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Herbal medicines are natural remedies derived from plants or plant extracts. They have been used for thousands of years in traditional medicine and are still widely used today as alternative treatments for various health conditions. In this study, the antiviral effects of the volatile oils of Thymus vulgaris and Lavandula angustifolia were examined separately after identifying the constituents of the volatile oils of these two plants. Two plants, Thymus vulgaris and Lavandula angustifolia, grown in the open air, were collected from the surrounding plains of Mirny and Ust-Ilimsk cities in Russia, respectively. Using a Clevenger apparatus, the oil was independently extracted from each plant by distillation with water. By using gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS), the obtained volatile oil was examined. The antiviral effects of these two plants' essential oils were then studied independently on herpes simplex virus (HSV-1). These viruses can quickly multiply on HeLa or HEp-2 cancer cells and produce effects that specifically cause cytopathic effect. In the essential oil of the Lavandula angustifolia, 24 compounds including thymol, carvacrol, p-Cymene and caryophyllene were identified. In the essential oil of Thymus vulgaris, 27 substances including terpenin-4-L, p-cymene, γ-terpinene and sabinene were identified. Also, the antiviral effects of the volatile oil of these two plants were investigated separately with a concentration of 10-4 on HeLa cells infected with HSV-1, and the result was negative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A general description of the region of research is presented; the features of geomorphology, topography, and prevailing soil-forming rocks are considered in detail. The climatic features of the middle and northern taiga of the European part of Russia are characterized. A brief description of the objects of study (vegetation and soils) with information on the time of impact on ecosystems is given. Abbreviations for the studied plots that are used in further text are explained. The methodological approaches and research methods used in this study are described. The concept of soil successions is introduced. The methods of chemical analysis and soil diagnostics applied in this study are described in detail. The methods of densimetric fractionation, hydrophobic interaction chromatography, and integration of 13C-NMR spectra of soil organic matter are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The crystal structure of magnesian halotrichite has been refined for two samples collected as white efflorescences from the surface of geothermal fields associated with the Koshelevsky (sample VK4-09) and Centralny Semyachik (sample SC2-20) volcanoes (both Kamchatka peninsula, Russia). Halotrichite and its Mg-rich varieties are common products of the acid leaching of rocks, both volcanic and technogenic. The crystal structures of two halotrichite crystals were refined in the P21/n space group (vs. P21/c used previously) with the unit-cell parameters a = 6.1947(2)/6.1963(5) Å, b = 24.2966(8)/24.2821(14) Å, c = 21.0593(8)/21.063(2) Å, β = 96.512(4)/96.563(9) º, V = 3149.2(2)/3148.3(5) Å3, Z = 4 to R1 = 0.055 and 0.067 for 5673 and 3936 reflections with I > 2σI reflections, respectively. The crystal structure consists of isolated Al(H2O)6 octahedra, SO4 tetrahedra, H2O molecules and [X(SO4)(H2O)5]0 clusters (X = Fe, Mg). The chemical analyses of both samples show their enrichment of Mg at the Fe2+ site. The analysis of geometrical parameters of the crystal structures of halotrichite and its Mg-analogue pickeringite suggests that the localization of O atoms carried out in this work is more accurate and the single-crystal X-ray diffraction data for the first time allowed localization of hydrogen atom positions. The refined number of H2O molecules agrees with the ideal chemical formula. The crystal structure complexity of halotrichite is estimated as IG, total = 2305 bits/cell, which belongs to the family of very complex mineral structures. The contribution of hydrogen bonding system plays a significant role in the overall bonding scheme and the overall complexity of the crystal structure, increasing the Shannon information amount more than twice from IG, total(noH) = 988 bits/cell (no hydrogen atoms) to IG, total = 2305 bits/cell (all atoms including hydrogen). The comparative distribution of halotrichite relative to other Fe-Al hydrated sulfates from the standpoint of structural complexity is considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A complex of physicochemical studies was conducted: chemical analysis, x-ray phase analysis, differential thermal analysis, microstructure analysis of ash-slag waste (ASW) from Apatitskaya CHPP and Severodvinskaya TPP-1. It has been established that these materials are promising raw materials for the silicate industry, because in terms of structure as well as chemical and phase composition they represent an amorphous aluminosilicate composition that does not undergo phase transformations during heat treatment. ASW can be used in the production of temperature-curable eco-geopolymers for road construction in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to assess the ecological state of the soil of a megalopolis (St. Petersburg) located in the North-West of the Russian Federation using bioassay in order to create a set of the most sensitive biotests. For this, 4-year monitoring studies of the soil quality in different functional zones of the city were carried out using the bioassay, physicochemical, and chemical analyses. A set of express biotests that allow for an integral ecotoxicological assessment of urban soils was developed and tested for the first time. The developed block of biotests consists of test organisms that are representatives of the main levels of the trophic chain: higher plants (Triticum vulgare L.) for producers, hydrobionts (Paramecium caudatum) for consumers, and natural soil microbiocenosis for decomposers. All the test cultures revealed the toxicity of urban soils; they were characterized by different sensitivities to toxicants. Our result showed that a correct assessment of the ecological state of urban soils is possible on the basis of the combined use of eluate (water extract) and contact bioassays. Biotests make it possible to record negative phenomena in urban soils, which occur even under low human-induced loads. The research data confirm the necessity and effectiveness of the study of the soils' state using a battery of bioassays for inclusion in the monitoring system of urban soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The region of Ridge B in central East Antarctica is one of the last unexplored parts of the continent and, at the same time, ranks among the most promising places to search for Earth's oldest ice. In January 2020, we carried out the first scientific traverse from Russia's Vostok Station to the topographical dome of Ridge B (Dome B, 3807 m above sea level, 79.02°S, 93.69°E). The glaciological programme included continuous snow-radar profiling and geodetic positioning along the traverse's route, installation of snow stakes, measurements of snow density, collection of samples for stable water isotope and chemical analyses and drilling of a 20 m firn core. The first results of the traverse show that the surface mass balance at Dome B (2.28 g cm−2 year−1) is among the lowest in Antarctica. The firn temperature below the layer of annual variations is −58.1 ± 0.2°C. A very low value of heavy water stable isotope content (-58.2‰ for oxygen-18) was discovered at a distance of 170 km from Vostok Station. This work is the first step towards a comprehensive reconnaissance study of the Ridge B area aimed at locating the best site for future deep drilling for the oldest Antarctic ice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Srednaya Akhtuba outcrop provides a detailed record of the Late Pleistocene continental and marine deposits and paleosols from MIS5 to MIS1. The MIS5 chronozone is presented by a continuous pedosedimentary sequence with three well-developed paleosols. The paper is based on the study of depositional environment and pedostratigraphy, with OSL chronological framework and precise altitude references. Field data are supported by chemical analyses, micromorphology, and clay mineralogy. A detailed study of MIS5 paleosols was first conducted for the Lower Volga area. Pedosedimentary sequence at that time developed on the river terrace in a backswamp and/or wetland influenced by extremely slow-moving stream after long seasonal floods. Thin loess layers were deposited during the brief episodes of low flood activity, while fluvial heavy loams – at the time of more intensive flooding. Mollic Gleysols and Fluvic Chernozems have been formed in the arid or semi-arid climate with seasonal freezing under productive wet meadows. Changes in the depositional environment resulted in the formation of welded paleosols, marked by textural difference, cryogenic levels, and accretionary humus horizons. Despite the complicated depositional pattern and the influence of seasonal floods, the MIS5 pedosedimentary sequence may serve as a good stratigraphic marker for the onset of Late Pleistocene allowing correlation with loess-paleosol sequences of the whole Ponto-Caspian region and linking it with the global stratigraphic schemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dark blue lazurite from the Malo-Bystrinskoe lazurite deposit, Baikal Lake area, Eastern Siberian region, Russia, was analyzed by electron microprobe and revealed an unusually high content of total sulfur corresponding to 8.3 wt% S. The relative content of sulfur in sulfate and sulfur in sulfide form was determined by wet chemical analysis. The H2O content was measured by means of differential thermal analysis in combination with mass spectrometry and infrared (IR) spectroscopy. The charge-balanced empirical formula of lazurite calculated on the basis of 12 (Al+Si) atoms per formula unit was N a 6.97 C a 0.88 K 0.10 Σ 7.96 A l 5.96 S i 6.04 Σ 12 O 24 S O 4 1.09 2 − S 3 − 0.55 S 0.05 2 − C l 0.04 ⋅ 0.72 H 2 O. $\left(\mathrm{Na}_{6.97} \mathrm{Ca}_{0.88} \mathrm{~K}_{0.10}\right)_{\Sigma 7.96}\left[\left(\mathrm{Al}_{5.96} \mathrm{Si}_{6.04}\right)_{\Sigma 12} \mathrm{O}_{24}\right]\left(\mathrm{SO}_{4}\right)_{1.09}^{2-}\left(\mathrm{S}_{3}^{-}\right)_{0.55} \mathrm{~S}_{0.05}^{2-} \mathrm{Cl}_{0.04} \cdot 0.72 \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}.$ The presence of H2O molecules and (S3)– and (SO4)2– groups was confirmed by the combination of IR, Raman, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and X‑ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) methods. The idealized formula of lazurite is Na7Ca[Al6Si6O24](SO4)2–(S3)–·H2O, and it is believed that extra-framework cations and anions are grouped into clusters of [Na3Ca·SO4]3+ and [Na4(S3)–]3+. The types of isomorphous substitutions in nosean and haüyne are discussed. Lazurite is a clathrate-type mineral, which may be an effective (S3)– sensor due to the stability of the trisulfur radical anion in isolated cages of the crystal structure. This specific feature makes it possible to study the behavior of this ubiquitous radical anion over larger T and P ranges as compared to free species. This kind of lazurite, with oxidized and reduced sulfur species, seems to be appropriate for the estimation of the fugacity of SO2 and O2 in metasomatic systems forming lazurite-containing rocks. The systematic presence of incommensurate modulations is a unique structural feature of Baikal lazurite and may be an important marker indicating provenance of the mineral. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermal power plants (TPP) belong to the enterprises that accompany the development of any city. These industrial facilities consume and discharge large amounts of water. Therefore, thermal power plants are often located near water bodies that need to assess their ecological state and predict the consequences of the anthropogenic impact. The purpose of the work was to assess the ecological state of the floodplain Lake Ivanovskoye (Russia, Kirov region), which receives the wastewater from a thermal power plant, using a triadic approach and comparing the results of chemical analysis, bioassay and bioindication. It was shown that the main pollutant in the lake and the canal connecting Lake Ivanovskoye with the nearest river Vyatka is ammonium ion (up to 3.2 mg/dm3). In addition, the Russian standards for biological oxygen consumption are exceeded (analysis period is 20 days). The tests for the toxicity of wastewater showed inhibition of Paramecium caudatum and Escherichia coli reactions. In contrast, natural surface water from Lake Ivanovskoye stimulated the test functions of Scenedesmus quadricauda, P. caudatum, and E. coli. The death of Daphnia magna in the samples were not recorded. The totality of the facts pointed to the organic nature of pollution, leading to the anthropogenic eutrophication of the lake. The hypothesis was tested by using the bioindication method and by analyzing the totality of species of coastal aquatic plants. It was shown that the reservoir belongs to the mesotrophic type with a moderate degree of pollution, which decreases with distance from the wastewater discharge points. The increase in the trophicity of the reservoir is facilitated by thermal pollution (up to +15?) and an alkaline pH of wastewater (up to 9.2). Thus, the joint analysis of the results of chemical analysis, bioassay and bioindication made it possible to carry out an objective assessment of the ecological state of the reservoir and identify the reasons for the revealed facts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A green tourmaline sample from the Tzarevskoye uranium-vanadium deposit, close to the Srednyaya Padma deposit, Lake Onega, Karelia Republic, Russia, has been found to be the second world-occurrence of Cr-rich vanadio-oxy-dravite in addition to the Pereval marble quarry, Sludyanka crystalline complex, Lake Baikal, Russia, type-locality. From the crystal-structure refinement and chemical analysis, the following empirical formula is proposed: X(Na0.96K0.02□0.02)Σ1.00 Y(V1.34Al0.68Mg0.93Cu0.022+Zn0.01Ti0.01)Σ3.00 Z(Al3.19Cr1.36V0.03Mg1.42)Σ6.00(TSi6O18)(BBO3)3V(OH)3 W[O0.60(OH)0.23F0.17]Σ1.00.Together with the data from the literature, a compositional overview of Al-V-Cr-Fe3+-tourmalines is provided by using [6]Al-V-Cr-Fe3+ diagrams for tourmaline classification. These diagrams further simplify the tourmaline nomenclature as they merge the chemical information over the octahedrally-coordinated sites (Y and Z) by removing the issues of uncertainty associated with cation order-disorder across Y and Z. Results show the direct identification of tourmalines by using the chemical data alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2012, the ruins of a temple of the old Russian period were found during archaeological research in the medieval historical territory of Smolensk. The archaeological complex consists of the ruins of an ancient temple, built in the middle of the XIIth century AD, and adjacent to it from the South-West of the territory, which housed the remains of the market XI-turn XIII-XIV centuries AD and necropolis XIII–XVI centuries AD. Chronologically diverse use of the investigated territory up to the XVIth century AD was determined by the nearby Church. Approximately 1000 fragments of wall paintings, 5 fragments window glass and 4 glazed floor tiles were found near the ruins of the Church building. For the first time fragments of wall paintings medieval of Old Russian temple were dated by the AMS radiocarbon dating and went through chemical-technological research (analysis of the plaster foundation, the definition of used pigments) by X-RAY diffractometry (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM/EDS). Optical microscopy also was used for visual observations of the samples of the wall painting. According to the results of the radiocarbon analysis, the fragments of the wall paintings were divided into two chronological groups. The earlier belongs to the last quarter of the XIIth–the first quarter of the XIIIth century AD. Samples of the wall paintings from the second group are dated back to the third quarter of the XIIIth century AD. A narrow range of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon dating of fragments of the murals, obtained from carbonates due to the presence of high content of C14 isotope in carbon of the plaster, is simultaneous in age to the moment of creation of the plaster base. As a result of chemical and technological researches of the fragments of the wall paintings it was established that the plaster basis of the fragments of the wall painting consists of two layers. The plaster base contains organic binders. Chemical and technological analysis of pigments presents the following results: (1) the basis of the blue paint layer is ultramarine (mineral) and anatase (mineral); (2) the basis of the green paint layer is celadonite (mineral); (3) the basis of the brown paint layer is ochre (clay); (4) black particles in the colorful mixture of brown is an organic wood coal pigment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability to distinguish between different migratory behaviours (e.g., anadromy and potamodromy) in fish can provide important insights into the ecology, evolution, and conservation of many aquatic species. We present a simple stable carbon isotope (δ13C) approach for distinguishing between sockeye (anadromous ocean migrants) and kokanee (potamodromous freshwater residents), two migratory ecotypes of Oncorhynchus nerka (Salmonidae) that is applicable throughout most of their range across coastal regions of the North Pacific Ocean. Analyses of kokanee (n = 239) and sockeye (n = 417) from 87 sites spanning the North Pacific (Russia to California) show that anadromous and potamodromous ecotypes are broadly distinguishable on the basis of the δ13C values of their scale and bone collagen. We present three case studies demonstrating how this approach can address questions in archaeology, archival, and conservation research. Relative to conventional methods for determining migratory status, which typically apply chemical analyses to otoliths or involve genetic analyses of tissues, the δ13C approach outlined here has the benefit of being non-lethal (when applied to scales), cost-effective, widely available commercially, and should be much more broadly accessible for addressing archaeological questions since the recovery of otoliths at archaeological sites is rare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses spectra of the radiance coefficient of the sea surface measured in the open ocean and in coastal waters, and different kinds of these spectra corresponding to the water types are revealed. The focus is the method of measuring the radiance coefficient from a moving ship with a hyperspectral spectrophotometer. The results of studying a water area of Russia's Black Sea coast at river mouths are presented. A new calibration method that can process measurement results taking into account the impact of cloudiness and wind has been proposed and tested. The concentrations of the main admixtures in natural seawater in the studied water area are estimated according to the obtained spectra; these estimates are compared to the results of direct analysis of water samples. It has been shown that the method of remote measurement of the sea radiance coefficient from on board a ship makes it possible to obtain operative maps of the spatial distribution of the main seawater admixtures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Basic methods were examined for analytical chemical monitoring at chemical weapons facilities. The database for this monitoring is found in a separate section 1-KhO of the State Register of Measurement Methods, which is part of the Federal Information Foundation for the Assurance of Measurement Uniformity. These monitoring methods are based on analysis of the project design documentation of chemical weapon destruction facilities and have emerged from investigations in chemical weapon disarmament over the past 11 years, in particular, at the Inversiya Technology Center. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The organizational principles of the international system of uniformity of analytic chemical measurements implemented by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures and the Consultative Committee on Quantity of a Material - Metrology in Chemistry are described. The degree of participation of Russian metrological institutes in the implementation of the international agreement on mutual recognition of national standards and calibration certificates is considered. An estimate of the level of measurement and calibration capabilities of Russian metrological institutes is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The review presents studies of Russian authors over the past 15 years on microfluidic systems and their application in chemical analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main achievements of Russian scientists in recent decades in the fields of adsorption, solvent extraction, and other methods of the analytical preconcentration of inorganic and organic microcomponents are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A review of studies made in 1991-2010 using chemometric methods and aimed at solving basic chemical analytical problems is presented. Russian experts actively using chemometric methods are not numerous, but the attention of the analytical community to these methods rapidly grows. The review covers the scientific achievements in the development of identification (classification) algorithms, their application to qualitative analysis, and the use of multivariate calibrations in quantitative analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The physicochemical principles of ion mobility spectrometry are described; Russian publications issued between 1991 and 2010 and devoted to the development of the fundamentals and technical implementation of this method, its use for physicochemical research, and solving problems of analytical chemistry, safety, medicine, and ecology, are reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The progress in analytical methods for the determination of explosive done by Russian scientists is reviewed: gas analytical; nuclear physical, including neutron activation analysis; nuclear quadruple resonance (NQR); and optical spectroscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A brief summary of the results of interdisciplinary studies performed in Russia within bioanalytical and biomedicinal chemistry and physics for the development of methods of laboratory and clinical diagnostics is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ferromanganese nodules from the floors of the Chukchi and East Siberian seas were examined by means of analytical electron microscopy and plasmic and chemical analysis. It was found that the nodules consisted of aggregates of colloform and poorly crystallized matter of globular and irregular shapes, in which the minerals of iron and manganese were mainly presented by hematite, vernadite, and asbolane. The samples from the Chukchi Sea contained single micrograins of native gold. The tested nodules were comparable to oceanic ones in iron content. The contents of manganese, ore elements, and most of microelements are well below those of the ocean. The comparison of the composition of bottom sediments and considered nodules showed that the latter were enriched during their formation by factors of 100-200 in manganese, of 10-18 in cobalt, and of 4-8 in iron, nickel, and zinc. However, the process of diagenetic accumulation of metals by nodules in the marine environment is less effective than in the open ocean with the sediments of higher con-tent of mobile element forms and of higher exposure time compared to marine sediments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information about several topics discussed at the workshop on analytical chemistry held on February 16, 2010 in Moscow, Russia is presented. Topics include the creation of the fist Soviet laboratory of X-ray chemistry for the analysis of raw materials. The workshop featured various chemists and professors including Yu A. Zolotov, G. R. Nezhikhovskii and S. A. Ditsman.

The article presents a study which examines the estimate degree of the secondary enrichment of lithosphere roots by the chemical composition of garnets in deformed lherzolites (DL) from Siberian kimberlite. It mentions that the 865 pyrope grains from the kimberlite concentrate of Udachnaya pipe were examined by the researchers to obtain the data on the composition of garnets. It says that a correction compensating for the fraction of garnets supplied into kimberlite must be applied to obtain reliable data on the volume ratio of the different enrichment degrees. Results show that the values of secondary enrichment of the rocks in the lithosphere have an average of six to seven percent volume of garnet in the DL.

The article offers information on the geochemical and geochronological data ophiolite rocks in western Tyva in the Khemchiksko-Systygkhemskaya accretion zone. It states that the ophiolite fragments within the western part of the zone comprise essentially harzburgitic Ak-Dovurakskii, ultrabasic-basic Kopsekskii, Akkhemskii and Kodeiskii, as well as some other small massifs. It mentions that diabase and gabbro-diabase of the Shatskii massif compose complexes of the 'dyke-in-dyke' type with different orientations.

In this study, we used a 4.00-m pit on Belukha glacier in Russia's Altai region and attempted to establish the timing of chemical deposition events by analyzing pollen profiles. As the pollen deposition of each examined taxon on the glacier surfaces followed a distinct seasonal phenology, seasonal layers could be identified over a two-year period. The seasonal layer boundaries reconstructed from the pollen analyses were in close agreement with the in situ observations and indicated that the snow deposition on the glacier originates mainly from summer precipitation. The record of oxygen isotope ratios showed a relatively high mean value of -13.3‰, which was attributed to the absence of winter depositions. The formate (HCOO-) concentration records displayed seasonal variation with the highest emissions occurring in the spring, and a dust event in the spring of 2003 was detected from the Mg2+, Ca2+, and dust concentration profiles. Taken together, these results suggest the analysis of pollen profiles in combination with chemical data in snow pits and ice cores may lead to better reconstruction of seasonal variation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

structural and chemical analysis of talc from the deposit in the Zeya region (Lozhnikovskoe showing) in the Amur region was performed. Experimental samples of a steatite ceramic were obtained. The electrophysical and mechanical characteristics of the material obtained were investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study which analyzes the chemical elements in over 350 samples of native-gold from gold-bearing provinces in Russia. The study performed the analyses through the use of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP Ms) method. The study distinguished the samples of native gold into gold-polysulfide-quartz, low-sulfide gold-quartz, and gold-silver. Results indicate that the concentrations of alkaline elements in the samples of native gold analyzed are lower than the average values with strontium (Sr) and barium (Ba) set lower than the Clarke values by a factor of 1.5. Results also show that the elements of native gold from the gold-silver objects is very different by the concentrations of rubidium (Rb).

The article offers information on the role of the ocean in pleistocene climate changes. It analysis the variations in series of sodium compound salts (Na salts) and dust contents in Russia's Vostok bay ice core. It investigates the interrelationships between the thermal capacities of the atmosphere (C[a, t]) and ocean (C[o, c]). It mentions that the thermal capacity of the active oceanic layer is approximately 104times higher as compared with that of the atmosphere. It mentions that for seasonal forecasts the changes in temperature and ocean change should be taken into consideration.

The article offers information on the composition of an industrial sulfide indium-manganese ore type discovered in Russia. In the authors' theoretical perception, the discovered chalcogenic indium-manganese paragenesis offers a significant case of volatile participation in manganese ore formation. A wet chemical analysis was conducted on sulfide-manganese ore that comprised of alabandite, considered as a manganese raw material, that revealed a concentration of manganese carbonates that vary from 6.5 to 10.5 weight percent and an indium concentration within 30-300 parts per million (ppm).

Simple, ecologically harmless chemical reactions have always been a point of interest for chemists and analysts as fit to be applied to work in or out of laboratories. A new concept of chemical analysis is exemplified in the article by means of selective determination of calcium ions with the organic reagent arsenazo III (2,2′-[1,8-dihydroxy-3,6-disulfonaphthylene-2,7-bisazo]-bisbenzenearsonic acid disodium salt) with no application of toxic solvents during the seasonal analysis of water in the Yauza River (the city of Moscow). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lemon wormwood Artemisia balchanorum was recently introduced to southern Russia as a new aromatic plant. Based on biological and chemical characteristics, several populations with dominant citral, linalool, and geraniol production were selected for further development and maintained by seed propagation. Chemical analysis of five outstanding populations at three stages of annual development: vegetative, flower buds, and full flowering, confirmed that the seed populations retain the distinct dynamics of the dominant and minor components during the annual cycle and can be used for the commercial production of citral, linalool, and geraniol. Micropropagation in vitro allows for efficient clonal micropropagation and mass reproduction of elite cultivars and promising forms of A. balchanorum on a commercial scale but cannot serve as a source of direct and efficient production of secondary metabolites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The intensity of postmagmatic processes in the Botuobinskaya pipe kimberlites was estimated from the calculated content of normative secondary quartz (Q). Several simple algorithms are proposed to calculate the Q content from chemical analyses of kimberlites. Ten groups of altered kimberlites have been recognized from the Q contents. The contents of MgO, some trace elements, and LREE in the groups, the contents of Cr and Ca of crimson garnets, the diamond contents of kimberlites, and the average weight of diamonds decrease as the Q content increases. It is shown that the negative SiO2–MgO correlation is the most effective indicator of the postmagmatic alteration of kimberlites. As the degree of their secondary alteration increases, the kimberlites transform into an assemblage of quartz and clay minerals enriched in some trace elements and almost completely lacking REE and diamonds. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper describes the range of analytical problems to be solved, the equipment, structure, and personnel structure of the center, the methods for ensuring the quality of analyses, and the external relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical analysis of 60 samples from the Jusa and Barsuchi Log volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits by inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry shows that, on average, the Jusa deposit is more enriched in the chalcophilic elements than the Barsuchi Log deposit, whereas the Barsuchi Log deposit is more enriched in the lithogenous elements and Te. In addition, the yellow ores in these deposits are more enriched on average in Cu, As and Mo and the black ores more enriched in Zn, Ga, Cd, Sb, Ba , Hg and Pb relative to each other. Both these deposits are similar in composition to the Kuroko deposits of NE Honshu and may be considered to be analogs of these deposits. The Kuroko deposits, however, contain much higher concentrations of As, Ag, Sb, Ba, Hg and lower contents of Te on average than the Jusa and Barsuchi Log deposits. Based on the higher contents of Te in the Barsuchi Log deposit compared to the Jusa deposit, as well as on textural considerations, it is concluded that the Barsuchi Log deposit is intermediate between the Urals- and Kuroko-type deposits, whereas the Jusa deposit is more analogous to the Kuroko-type deposits. Based on the compositional data presented here, the Jusa and Barsuchi Log deposits may be described as Zn-Pb-Cu-Ba deposits rather than as Zn-Cu-Ba deposits, as the Baimak-type deposits of the west Magnitogrosk zone have previously been described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents several notable chromatography research groups in Russia. These include the Research Laboratory of Chromatography, the Laboratory of Physicochemical Principles of Chromatography and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Scientific and Technical Center "Chromatographia," and the Department of the General Chemistry and Chromatography of the Samara State University.

The events which initiated the organization of the Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and the Division of Optics of the Department of Physics of Leningrad State University in 1948 are set forth. The steps in the growth of the laboratory and the transformations in the main fields of scientific research are considered. The important role of the laboratory staff at all steps of its work is noted both in the development of methods of spectrochemical analysis and their application as well as in training students and highly skilled personnel in analytical spectroscopy. The researchers of the laboratory who made a great contribution to analytical spectroscopy are listed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes the main steps of the organization and development and the current status of activity of the Division of Analytical Chemistry at Voronezh State University. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A procedure was developed for determining Fe, Ni, Sn, and Zn in copper by electron probe X-ray microanalysis. The dependence of the detection limits for analytes on excitation conditions was studied and the optimum conditions for measuring the analytical signal were found. It was shown that the precision of quantitative electron probe microanalysis depends on the homogeneity of the reference samples. Individual certified reference samples of copper alloys previously synthesized for spectrochemical and chemical analysis were applied to electron probe microanalysis and justified. Performance characteristics of the proposed procedure were evaluated. Examples of using the procedure for determining the composition of archeological finds from a burial place in the Baikal region are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article highlights the Second All-Russia Conference on Analytical Instruments held from June 27 to July 1, 2005 in Saint Petersburg, Russia. Topics discussed include the general problems of analytical instrument making and trends in the metrological provision of chemical analysis. Oral presentations were made on the bioanalytical devices based on nanostructures.

A procedure used in the chemical sampling of gold ore deposits for assessing the representative mass of samples and analytical weighed portions is improved. It is shown that the coefficient K used to assess the representative sample mass and characterizing the nonuniformity of the gold distribution in the gold ore sample can go beyond the limits established by the regulations of the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The steps in the development of analytical chemistry and the organization of the school of analytical chemists in the city of Perm are considered. The role of G.G. Kobyak, the first head of the Division of Analytical Chemistry, in the organization of scientific research at the division, the selection of division staff, and the subsequent continuity of the formation of the division and the school of analytical chemists at Perm State University is outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the analytical chemistry in the context of the general situation in Russian Science. Researchers of the Nizhni Novgorod University and the Institute of High-Purity Substances of the Russian Academy of Sciences have developed a method of impurity preconcentration by microdrop extraction. Researchers of the Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences have proposed methods for the quantitative X-ray fluorescence analysis.

A brief review of works related to analytical chemistry by V.M. Severgin, G.I. Gess, K.K. Klaus, G.V. Struve, P.N. Akhmatov, N.A. Bunge, F.F. Beil'shtein, M.A. Il'inskii, and many other chemists is presented. The contributions of the medical scientist A.A. Iovskii, the botanist and plant physiologist K.A. Timiryazev, and the mining engineer N.A. Ivanov are also noted. It is pointed out that Russian scientists suggested several methods for the determination of phosphorus, including the known one with the use of ammonium molybdate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Russian standards in training conventional graduates and bachelors are considered. These standards determine the status and volume of analytical chemistry courses at different higher educational institutions. An analysis of the educational standards, standard curricula, and the aims of teaching analytical chemistry suggests the advisability of changing the content of the course, particularly at industrial (branch) higher educational institutions. The provision of the analytical chemistry course with special literature (manuals, textbooks), equipment, and computer software is considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]