of these findings and for their translation to clinical practice., Competing Interests: Dr Arenillas reports compensation from Medtronic, Daiichi Sankyo, Boehringer Ingelheim, and Pfizer for consultant services; grants from AstraZeneca, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, European Commission and Gerencia de Salud Castilla y León; compensation from Philips for data and safety monitoring services; travel support from Daiichi Sankyo Company. Dr Ribo reports stock holdings in Methinks, Nora, and Ancaonda Biomed; compensation from Cerenovus, Vesalio, Stryker Corporation, Philips, Rapid Pulse, AptaTargets, and Medtronic MiniMed Inc for consultant services; compensation from Sensome for data and safety monitoring services. Dr Heitsch reports employment by Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis; reports funding from National Institutes of Health and American Heart Association. Dr Dhar reports grants from National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. The other authors report no conflicts.

Aim: Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) and stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) are essential tools in radiation oncology. In Spain, the use of these techniques continues to grow as older linear accelerators (linacs) are replaced with modern equipment. However, little is known about inter-centre variability in prescription and dose heterogeneity limits. Consequently, the SBRT-Spanish Task Group (SBRT-SG) of the Spanish Society of Radiation Oncology (SEOR) has undertaken an initiative to assess prescription and homogeneity in SRS/SBRT treatment. In the present study, we surveyed radiation oncology (RO) departments to obtain a realistic overview of prescription methods used for SBRT and SRS treatment in Spain., Methods: A brief survey was developed and sent to 34 RO departments in Spain, mostly those who are members of the SEOR SBRT-SG. The survey contained seven questions about the specific prescription mode, dose distribution heterogeneity limits, prescription strategies according to SRS/SBRT type, and the use of IMRT-VMAT (Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy-Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy)., Results: Responses were received from 29 centres. Most centres (59%) used the prescription criteria D 95%  ≥ 100%. Accepted dose heterogeneity was wide, ranging from 107 to 200%. Most centres used IMRT-VMAT (93%)., Conclusions: This survey about SRS/SBRT prescription and dose heterogeneity has evidenced substantial inter-centre variability in prescription criteria, particularly for intended and accepted dose heterogeneity. These differences could potentially influence the mean planning target volume dose and its correlation with treatment outcomes. The findings presented here will be used by the SEOR SBRT-SG to develop recommendations for SRS/SBRT dose prescription and heterogeneity., (© 2021. Federación de Sociedades Españolas de Oncología (FESEO).)

Background: Intraductal (IDC) and cribriform (CRIB) histologies in prostate cancer have been associated with germline BRCA2 (gBRCA2) mutations in small retrospective series, leading to the recommendation of genetic testing for patients with IDC in the primary tumour., Patients and Methods: To examine the association of gBRCA2 mutations and other tumour molecular features with IDC and/or cribriform (CRIB) histologies, we conducted a case-control study in which primary prostate tumours from 58 gBRCA2 carriers were matched (1:2) by Gleason Grade Group and specimen type to 116 non-carriers. Presence/absence of IDC and CRIB morphologies was established by two expert uropathologists blinded to gBRCA2 status. Fluorescent in-situ hybridization (FISH) and next-generation sequencing (NGS) were used to detect BRCA2 alterations, PTEN deletions and TMPRSS2-ERG fusions. Chi-squared tests were used to compare the frequency of IDC and CRIB in gBRCA2 carriers and controls and to assess associations with other variables. Logistic regression models were constructed to identify independent factors associated with both histology patterns., Results: No significant differences between gBRCA2 carriers and non-carriers were observed in the prevalence of IDC (36% gBRCA2 versus 50% non-carriers, p = 0.085) or CRIB (53% gBRCA2 versus 43% non-carriers p = 0.197) patterns. However, IDC histology was independently associated with bi-allelic BRCA2 alterations (OR 4.3, 95%CI 1.1-16.2) and PTEN homozygous loss (OR 5.2, 95%CI 2.1-13.1). CRIB morphology was also independently associated with bi-allelic BRCA2 alterations (OR 5.6, 95%CI 1.7-19.3)., Conclusions: While we found no association between gBRCA2 mutations and IDC or CRIB histologies, bi-allelic BRCA2 loss in primary prostate tumours was significantly associated with both variant morphologies, independently of other clinical-pathologic factors., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest statement R.L. declares speaker fees from Roche, Janssen, Sanofi and Bayer, and travel support from Roche, Janssen, Sanofi and Astellas Pharma. S.S. declares honoraria from Amgen, Bristol-Meyers Squibb, Merck, Merck Serono consulting or Advisory Role from AstraZeneca and Merck, research funding from AstraZeneca, Merck Sharp and Dohme, Amgen and Endocyte. F.L-C. declares consulting or Advisory Role from Astella Pharma, speaker fees from Janseen, Astellas Pharma, Research Funding from Astellas Pharma (Inst) and travel support from Astellas Pharma and Janssen. J.R-B. declares consulting or Advisory Role from Janssen, Astellas Pharma and Bayer, and Research Funding from HealthMDx (Inst). J.R.B declares consulting or advisory role from Astellas Pharma, Bayer and Janssen-Cilag and research funding from MDxHealth (Inst). C.L. declares honoraria from Roche and travel support from Astellas Pharma and Angelini. N.R-L. declares speaker fees from MSD, consulting or Advisory Role from Ipsen, Astellas Pharma, Bayer, Tesaro, AstraZeneca and Sanofi, research funding from Janssen (Inst), and Pfizer (Inst) and travel support from Janssen. F.Z. declares expert testimony for Sanofi and travel support from Ipsen. D.L. declares speaker fees from Janssen, Bayer, Astellas Pharma, Sanofi, Pfizer and BMS, consulting or Advisory Role from Sanofi, and travel support from Janssen, and Astellas Pharma. J.M. declares consulting or advisory role from Astra Zeneca, Janssen and Roche, speaker's bureau from Astellas Pharma, AstraZeneca and Sanofi and travel support from AstraZeneca, Ipsen and Sanofi. C.C.P. declares consulting or Advisory Role from AstraZeneca and Promega. E.S.A. declares honoraria and consulting or advisory role from Astellas, AstraZeneca, Clovis Oncology, Dendreon, ESSA, Janssen Biotech, Medivation, Merck, Sanofi; Research Funding from Aragon Pharmaceuticals (Inst), Astellas (Inst), AstraZeneca (Inst), Clovis Oncology (Inst), Constellation Pharmaceuticals (Inst), Dendreon (Inst), Exelixis (Inst), Genetech (Inst), Janssen Biotech (Inst), Johnson&Johnson (Inst), Merck (Inst), Millennium (Inst), Novartis (Inst), Sanofi (Inst) and Tokai pharmaceuticals (Inst); co-inventor of a biomarker technology licensed to Qiagen. D.O. declares honoraria from Bayer, Janssen and Sanofi, consulting or Advisory Role from AstraZeneca, Bayer, Clovis, Daiichi-Sankyo, Janssen, MSD and Roche, research funding from Astellas (Inst), AstraZeneca (Inst), Bayer (Inst), Genentech (Inst), Janssen (Inst), Medivation (Inst), MSD (Inst), Pfizer (Inst), F. Hoffman-Roche (Inst) and Tokai Pharmaceutics (Inst) and travel support from Bayer, Ipsen, Janssen and Roche. T.L. declares consulting or advisory role for Janssen and research funding from DeepBio and Ventana Medical Systems. E.C. declares honoraria from Astellas Pharma, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Clovis, Janssen, Pfizer and Roche, consulting or Advisory Roles for AstraZeneca, Bayer, Janssen, MSD and Pfizer, research funding from AstraZeneca (Inst), Bayer (Inst) and Janssen (Inst) and travel support from Astra Zeneca, Bayer and Janssen. D.C.S, I.M.A., H.T., A.M.G-P., L.M., T.D., A.S., J.D.P, I.G., M.I.P., T.G. and P.P-L. do not have any relationships to disclose., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: Advanced therapies are increasingly demanded by patients with the intent of treating some incurable conditions. Because family medicine professionals play an important role as health educators, their residency programs should incorporate new knowledge related to advanced therapies. To successfully implement these programs, how family medicine residents perceive these therapies should be investigated. The main components of perception, i.e. conceptual, procedural and attitudinal, refer to knowledge, skills and feelings, respectively., Methods and Findings: We designed a specific questionnaire to assess the components of perceptions of advanced therapies in 300 medical residents enrolled in the Spanish National Family Medicine Residency Program. Each component consisted of 4 or 5 topics and each topic contained 6 items. Respondents scored highest in the procedural component (average 4.12±1.00), followed by the attitudinal (3.94±1.07) and conceptual component (3.04±1.43). Differences among the three components were statistically significant (p<0.00017). Family medicine residents perceived that procedures to implement advanced therapies are well established, especially their application. However, they felt their cognitive background was insufficient to respond efficiently to the expectations generated by these new therapeutic tools, especially in the regulatory framework. High awareness of the risks and limitations of these treatments was reflected by residents' preference for clinically tested therapies. Although they appropriately situated treatment with these therapies within hospital care, they associated the biofabrication of novel products with research centers, although these therapeutic tools can be produced in different facilities., Conclusions: These results are potentially useful for designing future training programs and health policies for family medicine residents, and suggest the need to implement specific training programs in advanced therapies at the conceptual, procedural and attitudinal level., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Introduction: Subjective cognitive decline (SCD) has been proposed as a potential preclinical stage of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Nevertheless, the genetic and biomarker profiles of SCD individuals remain mostly unexplored., Methods: We evaluated apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4's effect in the risk of presenting SCD, using the Fundacio ACE Healthy Brain Initiative (FACEHBI) SCD cohort and Spanish controls, and performed a meta-analysis addressing the same question. We assessed the relationship between APOE dosage and brain amyloid burden in the FACEHBI SCD and Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative cohorts., Results: Analysis of the FACEHBI cohort and the meta-analysis demonstrated SCD individuals presented higher allelic frequencies of APOE ε4 with respect to controls. APOE dosage explained 9% (FACEHBI cohort) and 11% (FACEHBI and Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative cohorts) of the variance of cerebral amyloid levels., Discussion: The FACEHBI sample presents APOE ε4 enrichment, suggesting that a pool of AD patients is nested in our sample. Cerebral amyloid levels are partially explained by the APOE allele dosage, suggesting that other genetic or epigenetic factors are involved in this AD endophenotype., (Copyright © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The objective of this paper is to describe the implementation and use of context aware information in Spanish from MedlinePlus embedded in a Patient Portal. Personalized information can help patients solve problems, make treatment decisions, gain confidence in their ability to care for themselves and communicate with providers. To integrate MedlinePlus information in our institutional PHR we used the HL7 Context-Aware Knowledge Retrieval Standard, also known as the Infobutton Standard. After analysing one year of use, patients accessed MedlinePlus information in Spanish in a similar rate to other personalized information generated locally. Infobuttons associated to laboratory test results were used in approximately 10% of patients portal sessions when reviewing lab results.

Background: Similarities between human inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and ruminant paratuberculosis have fueled a heated discussion on the role of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) in the etiology of IBD., Methods: In order to determine microbiological and immunological evidence of an association between MAP and IBD, blood from 222 inflammatory bowel disease patients and 80 healthy donors from the Basque Country (Spain) were subjected to nested PCR for MAP-specific insertion sequence IS900, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) release test with PPA-3 MAP antigen (IFNMAP) or phosphate-buffered saline (IFNPBS), and antibody ELISA with PPA-3 MAP antigen (ABMAP)., Results: Highly significant differences in the proportion of PCR-positive IBD patients (17%) and healthy controls (43%) as well as lower IFNMAP and higher ABMAP and IFNPBS responses were observed. Treatment was associated with decreases in IFNMAP and PCR-positive frequency., Conclusions: These results indicate the existence of immune responses and treatment interactions with MAP that strongly support an etiological role of this agent in IBD.