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Purpose: To identify subgroups of patients with oesophageal cancer based on exercise intensity during prehabilitation, and to investigate whether training outcomes varied between subgroups. Materials and methods: Data from a multicentre cohort study were used, involving participants following prehabilitation before oesophagectomy. Hierarchical cluster analysis was performed using four cluster variables (intensity of aerobic exercise, the Borg score during resistance exercise, intensity of physical activity, and degree of fatigue). Aerobic capacity and muscle strength were estimated before and after prehabilitation. Results: In 64 participants, three clusters were identified based on exercise intensity. Cluster 1 (n = 23) was characterised by fatigue and physical inactivity, cluster 2 (n = 9) by a low training capacity, despite high physical activity levels, and cluster 3 (n = 32) by a high training capacity. Cluster 1 showed the greatest improvement in aerobic capacity (p = 0.37) and hand grip strength (p = 0.03) during prehabilitation compared with other clusters. Conclusions: This cluster analysis identified three subgroups with distinct patterns in exercise intensity during prehabilitation. Participants who were physically fit were able to train at high intensity. Fatigued participants trained at lower intensity but showed the greatest improvement. A small group of participants, despite being physically active, had a low training capacity and could be considered frail. IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATION: Patients with oesophageal cancer show different patterns of exercise intensity during prehabilitation, resulting in three distinct subgroups. Patients with a good level of physical fitness are able to train at high intensity and may require less intensive supervision during the programme. Fatigued patients are able to perform the training programme, having more room for improvement. A small group of frail patients seem to be at risk for overtraining and may require an adjusted training intensity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the last 20 years of the 20th century, Islamic primary schools were founded in the Netherlands thanks to its constitutional "freedom of education" (which allows state-funded religious schools), its voucher system (each school receives the same amount of money per pupil), and school choice by parents. This essay gives some background information about the Dutch system of religious schools and the history of Dutch Islamic schools. I address four aspects of Islamic schools: (a) contradictions around the quality of education in Islamic schools; (b) attitudes and values of pupils and parents in Islamic schools, deviating from the broader Dutch society; (c) serious administrative problems around establishing and running Islamic schools, due to the nonexistence of Islamic Dutch elites and teachers; and (d) negative relations between the current Islam religion and educational performance in modern societies.

According to Robert Putnam (2007) ethnic diversity in cities and neighborhoods does not lead to an increase of trust and social capital as previously predicted by intergroup contact theory (Pettigrew, 1998); instead it triggers a reaction of hunkering down that leads to a decrease in trust and social capital of both in-group and out-groups. But what happens if we focus on youngsters that are growing up in a multi-ethnic metropole, that are considering ethnic diversity as a something "normal", and that are bridging their ethnic differences by sharing a common street culture and language? In this article we use data about 905 pupils, 41 classes and 11 schools in a European metropole to confirm the hypothesis that in this specific context ethnic diversity in classrooms does lead to positive effects on educational performance.

This paper aims to explain the high scores of 15-year-old native pupils in The Netherlands and Flanders by comparing them with the scores of pupils in countries with the same highly stratified educational system: Wallonia, the German "Lander," the Swiss German cantons, and Austria. We use the data from the Programme for International Pupil Assessment (PISA) 2006 together with the specific PISA data of Germany and Switzerland. We apply a multilevel model that takes into account the individual-, curriculum-, and system-level features in these highly stratified educational systems. The high scores of the Dutch pupils can be explained by the size of The Netherlands' vocational sector. The high Flemish scores can be partly explained by the high curriculum mobility. Central exit exams are not a good explanation of the high Dutch scores. Despite being limited to highly stratified systems, we still find educational policies and arrangements to have significant effects on the educational performance of pupils. (Contains 22 notes and 5 tables.)

Denominational schooling makes up an important part of European educational systems. Given its specificity, denominational schooling can be expected to place a greater weight on values teaching and moral education. It also may be more successful in creating a warm and caring atmosphere, thus helping students to better emotionally connect to the school community. We compare public and publicly supported private (as a proxy to denominational) schools on 2 dimensions, namely the emotional integration with the rest of the school community and the concern and feelings of responsibility towards the environment. Except for Austria, Belgium, and Spain, no evidence could be found that the type of the school has any impact on the reported psychological adaptation to the school. In these 3 countries, publicly supported private schools tend to be more successful in integrating their students. Also, students in public and private dependent schools were equally environment oriented. (Contains 8 tables and 22 notes.)

The gross differences in scholastic achievement among public, private government-dependent, and private independent schools in 22 countries are analyzed with Programme for International Student Assessment 2000 data. In a multilevel approach, the authors estimate these sector effects, controlling for sociological characteristics of students and parents, school composition, teaching and learning conditions of schools, and students' and principals' perception of the climate of their schools. The main explanation of their gross differences in scholastic achievement is the better social composition of private schools, both government dependent and independent. But pupils at private government-dependent schools have a higher net educational achievement than do comparable pupils at public schools with the same social composition. The explanation of these remaining net differences in scholastic achievement seems to be their better school climate. These net differences in scholastic achievement between public and private school sectors are equal across nations, despite historical differences of educational systems. (Contains 5 tables and 10 notes.)

The primary aim of this study was to investigate the concurrent validity of the PAM AM400 accelerometer for measuring physical activity in usual care in hospitalized patients by comparing it with the ActiGraph wGT3X-BT accelerometer. This was a prospective single centre observational study performed at the University Medical Centre Utrecht in The Netherlands. Patients admitted to different clinical wards were included. Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICCs) were computed using a two-way mixed model with random subjects. Additionally, Bland-Altman plots were made to visualize the level of agreement of the PAM with the ActiGraph. To test for proportional bias, a regression analysis was performed. In total 17 patients from different clinical wards were included in the analyses. The level of agreement between the PAM and ActiGraph was found strong with an ICC of 0.955. The Bland-Altman analyses showed a mean difference of 1.12 min between the two accelerometers and no proportional bias (p = 0.511). The PAM is a suitable movement sensor to validly measure the active minutes of hospitalized patients. Implementation of this device in daily care might be helpful to change the immobility culture in hospitals. Physical inactivity is common during hospital admission and the main cause of loss of muscle mass and physical fitness. The PAM AM400 is a suitable movement sensor to validly measure the active minutes of hospitalized patients. Implementation of this device in daily care might be helpful to change the immobility culture in hospitals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the value of conventional factors, the Risk Assessment and Predictor Tool (RAPT) and performance-based functional tests as predictors of delayed recovery after total hip arthroplasty (THA).Method: A prospective cohort study in a regional hospital in the Netherlands with 315 patients was attending for THA in 2012. The dependent variable recovery of function was assessed with the Modified Iowa Levels of Assistance scale. Delayed recovery was defined as taking more than 3 days to walk independently. Independent variables were age, sex, BMI, Charnley score, RAPT score and scores for four performance-based tests [2-minute walk test, timed up and go test (TUG), 10-meter walking test (10 mW) and hand grip strength].Results: Regression analysis with all variables identified older age (>70 years), Charnley score C, slow walking speed (10 mW >10.0 s) and poor functional mobility (TUG >10.5 s) as the best predictors of delayed recovery of function. This model (AUC 0.85, 95% CI 0.79–0.91) performed better than a model with conventional factors and RAPT scores, and significantly better (p= 0.04) than a model with only conventional factors (AUC 0.81, 95% CI 0.74–0.87).Conclusions: The combination of performance-based tests and conventional factors predicted inpatient functional recovery after THA.Implications for RehabilitationTwo simple functional performance-based tests have a significant added value to a more conventional screening with age and comorbidities to predict recovery of functioning immediately after total hip surgery.Patients over 70 years old, with comorbidities, with a TUG score >10.5 s and a walking speed >1.0 m/s are at risk for delayed recovery of functioning.Those high risk patients need an accurate discharge plan and could benefit from targeted pre- and postoperative therapeutic exercise programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the effect of the ethnic composition in the school class on school performance in primary education, using COOL 2008 data for The Netherlands. We make an important distinction between theproportionof migrant children and thediversitywith regard to the different ethnic groups in a school class. Due to the strong correlation between these 2 variables, we employ a residualized score of diversity on the proportion of migrants. The diversity indicator, which indicates the level of diversity given a particular share of migrant children, is negatively related to reading comprehension in Grade 8. For other grade years, we find little support for negative effects of diversity net of the share of migrants in a class. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analysis of international data shows that ethnic diversity in secondary schools resets in negative effects with respect to educational performance of pupils (Dronkers, 2010). In this article we use data about 905 pupils, 41 classes and 11 schools in the city of Rotterdam to confirm the hypothesis that - in the context of a multi-ethnic big city - ethnic diversity in classrooms can also have positive effects on educational performance. This conclusion coincides with the prediction of Putman (2007) that in the long run ethnic diversity in cities will no longer trigger a reaction of hunkering down that leads to a decrease in trust and social capital of both in-group and out- groups. For youngsters growing up in the multi-ethnic big city of Rotterdam, who consider ethnic diversity as a something "normal", and who bridge their ethnic differences by sharing a common street culture and language, this prediction has become reality. This results in a positive effect of ethnic diversity in dassrooms on the educational achievements of pupils. INSET: The positive effects of ethnic diversity in classrooms.... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several studies conclude that ethnic diversity tends to reduce social capital. There may, however, be other forms of diversity that also affect social capital, and their inclusion might make the negative effect of ethnic diversity spurious. Besides ethnic diversity, we identify economic and religious diversity, as well as language proficiency in the neighbourhood. This study explores data from the Netherlands showing how these four dimensions of diversity in the neighbourhood affect the quality of contact with neighbours, trust in the neighbourhood and inter-ethnic trust for immigrant and native residents. We find that ethnic diversity in the neighbourhood still lowers the quality of contact with neighbours. For natives, ethnic diversity is positively associated with inter-ethnic trust, whereas for immigrants there is no effect. Furthermore, for natives, religious diversity negatively affects the quality of contact with neighbours and inter-ethnic trust, whereas for immigrants this effect is positive. Economic diversity positively impacts on trust in the neighbourhood and inter-ethnic trust. We do not find an effect of language proficiency. We conclude that, besides ethnic diversity, other forms of diversity in the neighbourhood do also affect trust. Furthermore, diversity can undermine, but also build, various aspects of trust. Last, diversity in the neighbourhood does not mean the same for immigrant and native residents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the feasibility and preliminary effectiveness of therapeutic exercise before total hip replacement in frail elderly. Design: A single-blind, randomized clinical pilot trial. Setting: Outpatient physiotherapy department. Subjects: Frail elderly with hip osteoarthritis awaiting total hip replacement. Interventions: A short (3-6 weeks) tailor-made, therapeutic exercise programme was compared with usual care. Main measures: Feasibility was assessed through patient satisfaction, adherence, occurrence of adverse events and the number of eligible non-volunteers. Preliminary preoperative effectiveness was assessed with performance and selfreported measures of pain, functioning, physical activity and quality of life. Postoperatively we measured functional recovery and length of hospital stay. Results: Sixty-two eligible patients were approached of whom 21 (mean age 76 years) agreed to participate. Exercisers (n=10), rated the intervention as very good 8.9 (8-10) (10-point rating scale). No serious adverse events occurred. Forty-one (66%) eligible patients did not participate, mainly because of logistic considerations, resulting in selection bias. The intervention group (trainings sessions participated 91%) showed relevant preoperative improvements on the chair-rise time (delta -2.9 seconds; 95% confidence interval (CI) -6.2 to 0.4) and timed-up-and-go (delta -4.4 seconds; 95% CI -9.3 to 0.5). Postoperatively, no significant differences were seen. Conclusions: A short, tailor-made, exercise programme is well tolerated and appreciated in elderly patients awaiting total hip replacement. However, a larger randomized clinical trial in the same setting is not warranted, because of the high number of eligible non-volunteers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In earlier studies we found that the Dutch nobility continues to have a strong advantage in achieving elite positions within Dutch society today, despite its very weak legal status since the late 19th century. The aim of this article is to explore some of the possible reasons why this ascriptive characteristic has remained important in a modern and bourgeois society such as the Netherlands. From the official lists of members of the Dutch nobility, we selected all 3,977 persons born in the 20th century in 113 Dutch noble lineages with surnames starting with letters between H and Na. Membership of knightly orders (Johanniter, Malta) correlates positively with tertiary education and increases the odds of obtaining elite positions in the Netherlands. The 13 per cent of these members of the Dutch nobility marrying a noble husband or wife indicates homogamy with an odds-ratio of 23. The odds of obtaining elite positions did not decrease significantly for members of the Dutch nobility born between 1900 and 1940, and the lower odds for the members of the nobility born after 1940 are attributable to their youth. The continuing advantage of members of the Dutch nobility is most easily attributable to their bourgeois origins and their modernization of their social and cultural capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herrnstein and Murray reported a negative relation between intelligence and divorce-risks in The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life. In this article I analyse the relationship between intelligence and divorce-risks during the early '90s for two different Dutch longitudinal cohorts, for which intelligence measured during their childhood is available. A positive relation between intelligence and divorce-risk is found for fifty year-olds born around 1940: divorced respondents have a higher average intelligence than respondents who stayed together. A negative relation between intelligence and divorce-risks is found for thirty year-olds born around 1958: divorced respondents have a lower average intelligence than respondents who stayed together. A possible explanation for the contradictory findings is the democratisation of divorce, which happened after the oldest cohort got married and which altered the nature of divorce from a highly selective to a more normal event. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analysis of the geographical mobility of a random sample of the 20th century Dutch nobility shows the social and cultural features of the nobles who live in Amsterdam, The Hague, Rotterdam, Utrecht, elsewhere in the Netherlands, the neighboring countries and further away clearly differ. The geographical differences within the Dutch nobility consist of the differences among the four big cities, between Holland and the rest of the Netherlands, and between the Netherlands and the three neighboring countries. This means there are still geographical differences within such a relatively "old-fashioned" elite as the Dutch nobility. These geographical differences in the Dutch nobility further support the conclusion from earlier research that the 20th century nobility is still socially relevant.

The central question in this article is whether differences in effectiveness between secondary schools in The Netherlands should be attributed to differences in denomination per se or to whether the particular denomination forms a majority or minority of schools in the region. It is shown that schools of a denomination with either a clear majority or minority position in the region are less effective than schools of a denomination that enrolls about forty percent of the students in the region. The competition between schools to attract students is suggested as an explanation of this phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The number of empirical studies of historical changes in unequal educational opportunities is small. Most studies are quasi-historical; they use the age of the respondents in cross-sectional surveys as an approximation of different historical generations. Four data-sets of several Dutch generations were used for the reviewed comparisons on educational attainment. This article reviews the interim conclusions of these comparisons and its central topic is the occurrence of changes in unequal educational opportunity since 1940. In the next section he illuminates the Dutch situation as an interesting case of a changing bourgeois society and point to some societal and educational developments which have taken place since 1940, in the third section results of the Dutch comparisons, and in the last section discussed the results. Summarizing the reviewed studies show that educational opportunities can change and that the optimism of the 1960s and the pessimism of the 1970s about educational changes were both empirically unfounded, at least in the Netherlands.

This article examines to which extent members of boards of traditional male fraternities have greater access to Dutch elites. The study covers different types of elite position during the period 1960 to 1980 and looks at all 1660 members of boards of the most traditional male fraternities between 1920 and 1960. The aim' of this article is to establish whether the trends in mobility found for the general populations of European societies in the twentieth century can also be found for the opportunities of these board members of traditional male fraternities to enter elite positions. The results indicate that the importance of board membership of traditional male fraternities did not diminish during the period studied, nor did the importance of other ascribed characteristics, like being a member of the nobility or high bourgeoisie. The article discusses two possible explanations for this lack of change: a methodological explanation which states that the cause should be sought in the period studied; and a substantial explanation which falls back on the distinction between structural and circulation mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

in order to test the suggested decline of the family we compare sibling resemblance in the life-chances of five Hungarian cohorts born during the twentieth century. Similar studies in Germany and the Netherlands show less sibling resemblance in younger cohorts. However, one might argue that this trend towards the decline of sibling resemblance cannot be found in societies with a communist regime. A consequence of the communist regime is an increase in the importance of the family as the most important means of improving one!s life-chances, because the other non-political institutions have been destroyed or are dominated by the party. The most important conclusion in this analysis of sibling resemblance in educational attainment, occupational prestige, and wealth in Hungary during the communist regime is that this resemblance did not decrease in younger birth cohorts, contrary to results from analyses on changes occurring over time in sibling resemblance in Western European societies. The slowly declining effect of father's educational attainment and wealth is less than might be predicted on the basis of theories on modernization or state socialism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the influence of the sector of education (Catholic, Protestant and public) on the success of their pupils in tertiary education and on the labour market in the Netherlands. In the United States Coleman and Hoffer (1987) could hardly find any differences between the job prospects of pupils of private and public schools, but they did find effects of Catholic secondary education on success in tertiary education. In this study, which is based on longitudinal data of a nationally representative cohort of Dutch primary school leavers in 1965, an analogous comparison is made between the success in tertiary education and the job careers of the pupils who attended Dutch Catholic, Protestant or public secondary education. Differences are found between success in tertiary education and on the labour market of those who attended Catholic, Protestant or public Dutch schools. Pupils of public schools enter the university more often than pupils of private schools and pupils of Catholic schools enter the lower valued tertiary vocational education more often than pupils of Protestant or public schools. Significant effects of school sector were only found for those job characteristics which indicate the kind of job (sector of the job, nature of the job) but not for job characteristics which indicate the level of job. Especially pupils of Protestant schools less often have jobs in the administrative-financial sector and the medical-social sector than pupils of non-Protestant schools. They also less often have jobs which have an exact or social nature. These differences in success in tertiary education and on the labour market are not systematically in favour of the private Catholic and Protestant schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses issues related to educational planning in the Netherlands. The public education system of various countries is discussed. Existing inequalities in the Dutch education are highlighted. Significance of educational degrees in the Dutch society is explored. The antagonism between the public educational network and the catholic educational network in Belgium is discussed. Issues concerning catholic and Protestant education in the Netherlands are also highlighted. Factors on which the selection of schools by parents for their children are described.

The article presents information about editorial changes in the editorial office of the Dutch socio-scientific illustrated magazine "M&M." The appointment of Claartje H. as a member of the editorial office of "M&M" is a sign that the editorial office is not dominated by one generation of social scientists. However, editorial changes do not mean that the objectives of the illustrated magazine has also been changed. Rather than becoming the mouthpiece of a certain direction or trend, the magazine is open for each contribution at scientific level. The magazine has been meant for readers who are interested in the publish products of both empirical research and of theory shaping.