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A number of five GIS-based indices, such as stream slope (Ss), surface roughness (Sr), asymmetric factor (Af), hypsometry integral (Hi), and stream-length gradient (SL), were summarised to examine the intensity of the index of tectonic activity (IAT) in 43 subbasins of Hingol Basin at the northern edge of the triple junction in southwest Pakistan. In addition, tectonic influences were identified by knickpoints spatial distribution and field surveys. The majority of the indices are consistent and display roughly the same classifications. The uncertain results have a less substantial impact on the obtained results in most of the 43 subbasins. Using these indices, the relative active tectonic index value (IAT) was calculated, revealing that tectonic activity is high along the north of the Awaran Fault and between the Nai Rud and Ornach-Nal faults, while other regions show moderate to low tectonic activity. Additionally, the knickpoint examinations showed higher tectonic intensity throughout the basin. The findings revealed a good relationship between the field surveys, past seismic analysis, and calculated geomorphic parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rare Earth Elements (REEs) are mobile during weathering and their distribution is susceptible to both natural and anthropogenic influences. Four major drainage points in the Makran and Lasbela areas were selected for sampling to examine their REE geochemistry. The mean values of ∑REE are highest in Dasht River (DR: 109.4) and lowest in Shadi River (SR: 84.4). The mean values of Eu/Eu* are highest in Rakhshan River (RR:0.95) and lowest in DR (0.70); these values are higher as compared to the Upper Continental Crust (UCC: 0.23) and Post-Archean Australian shale (PAAS: 0.21) in all drainage points. The mean values of (Gd/Yb)N are highest in RR (2.66) and lowest in DR (2.03), while the mean values of Ce/Ce*, (La/Sm)N, (La/Yb)N, and (La/Lu)N are highest in DR (1.01, 3.01, 9.86 and 9.66, respectively) and lowest in RR (0.93, 1.49, 5.75 and 5.93). DR and HR, covering the longest distances from headwater to mouth, pass through a variety of lithologies and convey a more diverse range of sediment compared to RR and SR. Noticeably depleted elemental concentrations relative to UCC (elemental ratios <1) are observed in the majority of sediments, implying the influence of weathered source rocks. Normalized chondrite distributions of the REEs exhibit consistent trends marked by an enrichment of LREEs and a depletion of HREEs, a characteristic pattern was found in upper crust materials exposed to weathering and erosion. The presence of a positive Eu anomaly in UCC and PAAS normalized patterns suggests the contribution of plagioclase minerals. However, leaching is insignificant for the studied sediments due to low average annual precipitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]