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The 3D integrated circuit (3D-IC) is garnering significant attention from academia and industry as a key technology leading the post-Moore era, offering new levels of efficiency, power, performance, and form-factor advantages to the semiconductor industry. However, thermal management in 3D-ICs presents a critical challenge that must be overcome to ensure prosperity for this technology. Unlike traditional thermal management solutions that perceive heat generation in 3D-ICs negatively and aim to eliminate it, this paper proposes, for the first time, a thermal management method that positively utilizes heat to achieve low-power operation in 3D-ICs. This approach is based on a novel discovery that circuits can reduce power consumption at higher temperatures by leveraging the temperature effect inversion (TEI) phenomenon in ultralow-voltage (ULV) operating circuits, a characteristic of low-power techniques (TEI-LP techniques). Along with a detailed explanation of this discovery, this paper introduces new thermal management technologies for practical application in 3D-ICs. Furthermore, to achieve optimal energy efficiency with the proposed technology, we develop a temperature controller essential for this purpose. The developed controller is a deep learning-based PID autotuner. This paper proves the theoretical validity of the AI control algorithm designed for this purpose and demonstrates the functional correctness and power-saving effectiveness of the developed controller through intensively conducted simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extending the idea from the recent paper by Carbonero, Hompe, Moore, and Spirkl, for every function f : N → N ∪ { ∞ } with f (1) = 1 and f (n) ⩾ 3 n + 1 3 , we construct a hereditary class of graphs G such that the maximum chromatic number of a graph in G with clique number n is equal to f(n) for every n ∈ N . In particular, we prove that there exist hereditary classes of graphs that are χ -bounded but not polynomially χ -bounded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermally induced stresses can build up in rigid pavements without pressure relief joints. The pressure created becomes a problem for adjacent structures such as bridges. The pressure can cause the pavement to push on the bridge and close the bridge expansion joints. This sets the stage for additional distress if not repaired quickly. This paper presents a case study where excessive pavement pressure damaged a two-span conventional bridge spanning Interstate 35 in Moore, Oklahoma. The bridge was instrumented with vibrating wire sensors to gather information on the behavior of the bridge before and after the repairs. There is a dearth of sensor verified observations of excessive pavement pressure acting on conventional bridges. The sensor data provided in-depth information on the response of the distressed bridge before and after repairs to thermal loading. Prior to the repairs the approach pavement was pushing on the bridge deck and causing the abutment backwalls to tilt toward the bridge. Following the repairs, the approach pavement is no longer pushing on the bridge deck. However, the abutment backwall is now moving in response to thermal changes in the bridge deck, likely due to excessive friction between the deck and the abutment backwall. U-shaped shaped cracking and spalling, previously observed in integral abutment bridges, was observed at this conventional abutment bridge, and the mechanisms causing these cracks and spalling are discussed. Through this study it was found that placement of pavement pressure relief joints relative to the bridge is crucial for reducing the magnitude of stress acting on the bridge. It was also found that the pavement stress acting on a bridge deck can be estimated with vibrating wire strain gauges given a baseline strain response for the approach pavement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the semiconductor industry enters the post-Moore era, the carbon nanotube field-effect transistor (CNTFET) has become a powerful substitute for silicon-based transistors beyond 5 nm process nodes due to its high mobility, low power consumption, and ultra-thin-body electrical advantages. Carbon-based transistor technology has made significant progress in device manufacture and preparation, but carbon-based process design kits (PDKs) that meet the standards of commercial design tools are still an important bottleneck hindering the development of carbon-based integrated circuits. For the first time, a complete full-custom 90 nm CNTFET PDK is proposed in this paper, which includes Pcells for transistors, resistors, and capacitors; a compact model; DRC/LVS/PEX rules; and a standard cell and timing library. It can support the entire design flow of analog, digital, and mixed-signal carbon-based integrated circuits. To achieve an accurate compact model, the back-gate effect of CNTFETs and the influence of gate/drain voltage on transport probability are analyzed. Then the theoretical formulas for mobility and channel current are established. The comparison of the simulation and test results of CNTFET characteristics proves the accuracy of the compact model. Using this PDK, combined with standard IC design tools and design flow, the circuit and layout of an operational amplifier, SRAM, and 8-bit counter are completed. The simulation results verify the correctness and effectiveness of the PDK, laying a solid foundation for the large-scale industrialization of carbon-based integrated circuits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

P.M. Pu and Y.M. Liu extended Moore-Smith's convergence of nets to fuzzy topology and Y.M. Liu provided analogous results to J. Kelley's classical characterization theorem of net convergence by introducing the notion of fuzzy convergence classes. In a previous paper, the authors of this study provided modified versions of this characterization by using an alternative notion of convergence of fuzzy nets, introduced by B.M.U. Afsan, named fuzzy net ideal convergence. Our main scope here is to generalize and simplify the preceding results. Specifically, we insert the concept of a fuzzy function ideal convergence class, L , on a non-empty set, X, consisting of triads (f , e , I) , where f is a function from a non-empty set, D, to the set FP (X) of fuzzy points in X, which we call fuzzy function, e ∈ FP (X) , and I is a proper ideal on D, and we provide necessary and sufficient conditions to establish the existence of a unique fuzzy topology, δ , on X, such that (f , e , I) ∈ L iff f I -converges to e, relative to the fuzzy topology δ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The slowdown of Moore's law and the existence of the "von Neumann bottleneck" has led to electronic-based computing systems under von Neumann's architecture being unable to meet the fast-growing demand for artificial intelligence computing. However, all-optical diffractive neural networks provide a possible solution to this challenge. They can outperform conventional silicon-based electronic neural networks due to the significantly higher speed of the propagation of optical signals (≈ 10 8 m.s − 1 ) compared to electrical signals (≈ 10 5 m.s − 1 ), their parallelism in nature, and their low power consumption. The integrated diffractive deep neural network (ID 2 NN) uses an on-chip fully passive photonic approach to achieve the functionality of neural networks (matrix–vector operations) and can be fabricated via the CMOS process, which is technologically more amenable to implementing an artificial intelligence processor. In this paper, we present a detailed design framework for the integrated diffractive deep neural network and corresponding silicon-on-insulator integration implementation through Python-based simulations. The performance of our proposed ID 2 NN was evaluated by solving image classification problems using the MNIST dataset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The variational method for vortex flow (VF) analyses, called VF-Var (formulated in Part I), is applied to the 20 May 2013 Newcastle–Moore tornadic mesocyclone observed from the operational KTLX radar and an experimental phased-array radar. The dual-Doppler-analyzed VF field reveals the following features: The axisymmetric part of the VF is a well-defined slantwise two-cell vortex in which the maximum tangential velocity is nearly 40 m s−1 at the edge of the vortex core (0.6 km from the vortex center), the central downdraft velocity reaches −35 m s−1 at 3-km height, and the surrounding-updraft velocity reaches 26 m s−1 at 5-km height. The total VF field is a loosely defined slantwise two-cell vortex consisting of a nearly axisymmetric vortex core (in which the ground-relative surface wind speed reaches 50 m s−1 on the southeast edge), a strong nonaxisymmetric slantwise downdraft in the vortex core, and a main updraft in a banana-shaped area southeast of the vortex core, which extends slantwise upward and spirals cyclonically around the vortex core. The single-Doppler analysis with observations from the KTLX radar only exhibits roughly the same features as the dual-Doppler analysis but contains spurious vertical-motion structures in and around the vortex core. Analysis errors are assessed by leveraging the findings from Parts II and III, which indicate that the dual-Doppler-analyzed VF is accurate enough to represent the true VF but the single-Doppler-analyzed VF is not (especially for nonaxisymmetric vertical motions in and around the vortex core), so the dual-Doppler-analyzed VF should be useful for initializing/verifying high-resolution tornado simulations. Significance Statement: After the variational method for vortex flow (VF) analyses, called VF-Var (formulated in Part I of this paper series), was tested successfully with simulated radar observations in Part II and its sensitivity to vortex center location error was examined in Part III, the method is now applied to the 20 May 2013 Newcastle–Moore tornadic mesocyclone observed from the operational KTLX radar and an experimental phased-array radar. Analysis errors are assessed by leveraging the findings from Parts II and III. The results indicate that the dual-Doppler-analyzed VF is accurate enough to represent the true VF (although the single-Doppler-analyzed VF is not especially for nonaxisymmetric vertical motions in and around the vortex core) and thus should be useful for initializing/verifying high-resolution tornado simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on an extension of Riemann sums, Moore and Yang have defined an integral notion for the context of continuous inclusion monotonic interval functions in which the limits of integration are real numbers. This integral notion generalizes the usual one for real-valued functions based on Riemann sums. In this paper we extend this approach by considering intervals as limits of integration and abolishing the inclusion monotonic restriction of the integrable interval functions. Also, such a new integration notion is used to define interval probability density functions and use it in interval probability distribution functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complexity of chip design has consistently grown, adhering to Moore's law. In this paper, we examine a crucial step in integrated circuit design called chip macro placement. Traditionally, human experts are consulted to optimize placement for reduced power consumption, but this requires significant effort. Recently, machine learning-based methods have emerged to address this task, showing promising results. Our work aims to tackle key bottlenecks in current reinforcement learning (RL) based methods, which often suffer from sparse rewards, large state–action search spaces, and unstable training, resulting in suboptimal solutions. To address these issues, we propose a novel approach called Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning for Placement (HRLP). This method distinguishes itself in two ways. First, we introduce a hierarchical RL framework that learns human expert design patterns by assigning agent-specific placement sub-tasks (referred to as options in reinforcement learning) instead of primitive actions at each time step within an episode. Second, we generate dense rewards for each episode by calculating the difference in local wirelength and congestion. We conducted experiments on eight public chip design benchmarks, adaptec and bigblue series. Our model has an average improvement of 9.29 % and 14.25 % on Half Perimeter Wire Length (HPWL), the huge improvement shows that our method is capable of converging to a better sub-optimal than DeepPlace and providing a promising future for AI to aid the design of circuit placement. • Hierarchical reinforcement learning architecture addresses problems of sparse reward and large search space. • Design of dense reward stabilizes the convergence of training. • Design of two options significantly reduces the search space for state–action pairs. • Experiments on eight chip placement benchmarks demonstrate the effectiveness of our model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many decision problems concerning cellular automata are known to be decidable in the case of algebraic cellular automata, that is, when the state set has an algebraic structure and the automaton acts as a morphism. The most studied cases include finite fields, finite commutative rings and finite commutative groups. In this paper, we provide methods to generalize these results to the broader case of group cellular automata, that is, the case where the state set is a finite (possibly non-commutative) finite group. The configuration space is not even necessarily the full shift but a subshift — called a group shift — that is a subgroup of the full shift on ℤ d , for any number d of dimensions. We show, in particular, that injectivity, surjectivity, equicontinuity, sensitivity and nilpotency are decidable for group cellular automata, and non-transitivity is semi-decidable. Injectivity always implies surjectivity, and jointly periodic points are dense in the limit set. The Moore direction of the Garden-of-Eden theorem holds for all group cellular automata, while the Myhill direction fails in some cases. The proofs are based on effective projection operations on group shifts that are, in particular, applied on the set of valid space-time diagrams of group cellular automata. This allows one to effectively construct the traces and the limit sets of group cellular automata. A preliminary version of this work was presented at the conference Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science 2020. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

These are Heterogeneous Agent HA models with continuum of agents in discrete and continuous time with aggregate uncertainty i.e. these are Krusell-Smith (1997) (1998) types of models. The two asset HANK (Heterogeneous Agent New Keynesian) model uses discrete cosine transform (DCT) technique and sequential equilibrium with recursive individual planning as a sequence of discretized Bellman equations. Some of the models are placed in a twosector economy as Kiyotaki, Moore (1997) and one sector growth model studied by Huggett (1997). Huggett (1993) is a HACT (heterogeneous agent model in continuous time) model that describes solution for a simple continuous time heterogeneous agent economy. Some of the models are computed with MIT shock which is an unexpected shock that hits an economy at its steady state, leading to a transition path back towards the economy's steady state. Heterogeneous Agent New Keynesian (HANK) models are emerging as leading frameworks to study the impact of monetary and fiscal policy on the macroeconomy. Central idea of this paper is the notion that representative agent models were wrong turn for modern macroeconomics especially for general equilibrium model (some individuals are some are not liquidity constrained) and that central problems of macroeconomics cannot arise in representative agent models (debt, bankruptcy, asymmetric information).Results from models prove the importance of distributions of household income, wealth, savings decisions in order HA and HANK models to construct optimal monetary policy as opposed to RANK (Representative Agent New Keynesian) model "lean against the wind " monetary policy response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the effects of four significant tornadoes on housing prices in Moore, Oklahoma. We use a hedonic difference-in-difference approach by considering transactions made preceding and following major tornadic events in Moore (occurring in 1999, 2003, 2010, and 2013). Our dataset spans nearly 30,000 housing transactions between 1990 and 2020. The length of tornado impacts is evaluated using a set of time indicators for the years leading up to (and after) the tornadoes. We find a 2-5% decrease in housing prices during the first year after a tornado for houses in the destructive path. However, no such impacts exist in years 2-7. We also employ three different specifications (OLS, spatial lag, and spatial error) to find the most appropriate model for considering the potential spatial processes at work. The results are largely similar across specifications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research work is to characterize and inform the design of (mechanical) property-graded bulk structures made from a single metallic alloy via a laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) process, with an end goal of creating repeatable/reproducible functionally-graded additively manufactured (FGAM) parts. This paper specifically investigates the manufacture of stainless steel (SS) 316L structures via a pulsed selective laser melting (SLM) process, and the underlying causes of property variations (within a functionally-acceptable range) through various material characterization techniques. For this, a design of experiments spanning the volumetric energy density (VED) based process parameter design space was utilized to investigate the range of functionally-acceptable physical/mechanical properties achievable in SS 316L. Five sample conditions (made via different process parameter combinations) were down-selected for in-depth microstructure analysis and mechanical/physical property characterization; these were suitably selected to impart a wide and controllable property range (209-318 HV hardness, 90-99.9% relative density, and 154-211 GPa modulus). It was observed that property variations resulted from combinations of porosity types/amounts, martensitic phase fractions, and grain sizes. Based on these findings, property-graded standard test specimens were designed and manufactured for further investigation-tensile specimens having a monotonic hardness change along its gauge length, four-point bending specimens with varying elastic moduli as a function of the distance from the neutral axis, and Moore's rotating beam fatigue specimens with moduli variations based on the distance from the center. Altogether, this work lays the foundation for understanding and designing the local and global mechanical performance of FGAM bulk structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports on two domains of a survey to map the religious literacy of Estonian basic school graduates undertaken in 2022 to understand how well the respondents distinguish religion as a discursive category and how much they know about basic concepts of world religions and the Estonian religious landscape. The sample consisted of 392 respondents from schools all over Estonia, both from large urban and small rural schools. The survey was conducted with an original instrument designed according to the Estonian religious landscape, the content of the National Curriculum for basic schools, the educational model of religious literacy according to Francis and Dinham, and the characterization of religious literacy by Moore, Prothero, Francis and Dinham. The results reflect the reality of the Estonian situation. Being one of the least religious countries in the world and with almost no education about religions and worldviews in public education, the students do not have enough competencies in the examined areas to operate well in a religiously diverse world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The classical game of Nim can be naturally extended and played on an arbitrary hypergraph H ⊆ 2 V \ {0} whose vertices V = {1,. . ., n} correspond to piles of stones. By one move, a player chooses an edge H of H and arbitrarily reduces all piles i ⊆ H. In 1901 Bouton solved the classical Nim for which H = {{1}, . . ., {n}}. In 1910 Moore introduced and solved a more general game, k-Nim, for which H = {H ⊆ V | |H| ≤ k}, where 1 ≤ k < n. In 1980, Jenkyns and Mayberry obtained an explicit formula for the Sprague-Grundy function of Moore’s Nim for the case k = n - 1. Recently it was shown that the same formula works for a large class of hypergraphs. In this paper we study combinatorial properties of these hypergraphs and obtain explicit formulas for the Sprague-Grundy functions of the conjunctive and selective compounds of the corresponding hypergraph Nim games. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Place attachment has gained considerable attention in disaster studies, though there is little consensus on how to conceptualize or measure this construct in post-disaster environments. Many of the place attachment scales used in disaster studies come from studies of recreational or high-amenity areas, and we do not know whether or to what extent these measures translate to disaster contexts. This paper addresses gaps in our understanding of place attachment in disaster contexts by reviewing the measurement of place attachment in the literature and by presenting findings from an empirical study of place attachment in a post-disaster environment, namely a survey study of survivors (n = 675) of the 2013 Moore, Oklahoma, USA, tornado. Through this study, we identified four dimensions of place attachment: place identity, place dependence, neighborhood quality, and detachment. We also identified several factors that were related to dimensions of place attachment after the disaster, including social participation, exposure, and risk perception. We close by suggesting avenues for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional FETs, although serving as the backbone of modern electronics, have encountered fundamental limits in power efficiency due to the Boltzmann limit. Negative Capacitance (NC) FETs, leveraging the intriguing phenomenon of NC in certain ferroelectric materials, provide a ground-breaking solution by effectively amplifying the internal potential and enabling sub-60mV/dec switching. In this review paper, we explore the motivations behind the semiconductor industry's transition to NCFETs, including their potential to revolutionize low-power electronic devices. The concept of NC here is combined with all the transistors structures such as traditional MOSFETs, FinFETs, GAAFETs, and 2D material-based FETs. A unique insight into NCFETs is presented starting from general questions that concern regarding an NCFET. Physical concepts related to Ferroelectric NC, Transient NC, and Stabilized NC is discussed and modelling of MFS, MFIS, MFMIS structures is presented. A complete overview of NC devices pertaining to both experimental and simulation results are discussed. Several design considerations such as channel length scaling, thickness and gate stack optimization, hysteresis, material engineering, channel engineering, reliability (Self heating, Variability, Interface traps, Bias Temperature Instability, Radiation), annealing effects etc are discussed in detail. A future outlook that needs further developments to NCFET technology is also addressed which we believe will open the door to the advancements for low power electronic devices. [Display omitted] • Critically reviews the motivations behind the semiconductor industry's transition to NCFETs, including their potential to revolutionize low-power electronic devices. • A complete overview of NC devices pertaining to both experimental and simulation results are discussed. • Highlights the integration of NC concept into state of art devices such as MOSFETs, FinFET, NWFET, NSFET, and 2D material FETs. • Several design considerations such as channel length scaling, thickness and gate stack optimization, hysteresis, material engineering, channel engineering, reliability (Self heating, Variability, Interface traps, Bias Temperature Instability, Radiation), annealing effects etc are discussed in detail. • A future outlook that needs further developments to NCFET technology is also addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The non-volatile memory devices based on traditional materials are unable to adapt to the background of the post-Moore era due to high energy consumption and low transmission speed. Therefore, the two-dimensional (2D) materials receive extensive attention on account of their excellent electrical and optical properties. The floating-gate transistors based on MoS 2 /h-BN/graphene heterojunction possess excellent storage functions. In this paper, the characteristics of MoS 2 /h-BN/graphene floating-gate transistors are investigated by manufacturing and comparing multiple devices. And the influences of the thickness of the h-BN tunneling layer on the storage functions are also explored. The device with the thickness of h-BN exceed 10 nm obtain the optimal non-volatile and photoelectric storage characteristics. Ultimately, the chosen floating-gate transistor can achieve switching ratio as high as ∼105 at working voltages below 10 V, and also achieve multi-level storage by applying pulses of different amplitudes. And the device has very excellent durability and retention after 1000 cycles working. At the same time, the device also has perfect performance in the process of alternately applying electrical pulses and optical pulses, and finally achieves storage functions of electrical writing and optical erasing. These results prove that the outstanding non-volatile and photoelectric storage characteristics can be effectively achieved in 2D materials heterojunction floating-gate transistors. Therefore, the 2D materials floating-gate transistors will be potential candidate for post-Moore non-volatile memory chip. • This research designed a MoS 2 /h-BN/graphene floating gate device with different thicknesses of tunneling layer. • The device with appropriate thickness of tunneling layer shows the excellent non-volatile storage characteristics. • The tunneling layer with appropriate thickness makes the device obtain outstanding multilevel memory function and endurance. • The hybrid photoelectric storage can be achieved by simultaneously applying electrical and optical pulses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: India has the largest cohort of community health workers with one million Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHAs). ASHAs play vital role in providing health education and promoting accessible health care services in the community. Despite their potential to improve the health status of people, they remain largely underutilized because of their limited knowledge and skills. Considering this gap, Extension for Community Healthcare Outcomes (ECHO)® India, in collaboration with the National Health System Resource Centre (NHSRC), implemented a 15-h (over 6 months) refresher training for ASHAs using a telementoring interface. The present study intends to assess the impact of the training program for improving the knowledge and skills of ASHA workers. Methods: We conducted a pre–post quasi-experimental study using a convergent parallel mixed-method approach. The quantitative survey (n = 490) assessed learning competence, performance, and satisfaction of the ASHAs. In addition to the above, in-depth interviews with ASHAs (n = 12) and key informant interviews with other stakeholders (n = 9) examined the experience and practical applications of the training. Inferences from the quantitative and qualitative approaches were integrated during the reporting stage and presented using an adapted Moore's Expanded Outcomes Framework. Results: There was a statistically significant improvement in learning (p = 0.038) and competence (p = 0.01) after attending the training. Participants were satisfied with the opportunity provided by the teleECHO™ sessions to upgrade their knowledge. However, internet connectivity, duration and number of participants in the sessions were identified as areas that needed improvement for future training programs. An improvement in confidence to communicate more effectively with the community was reported. Positive changes in the attitudes of ASHAs towards patient and community members were also reported after attending the training. The peer-to-peer learning through case-based discussion approach helped ensure that the training was relevant to the needs and work of the ASHAs. Conclusions: The ECHO Model ™ was found effective in improving and updating the knowledge and skills of ASHAs across different geographies in India. Efforts directed towards knowledge upgradation of ASHAs are crucial for strengthening the health system at the community level. The findings of this study can be used to guide future training programs. Trial registration The study has been registered at the Clinical Trials Registry, India (CTRI/2021/10/037189) dated 08/10/2021. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extending Moore's law by augmenting complementary-metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) transistors with emerging nanotechnologies (X) has become increasingly important. One important class of problems involve sampling-based Monte Carlo algorithms used in probabilistic machine learning, optimization, and quantum simulation. Here, we combine stochastic magnetic tunnel junction (sMTJ)-based probabilistic bits (p-bits) with Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) to create an energy-efficient CMOS + X (X = sMTJ) prototype. This setup shows how asynchronously driven CMOS circuits controlled by sMTJs can perform probabilistic inference and learning by leveraging the algorithmic update-order-invariance of Gibbs sampling. We show how the stochasticity of sMTJs can augment low-quality random number generators (RNG). Detailed transistor-level comparisons reveal that sMTJ-based p-bits can replace up to 10,000 CMOS transistors while dissipating two orders of magnitude less energy. Integrated versions of our approach can advance probabilistic computing involving deep Boltzmann machines and other energy-based learning algorithms with extremely high throughput and energy efficiency. Designing energy-efficient and scalable hardware capable of accelerating Monte Carlo algorithms is highly desirable for probabilistic computing. Here, Singh et al. combine stochastic magnetic tunnel junction-based probabilistic bits with versatile field programmable gate arrays to achieve this goa [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over recent decades, advancements in complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor integrated circuits (ICs) have mainly relied on structural innovations in transistors. From planar transistors to the fin field-effect transistor (FinFET) and gate-all-around FET (GAAFET), more gate electrodes have been added to three-dimensional (3D) channels with enhanced control and carrier conductance to provide higher electrostatic integrity and higher operating currents within the same device footprint. Beyond the 1-nm node, Moore's law scaling is no longer expected to be applicable to geometrical shrinkage. Vertical transistor stacking, e.g. in complementary FETs (CFET), 3D stack (3DS) FETs and vertical-channel transistors (VFET), for enhanced density and variable circuit or system design represents a revolutionary scaling approach for sustained IC development. Herein, innovative works on specific structures, key process breakthroughs, shrinking cell sizes and design methodologies for transistor structure research and development are reviewed. Perspectives on future innovations in advanced transistors with new channel materials and operating theories are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A lumped-parameter dynamic performance model for a single-spool turbojet engine is presented in this paper. This model can handle pre and poststall transients under forward and reverse-flow conditions. The inter-component volume technique is employed instead of the standard matching technique to be able to handle high-frequency transients and reverse-flow conditions. Inspired by Greitzer's lumped-parameter surge model, momentum (duct) and volume elements are placed within the flow path to handle surge dynamics. Compressor and turbine maps are extended to low-flow and reverse-flow regions using a combination of the guidelines presented by Kurzke, the cubic axisymmetric characteristics of Moore and Greitzer, and a quadratic function guess for in-stall characteristics. Combustor efficiency, stability limits, and delay are taken from the literature. Poststall behavior of the model is validated using the data available in the literature for a Rolls-Royce Viper engine. A good match is observed with a correct prediction of poststall behaviors, which transition from surge after locked stall to multiple surge cycles around 80% speed and multiple surge cycles to surge after flameout around 95% speed. The effects of different modeling choices and modeling parameters on the obtained results are discussed. The produced model can be calibrated for a specific engine with surge tests, and it can be used for hard-to-test scenarios like surge after shaft breakage. Different surge/stall-causing events, such as fuel spiking, in-bleeding, and shaft breakage, are simulated to see the capabilities of the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prediction and monitoring of urban sprawl is a significant urban issue for planners, decision makers, and local authorities in terms of spatial data, strategies, and prediction models. Egyptian cities have expanded rapidly in the last 40 years. This uncontrolled urban growth requires a review of Egyptian urban policies and regulations. The Greater Cairo Region (GCR) is Egypt's economic capital and a significant industrial and commercial city. This study uses spatio-temporal data to suggest an approach based on integrating cellular automata (CA) and multicriteria evaluation (MCE) like analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and running it within the geographical information system (GIS) for monitoring, analyzing, and allocating informal growth in the context of unplanned regions like the GCR. At first, the weights of influencing growth factors were determined and calculated using AHP. Next, the probability map was created according to AHP weights. The historical probability map was then generated based on the historical development. Then a standalone CA macro was developed based on AHP weights to calculate the proximity index for existing urban and transportation features using Moore's extended neighborhood matrix. Finally, the general suitability map was created to identify the most sensitive areas for growth over the next two decades. The prediction process was performed based on the 2012 urban boundary. Then, the prediction accuracy was verified using the Kappa coefficient based on actual urban extents in 2017. The results showed that 676 km2 (35%) of the study area was not sensitive, 386.5 km2 (20%) was slightly sensitive, 522 km2 (27%) was almost sensitive, and 348 km2 (18%) was extremely sensitive to urban sprawl. Finally, we predicted the urban growth for the period from 2022 to 2052 for every 5 years. The outcomes showed a linear scattered sprawl pattern along transportation features and an annular pattern around existing urban spaces. Therefore, fertile farming land and natural resources in the GCR are set to become almost extinct over the next two decades, threatening food production and security. These results indicate the necessity to modify the region's urban policies to protect the agricultural areas and control the unplanned urban sprawl. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellular automaton (CA) models have been used to study pedestrian evacuation for many years. The time step and pedestrian evacuation neighbourhood rules are core elements of the CA models for the study of pedestrian dynamics, which have different consequences under different conditions and, therefore, need to be taken seriously. In this paper, we combine pedestrian aggressiveness with the individual's environment and consider the pros and cons of each of their choices to optimise aggressiveness, and we discuss the impact of time step and neighbourhood rules on pedestrian dynamics under competitive conditions. Multi-velocity two-dimensional floor field cellular automaton (FFCA) is used to consider the impact of aggressiveness on speed and spatial competitiveness. After we optimise aggressiveness, the total evacuation time differs greatly from before in the multi-step method model (MSMM) when pedestrian evacuation follows Moore's neighbourhood rule. When pedestrian evacuation follows von Neumann's neighbourhood rule, in the velocity ratio method model (VRMM) and the MSMM, the total evacuation time changes with aggressiveness in the same trend, first showing the phenomenon of 'faster is faster' and then 'faster is slower', but the greater aggressiveness is, the greater the difference in evacuation time is between the two models. When pedestrian evacuation follows Moore's neighbourhood rule, the total evacuation time has opposite trends to aggressiveness under the VRMM and the MSMM. In addition, in the VRMM, the total evacuation time of pedestrians following von Neumann's neighbourhood rule is always much greater, almost twice as long, than when following Moore's neighbourhood rule. In the MSMM, the difference in the total pedestrian evacuation time following different neighbourhood rules is much more complicated. • Pedestrian aggressiveness is optimised, considering the pedestrian's environment and the pros and cons of the choices, and compared to when it is unoptimised. • A multi-step method model for pedestrian evacuation is proposed and compared with the speed ratio method model, and how to deal with the conflicts caused by the multi-step method is explained. • Highlight the impact of the coupling effects of different neighbourhood rules and time step methods on pedestrian evacuation when considering aggressiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: This review introduces the potential of 2D electronics for post-Moore era and discusses their current progress in digital circuits, analog circuits, heterogeneous integration, sensing circuits, artificial intelligence chips, and quantum chips in sequence. A comprehensive analysis of the current trends and challenges encountered in the development of 2D materials is summarized. An in-depth roadmap outlining the future development of 2D electronics is presented, and the most accessible and promising avenues for 2D electronics are suggested. Due to the constraints imposed by physical effects and performance degradation, silicon-based chip technology is facing certain limitations in sustaining the advancement of Moore's law. Two-dimensional (2D) materials have emerged as highly promising candidates for the post-Moore era, offering significant potential in domains such as integrated circuits and next-generation computing. Here, in this review, the progress of 2D semiconductors in process engineering and various electronic applications are summarized. A careful introduction of material synthesis, transistor engineering focused on device configuration, dielectric engineering, contact engineering, and material integration are given first. Then 2D transistors for certain electronic applications including digital and analog circuits, heterogeneous integration chips, and sensing circuits are discussed. Moreover, several promising applications (artificial intelligence chips and quantum chips) based on specific mechanism devices are introduced. Finally, the challenges for 2D materials encountered in achieving circuit-level or system-level applications are analyzed, and potential development pathways or roadmaps are further speculated and outlooked. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We prove that, for every graph F with at least one edge, there is a constant c F such that there are graphs of arbitrarily large chromatic number and the same clique number as F in which every F-free induced subgraph has chromatic number at most c F . This generalises recent theorems of Briański, Davies and Walczak, and Carbonero, Hompe, Moore and Spirkl. Our results imply that for every r ⩾ 3 the class of K r -free graphs has a very strong vertex Ramsey-type property, giving a vast generalisation of a result of Folkman from 1970. We also prove related results for tournaments, hypergraphs and infinite families of graphs, and show an analogous statement for graphs where clique number is replaced by odd girth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wheat offers winter forage for cattle grazing and is one of the most valuable cash crops in Texas. In this study, we evaluate the impacts of climate change projections on winter wheat grain yields in five major wheat producing counties in Texas (Deaf Smith, Ochiltree, Hansford, Moore, and Parmer). For this purpose, extant soil and climate data were utilized in conjunction with Agricultural Policy Environmental eXtender (APEX) and Coupled Model Intercomparison Project—Phase 5 (CMIP 5) climate projections to determine the most reasonable future trajectory of Texas winter wheat yields. The results indicate that Deaf Smith and Parmer counties are projected to experience the greatest yield decrease, 33.33%, about 696 kg/ha under the CMIP5 RCP4.5 (Texas projected temperature increase between 2.2 and 3.3 °C) 2046–2070 scenario compared to a 1981–2017 baseline. The maximum percentage yield increase was noticed in Ochiltree County under the CMIP5 RCP8.5 2071–2095 scenario, with an 84.2% (about 1857 kg/ha) yield increase compared to the 1981–2017 baseline. Parmer County is projected to experience the greatest yield decrease of 20%, about 348 kg/ha, under the RCP4.5 2046–2070 scenario when compared to the 1981–2005 baseline. The maximum percentage yield increase is projected for Ochiltree County—a 105.9% increase, about 2089 kg/ha—under the RCP8.5 2071–2095 scenario when compared to the 1981–2005 baseline. In general, with few exceptions, winter wheat yields are projected to rise under the projected climate scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We introduce the parton cascade Alpaca, which evolves parton ensembles corresponding to single events according to the effective kinetic theory of QCD at high temperature formulated by Arnold, Moore and Yaffe by explicitly simulating elastic scattering, splitting and merging. By taking the ensemble average over many events the phase space density (as evolved by the Boltzmann equation) is recovered, but the parton cascade can go beyond the evolution of the mean because it can be turned into a complete event generator that produces fully exclusive final states including fluctuations and correlations. The parton cascade does not require the phase space density as input (except for the initial condition at the starting time). Rather, effective masses and temperature, which are functions of time and are defined as integrals over expressions involving the distribution function, are estimated in each event from just the parton ensemble of that event. We validate the framework by showing that ensembles sampled from a thermal distribution stay in thermal equilibrium even after running the simulation for a long time. This is a non-trivial result, because it requires all parts of the simulation to intertwine correctly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the ongoing case of Moore v. United States, which is currently being argued before the U.S. Supreme Court. The case revolves around the interpretation of the Sixteenth Amendment and whether it allows Congress to tax unrealized sums without apportionment among the states. The amicus briefs in the case focus on the original meaning of the phrase "taxes on incomes" and whether it includes a realization requirement. The outcome of the case could have significant implications for various tax provisions. The article provides a historical overview of the case and examines the arguments made by both sides regarding the historical understanding of the Constitution's language. It also explores the history of state income taxes and academic discussions surrounding the definition of income at the time of the amendment's adoption. The article concludes that there was no publicly understood consensus that realization was a requirement for an income tax, and that the Supreme Court's interpretation of the Macomber case to establish a universal realization requirement would be inconsistent with the intent of the Sixteenth Amendment. [Extracted from the article]

Ectropis dentilineata Moore, 1868 has a wide geographic distribution while its genome data are largely unknown. In this study, we collected samples of E. dentilineata from a tea plantation in Guizhou province, China. Illumina sequencing showed that the mitochondrial genome of E. dentilineata is 15,356 bp in length, containing the entire set of 37 mitochondrial genes. Several tRNAs show gene arrangements compared with the ancestral gene order, mainly involving the tRNA cluster (M-I-Q). These data will facilitate a deeper understanding and exploitation of E. dentilineata. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Moore v. United States, the U.S. Supreme Court will consider a rare Sixteenth Amendment case. On its face, the case deals with deemed repatriation, a discrete provision of the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act that included in income past accumulated earnings held abroad. This short Article seeks to contextualize the deemed repatriation provision in terms of why it was passed and how it comports with principles underlying the U.S. tax code. Drawing on firsthand experience researching and drafting the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, the Article shows the analysis that went into enacting the provision, focusing on the traditional elements of tax reform and legislation: equity, efficiency, and simplicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monitoring of winding faults is of great significance for the assessment of the transformer maintenance status. In this study, the time series analysis is combined with frequency response analysis (FRA) for better interpretation and analysis of FRA results. Here, healthy baseline residual data are modeled using the time series analysis for faults detection of the transformer winding. Different statistical software, such as R 4.0.2 and ITSM2000, are used to analyze measured data. To detect the transformer’s winding faults, various analyses, such as the autocorrelation and partial autocorrelation functions plot, the Box–Pierce test, the Ljung–Box test, the McLeod–Li test, the turning points test, the Wallis and Moore phase–frequency test, and the Jarque–Bera test, and the order of minimum corrected Akaike’s information criteria are used. The simulation results show that the suggested method is able to classify and discriminate mechanical and electrical faults of the transformer’s winding with good accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Residential shelter performance, in the aftermath of the devastating May 20, 2013, EF5 tornado that struck Moore, Oklahoma, was investigated by a reconnaissance team comprised of researchers from several universities. The team observed and documented 75 residential shelters along the tornado damage path and noted that the concept of shared shelter use was responsible for saving many lives. All belowground shelters performed well with no evidence of structural compromise or shelter breach from debris missiles; however, debris was occasionally observed blocking the opening of the garage slab residential shelters and flooding was also noted in a few cases. Although less common, the majority of above ground residential shelters observed were found in areas that experienced EF3-EF4 estimated wind speeds. In all cases but one, the above ground safe rooms performed well. A debris missile breach of an insulated concrete form (ICF) safe room was documented. While poor construction quality, specifically poor concrete consolidation in areas where plastic cross-ties held the form together, was found to be the major contributing factor in this failure, other factors such as safe room placement within the house and the type of missile (thin-walled steel square tubing) also contributed to this failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]