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A novel actinobacterium, designated strain NEAU-TPG4(T) was isolated from rhizosphere soil of Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc. collected from Luobei, Heilongjiang Province, north China, and characterized using a polyphasic approach. Morphological and chemotaxonomic properties of strain NEAU-TPG4(T) were consistent with the description of the genus Dactylosporangium. The strain formed finger-shaped sporangia on short sporangiophores that emerged directly from substrate hyphae. The cell-wall peptidoglycan consisted of meso- and 3-hydroxy-diaminopimelic acids; arabinose, xylose and glucose were found as whole-cell sugars. The phospholipid profile contained diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylinositol. The predominant menaquinones were identified as MK-9(H8) and MK-9(H6). The predominant cellular fatty acids were identified as iso-C16:0, anteiso-C15:0, anteiso-C17:0 and C18:0. Phylogenetic analysis using 16S rRNA gene sequences also indicated that the strain should be classified in the genus Dactylosporangium and showed that the closest relatives were Dactylosporangium maewongense Japan Collection of Microorganism (JCM) 15933(T) (99.6 %), Dactylosporangium siamense NBRC 106093(T) (99.6 %), Dactylosporangium aurantiacum JCM 3083(T) (99.5 %) and Dactylosporangium luteum JCM 17685(T) (99.5 %). However, the low level of DNA-DNA relatedness and several cultural and physiological characteristics allowed the strain to be distinguished from its closest relatives. Thus, it is proposed that strain NEAU-TPG4(T) represents a novel Dactylosporangium species. Dactylosporangium cerinum sp. nov. The type strain of D. cerinum is NEAU-TPG4(T) (=CGMCC 4.7152(T) = DSM 46712(T)).

A rod-shaped, endospore-forming, Gram-reaction-positive bacterium, designated strain TC22-2b(T), was isolated from compost in Tochigi, Japan. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the strain belonged to a cluster comprising species of the genus Paenibacillus and was most closely related to the type strain of Paenibacillus elgii (93.4% similarity). The major cellular fatty acids were C(16:0) (25.5%), iso-C(16:0) (23.6%) and anteiso-C(15:0) (21.5%). The predominant menaquinone was MK-7. The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine. The diamino acid found in the cell wall peptidoglycan was meso-diaminopimelic acid, and the DNA G+C content was 59.1 mol%. The results of physiological and biochemical tests enabled the phenotypic differentiation of strain TC22-2b(T) from the most closely related species with validly published names. Phylogenetic and phenotypic evidence reveals that strain TC22-2b(T) represents a novel species of the genus Paenibacillus, for which the name Paenibacillus thermoaerophilus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of the novel species is TC22-2b(T) ( =DSM 26310(T)  =JCM 18657(T)).

A Gram-stain-positive, non-motile, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain K-1(T), was isolated from soil at a sucrose refinery in Japan. The strain grew at 9-37 °C (optimum, 30 °C) and at pH 6-11 (optimum, pH 7.0). Phylogenetic analysis based on the full-length 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain K-1(T) revealed that it was a member of the genus Microbacterium. High 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities were found between strains K-1(T) and both Microbacterium pumilum NBRC 101279(T) (99.7 %) and Microbacterium deminutum NRRL B-24453(T) (99.5 %). However, the DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain K-1(T) and M. pumilum NBRC 101279(T) and M. deminutum NRRL B-24453(T) were only 12 % and 10 %, respectively. The DNA G+C content of strain K-1(T) was 73 mol%. The major fatty acids of strain K-1(T) were anteiso-C15 : 0 and anteiso-C17 : 0, and the major menaquinones were MK-12 and MK-13. The diamino acid in the cell-wall peptidoglycan was lysine. On the basis of these results, strain K-1(T) is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Microbacterium, for which the name Microbacterium saccharophilum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is K-1(T) (= NBRC 108778(T) = NCIMB 14782(T)).

A novel Gram-stain-positive actinobacterium, designated H25-14(T), was isolated from a sea sediment sample, and its taxonomic position was investigated by a polyphasic approach. The peptidoglycan type of strain H25-14(T) was A4α and lysine was the diagnostic diamino acid of the peptidoglycan. The predominant menaquinone was MK-9(H4) and the major fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0 and iso-C15 : 0. The DNA G+C content was 73.2 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons revealed that strain H25-14(T) was closely related to Paraoerskovia marina NBRC 104352(T) (98.3 %). However, DNA-DNA hybridization data and phenotypic characteristics revealed that strain H25-14(T) differed from P. marina NBRC 104352(T). Therefore, strain H25-14(T) represents a novel species of the genus Paraoerskovia, for which the name Paraoerskovia sediminicola sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is H25-14(T) ( = NBRC 108565(T) = DSM 25477(T)). An emended description of the genus Paraoerskovia is also proposed.

Two novel bacterial strains, designated Kc1(T) and Kc5(T), were isolated from soil in Japan. Cells of the novel strains were Gram-reaction-positive, aerobic or facultatively anaerobic, motile rods. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that both strains belonged to the genus Cellulomonas. The 16S rRNA gene sequences of strains Kc1(T) and Kc5(T) showed closest similarity to that of Cellulomonas terrae DB5(T) (98.1 % and 98.4 % similarity, respectively), and the 16S rRNA gene similarity between the two novel strains was 97.8 %. In both strains, the major menaquinone was MK-9(H(4)), the predominant polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylinositol mannosides, and the peptidoglycan contained ornithine and glutamic acid. Cell-wall sugars were identified as rhamnose, galactose and mannose in strain Kc1(T) and rhamnose and glucose in strain Kc5(T). The DNA G+C contents of strains Kc1(T) and Kc5(T) were 73.6 mol% and 75.8 mol%, respectively. Based on the chemotaxonomic and physiological data and the results of DNA-DNA hybridizations, the two strains represent two novel species within the genus Cellulomonas, for which the names Cellulomonas soli sp. nov. (type strain Kc1(T) =DSM 24484(T) =JCM 17535(T)) and Cellulomonas oligotrophica sp. nov. (type strain Kc5(T) =DSM 24482(T) =JCM 17534(T)) are proposed.

A novel strain of Gram-staining-positive bacterium, designated HI08-69(T), was isolated from the rhizosphere of a mangrove on Iriomote Island, Japan, and its taxonomic position was investigated by a polyphasic approach. The strain had peptidoglycan of the A4α type, with lysine as the diagnostic diamino acid. The predominant menaquinone was demethylmenaquinone DMK-9(H(4)) and the major fatty acids were anteiso-C(15:0), anteiso-C(17:0) and C(16:0). The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol and an unidentified polar lipid but minor amounts of other polar lipids were also detected. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain HI08-69(T) was 71.7 mol%. In phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, the novel strain and members of the genus Demequina formed a monophyletic cluster, with pairwise sequence similarities of 95.6-96.8%. However, strain HI08-69(T) was clearly distinguishable from all established members of the genus Demequina in terms of several chemotaxonomic characteristics. On the basis of the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics, strain HI08-69(T) represents a novel species in a new genus for which the name Lysinimicrobium mangrovi gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of the type species is HI08-69(T) ( = NBRC 105856(T) = DSM 24868(T)).

Three strains, K08-0182(T), K08-0178 and K08-0195 were isolated from the paste of ground plant roots collected in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan. These strains contained meso-diaminopimelic acid and lysine as the diamino acids in cell-wall peptidoglycan, and MK-9(H(6)) and MK-9(H(8)) as the predominant menaquinones. The G+C contents of the DNA were 72-73 mol%. Taken together, these characteristics combined with 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses revealed that the isolated strains belong to the genus Actinoallomurus. DNA-DNA hybridization values showed that the three strains belonged to a novel species of the genus Actinoallomurus. Therefore strains K08-0182(T), K08-0178 and K08-0195 are proposed as representatives of a novel species, Actinoallomurus radicium sp. nov. The type strain is K08-0182(T) ( = DSM 45523(T)  = NBRC 107678(T)  = JCM 17294(T)).

Two Gram-positive bacteria, designated strains Aji5-31(T) and Ngc37-23(T), were isolated from the intestinal tracts of fishes. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that both strains were related to the members of the family Dermatophilaceae, with 95.6-96.9% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities. The family Dermatophilaceae contains 2 genera and 3 species: Dermatophilus congolensis, Dermatophilus chelonae and Kineosphaera limosa. However, it has been suggested that the taxonomic position of D. chelonae should be reinvestigated using a polyphasic approach, because the chemotaxonomic characteristics are not known (Stackebrandt, 2006; Stackebrandt and Schumann, 2000). Our present study revealed that strains Aji5-31(T), Ngc37-23(T) and D. chelonae NBRC 105200(T) should be separated from the other members of the family Dermatophilaceae on the basis of the following characteristics: the predominant menaquinone of strain Aji5-31(T) is MK-8(H(2)), strain Ngc37-23(T) possesses iso- branched fatty acids as major components, and the menaquinone composition of D. chelonae is MK-8(H(4)), MK-8 and MK-8(H(2)) (5 : 3 : 2, respectively). On the basis of these distinctive phenotypic characteristics and phylogenetic analysis results, it is proposed that strains Aji5-31(T) and Ngc37-23(T) be classified as two novel genera and species of the family Dermatophilaceae. The names are Mobilicoccus pelagius gen. nov., sp. nov. and Piscicoccus intestinalis gen. nov., sp. nov., and the type strains are Aji5-31(T) (=NBRC 104925(T) =DSM 22762(T)) and Ngc37-23(T) (=NBRC 104926(T) =DSM 22761(T)), respectively. In addition, D. chelonae should be reassigned to a new genus of the family Dermatophilaceae with the name Austwickia chelonae gen. nov., comb. nov.

A novel lactic acid bacterium, strain MIC1-18(T), was isolated from crude oil collected at an oil-water well in Akita, Japan. Cells of strain MIC1-18(T) were found to be facultatively anaerobic, mesophilic, neutrophilic, Gram-negative, non-sporulating, motile by means of peritrichous flagella and oval rods, 1.8-2.5 mum long. Optimum growth was observed at 30 degrees C, pH 7.0 and 3 % (w/v) NaCl. Strain MIC1-18(T) produced acid from l-arabinose, ribose, glucose, fructose, mannose, N-acetylglucosamine, amygdalin, arbutin, salicin, cellobiose, maltose, sucrose, trehalose, gentiobiose and 5-ketogluconate. l-Lactic acid was the major end product from glucose. The major cellular fatty acid was C(16 : 1)omega7c. The cell-wall murein type was A4alpha containing Lys-Glu. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 37.8 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene revealed that strain MIC1-18(T) was accommodated as a member of the lactic acid bacteria of the low-G+C content Gram-positive bacteria; the closest neighbour of this organism was Atopococcus tabaci CCUG 48253(T), with only 90.0 % sequence similarity. On the basis of the phenotypic features and phylogenetic position, a novel genus and species, Lacticigenium naphtae gen. nov., sp. nov., are proposed for strain MIC1-18(T) (=NBRC 101988(T)=DSM 19658(T)).

A novel, Gram-positive bacterial strain, F12(T), was isolated from the abdominal epidermis of a sea cucumber, Holothuria edulis, collected from seawater off the coast of Japan. According to 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, this strain represents a novel, deep-rooting lineage within the class Actinobacteria and clusters with uncultured bacteria and Acidimicrobium ferrooxidans. Compared to species with validly published names, the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (89.8 %) was to Acidimicrobium ferrooxidans DSM 10331(T). Phylogenetic analyses showed that strain F12(T) represents a distinct phylogenetic lineage related closely to the genus Acidimicrobium. Strain F12(T) contained MK-9(H(6)) as the major menaquinone, whilst 17 : 0, 17 : 1omega8c, 15 : 0 and 16 : 0 were the major cellular fatty acids. The cell-wall peptidoglycan of strain F12(T) was composed of meso-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid, alanine and glutamic acid (1 : 2 : 1). The cell-wall sugars detected were rhamnose, mannose, arabinose, galactose and xylose. The G+C content of the DNA was 74.4 mol%. From the taxonomic data obtained in this study, the name Iamia majanohamensis gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed for the isolate, with type strain F12(T) (=NBRC 102561(T)=DSM 19957(T)). The name Iamiaceae fam. nov. is also proposed for the distinct phyletic line represented by the genus Iamia.

A taxonomic study was carried out to clarify the status of a Gram-negative, heterotrophic mesophile that was isolated from the marine sponge Halichondria okadai. The strain, designated HOact23(T), was a non-motile, rod-shaped (0.44-0.53x0.65-0.79 microm) bacterium. The strain produced squalene and a red-pink carotenoid pigment. The cell-wall peptidoglycan contained meso-diaminopimelic acid, glutamic acid and alanine. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 52.4 mol%. The major fatty acids were iso-C(14 : 0) (43.1 %), iso-C(16 : 0) (20.6 %) and anteiso-C(15 : 0) (18.1 %), and the major isoprenoid quinone was MK-9 (90.8 %). Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence data, the strain formed a distinct group within subdivision 1 in the phylum 'Verrucomicrobia'. It showed a range of phenotypic properties that distinguished it from its closest relative, Rubritalea marina Pol012(T) (94.3 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity). On the basis of polyphasic taxonomic evidence, it was concluded that strain HOact23(T) should be classified within a novel species in the genus Rubritalea. The name proposed for the taxon is Rubritalea squalenifaciens sp. nov., with the type strain HOact23(T) (=MBIC08254(T)=DSM 18772(T)).

Two Gram-positive, round-spore-forming, rod-shaped, halophilic bacterial strains, 5B73C(T) and 5B133E, were isolated from field soil in Kakegawa, Shizuoka, Japan, and were characterized taxonomically using a polyphasic approach. These two strains were found to comprise strictly aerobic, motile rods that formed subterminal endospores. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strains 5B73C(T) and 5B133E are phylogenetically affiliated to the genus Virgibacillus, exhibiting sequence similarities of 94.1-96.4 % with respect to the type strains of Virgibacillus species. The DNA G+C contents of strains 5B73C(T) and 5B133E were 42.6 and 42.3 mol%, respectively. The cell-wall peptidoglycan type (meso-diaminopimelic acid), the major cellular fatty acids (anteiso-C(15 : 0), iso-C(15 : 0), anteiso-C(17 : 0) and iso-C(16 : 0)) and the quinone type (MK-7) of the isolates support their affiliation to the genus Virgibacillus. On the basis of their genotypic and phenotypic characteristics, the isolates represent a novel species of the genus Virgibacillus, for which the name Virgibacillus halophilus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 5B73C(T) (=IAM 15308(T)=KCTC 13935(T)).