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This research investigates cacoepy of science terminology encountered by the secondary level school students of Kohat district. The problem of cacoepy of scientific terms needs investigation due to the assumption that mispronunciations if learned in secondary level were still frequently performed by the advanced level students or may be throughout their life. The current research was designed in order to identify the cacoepy of common science terminologies by secondary school students and to study the science teachers' views on secondary level science textbooks produced by the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Textbook board. It was found that majority of the students like science subjects and find the terminologies difficult in which most of the terms contain more than 7 alphabets and were considered as complex terms. Due to this complexity, students feel difficulty in learning of scientific terms. Most of science terms were derived from Greek, Latin and other ancient languages, so students cannot understand their meanings. Almost every chapter of secondary school biology, chemistry and physics is overloaded with difficult terms and students felt difficulty in preparation of those subjects in which mostly difficult terms were found in biology. Mostly science teachers emphasize goals for school science that are directed only toward preparing students for the next academic level (for further formal study of science) and finishing his course within session ignoring the students' revision and insertion of high workload. Teachers should insert few terms into science lessons for practicing daily, and it is enough to devote a minute or two to some pronunciation issue so that fluency during lecture is not interrupted a lot. Pointing out a pronunciation problem when it has just arisen in the course is a good way of introducing correct pronunciation into the class. English plays an important part in the development of students because of its present and future as an international language. Real life activities or examples should be associated with important topics. Textbooks should be altered for language of explanation to match the level of students in secondary schools in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and some outdated themes should be replaced with new themes to meet the needs of the 21st century. It is suggested that the textbook board in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa should include the Urdu phonology and meaning of the found terminologies at the start of each chapter.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of knowledge acquisition, application and its utilisation influences to enhance the institutional learning in Pakistan. As numerous Pakistani managers hesitant for the acquisition of technology-based knowledge management, its application and after that its utilization in their organizations (Saeed, Tayyab, Anis-Ul-Haque, Ahmad, & Chaudhry, 2010). In this quantitative study 418, close-ended structured questionnaires were distributed and 245 questionnaires were finalized for reliable primary data. The results of the current study showed that knowledge acquisition and utilization have a positive significant impact on institutional learning while knowledge application has a non-significant impact on institutional learning. In the light of results, it is being deduced that their need to devise strategies and methods so that, acquired knowledge could be applied in the institutions and could be utilised by the students and faculty members. In this way, new doors of knowledge would be open for institutional learning.

The current study conducted in Pakistan aimed to test if parental stimulation practices modify the effect of general child health status on early developmental risks in hospitalized children. Development was assessed using the Survey of Well-being of Young Children. Child health status was a global rating on a Likert scale. Parental engagement was categorized based on the number of activities with their children (low [less than or equal to] 3, high > 3). A total of 231 children were assessed. Children with poor health status were reported to be 1.9 (95% Confidence Intervals [CI] 1.4-2.8, p = 0.000) times at risk of developmental delay by parents who had lower engagement and about 3 times (3.63 for mothers CI 1.79-7.37, p = 0.003; 2.96 for fathers CI 1.17-7.49, p = 0.027) significantly at risk of behaviour-emotional concerns by parents with higher engagement. The authors conclude that parental engagement and developmental screening can be incorporated as part of in-patient paediatric assessment.

Early parenting interventions have shown to be effective for changing parenting behaviours to provide stimulation at home. However, evidence about the effect on decision to timely enrol the child in preschool and the related pathways is scarce. A follow-up study of a rural cohort exposed to early parenting interventions in the first 2 years of life in Pakistan though indicated benefits for children's cognitive skills and learning environment at home but did not improve preschool enrolment rates. The aim of this study was to explore stakeholder knowledge, attitudes and perceptions about preschool education that may influence parent's decision of enrolment. A qualitative study using a phenomenological approach was conducted. Data collection methods included focus group discussion and in-depth interviews with the parents and the teachers and observations of selected preschools. An emergent thematic analysis was followed. Findings showed that community attitudes related to their role in children's preschool education (e.g. lack of parental involvement), and their perceptions of stakeholders' responsibilities and accountability (child being responsible for own motivation and interest to learn) were barriers to preschool enrolment. Facilitators included quality of preschools and older siblings enrolled in the school. Early parenting interventions may be insufficient to change community perceptions of preschool education in disadvantaged contexts with dysfunctional education systems. Targeted strategies addressing socio-cultural barriers for early learning are needed.

An adapted version of the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence--Third Edition (WPPSI-III) was administered to assess cognitive functioning among 1,253 5-year-old children from the Malnutrition and Enteric Disease (MAL-ED) study--an international, multisite study investigating multiple aspects of child development. In this study, the factor structure and invariance of the WPPSI-III were examined across seven international research sites located in Bangladesh, Brazil, India, Nepal, Pakistan, South Africa, and Tanzania. Using a multiple indicator multiple cause (MIMIC) modeling approach, the findings supported the validity of a fluid reasoning dimension (comprised of block design, matrix reasoning, and picture completion subscales) across each of the seven sites, although the scores were noninvariant. Accordingly, these scores are recommended for research purposes and understanding relationships between variables but not for mean comparisons or clinical purposes.

This study extends the methodological and theoretical understanding of executive functions (EFs) in preschoolers from low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). First, the authors describe a rigorous process of adapting and evaluating six EF tasks to produce a culturally and developmentally appropriate measure of emerging EFs in a large sample of at-risk children in rural Pakistan. Next, the authors identify critical developmental and family factors that relate to preschoolers' EFs over the first 4 years of life. Direct assessment of children's general cognitive skills at age two showed developmental continuity with EFs at age four, and these early cognitive skills mediated the effect of an antecedent parenting intervention on EFs as well as associations of targeted individual and family factors with EFs. Furthermore, directly assessed maternal cognitive capacities and observed maternal scaffolding uniquely predicted EFs in preschoolers. This study is also the first to demonstrate a significant overlap between direct assessments of IQ and EFs in young children from LMIC. Children's general intelligence mediated the associations of EFs with antecedent physical growth and cognitive skills as well as concurrent family factors (maternal verbal intelligence, maternal scaffolding, and home stimulation). After controlling for shared variance between preschoolers' general intelligence and EFs, three factors emerged as unique predictors of EFs: exposure to an early parenting intervention, physical growth status at age two, and number of older siblings. The findings have important implications for the design of interventions that aim to improve EFs in young children in LMIC. A video abstract of this article can be viewed at https://vimeo.com/316329544/5abde94cd7

The Bayley's Scales of Infant and Toddler Development-Third Edition (Bayley-III) were used to measure the development of 24-month-old children (N = 1,452) in the Interactions of Malnutrition and Enteric Infections: Consequences for Child Health and Development (MAL-ED) study (an international, multisite study on many aspects of child development). This study examined the factor structure and measurement equivalence/invariance of Bayley-III scores across 7 international research sites located in Bangladesh, Brazil, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Peru, and South Africa. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used to identify the factor structure of Bayley-III scores. Subsequently, reliability analyses and item response theory analyses were applied, and invariance was examined using multiple-indicator, multiple-cause modeling. The findings supported the validity, but not invariance, of Bayley-III language scores at all seven sites and of the cognitive and motor scores at six sites. These findings provide support for the use of scores for research purposes, but mean comparison between sites is not recommended. Impact and Implications: In measurement, validity refers to the extent to which we are measuring what we intend to measure and the appropriateness of inferences we make based on our measurements. The validity of scores from measures often varies across cultures, and this study examined the validity of a measure of child development among children from sites in seven low- and middle-income countries. The findings indicate that the majority of the scores are valid for research, but measurement differences are evident such that it is not appropriate to compare mean scores across sites. [Co-written with the MAL-ED Network Investigators.]

Enhancing access to healthcare remains a formidable challenge in rural regions of low- and lower-middle-income countries. Amid evolving healthcare challenges, telerheumatology provides opportunities to bridge gaps and expand access to rheumatology care, particularly in remote areas. We describe a pilot telerheumatology program and its cost-, time-, and travel-saving potential in a remote rural setting in northern Pakistan. The telerheumatology program commenced at the Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences Islamabad, providing services through video consultations to a basic health unit in the Gilgit-Baltistan region. Patients visiting from the Gilgit-Baltistan region willing to participate were recruited in the program. Demographics and logistical metrics were recorded in a dedicated registry. A total of 533 consultations were carried out from April 2022 to April 2023. The majority of the patients were female (318/533, 59.7%). The median age of patients was 50 ± 15.7 years. The average wait time for consultation was 20 ± 13 min. The average travel time to reach telecentre was 59 ± 53 min. The average travel cost to reach telecentre was 379 ± 780 PKR (1.85 ± 3.81 USD). The average duration of consultation was 15 ± 5 min. The most common diagnosis for consultation was knee osteoarthritis (237, 44.5%), chronic low back pain (118, 22.1%), and rheumatoid arthritis (42, 7.9%). On average, patients saved 787 ± 29 km of distance, 15 ± 1 h of traveling, and 6702 ± 535 PKR (33 ± 3 USD) that would have been required to travel to our tertiary care hospital. Telerheumatology substantially reduced travel time, distance, and cost for patients. It has the potential to deliver outpatient rheumatology consultation in an economically efficient manner, effectively breaking geographical barriers and expanding access to essential services for patients in remote areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although access to effective medical care for acutely sick children has improved globally, the number of children surviving but who may not be thriving due to disability, is increasing. This study aimed to understand the views of health professionals, educators and caregivers of pre-school children with disabilities in Malawi, Pakistan and Uganda regarding early identification, referral and support. Using applied thematic analysis, we identified themes relating to; limited 'demand' by caregivers for services; different local beliefs and community perceptions regarding the causes of childhood disability. Themes relating to 'supply' of services included inability to respond to community needs, and inadequate training among professionals for identification and referral. Stepwise, approaches provided to the families, community health worker and higher-level services could include training for community and primary care health workers on basic identification techniques and enhanced awareness for families and communities on the importance of early identification of children with disabilities. Lack of collaboration between the community and health services may lead to entrenched pessimistic views of what can be done to support children with disabilities - generating a greater mistrust and low parental take-up of vital health services. If parents do not receive help at the community and clinic level, then, there is a need to move away from trying to provide a 'specific diagnosis' to working more on a level of assessing the child's functioning in terms of what their limitations are and how they can be addressed. Any identification and referral programme needs to consider the varying local beliefs, the stigma of having a child with a disability and feelings of blame, right from the start. A stepwise, incremental approaches, ranging from the provision of basic information, such as using brief materials highlighting 'red flag' milestones and conditions which are linked to guidance for support to families, community health workers, as well as higher levels of medical services, are likely to work best. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic efficacy and safety of fine needle aspiration cytology performed under ultrasound guidance. Study Design: Comparative prospective study. Place and Duration of Study: Pulmonology Out-Patient Department, Gulab Devi Teaching Hospital, Lahore Pakistan, from Jun 2018 to Dec 2019. Methodology: One hundred and twenty-four patients of age 10-80 years, with pulmonary, mediastinal, pleural or chest wal lesions, fulfiling the minimal fitness criteria were included. Aspiration was done by a 23-gauge needle, smear made, and fixed slides were sent to the Cytology Department for evaluation. Complications were monitored. Findings were recorded on preformed proforma. Results: 121/124(97.6%) aspirates were adequate while 03 cases (2.4%) were reported not representing the lesion. Fifty cases (41.3%) showed malignant cytology, 71/121 aspirates (58.7%) were non-malignant. A specific cel type could be characterized in 84.5% non-malignant and 68.0% malignant aspirates. Complications were a few drops bleeding at needle aspiration site in 7.5 % and minor pain in 12.0 % patients. Conclusion: Fine needle aspiration cytology under ultrasound guidance is an effective and safe diagnostic tool in pulmonary medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the status of antimicrobial‐resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus in Pakistan, their association in terms of co‐occurrence with the biofilm‐forming genes, resistance profiling and associated discrepancies in diagnostic methods. Methodology: A total of 384 milk samples from bovine was collected by using convenient sampling technique and were initially screened for subclinical mastitis, further preceded by isolation and confirmation of S. aureus. The S. aureus isolates were subjected to evaluation of antimicrobial resistance by phenotypic identification using Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method, while the genotypic estimation was done by polymerase chain reaction to declare isolates as methicillin, beta‐lactam, vancomycin, tetracycline, and aminoglycoside resistant S. aureus (MRSA, BRSA, VRSA, TRSA, and ARSA), respectively. Results: The current study revealed an overall prevalence of subclinical mastitis and S. aureus to be 59.11% and 46.69%, respectively. On a phenotypic basis, the prevalence of MRSA, BRSA, VRSA, TRSA, and ARSA was found to be 44.33%, 58.49%, 20.75%, 35.84%, and 30.18%, respectively. The results of PCR analysis showed that 46.80% of the tested isolates were declared as MRSA, 37.09% as BRSA, and 36.36% as VRSA, while the occurrence of TRSA and ARSA was observed in 26.31% and 18.75%, respectively. The current study also reported the existence of biofilm‐producing genes (icaA and icaD) in 49.06% and 40.57% isolates, respectively. Lastly, this study also reported a high incidence of discrepancies for both genotypic and phenotypic identification methods of resistance evaluation, with the highest discrepancy ratio for the accA‐aphD gene, followed by tetK, vanB, blaZ, and mecA genes. Conclusion: The study concluded that different antibiotic resistance strains of S. aureus are prevalent in study districts with high potential to transmit between human populations. The study also determined that there are multiple resistance determinants and mechanisms that are responsible for the silencing and expression of antibiotic resistance genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To study the adjuvant per-operative epidural administration of Triamcinolone in lumbar disc surgery to aleviate post-operative pain. Study Design: Quasi-experimental study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Neurosurgery, Combined Military Hospital, Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Oct 2021 to Sep 2022 Methodology: Hundred patients aged 20 to 80 years, of either gender, with a single-level prolapsed intervertebral disc and nerve root compression were included and underwent unilateral single-level decompression. A pre-operative MRI scan of the lumbo-sacral spine was done to confirm the diagnosis. Al patients initialy received conservative management (analgesics and physiotherapy) but failed to respond to it. They were divided into two groups by the lotery method. In Group A, an epidural steroid was administered, while Group B acted as the control. Pain was recorded pre-operatively at 24 hours and then at 1 and 2 weeks post-operatively using the Visual Analogue Scale. Results: The pre-operative median VAS of Groups A and B was not significant at pre-operation. After 24 hours of operation, the median VAS of Group A patients was VAS 3 (1), while in Group-B it was 2 (1), (p-value of 0.001). After 1 week, the median VAS of Group-A patients was 2 (2) and Group-B was 3 (1), with a significant p value of 0.024. After 2 weeks, the median VAS of Group-A patients was 1 (1) and Group B was 2 (1), with a significant p value of 0.015. Conclusion: Intra-operative epidural and foraminal administration of steroids in single-level lumbar disc surgery significantly reduces pain in the immediate postoperative period but has no benefit in the folow-up period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Employees play the key role in an organization. Training is one of the important tools of HRM to increase employees job related competitiveness and effectiveness. This paper is focusing on the training practices and impact of training on sales of multinational and national organization. In this paper researcher tries to focus on the trainings importance and training impact on the employees and sales. Researcher tries to find out the impact of training by frequency analysis and through some questionnaires and interviews. She tries to focus on the increasing trend of training in the organization and how training is becoming a part in their companies success and vice versa, In conclusion it can be said that training has a significant role in development of employee performance in an organization. Organization should emphasize on the competitive training program for the development of their employees as well as organization. Training and development can have a significant impact on the sales of a pharmaceutical company in several ways: improved product knowledge: By providing sales representatives with training on the company's products and services, they are better equipped to answer customer questions and make informed recommendations, leading to increased sales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Characteristics of temperament have been shown to predict aspects of personality and psychopathology. Approach temperament (i.e., sensitivity, reactivity, and behavioral disposition toward reward stimuli) may be a particularly salient predictor of developmental outcomes (e.g., Nigg, 2006; Shiner & Caspi, 2003). However, there is little research on approach temperament among children from low- and middle-income nations. This study examined the validity of an adapted version of the Infant Temperament Scale across eight international sites with a focus on approach temperament. Our sample included 1,933 infants from eight study sites in low- and middle-income nations: Bangladesh, Brazil, India, Nepal, Peru, Pakistan, South Africa, and Tanzania. The Infant Temperament Scale was translated and administered as a structured interview to caregivers at each site. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used to examine the factor structure of the scale, and multiple indicator multiple cause (MIMIC) modeling was used to examine invariance of scores across sites. The findings supported the validity of an approach temperament factor. Although the findings did not support the cross-cultural use of the entire Infant Temperament Scale among individuals from low- and middle-income nations in our sample, the supported approach temperament factor is a theoretically important subconstruct. Moreover, the inability to measure other aspects of temperament across cultures may have important implications for researchers interested in the nature of temperament. Implications and future directions are discussed. [Co-written with The MAL-ED Network Investigators.]

Many global settings lack indigenous measures of child development, making the adaptation of available instruments necessary. The aim of this study was to reliably adapt the core subtests of the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-III (WPPSI-III) to assess cognitive abilities in young children in rural Pakistan. A systematic adaptation protocol was followed and psychometric properties were tested after completing data collection on a cohort of 1,273 children at 4 years of age. The results indicated a one-factor structure, and acceptable reliability of the full-scale score implying only this score should be used for any interpretation of results. Lessons learned for adaptation and evaluation in highly disadvantaged contexts are shared.

Pakistan's manufacturing industry is under a lot of pressure to deal with environmental issues such as carbon monoxide emissions, poisonous compounds, and manufacturing waste. Green HR practices are considered to be fundamental pillars and are considered to be crucial in the development and optimization of environmentally sustainable initiatives. Hence, the objective of this research is to analyze the effects of green HR practices implemented in the manufacturing sector of Pakistan on employees' proactivity with regard to environmental issues. The data was acquired through the distribution of a survey questionnaire to manufacturing firms. The data was analyzed using SMART-PLS. The findings demonstrated that green HR practices have a substantial effect on the proactive behavior of employees. Additionally, the results indicated that organizational identification acts as a complementary mediator between green HR practices and the proactive behavior of employees in reducing environmental effects. Furthermore, it was discovered that proactive personality acted as a catalyst to enhance the impact of GHRM on the proactive behavior of employees with regard to environmental initiatives. Future research directions and managerial implications were also discussed. The study offers a conceptual framework linking GHRM and employees' proactive behavior for environmental impact in the manufacturing sector of Pakistan. Based on the theory of planned behavior, the study extends GHRM research by including a mediator called 'organizational identification'. With the support of trait activation theory, proactive personality is used as a moderator to strengthen the relationship between GHRM and employees' proactive environmental behavior. Results indicate a positive and statistically significant association between green HR practices and employees' proactive environmental behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The primary purpose of this study was to check the online information retrieval self-efficacy among library professionals in predicting the satisfaction of patrons within universities' libraries. Design/methodology/approach: The study was grounded on Bandura four sources of self-efficacy, encompassing mastery experience, vicarious experience, social persuasion and physiological states. To accomplish this, a meticulously designed questionnaire was administered to collect data from library professionals employed in universities libraries recognized by the Higher Education Commission in Punjab and capital city of Pakistan (Islamabad). Following by the validation of assumptions, researchers conducted a multiple linear regression test to predict the outcomes of the dependent variable by using the independents variables. Additionally, a comparative evaluation was carried out among all the independent variables to determine their respective contributions to satisfaction of library patrons. Findings: The results emphasized the distinct and substantial significance of three variables, physiological states, social feedback and mastery experience in predicting the satisfaction of library patrons. Nevertheless, vicarious experience did not demonstrate a significant influence on the satisfaction of library patrons. Furthermore, influence of physiological states on the improvement of library patrons' satisfaction was relatively higher compared to other three self-efficacy sources. In conclusion, research established the essential role of online information retrieval self-efficacy in enhancing the satisfaction of library patrons. Practical implications: The findings of the study can form a solid basis for devising academic programs to train the library professionals for effective utilization of various information systems and databases. These programs play an important role in improving the self-efficacy of library professionals, ultimately refining their skills in online information retrieval. Originality/value: In essence, this study provides insights into the factors which are pivotal in effective information searching process, ultimately leading to increase the satisfaction level of library patrons which has not been previously researched in Pakistan as well as the world context. Moreover, the study significance lies in contribute to academic discourse, its potential to transform and promote the library services and as well as empower library professionals in delivering the satisfying and efficient experience for library patrons in the current digital age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The participation of Women in politics fosters gender equality, democratic progress and social development. The purpose of this article is to draw insights over the political culture of Pakistan to understand the challenges hindering the progress of women in political leadership, including cultural norms, values, beliefs, religious influences, and structural barriers. The importance of female leadership can be seen through the history of Pakistan, where female political personalities served the nation and brought women related policies as well. The women’s role was neglected and ignored during the dark democratic past of Pakistani politics. However, the articles highlight the historical trends, failures and success stories. The analytical research design with qualitative approach is used to analyze the secondary sources to provide a better understanding of the challenges associated and opportunities. The article hence provides a nuanced understanding of political culture of Pakistan and finds that political system is the main reason of women under representation. The study provides recommendations and urges the governments, civic society, and other stakeholders to work together to prioritize gender equality and empower women to play a larger role in determining the country's future [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study provides the evidence of a positive association between fear of COVID-19 pandemic and tourists' intention towards eco-friendly behaviour. This study model was tested by collecting data through a survey targeting hospitality staff in Pakistan. Results reveal that the COVID-19 fear is positively related to the tourists' intention towards eco-friendly behaviour through subjective norms and attitude. In addition, tourists' conscientiousness was found as a boundary condition on the association between individuals' fear of COVID-19 and their eco-friendly behavioural intention. This paper concludes by discussing ways that stakeholders from academia and marketplace can utilize the findings to convert behavioural intentions into real eco-friendly behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the legitimacy theory, The main aim of this study intends to evaluate the impact of corporate governance (CG) on firm performance (FP) with the mediating role of green investment (GI) by deploying automobile sector listed on PSX from 2011 to 2021. Because automobile sector has a significant impact on Pakistan GDP and also the growing importance of sustainable practices. This study used balanced panel data with diagnostic tests, descriptive, correlation analysis, GLS model and mediation analysis via STATA. Preacher and Hayes (2013) model were used to check the mediating effect. The results found that there has a significant positive impact of managerial Ownership (MO) and audit committees (AC) on firm performance (FP), with board size (BS) showing a negative and statistically insignificant effect. The overall framework implies a significant and positive relationship between CG and FP, while GI did not show the mediating effect. This current study emphasizes that the companies should incorporate green investment strategy into CG frameworks to meet financial success and sustainable environment. This provides a remarkable insight for policymakers to improve governmental rules, stimulate stakeholder input, enforce transparent disclosure standards, and promotion of GI in order to establish a sustainable corporate environment. These actions are recognized as crucial tactics for creating a corporate structure that balances environmental responsibility with economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are a tremendous need and increasing interests now in the design and development of integrated landscape approaches toward 'reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD).' This is being more coherently addressed now under REDD+ framework by United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), particularly focusing on sustainable forest management (SFM) and relevant intensification of carbon pools in developing countries. This study has distinctively assessed the relative effectiveness of implementation of REDD+ framework and forest sustainability in prominent South Asian (SA) countries (Nepal, Sri Lanka, India, Bangladesh and Pakistan). The multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) model with three sustainability evaluation indicators, i.e., (i) socio-economic, (ii) policy and governance and (iii) environment, is used for the relative evaluation of prospects and barriers toward the adoption of SFM practices and application of REDD+ framework. In this regard an exclusive combination of analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and additive weighted sum method are designed and deployed to calculate the weighting factors and assessment of relative importance and performance. The characteristic findings of study reflected that 'socio-economic' indicator has portrayed the highest importance among the indicators chosen, and Nepal has scored the highest comparative sustainability scores as 11.2%, 19.1% and 31.8%, respectively, for all three indicators, while Pakistan has depicted the lowest respective scores of 6.8%, 8.4% and 11.4%. This study will promote an insight for the development of policy-based indicators which can be futuristically aligned with targeted plans for SFM, enhancement of carbon stocks and subsequent reduction of carbon emissions in low–middle-income developing countries like Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The basic purpose of this paper was to check the perceived impact of socio-economic on the fertility rate (FR) in Pakistan. It also explored the factors which play an important role on FR of urban and rural resident women. Design/methodology/approach: A few studies were carried out this particular issue in Pakistan but this issue was not mentioned in such a way as the current study highlights. Data were collected through questionnaires from rural and urban areas. The main variables were chosen for this purpose were the income of the households, their education level and the mortality rate. FR is measured in terms of number of children which are above 5 years of age and married couple has stopped the further fertility intentions; Monthly income of the families were taken and the education was in the years of schooling. The ordinary least square (OLS) model was used for the estimation. Findings: The results of this study showed that, in urban areas this association is very strong while in rural areas this is relatively weak due to sharp differences in income brackets. Families with high level of income tend to have few children. Female education is also negatively correlated with FR. Higher level of female education has negative effect on FR. Mortality rate has significant positive association with FR. Higher mortality rate compel families to have more birth as probability of living is low. There is inverse association between income and FR. Research limitations/implications: The best way to determine how birth rates are changing is not the crude birth rate (CBR) but the total fertility rate (TFR). This measure provides an age-controlled estimation of "how many kids a woman beginning her childbearing years now would have over her whole life if current birth rates remain stable". Originality/value: Mortality rate has significant positive association with FR. Higher mortality rate compel families to have more birth as probability of living is low. There is inverse association between income and FR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on career construction theory, this research aimed to investigate the mediating role of orientation to happiness in the relationship between career adaptability and in-role and extra-role performance of employees in the hospitality industry. Using data collected from 360 respondents working in 6 five-star hotels in Pakistan, the authors found that career adaptability was positively associated with orientation to happiness, in-role performance, and extra-role performance. Moreover, orientation to happiness mediated the relationship between career adaptability and both in-role and extra-role performance. The study has important theoretical and practical implications.

Green purchase behavior in Pakistan faces challenges due to lack of awareness, limited availability, and greenwashing by companies that demand use of online environmental platforms. The study aims to examine the effect of Online Environmental Platforms Service on green purchase behaviors of customers who intend to buy green energy products. Moreover, the indirect effects of environmental attitude, price sensitivity and impulsiveness are examined as mediators. The relationships are examined in light of theory of planned behavior. The data from a sample of 301 customers were gathered using a closed-ended questionnaire. The customers aged between 30 and 50 years were considered for the study. The findings unequivocally reveal that the provision of online environmental platforms has a profound effect on the ecological shopping inclinations of customers. The green purchase behavior of consumers is amplified, as is their green purchase attitude and consumer impulsiveness. However, an alert emerges—price sensitivity, despite its noteworthy impact on consumer behavior, curiously, impedes actual green purchasing. Investigating deeper, it becomes apparent that the remarkable impact of online environmental platforms is mediated by two factors: the green consumer attitude and consumer impulsiveness. These two factors act as conduits for the transmission of the influence of the online platforms, empowering consumers to make eco-conscious decisions. The marketers can enhance green purchase behaviors among customers by making effective use of the online environmental platform services. The Online Environmental Platforms Services can enhance sales and can be an effective strategy for high profits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This research aims to conceptualize and validate the mall service design as a multidimensional construct and then test a conceptual framework by investigating the impact of mall service design on customer mall experience and its subsequent outcomes, that is, intention to revisit and desire to stay in mega shopping malls. Design/methodology/approach: The survey data of 455 shopping visitors in Pakistan were collected using a mall intercept technique and tested through structural equation modeling in AMOS. Findings: The study reveals that service design significantly impacts customer experience and subsequent outcomes. Customer mall experience mediates the relationships between mall service design and the intention to revisit and desire to stay at malls. Research limitations/implications: Data from a collectivist culture country (Pakistan) were collected. To explore the impact of service design on customer mall experience, researchers should conduct similar studies in individualistic societies like Europe and North America. Additionally, the authors recommend assessing the effect of each dimension of service design on customer experience separately. Practical implications: The research provides policy guidelines for the owners and operators of mega shopping malls in developing experience-oriented retailing strategies based on service design. Originality/value: The research conceptualizes and validates the mall service design as a multidimensional construct using the service theater model and empirically tests its relationship with the customer mall experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research is highlighting WhatsApp's potential in promoting reading practice for EFL learners. It investigated the impact of WhatsApp on the reading comprehension of intermediate-level EFL students in Khairpur, Sindh, Pakistan. The researchers employed a mixed-methods approach, utilizing both qualitative and quantitative data collection techniques. The study was conducted in colleges across Khairpur Sindh, with the participant pool comprising intermediate-level EFL students from various institutions within the city. Sixty participants were recruited through face-to-face interactions and completed a printed questionnaire designed to address the research questions. Data analysis involved thematic coding and subsequently presented in tables. The study's findings suggest that utilizing WhatsApp can positively impact EFL learners' reading comprehension abilities, particularly, increased exposure to diverse texts through WhatsApp reading practices was identified as a contributing factor to skill enhancement. The research findings will prove valuable for future researchers, educators, and other stakeholders engaged in EFL learning and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A national population census is instrumental in offering a holistic view of a country's progress, directly influencing policy formulation and strategic planning. Potential flaws in the census system can have detrimental impacts on national development. Our prior research has pinpointed various deficiencies in current census methodologies, including inadequate population coverage, racial and ethnic discrimination, and challenges related to data privacy, security, and distribution. This study aims to address the "missing persons" challenge in the national census population and housing system. The integration of blockchain technology emerges as a promising solution for addressing these identified issues, enhancing the integrity and efficacy of census processes. Building upon our earlier research which examined the national census system of Pakistan, we propose an architecture design incorporating Hyperledger Fabric, performing system sizing for the entire nation count. The Blockchain-Based Implementation of National Census as a Supplementary Instrument for Enhanced Transparency, Accountability, Privacy, and Security (BINC-TAPS) seeks to provide a robust, transparent, scalable, immutable, and tamper-proof solution for conducting national population and housing censuses, while also fostering socio-economic advancements. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of our research, with a primary focus on the implementation of the blockchain-based proposed solution, including prototype testing and the resulting outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the major pathogens responsible for causing food poisoning worldwide. The emergence of antibiotic resistance in this bacterium is influenced by various factors. Among them, bacterial acquired defense systems described as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-cas system might be involved in antibiotic resistance development in bacteria. The current study was designed to assess the prevalence of S. aureus and its antibiotic resistance profile and identify the relationship of the CRISPR-cas system with antimicrobial resistance, followed by phylogenetic analysis. Total samples (n = 188) of poultry meat were collected from the poultry bird market of Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. We used both phenotypic (antibiotic disc diffusion) and genotypic methods (PCR) to identify multi-drug resistant (MDR) strains of S. aureus. Additionally, the role of the CRISPR-Cas system in the isolated MDR S. aureus was also assessed. In addition, real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to evaluate the association of the CRISPR-cas system with antimicrobial resistance. All of the S. aureus isolates showed 100% resistance against erythromycin, 97.5% were resistant to tetracycline, and 75% were resistant to methicillin. Eleven isolates were MDR in the current study. The CRISPR system was found in all MDR isolates, and fifteen spacers were identified within the CRISPR locus. Furthermore, MDR S. aureus isolates and the standard strain showed higher expression levels of CRISPR-associated genes. The correlation of said system with MDR isolates points to foreign gene acquisition by horizontal transfer. Current knowledge could be utilized to tackle antibiotic-resistant bacteria, mainly S. aureus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Roots are the main sensing organ, initiating multiple signaling pathways in response to abiotic factors, including nutrients, drought, and salt stress. A focus on improving the root system architecture is a key strategy to mitigate these stresses in wheat crop. In the present study, a diversity panel comprising indigenous landraces and historical cultivars from Pakistan was characterized for the root system architecture (RSA) and important loci were identified using a genome‐wide association study (GWAS). RSA of the diversity panel was characterized 30 days after sowing in brunch tubes, and root images were taken. A high‐throughput root imaging analysis using Rhizovision software was performed by setting the scale to extract the eight RSA traits and four plant biomass‐related traits. GWAS identified 323 association signals for 12 root and biomass traits present on all wheat chromosomes, while the most important and reliable genetic loci (based on pleotropic loci and candidate genes) were identified on chromosomes 2A, 2B, 5A, 5D, 6A, 7B, and 7D for RSA. SNP annotation and transcriptome profiling identified nine candidate genes regulating the RSA and plant biomass traits, including ROOTLESS WITH UNDETECTABLE MERISTEM1, MYB TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR4, BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1, SLENDER RICE1, AUXIN‐RESPONSIVE FACTOR25, SCARECROW, NARROW LEAF2, PIN‐FORMED1 AND PHOSPHATE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR1. This study provided pre‐breeding information for deep‐rooting genotypes and associated markers that will accelerate the incorporation of such traits in breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The proposed study was planned to screen Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) status in potentially malignant oral disorders (PMOD) and correlated HPV positivity with cytological changes in oral smears. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at University of Health Sciences Lahore, Pakistan from April 2020 to April 2021. Oral smears from N=162 patients with PMODs were taken by the Cytobrush and Manual Liquid Based Cytology was performed followed by p16 antibody detection on immunohistochemistry and HPV-DNA detection by conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The cytological changes were categorized according to the updated Bethesda Classification system 2014. SPSS was used to analyze data and p-Value of <0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: Out of total N = 162 patients, the most prevalent lesion [39% (n=63)] was lichen planus. Fifty six percent (n=90) of the patients were habitual chewers and 43% (n=70) were smokers. Pap staining of oral smears revealed atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) in 45% (n=69) cases and in 2 % (n=4) of the samples diagnosis of atypical squamous cells-cannot exclude high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (ASC-H) was made. A total of 37% cases showed HPV positivity by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) while positive p16 expression was observed in 24% of the cases. ASC-H and ASCUS category showed significant association with HPV positivity (p=0.003). Conclusion: Early detection of PMODs by adopting minimally invasive cytological techniques and screening for HPV infection in local population is pivotal to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with the advanced disease and carcinoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Reflective practice is a thinking method about experiences, learning from mistakes, identifying skills and strengths, and developing options and actions for change and future success. This practice empowers individuals to explore diverse methods of introspection, thereby enhancing their proficiency in applying reflective techniques within both personal and professional domains and ultimately fostering their learning skills and self-development. Objectives: This study aims to compare the reflective practice and self-assessment methods of novice practitioners who graduated from the governmental and private sectors. Methods: A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted on 138 practitioners who graduated from the governmental and private sectors (69 from the governmental sector and 69 from the private sector). A random sampling method was used to collect data. Data were analyzed using SPSS software, version 20. Mean±SD was calculated for five main variables. Independent t-test was applied to calculate the reflective practice of novice practitioners. P=0.05 was considered statically significant. Results: The study focused on investigating various factors related to the reflective practice of novice practitioners. All five main variables, namely reflection on events, reflection methods, others' points of view, questioning of assumptions, and ability to reflect, were examined for potential differences between the graduates of private and governmental sectors. The results indicated no significant differences between these sectors, as evidenced by the P<0.05. Discussion: This study concluded that no significant difference is observed between reflective practice and self-assessment methods of novice practitioners who graduated from government or private institutes because reflective practice is the ability of a person to think and learn from experience in a way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salmonella enteritidis, which is mostly to blame for the bulk of Salmonella food-borne enteritis in people worldwide and may cause enteric infection in a range of host species, is the usual cause of poultry salmonellosis. This food-borne illness is a major problem in both industrialized and developing nations. The transmission of disease is facilitated by the presence of numerous animal reservoirs and the extensive commercial distribution of both livestock and food products. In terms of its effects on the socio-economic system, this disease is among the biggest public health issues. There was, however, little information available about their incidence, description, and antibiotic susceptibility in Pakistan. To lessen the public risk associated with consumption of contaminated items, S. enteritidis was identified in the current study using Whole cell protein profiling and plasmid encoded antibiotic resistance. Six antibiotics were used to evaluate ten isolates for plasmid-encoded antibiotic resistance. All isolates tested totally resistant to ampicillin (100%) in an in vitro susceptibility test using a typical disc, and that 60% of the isolates were resistant to amoxicillin. Levofloxacin and Ciprofloxacin were found sensitive to S. enteritidis i.e. 90% and 80% respectively. The plasmid profiling of resistant isolates revealed the presence of a plasmid that appears to be a serotype-specific virulence plasmid. By using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), whole cell protein profiling was carried out, revealing tight relationships between S. entertidis isolates and the presence of the main bands 78.1 and 35 kDa in all strains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study contributes to the understanding of how early parenting interventions implemented in low- and middle-income countries during the first 2 years of children's lives are sustained longitudinally to promote cognitive skills in preschoolers. We employed path analytic procedures to examine 2 family processes--the quality of home stimulation and maternal scaffolding behaviors--as underlying mechanisms through which a responsive stimulation intervention uniquely predicted children's verbal intelligence, performance intelligence, and executive functioning. The sample included 1,302 highly disadvantaged children and their mothers living in rural Pakistan, who from birth participated in a 2-year, community-based, cluster-randomized, controlled trial designed to promote sensitive and responsive caregiving. Family processes were assessed at 2 developmental time points using parent reports, ratings of home environments, and observed parent-child interactions. Cognitive skills at age 4 were assessed using standardized tests. Controlling for socioeconomic risk (e.g., wealth, maternal education, food insecurity) and individual factors (e.g., gender, growth status), the quality of current home stimulation as well as both earlier and concurrent measures of maternal scaffolding independently mediated the intervention effects on cognitive skills at age 4. In addition, the intervention had a significant direct effect on executive functioning and performance intelligence over and above significant family processes and other covariates. We highlight implications for future program design and evaluation studies.

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to explore/investigate various issues of teachers ' motivation in public sector Higher Educational Institutions of Pakistan. Design/methodology/approach: This is an exploratory research where surveys have been conducted in the well known public sector Universities of Pakistan; primary data have been collected through questionnaire and in depth face to face interviews. Findings: Findings of the research have shown that although compensation packages and financial incentives are important factors for employees in the competitive market environment of the higher education sector but some other factors like job design and working environment, performance management system, and training and development are also significant. The research has also explored various issues being faced by teachers in public sector HEIs related to the above mentioned factors. Originality/value: This study can play a vital role in compelling the higher education authorities to ponder over the motivational issues of teachers in universities. The research can prove to be an effectual document for other worldwide universities where teachers are facing similar issues.

The traditional valve train system consists of a spring mechanism with a specific level of stiffness. When compressing the spring, a significant amount of power is required. However, by replacing the conventional valve spring mechanism with a desmodromic valve system, the stiffness is reduced, leading to improved engine performance. This study analyzed the impact of this replacement on the engine's performance and overall weight using finite element modeling. A comparative study was also conducted, which revealed that the desmodromic valve system generates a torque of more than 120 Nm, surpassing the 105 Nm produced by the traditional valve system. Furthermore, the weight of the desmo engine only increased by 2.75 kg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Midwives are essential providers of primary health care and can play a major role in the provision of health care that can save lives and improve sexual, reproductive, maternal, newborn and adolescent health outcomes. One way for midwives to deliver care is through midwife-led birth centres (MLBCs). Most of the evidence on MLBCs is from high-income countries but the opportunity for impact of MLBCs in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) could be significant as this is where most maternal and newborn deaths occur. The aim of this study is to explore MLBCs in four low-to-middle income countries, specifically to understand what is needed for a successful MLBC. Methods: A descriptive case study design was employed in 4 sites in each of four countries: Bangladesh, Pakistan, South Africa and Uganda. We used an Appreciative Inquiry approach, informed by a network of care framework. Key informant interviews were conducted with 77 MLBC clients and 33 health service leaders and senior policymakers. Fifteen focus group discussions were used to collect data from 100 midwives and other MLBC staff. Results: Key enablers to a successful MLBC were: (i) having an effective financing model (ii) providing quality midwifery care that is recognised by the community (iii) having interdisciplinary and interfacility collaboration, coordination and functional referral systems, and (iv) ensuring supportive and enabling leadership and governance at all levels. Conclusion: The findings of this study have significant implications for improving maternal and neonatal health outcomes, strengthening healthcare systems, and promoting the role of midwives in LMICs. Understanding factors for success can contribute to inform policies and decision making as well as design tailored maternal and newborn health programmes that can more effectively support midwives and respond to population needs. At an international level, it can contribute to shape guidelines and strengthen the midwifery profession in different settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ticks are blood sucking ectoparasites that act as host for various pathogens like bacteria, viruses and protozoans that cause a number of diseases in humans and animals. They pose a serious threat to livestock industry because their major hosts are cattle and buffaloes. Present study was conducted in this scenario to find out prevalence and distribution of ticks in specified areas. Materials and Methods: This research was conducted from January 2021 to July 2021. Two hundred large ruminants were examined on monthly basis. In order to find out prevalence area, age, gender, and seasonal parameters were observed. Total one hundred and ninety ticks were collected from different parts of their body. Results: Identified Species: Five species belonging to two genra (Hyalomma and Rhipicephalus) and one sub genus (Boophilus) were identified including Hyalomma marginatum, Hyalomma excavatum, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) decolorates and Rhipicephalus camicasi. Hyalomma excavatum was the most prevalent specie. Percentage Prevalence: Tehsil Gujrat was the most affected by tick infestation (67%) followed by Tehsil Kharian (55%) and Tehsil Sarai Alamgir (39%). This study suggested that cattle were more susceptible to tick infestation (58%) than buffaloes (50%). Effect of Seasonal Variations on Tick Infestation: Seasonal variations has major influence on tick infestation. They were more prevalent in summer followed by spring and winter. Temperature, humidity and rainfall has significant effect on tick infestation (p<0.05). Gender: Males were more susceptible to tick infestation (77%) as compared to the females (40%). Age: Large ruminants at younger age (4years). Predilection Sites: Major predilection sites of ticks were external genitals (42%), followed by the tail (14%), dewlap (11%), udder (9%), thighs (8%) face (5%) and flanks (3%). Breeds: Australian Friesian breed among cows (38%) and Neeli Ravi breed among buffaloes (25%) was more likely to be infested with ticks. Conclusion: Keeping in view prevalence rate and factors influencing spread of ticks further studies should be planned to design management systems in order to minimize the economic losses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is no medication adherence scale available in Sindhi language currently. Hence, the Sindhi speaking population will either use a translator or provide their medical history in another language for documentation of medical conditions. This poses a challenge in monitoring and evaluating adherence to medications within this linguistic community. Aim: The aim of this study was to translate and validate the Sindhi version of the General Medication Adherence Scale (GMAS-S) in patients with chronic diseases. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of 4 months duration and was conducted in out-patient department of a university affiliated hospital in Karachi, Pakistan. All adults with chronic diseases, who were on long-term medications, and able to read and understand Sindhi language were invited. Convenience sampling was employed and a questionnaire consisting of demographic questions and the Sindhi version of GMAS was used. The translation of the scale was carried out. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted, and a structural equation model (SEM) was developed. Fit indices, namely, goodness of fit index (GFI), adjusted goodness of fit index (AGFI), Tucker Lewis index (TLI), comparative fit index (CFI), and root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) were reported. Reliability was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha (α), intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), corrected item-to-total correlation (ITC) and item deletion. Data were analysed through IBM SPSS version 23 and IBM AMOS version 25. The study obtained ethical clearance. Results: A total of 150 responses were analysed. The reliability of the Sindhi version of GMAS was (α) = 0.696. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was reported at 0.696 (95% CI: 0.618–0.763). The values for the fit indices were as follows: χ2 /df = 1.84, GFI = 0.918, TLI = 0.920, CFI = 0.942, AGFI = 0.864, and RMSEA = 0.075. All values except AGFI were in the acceptable ranges and indicated good fitness. Most participants (80.7%) appeared non-adherent to their medications. Conclusion: The results of the study demonstrate that the Sindhi version of the GMAS is a valid and reliable scale to measure adherence in Sindhi speaking persons with chronic diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the objectives of this paper is to examine the empirical effects of certain Human Resource Management (HRM) practices and reciprocity as antecedents of knowledge-sharing (KS) behavior. In an organization, human resource knowledge quality plays a key role in the effective performance of the organization by communicating their knowledge with management and co-workers to perform their tasks in a better way. This is possible only when useful and relevant quality knowledge is successfully shared. Despite various studies on this topic, there is little research on KS and HRM practices in developing countries like Pakistan. A survey-based approach is used for data collection from different employees in the banking sector of Pakistan. The hypotheses are formulated based on the four HRM practices and reciprocity. The dataset is critically investigated using structural equation modeling (SEM). The results of this study suggest that reciprocity, recruitment and selection, and performance appraisals have a significant relationship with KS behaviour. Furthermore, KS is independent of employees' training and development along with incentive systems in organizations. The contribution of this paper is how certain HR practices and employees' perceptions about reciprocity influence employees' knowledge sharing in an organization. This paper assists employers, employees, policymakers, and scholars to understand the factors that can promote knowledge sharing. This study also highlights the significant role of Human Resource Practices (HRP). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prion diseases are a type of neurodegenerative disorder caused by the transmission of specific pathogens containing prion proteins. Due to the unique structural characteristics of Prion proteins (PrP), which differ from other types of proteins, the extended incubation period observed in the transmission of specific Prions can be attributed to these differences, at least in part. Prions are found in several other mammals and animals. Prions are unique among false protein folding abnormalities because these are infections and contain various strains of contagious agents associated with a unique in vivo phenotype. They can be acquired either by inheritance or sporadically. There are two types: classical and typical BSP. The objective of this study was to observe the Bhagnari cattle breed of Balochistan, Pakistan and compare the PrP gene sequence of the Bhagnari with other reported sequences from Pakistan and other parts of the world. This research collected 40 Bhagnari cattle blood samples from Tali, Bhag Nari, and Sibi district areas. DNA extraction of each sample was performed by inorganic method, and then DNA amplification and sequencing of PRNP Gene was performed. The results of this research work showed different polymorphic variations (SNPs) in 16 samples. In this study, while mutations causing prion diseases in cattle were detected in Italian and German breeds, none were identified in the PRNP gene of the cattle population investigated, despite its association with neurological disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nurses can play a valuable role in not only the implementation but development of general and health policies. However, evidence indicates limited involvement of nurses in politics and general health policy making owing to individual, interpersonal, and systematic barriers. Introduction: Strategies are required to increase nurses' participation and engagement in policymaking. However, no studies explored the perspective of nurse leaders in policy making roles and how to improve nurses' involvement in policy making. Purpose: To explore strategies to enhance nurses' involvement in policy making from the perspective of nurse leaders. Methods: A qualitative descriptive study was conducted. Semistructured interviews were conducted with a purposive sample of 11 nurse leaders with at least one year of experience in policy making. Data were analyzed using a thematic analysis approach. The COREQ guidelines were followed for reporting. Findings: Five themes were generated: strategically revisit and implement educational approaches, becoming transformative leaders, improving social image of nurses, developing triadic partnerships, and empowering nurses through reflective and supportive mechanisms. Discussion: Nurses' involvement in policymaking can be enhanced by implementing grassroots‐level educational strategies, managerial‐level empowerment efforts, and social mechanisms focused on improving the social image of nursing. Conclusions: Self and professional role empowerment through education, increasing awareness, and improving the social image of nursing can boost nurses' involvement in policymaking. Implications for nursing policy: Nurse leaders, national and global nursing associations, and nursing regulatory bodies should collaborate with associations of nursing colleges to design nurse policymaking competencies framework and contextually tailored strategies to enhance nurses' engagement in policymaking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Medical colleges globally have student organizations that serve to enable students' involvement in research. However, details of their approach and activities are seldom published to serve as learning for student organizations in other settings. The Student Research Forum (SRF), a student organization based at a private medical school in Pakistan aims to facilitate students in acquiring research skills. Following the observation of a downward trajectory of student initiative and interest, SRF leadership restructured the organization and improve its impact. This study describes the development and implementation evaluation of the interventions. Methodology: The operational framework was revised using the Theory of Change by the core group. Major interventions included enhanced social media and outreach coordination, research workshops, journal clubs, and mentorship to increase research output, mentorship opportunities, and knowledge of medical research; ultimately improving quality in research. The outcomes generated over the course of the study's duration from July 2019 to September 2021 were analyzed using the process metrics of reach, adoption, and efficacy. Results: As a result of the interventions, SRF expanded its reach by conducting a total of 41 events during the duration of the study, facilitated by social media growth on each of SRF's online platforms, with a 300% increase in followers on Facebook, and a nationwide network of 91 student ambassadors. An annual workshop series taught research skills to more than 3800 participants. Students leading their own events, SRF featuring international speakers, and the abstracts submitted to SRF's annual conference, along with the conference's reach of 10,000 students, are seen as improvements in the ToC-informed interventions' adoption. The efficacy of the interventions manifested as the REACH program allocated 56 research projects to vetted applicants. Conclusion: The applied interventions have accelerated SRF's progress towards achieving its long-term outcome of increased quality in research as translated by increased research output quantity, mentorship, and knowledge of medical research. Further evaluation is required to assess the success of the ToC. As SRF continues to grow, a continued analysis of the implementation outcomes is imperative to gauge its effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study examined the effects of occupational stress on employees' performance and extra-role performance (OCB), moderated by the servant leadership of the supervisor. Many studies have indicated that servant leadership significantly impacts employee work-related behavior. Therefore, we aimed to examine the role of occupational; stress in the context of Pakistan's public and private sectors. A multi-source cross-sectional field survey was conducted, including a diverse sample (N = 286 paired responses). The study applied SPSS (22.0) to complete the analysis, revealing that stress drastically affects employees' performance and (OCB). Main and moderated regression analysis indicated that the inverse relationship between stress and employee performance could be reduced by inducing the managers' servant leadership behavior. Therefore, the managerial approach should consider factors like organizational/regional culture and individual values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has affected billions of lives and is expected to impose a significant burden on the economy worldwide. Vaccination is the only way to prevent the infection. However, convincing people to get themselves vaccinated is challenging in developing countries such as Pakistan. Therefore, a cross-sectional questionnaire-based study was conducted (n = 982 participants) all over Pakistan to evaluate the perception, knowledge, attitude, and acceptance of the general public towards the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, in general, and a booster dose of SARS-CoV-2, in particular. The highest number of participants were from the province of Punjab (84.5%), followed by Islamabad (3.8%), Sindh (3.7%), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2.7%), Baluchistan (2.6%), Gilgit Baltistan (1.4%), and Azad Jammu and Kashmir (1.4%). A total of 915 participants were vaccinated against COVID-19, out of which 62.2% received one booster dose, followed by double booster doses (25.5%) and single vaccine shots (12.3%). The highest number of vaccinated participants were from Punjab (85.8%), followed by Islamabad (3.9%), Sindh (2.8%); Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2.6%); Baluchistan (2.3%); Gilgit-Baltistan (1.3%); and Azad, Jammu, and Kashmir (1.2%). Among the vaccinated individuals, 71.4% were unemployed, 27.4% were employed (653), and 1.2% were retired from service. However, no significant association was observed among genders and educational levels in regard to acceptance of the booster vaccine. The outcomes of the study revealed that the increased acceptance of booster doses of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccines among the public was associated with the intent of personal and family protection. Moreover, individuals with low socioeconomic status and pregnant females showed the least acceptance towards the vaccine inoculation. The study also revealed a decline trend of accepting SARS-CoV-2 vaccine among children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agriculture has a pivotal role in the provision of food, fabric and income. Agricultural sector is backbone of Pakistan's economy, which is strongly dependent on agriculture. Pakistan is renowned globally for its wheat crop. However, wheat production has suffered due to lack of modern farming techniques, inadequate water availability, and relevant soil parameters. The main objective of this study was to monitor stages of wheat growth using Landsat 8 thermal datasets through temperature-based site maps. This study delineates suitable areas for sustainable wheat growth using Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE) and GIS. The total area under investigation was 5,697 km² and the area under wheat cultivation was 2,276.63 km², out of which 1,684.26 km² (74%) was found highly suitable, 68.3376 km² (3%) was moderately suitable, 61.6678 km² (2.7%) was least suitable, and 462.355 km² (20.30%) was found not suitable for wheat crop cultivation. The results interoperated that the area with temperature range of 10-18◦C, and pH ranging between 6.2 and 6.5, clay loom soil texture, and 0.85 and 1.1 drainage level indicate highly suitable land for wheat production. This study highlights the local farming techniques, suitable land for wheat production, and patterns of crop harvesting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), affecting livestock and human beings, has become a global public health hazard with economic consequences. Aims: The current study was designed to investigate the prevailing MRSAassociated subclinical mastitis and associated risk factors in dairy buffaloes. The study also highlighted the genetic variations and in silico-based proteomic differences among MRSA isolates. Methods: Out of 516 milk samples, 45.93% (237/516) were found positive for subclinical mastitis, while the prevalence of S. aureus was recorded 56.12%. The methicillin resistance in S. aureus isolates was evaluated by oxacillin disc diffusion test and molecular identification of the mecA gene. Results: The results revealed a phenotypic and molecular prevalence of MRSA at 45.11% and 18.79%, respectively. The risk factor analysis revealed that among various assumed risk factors, parity, milking hygiene, milker care during milking, milk yield, housing system, and floor type were significantly associated with subclinical mastitis in buffaloes. The sequencing and phylogenetic analysis showed no significant genetic variations among study isolates and depicted a high similarity with isolates from Africa, USA, India, Italy, Turkey, and Iran. The in-silico protein analysis showed that all sequences had the same protein motifs resembling penicillin protein 2a except Buff-13, whose protein structure resembles alpha-catenin-like protein hmp-1. Conclusion: The current study was the first report of the genotypic characterization and in silico protein analysis of MRSA from dairy buffaloes in Pakistan. The result highlighted the importance of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and development of control strategies against MRSA infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The benefits of large-scale genetic studies for healthcare of the populations studied are well documented, but these genetic studies have traditionally ignored people from some parts of the world, such as South Asia. Here we describe whole genome sequence (WGS) data from 4806 individuals recruited from the healthcare delivery systems of Pakistan, India and Bangladesh, combined with WGS from 927 individuals from isolated South Asian populations. We characterize population structure in South Asia and describe a genotyping array (SARGAM) and imputation reference panel that are optimized for South Asian genomes. We find evidence for high rates of reproductive isolation, endogamy and consanguinity that vary across the subcontinent and that lead to levels of rare homozygotes that reach 100 times that seen in outbred populations. Founder effects increase the power to associate functional variants with disease processes and make South Asia a uniquely powerful place for population-scale genetic studies. South Asia is home to almost 2 billion people but is extremely underrepresented in human genetics. This study uses genomes from ~5,000 South Asians to characterize genetic variation and help facilitate future South Asian genetic studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lasi is one of the minor languages of Pakistan, but widely spoken language of Lasbela, Balochisan. Lasi has been one of dialects of Sindhi, which is spoken in different areas of Lasbela (Zahid, A., 2016; Ali, Z., Aliani, A. & Zafarullah, 2020; Ali, et al., 2021; Veesar & Mustafa, 2021). The current research aims to describe and analyse the properties of suffixation in Lasi nouns, verbs, and adjective in comparison with standard Sindhi. The research is a qualitative in nature, and it uses descriptive and analytical research designs. The data are collected through informal conversation (unstructured interviews) with native speakers of Lasi which were further reproduced and translated into Sindhi via Sindhi speakers for the purpose of comparison with standard Sindhi. The research has shown differences between the two languages; Sindhi and Lasi. Towards the end, it is found that Lasi and Sindhi differ from each other in the use of postpositional suffixes: Sindhi uses a separate postpositional word to show the position while Lasi uses them with nouns, e.g., 'm', 'k','t'. They also differ in use of suffixation in formation of oblique forms of nouns. The research has also explored the similarities between the two languages, such as, no difference in the use of suffixes in Lasi and Sindhi in forming plural form of masculine feminine nouns. Both languages use 'yun' suffix to pluralize the feminine nouns and 'aa' sound for making masculines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]