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Over the last decade, biopharmaceuticals' research, development, production, and sale have involved high risks and costs for companies. Hence companies have moved toward reaping the benefits of open innovation models. Open innovation is a paradigm that forces the company to use internal and external ideas to accelerate and upgrade its technology and product innovation. This study attempts to identify and explain the open innovation model in the biopharmaceutical industry by studying the successful experiences of two prominent Iranian companies. Also, 22 companies were identified and 19 questionnaires were completed finally. The results of this study showed that the value chain in this industry consists of four major links (including research/discovery, development, production, and sales) and nine sub-links. Based on this, the conceptual model of open innovation in the value chain of Iran's biopharmaceutical industry is drawn with emphasis on four main actors including foreign patent companies, accelerators, large bio-companies, and distribution companies. Meanwhile, despite numerous problems, this industry has been able to move in the direction of open innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study attempts to explore how Entrepreneurial Orientation (EO), Customer Orientation (CO), and Technology Orientation (TEO) affect Mass Customization Capacity (MCC) where the Intellectual Capital (IC) is considered as a mediating variable in this model. Considering that MCC equips companies with the agility, integration, and resource flexibility needed to thrive in a dynamic business landscape, this is the first study which aims to contribute to the dynamic capability theory and resource-based view by developing new conceptual model which incorporates IC as a competitive resource of the firms. This is also the first study that aims to develop a conceptual framework by adding TEO as a key dimension of strategic orientation in order to improve MCC. While prior studies have explored the independent effects of these elements, this work unveils how a firm's strategic direction can influence the effectiveness of its intellectual capital in bolstering its ability to deliver customized products. This novel framework provides deeper insights into how firms can strategically leverage their intellectual assets to achieve success in the dynamic landscape of mass customization. Cross-sectional data were collected from 175 Iranian manufacturing firms. The Confirmatory Factor Analyses (CFA) is used to check the validity of the multiple-item measures and Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) is applied to test the research hypothesis. The results indicated that EO, CO, and TEO have a positive and significant effect on MCC. It is also found that IC partially mediates the relationships among all dimensions of strategic orientation and MCC. Our findings suggest that a company with higher intellectual capital can improve MCC by choosing the best type of strategy according to the industry in which they are active. Insights from findings also enable policymakers to design policies that encourage innovation in production processes and technologies, investing on research & development in relevant technologies or infrastructure projects that support efficient MC logistics and create regulations that protect consumer data and encourage sustainable practices within MC processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The more the people are capable of perceiving and regulating their emotions, the more their intellectual and moral habits help them tame their antisocial behaviors. Objective: The aim of the present study was to modeling the structural link between emotion regulation-mediated antisocial behaviors and moral intelligence in men. Methods: The research employed a descriptive-correlational design, and the statistical population included managers, coaches, and athletes engaged with futsal across Iran from 1401 to 1402. A total of 385 individuals were selected using the stratified sampling method. Togarso et al.’s antisocial behavior questionnaires (2020), Link & Keel moral intelligence scale (2005), and Gross & John (2003) emotion regulation questionnaire were used to collect data, and Pearson correlation and structural equation analysis were used to analyze the data in SPSS (version 21) and AMOS (version 24) software. Results: The results showed an inverse significant correlation between antisocial behavior and cognitive reappraisal emotion regulation strategy (r=-0.43) and moral intelligence (r=-0.46), while suppression emotion regulation strategy was positively associated with antisocial behavior (r= 0.41, P<0.01). The results of structural equations analysis showed that cognitive reappraisal emotion regulation strategy through the mediatory role of moral intelligence exerted a negative effect on antisocial behaviors, while the significant positive effect of suppression emotion regulation strategy on antisocial behaviors was mediated by moral intelligence (P<0.01). Conclusion: Based on the results, it can be said that being aware of emotion regulation strategies can mitigate men’s antisocial behaviors through the mediating role of moral intelligence. Therefore, antisocial behaviors in men can be controlled by paying attention to these strategies and strengthening moral intelligence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evaluating the suppliers of an industry based on the sustainability and resilience of the supply chain (SC) has become one of the most attractive research topics in the world today. Meanwhile, the rubber industry is of fundamental importance due to the environmental effects and strengthening the resilience of its supply chain against disruptions. The main goal of the upcoming research is to design, extract and calculating of weight the determining factors in the sustainability and resilience of the supply chain and finally to select the best sustainable and resilient suppliers of the rubber industry by simultaneously applying the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) approach and the decision-making techniques of SWARA (Step-wise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis) and MOORA (Multi-Objective Optimization on the Basis of Ratio Analysis). For this purpose, in this research, a conceptual and integrated model of the supplier evaluation system based on sustainability and resilience factors has been extracted first by extensively reviewing the literature and research background. Further, in order to investigate the final determining factors in the integrated performance evaluation of suppliers, the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) approach and the opinions of 40 experts in the rubber industry in Iran were used. The output of this approach showed that all the identified factors have a positive effect on the evaluation of suppliers. Then, by using the SWARA technique and using the opinions of 40 industry experts, the weight of the factors was calculated. The output of this technique showed that the third factor of supply chain sustainability, (S3: Strategy, support and commitment of company managers) with the highest weight is ranked first in terms of importance. Also, the 7th factor of sustainability (S7: Green warehouse) with the least weight in terms of importance in the integrated performance evaluation system of suppliers was placed in the 16th ranks. At the end of the research, 7 rubber industry suppliers were evaluated using the opinions of 40 experts and using MOORA's technique. The final result of this technique showed that the fifth supplier is ranked first, and the fourth supplier is ranked last. In this way, an integrated and comprehensive approach was proposed in order to measure and evaluate the suppliers of the rubber industry in Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The need to have customer complaint handling systems in universities can be a step towards improving and developing the establishment of comprehensive quality management in the products and services of universities, and this will make job satisfaction among university employees better and more. Aim: The purpose of this research was to develop a psychological model of customer complaint management on the quality management of job satisfaction evaluation. Method: The current research is applied and in terms of the descriptive implementation method - a correlation survey, the statistical population of the present researcher was all the employees of the sports departments of Islamic Azad Universities in the northwest of the country (320 people) in 1401, 180 people were randomly selected as a sample. and participated in the present research. The measurement tool in this research is the complaint management questionnaire. Statistical software and SPSS version-23 were used to download and design the model. Results: The findings of the research showed that comprehensive quality management directly affects the management of customer complaints, but the effect of comprehensive quality management through the mediating variable of job satisfaction was not effective on the management of customer complaints. Also, the results indicated the effect of comprehensive quality management on job satisfaction. Conclusion: Based on the results of this attention to the factors affecting the job satisfaction of employees, such as improving the organizational climate, improving the payment system, motivational and participation-oriented leadership style, and physical conditions can also affect the way employees respond to customers. In fact, comprehensive quality management by focusing on empowering employees, improving the accountability system, speed in dealing with customers' demands, respect for the prevailing values in the society and the organization, as well as having the necessary flexibility in front of customers and their demands can make the organization in Better management of customer complaints and their satisfaction is helpful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NOWADAYS, THE NEED FOR AN INDIGENOUS MODEL OF CITIZENSHIP CULTURE IN THE WORLD'S METROPOLISES IS INEVITABLE AND MANDATORY. THE PURPOSE OF THIS ARTICLE IS TO STUDY AND PRIORITIZE THE COMPONENTS OF CITIZENSHIP CULTURE IN THE METROPOLISES OF THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN. THE RESEARCH METHOD IS LIBRARY AND FIELD. DATA COLLECTION TOOLS INCLUDED IN-DEPTH LIBRARY STUDIES AND EXPERT QUESTIONNAIRES. THE MODEL INCLUDES THREE LEGAL, FUNCTIONAL AND VALUE DIMENSIONS OF CITIZENSHIP CULTURE AND ALSO INCLUDES 13 MAIN COMPONENTS. DUE TO THE HIERARCHICAL STRUCTURE OF THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF THE RESEARCH MODEL, THE METHOD OF HIERARCHICAL ANALYSIS PROCESS BASED ON THE AGGREGATION OF EXPERT OPINIONS AND BASED ON (GRAYNUMBER THEORY) TO EXAMINE AND PRIORITIZE EACH OF THE DIMENSIONS AND COMPONENTS OF THE CITIZENSHIP CULTURE MODEL OF THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN. THEREFORE, IN GENERAL, IT CAN BE SAID THAT THE PRESENT STUDY IS A MIXED TYPE THAT EMPHASIZES QUALITATIVE-QUANTITATIVE DATA. HENCE, THE THEORETICAL-PHILOSOPHICAL PARADIGM ON WHICH THIS RESEARCH IS BASED IS A KIND OF INTERPRETIVE-POSITIVIST MIX. THE RESULTS OBTAINED FROM THIS ARTICLE INDICATE THAT AMONG THE DIMENSIONS OF CITIZENSHIP CULTURE, THE VALUE DIMENSION OF CITIZENSHIP CULTURE HAS MORE PRIORITY THAN OTHER DIMENSIONS ACCORDING TO EXPERTS. AT THE SAME TIME, THE LEGAL AND DUTY ASPECTS HAVE ALSO BEEN OF GREAT IMPORTANCE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, watersheds have changed under the influence of various environmental and human factors, and their expected performance has decreased in terms of meeting human needs, providing natural responses, and reducing environmental risks. However, evaluating health status and its impact on various factors has not been given enough attention. To this end, an attempt has been made to evaluate the health and ecological security of the subwatersheds of the Sharghonj Watershed using the pressure‐state‐response approach emphasizing flood‐related issues in the region. Toward that, 21 preliminary hydrological, anthropogenic, natural, and climatic criteria were selected. The preliminary variables were then finalized based on the results of the collinearity test and the data availability. The final variables were appropriately allocated to pressure, state, and response (PSR) indices, and associated health and ecological security indices were determined at the subwatershed scale. The results showed that the PSR ranged from 0.56 to 0.86, 0.46 to 0.84, and 0.35 to 0.96, respectively. Health and ecological security also varied from 0.53 to 0.83 and 0.27 to 1.01 in different subwatersheds. Eventually, the weighted mean PSR indices for the Sharghonj Watershed were 0.72, 0.67, and 0.73, respectively. The weighted mean health and ecological security indices were 0.70 and 0.68, respectively. The research results indicated that the dynamic of various variables related to floods considerably affects the health of the Sharghonj Watershed. It could be concluded from the results that the Sharghonj Watershed is highly flood‐susceptible, whose health and ecological security status was mainly controlled by the damages due to the destruction of residences and orchards by floods in the past few years. The results of the current study provide an appropriate roadmap to the decision makers and planners for the better management of the watershed resources in the region through allocating adequate financial support and implementation measures to priority subwatersheds. Highlights: Flood‐based health of the Sharghonj Watershed, Iran, was levied using 21 criteria.Barberry orchards played an essential role in determining watershed health.Proper land‐use and floodplain management affected watershed health positively.The health and security changes of the Sharghonj Watershed were dissimilar.Flood damages mainly controlled the health and ecological security status. Recommendations for Resource Managers Determining the determinant factors on flood‐related issues in the study watershed to accordingly implement appropriate flood control measures.A problem‐oriented approach and in‐depth conceptualization of pressures and management policies applied to watersheds are essential in integrated watershed management.Designating the subwatershed‐specific best management scenarios based on the health and ecological security conditions in a technically productive and economically efficient strategy.Focusing on priority subwatershed to shortly adopt appropriate measures before worsening the governing conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Childhood trauma has negative immediate and long-term impacts on depression. Questions remain, however, regarding the cognitive factors influencing this relationship. This study aimed to investigate the role of three cognitive factors – cognitive overgeneralisation, rumination and social problem-solving – as mediating factors in the relationship between childhood trauma and symptoms of depression. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study in Iran from March to July 2023. Participants (N = 227; Mean age 32.44 ± 8.95 years) with depression completed measures of childhood trauma, depression, self-overgeneralisation, cognitive errors, memory specificity, rumination and social problem-solving. The conceptual model was assessed using structural equation modelling. Results: Structural equation modelling indicated that childhood trauma had a positive direct effect on depression symptoms. Childhood trauma had a positive indirect effect on depression symptoms through both self-overgeneralisation and rumination and a negative indirect effect on depression through effective social problem-solving strategies. Conclusions: The findings suggest increased exposure to childhood trauma may be associated with elevated depression and self-overgeneralisation, rumination, and effective social problemsolving strategies may play an important role in this relationship. These findings hold potential implications for those working with patients with depression and a history of childhood trauma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the authors have sought to develop and present an optimal model of Iran's countermeasures against the threats of the economic plans of the major powers in Central Asia. This qualitative research uses mixed-methods (i.e., thematic matrix and thematic network) to collect and analyze data. Since the thematic matrix was used as a data analysis method, an indirect observation study (analysis of textual material) was performed, data were collected through a purposeful sampling of existing textual materials, and finally, a comparison and an analysis were made to specify commonalities and differences. In addition, since the thematic network, research data were collected using a semi-structured interview with 10 experts, who were selected using theoretical sampling; the collected data were analyzed using the thematic network analysis method. Eventually, a conceptual network model was constructed and interpreted. Findings of qualitative research while identifying opportunities and threats revealed that the optimal model of Iran's countermeasures against the economic plans of the major powers in Central Asia with three global themes, including the adoption of economic diplomacy by Iran, the adoption of soft diplomacy by Iran, and efforts to exit sanctions and remove sanction barriers, had reached theoretical saturation. The most appropriate strategy for Iran to confront the threats of the economic plans of the major powers in Central Asia is to adopt convergent diplomacy in the form of various kinds of diplomacy and the removal of the sanction barriers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The most important criterion for a healthy family is choose the right life partner and the couple's satisfaction with marriage. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the paradigmatic model of Spouse Selection and satisfaction in satisfied couples in Tehran. Method: The method of the current research was qualitative and of the type of grounded theory studies. The statistical population of the research includes couples who have gone to marriage counseling centers in Tehran between 2017 and 2019, and among them, 15 couples who had the criteria to enter the research have been selected and interviewed, the research tool was semi-structured interview. The obtained information was also analyzed through coding according to the model of Strauss and Corbin (1998). Results: The main themes include; 1- The central category included two components: "Wise and healthy choice" and "Perspective transition to a stable marriage". 2- Causal conditions: included "macro-influencing factors" and "independence and differentiation of couples and relationship with the main family". 3- Background conditions included "family similarities" and "cultural similarities" in section 4- Intervening conditions "Components of belief and cognitive systems of couples" and "behavioral action of couples in the process of choosing a spouse" were discussed. 5- The strategies included: "marriage care strategies" and "communication strategies". and finally, 6- the consequences included: "psychological and social consequences for couples" and "consequences for children". Conclusion: It can be concluded that in Iranian culture, several factors at different levels of Spouse Selection, behavioral and cognitive features of couples as well as marriage care strategies affect selection of a satisfactory spouse, and it is necessary for counselors and couple therapists to formulate their interventions based on this. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: There is a significant relationship between a general feared self and contact contamination concerns in obsessive‐compulsive disorder (OCD), especially when the influence of mental contamination is considered a part of this relationship. However, these associations have not been explored in a clinical OCD sample when using each dimension of the multidimensional conceptualization of the feared self as the predictor (i.e., the corrupted, culpable, and malformed feared selves). Methods: We tested these associations using a cross‐sectional design. Specifically, a sample of patients diagnosed with OCD (N = 417) completed a series of self‐report measures of OCD symptoms and its related constructs. We also explored these associations with unacceptable thoughts as the outcome, rather than contamination concerns, due to unacceptable thoughts having evidenced strong associations with the feared self and mental contamination. Results: After controlling for relevant cognitive (i.e., obsessive beliefs) and affective (i.e., depressive symptoms) constructs and comorbidity, the corrupted feared self was found to have a direct link, along with an indirect link through mental contamination, with symptoms of contact contamination and unacceptable thoughts. Conclusions: The fear of being corrupted may be associated with feelings of contamination in the absence of direct contact with a contaminant, which may then predict OCD symptoms of repugnant obsessional thoughts and contact contamination concerns. The corrupted feared self and mental contamination should therefore be targeted in treatments for repugnant obsessions and contamination‐related OCD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Specificity impairment is a memory alteration that occurs in people with major depressive disorder (MDD). In this investigation, we intended to shine a light on obscure aspects of executive resource and capture and rumination frameworks to determine whether these theories are reliable in predicting underlying mechanisms for specificity impairment. Methods: In this correlational research, we used the convenience sampling method over two months, between January and February 2021. We administrated the digit span working memory test, ruminative response scale (RRS), and autobiographical memory interview to indicate whether working memory capacity and subtypes of rumination can predict memory specificity in people with MDD. Using RRS enabled us to determine the correlation between subtypes of rumination and memory specificity. Results: Our samples consisted of 105 adults (53 males (50.5%) and 52 females (49.5%)) with MDD. The participants’ mean age was 33.38 years with a range of 22-43 years. The results no significant difference between gender, marriage, and age groups in terms of memory specificity (P>0.05). The results of the Spearman correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis showed that only working memory capacity can predict memory specificity (r=0.216, P<0.05). There was no significant correlation between brooding and reflection, as two subtypes of rumination and memory specificity. Discussion: In line with our results, it should be stated that depression is accompanied by executive deficits, which result in memory impairments. These impairments are due to the structural and functional alterations in the brain in the depressed group. As the Carfax model emphasized, working memory capacity is not only required to maintain, define, and hold the optimal retrieval model but it is also crucial to inhibit interfering autobiographical information. Nonetheless, neither brooding nor reflection rumination can predict memory specificity. Therefore, memory capacity is probably occupied due to ineffective search strategies, not rumination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of the self-silencing model in reducing depression and increasing self-expression of depressed women. The self-silencing model is influenced by cognitive, attachment, and gestalt theories, and the role of social and cultural factors is emphasized in it, and these factors lead to depression in women by creating obstacles in expressing their wishes, opinions, and desires. Methods. This was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test and post-test design with a control group and with random replacement. In this study, using the study of treatment protocols, as well as receiving guidance from the theorists of this model and their colleagues, intervention programs based on it were prepared. The sample of this study included 30 femle teachers from 20 to 40 years old with bachelor's degrees who had depressive symptoms based on the results of The Beck questionnaire and clinical interview. Thus, the research sample included the self-silencing group and the control group, which were obtained from each pre-test and post-test group using the self-expression questionnaire and The Beck questionnaire. Between pre-test and post-test, experimental group received an intervention program. Finally, the scores obtained from pre-test and post-test were analyzed by analysis of covariance using SPSS software. Results. The results of data analysis showed that the intervention based on self-silencing is effective in reducing the depression of the experimental group. Likewise, this intervention method increased self-expression in the experimental group. No significant change was observed in the control group. Conclusion. According to the findings of this research, it can be said that using the self-silencing model can be an efficient method in reducing women's depression symptoms and increasing self-expression in them. Practical Implications. Psychotherapists can use the self-silencing model as one of the effective methods to reduce the symptoms of depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Significant progress in the classification, definition and understanding of the main Au deposit types could significantly aid improvements in Au exploration. Because of the wide occurrence of Au in the central part of the Tethyan Eurasian Metallogenic Belt, Iranian structures composed of more than 17 zones (arcs and blocks) are considered as having one of the largest Au reserves in the Middle East. Without attempts at understanding the tectono-magmatic evolution of Iran and the geodynamic settings of Au deposition, the establishment of a reliable predictive exploration model for Au-type deposits in Iran and other parts of the world will be unsuccessful. By considering a total of 33 Au deposits and prospects in Iran, a mineralization sequence is revealed from orogenic and volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS), orogenic, Carlin-type, epithermal/porphyry Cu–Au/skarn, epithermal/iron oxide–copper–gold (IOCG). The trend of deposition gradually changes in the SW–NE axis to intrusion-related, epithermal and porphyry Cu–Au deposits at the Urumieh–Dokhtar Magmatic Arc (UDMA) and post-arc magmatism. VMS deposits occur adjacent to the NE Zagros Fold and Thrust Belt, at the Sanandaj–Sirjan Zone. The Zagros Orogeny and associated post-collisional magmatism at UDMA host many porphyry, epithermal and intrusion-related Au deposits, with a major magmatism peak in the Miocene. This work reveals that orogenic and Carlin-type Au mineralization are linked genetically. After each associated subduction for Palaeotethys (286–215 Ma) and Neotethys (210–68 Ma) in Iran, VMS and orogenic Au-deposits are formed in the border of the subduction (±obduction) zone. The porphyry, intrusion-related, epithermal and IOCG mineralization are emplaced in appropriate formations and structures during collision and post-collision processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interpreting trends in the Sassanid state, the practices of which have been the basis for subsequent Iranian states, can deepen the knowledge of Iran's history. Various interpretations have been presented for its rise, the great kings, the Mazdakian movement, and its fall. This paper supposed that using a theoretical framework for interpreting all the events could provide a more comprehensive and integrated interpretation. Since the developers of the conceptual framework of the "natural state" have considered it a framework for interpreting the written history of humans, the main question of the current research was whether this conceptual framework could provide a satisfactory interpretation of trends in the Sassanid state. Therefore, this study was based on an analytical-descriptive method and a library approach. In the viewpoint of "natural state", a state incorporates a coalition of elites, who exercise their control over the society's political, military, economic, religious, and administrative activities to provide them the highest rent. Therefore, the state's changes are those occurring to the coalition members, who may be important due to changes in the situation. In this article, the satisfactory ability of this framework to interpret important events in the Sassanid state, regarding the roles of the coalition members in the production of rents and acts of violence, was shown in a 5-period classification, the characteristics of each of which were then presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Cenomanian, the southern passive margin of the Neotethys Ocean was dominated by a giant carbonate factory. This succession is known as Sarvak Formation, a significant reservoir in Iran. This study focuses on a detailed analysis of facies variations and paleoenvironmental reconstruction, including the interpretation of the platform types, during this time interval. Based on field observations and petrographical studies, 12 facies have been recognized and ascribed to six facies belts on a carbonate ramp. Sub-environments include the outer ramp and basin (distal open marine), talus and channel (mid-ramp) and lagoon and shoal (inner-ramp). The frequency of the facies and isochore maps indicate the paleoenvironmental conditions and their spatial variations in the study area. Based on all data and analyses, the suggested conceptual model for the Sarvak Formation in the Lurestan Zone is an isolated platform surrounded by two ramps. The upwind and downwind parts of these ramps were located in the central and northern sub-zones of the Lurestan Zone. This model can be used as a template for isolated platforms worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Evidence-informed policymaking on human resources for health (HRH) has been directly linked with health system productivity, accessibility, equity, quality, and efficiency. The lack of reliable HRH data has made the task of planning the HRH more difficult in all settings. Aim: This study aimed to develop a conceptual model to integrate HRH data and evidence. Methods: The current study is a mixed-method study conducted in three phases: a rapid literature review, a qualitative phase, and an expert panel. Firstly, the electronic databases were searched up to 2018. Then, in the qualitative phase, semi-structured interviews with 50 experts were conducted. Data analysis was performed using the content analysis approach. After several expert panels, the draft of the model was validated with 15 key informants via two Delphi rounds. Results: Our proposed model embraces all dominant elements on the demand and supply side of the HRH in Iran. The conceptual model consists of several components, including input (regulatory system, structure, functions), educational system (pre-service and in-service education), health labor market structure, process (technical infrastructure), and output (productions, policymaking process). We considered networking toward sustainable interaction among stakeholders, and also the existence of capacity to integrate HRH information and produce evidence for actions. Conclusion: The proposed model can be considered a platform for developing a harmonized system based on the HRH data flow to evidence-informed decision-making via networking. We proposed a step-by-step approach for the sustainability of establishing a national human resources for health observatory (HRHO). The proposed HRHO model can be replicable and flexible enough to be used in different context domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of attachment injury resolution model (AIRM) and integrative couple therapy (ICT) on the trust of women injured marital infidelity by family counseling research core of Persian Gulf University. So doing, 30 women were selected and randomly assigned to AIRM, ICT, and control groups to undergo interventions consisting of eight therapy sessions. The administration of the Trust Scale developed by Rempel et al. showed that the two models of couple therapy significantly improved the participants' trust. But AIRM was however more effective at the end, and three months after the end of the treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identification of key factors affecting the self-directed learning process in the virtual environment of medical education is vital. In this article, we designed a model that describes the self-directed learning process in the virtual learning environment for post graduate students of medical sciences in Iran. This study was carried out in two steps: first, using a qualitative study, we explored the formation of a self-directed learning process in the virtual environment. Second, a review of the literature was conducted to identify the conceptual models. Finally, based on the results, a self-directed learning model for virtual learning was developed. A total of 25 people were research participants in the qualitative part, and individual interviews were conducted with both faculty members and students. There were 1,049 codes, 80 subcategories, 15 categories, and 5 themes extracted from the interviews and through analysis. The themes included (a) backgrounds and requirements, (b) support, discipline, and coordination of the educational system, (c) students' effort to manage to learn, (d) efficiency, attractiveness, and organization of educational environments and context, and (e) personal excellence, growth, and development. The self-directed learning process in virtual environments consists of some elements and structures, and a description of the relationship between these elements can be the basis of educational planning to develop and compile an effective evaluation of this skill. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The competitiveness of the laminated flooring industry was assessed in Iran. The statistical population was 200 persons, calculated using the stratified random method and the Cochran formula. The sample size was 132. After reviewing the literature, a conceptual model derived from the theoretical framework was presented. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data. Content validity and confirmatory factor analysis were used to determine the validity of the questionnaire. Its reliability was calculated and confirmed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The results were processed using structural equation modeling (SEM). The results showed a significant relationship between factors affecting perceived value, environmental and intra-organizational factors, and competitiveness in the laminated flooring industry. The evaluation of the quality of the model showed that the factors affecting the perceived value (strong effect = 0.632) and intra-organizational factors and environmental factors (moderate effect = 0.211 and 0.171) that were calculated, respectively, had the greatest effect on competitiveness. Moreover, these independent variables allocated 91.6% of competitiveness variations as the dependent variable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: During recent decades, Iran and Turkmenistan have become reliable neighbours. But when these two countries want to develop their cooperation in the field of energy and export their gas to Europe through Turkey, they face different obstacles and challenges in issues such as bilateral relations, the Turkish energy market and the European Union. The purpose of this research is to examine the situation of Iran and Turkmenistan in the field of energy and the issue of gas transit to Europe through Turkey. Research Question: The main question is, what are the opportunities and challenges of Turkmenistan gas transit from Iran and Turkey to Europe? Research Hypothesis: The hypothesis of this research is based on the positive relations between Turkey, Iran and Turkmenistan and the geopolitical position of Iran, the connection with the opportunities and sanctions of the United States on Iran's energy sector, Russia's pressure on Turkmenistan for the exclusive purchase of gas, which is the most important challenge for the transit of gas from Turkmenistan to Europe. Methodology (and theoretical framework if there are): In this paper, the qualitative research method for studying the hypothesis is based on Peter McLaughlin's functional explanation. The data collection tool is based on library and internet resources. The theoretical framework of this research is based on the regional system proposed by Louis Cantori and Steven Spiegel. By combining this framework with functionalism, it examines the cooperation and competition of governments and analyzes the factors of convergence and divergence in the relations of these countries. Results and Discussion: The analysis of this research shows that Iran and Turkmenistan have expanded their economic relations. The opening of the Mashhad-Sarkhs-Tajan railway lines and the Bafaq-Bandar Abbas railway line is considered as an important economic measure for the development of economic and trade relations between Iran and Turkmenistan. Also, the cooperation of the two countries in technical and engineering projects with numerous investments of Iranian technicians in this field has also been important. Iran and Turkmenistan pursue their economic cooperation within the framework of the Joint Economic Commission. The main export of goods from Iran is related to Turkmenistan, and since 2013, the volume of trade between the two countries has increased, especially with Khorasan Razavi Province.With 5900 industrial units, 46 mineral resources and approximately 800 mines, Khorasan Razavi province has a high rank in the production of products such as saffron, pistachios, pomegranates and medicinal plants and mainly exports these products to Turkmenistan. The implementation of the border-crossing-permit plan between Iran and Turkmenistan has also provided the basis for the movement of nationals of both countries in the border areas. Turkmenistan's gas reserves are scattered throughout the country. In addition to the huge gas resources and significant production in this country, the discovery of Yultan gas field near Iran's Daulatabad field has put Turkmenistan in the focus of Iran's attention. The desire of Iran and Turkmenistan to cooperate made Turkmenistan agree to the construction of the country's first pipeline in July 1995. The Kerpcheh-Kordkoy pipeline was built in 1997 at a cost of over $200 million to transport gas to northern Iran from the Kerpcheh gas field. With abundant gas resources, Turkmenistan negotiated with Iran to export gas from Iran to Europe via Turkey. Due to its geopolitical position, Turkey has become an energy pole and this has created an opportunity for this country to gain more economic benefits. The European Union (EU) has become heavily dependent on foreign energy resources in recent decades. Due to its geopolitical position, Turkey has become an energy hub that connects the Middle East, Russia and Europe. Many gas pipelines pass through Turkey, transporting gas from Central Asia and the Middle East to Europe. However, some of these pipeline projects have been suspended for some time. Turkey has given the green light to Iran's presence in the Turkish gas market (to Europe) and the Tabriz-Ankara pipeline operates in this direction. Conclusion: The findings indicate that first, long borders and economic capacities in Turkmenistan are like the gateway for Iran to enter this country and the two countries have cooperated in the field of natural gas transportation projects. Second, Turkmenistan's rich gas resources and various gas fields led this country to build the first Kerpcheh-Kordkoy gas pipeline with Iran, which met the gas consumption needs of Iran's northern provinces. Simultaneously with the construction of this pipeline, the issue of Turkmenistan gas transit from Iran to Turkey was raised so that Iran would receive transit rights. With Najmuddin Arbakan coming to power in Turkey in 1997, bilateral relations between Iran and Turkey improved significantly and Turkey's economic growth has led to an increasing need for gas imports. In this regard, Turkey has increased its gas transit pipelines in recent years. Europe's effort to diversify its gas imports from exporting countries and not relying only on Russia has provided the opportunity for Turkey to become the energy hub of the region by importing gas from Iran (and even other countries) and using its geopolitical position to re-export energy and gas to European markets. The improvement of relations between Iran and Turkey and the transit of gas to Europe have strengthened their economic growth, but the US sanctions against Iran and possible obstruction of gas exports by Iran in the case of incresing US pressure, may prevent them from making profits in their bilateral transactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water balance is an important concern in water resources management and water consumption planning. ABCD water balance conceptual model is a suitable simulation tool due to its simplicity, low input data requirement, and water balance components provision. As the lack of data is a major challenge in many developing countries, IMERG precipitation satellite products and ERA5 temperature reanalysis data were used to obtain the required data for the Zarandeh sub-basin in Neyshabur Northeast Iran. The results were evaluated using four statistical indices including correlation coefficient (R), root mean square error, Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), and BIAS. The Results showed that products are reasonably accurate, and there is a high correlation between outputs and observed data. Zarandeh and Baqi stations indicated the highest and lowest correlation of 0.89 and 0.84, respectively. This study aimed to use ABCD model and remote sensing products to determine the water balance. The uncertainties in the model parameters were assessed through Fuzzy numbers. Additionally, the Monte Carlo method was employed to calibrate them based on NSE as an objective function. The results illustrated that the ABCD water balance model is an accurate tool for simulating the surface runoff of the Zarandeh sub-basin with an efficiency coefficient of 0.86. Finally, the model was applied to the Sebi sub-basin in Torbat-e-Heydariyeh, with a moderate performance (NSE = 0.49) showing that the model parameters should be recalibrated in each region. This study indicates that the remote sensing products could be applied as appropriate tools in ungauged basins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The water shortage crisis that is sweeping the world today has posed serious harm and threat to people around the world. Meanwhile, Iran is one of the water-scarce countries due to its location in arid and semi-arid belt and fluctuations in rainfall. The pervasive nature of water and the existence of numerous human and environmental factors affecting its reliability have greatly complicated the interactions between the human-environment dimensions. Therefore, there is a need to merge knowledge from the social and natural sciences. In this regard, this study aimed to provide a water security conceptual model in the Neishabour plain watershed by combining a framework for Human - Environmental System (HES) interactions and System Dynamic (SD) aproach in relation to the concept of water security. For this purpose, a qualitative research method consists of combined an initial conceptual model with a Causal Loop Diagram (CLD) obtained from interviews with the key research community was used to present relationships and develop a conceptual model of water security. The results show that understanding the hierarchical levels of environmental awareness and ultimately learning and practice based on key components and interactions identified by the HES framework, facilitates the analysis of system complexity. In this regard, if water resources management organization pay attention to the factors affecting the concept of water security, by using and implementing the conceptual model presented in this study, it is possible to improve the compatibility capacity and develop effective operational plans with correct and timely pathology to achieved more stable and comprehensive water resources management in the watersheds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Lack of cognitive flexibility intensifies an individual’s negative thoughts about oneself. Aim: The present study aimed to design and validate an educational program based on the posttraumatic growth model and to evaluate its effectiveness in the cognitive flexibility of leukemia patients. Method: In this quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest control group design, the statistical population consisted of all patients referred to Firouzgar Hospital of Tehran, Iran, in 2022. The sample size 30 patients were selected by the convenience sampling method and randomly allocated into the experimental and control groups. The Cognitive Flexibility Questionnaire (2010) was used to collect the required data. The educational program based on the posttraumatic growth model was held in 12 sessions, and a follow-up experiment was conducted to evaluate the durability of intervention effects. The results were analyzed using the multivariate analysis of covariance and repeated measures ANOVA in SPSS version 22. Results: The results showed that the F-values measured for the components of cognitive flexibility, including the perception of controllability, perception of different options, and perception of behavior justification, were significant (P<0.01), suggesting the impact of the training program based on the posttraumatic growth model on cognitive flexibility. The results of repeated measures ANOVA also indicated the persistence of the effects of the training program on cognitive flexibility (P<0.01). Conclusion: The result of the research showed that the training program according to the posttraumatic growth model was effective in cognitive flexibility, and its effect persisted until the follow-up period. Therefore, this program can be used as an effective intervention to improve the cognitive flexibility of patients with leukemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: According to the learning approach, adaptation is a set of learned behaviors, and incompatibility occurs when a person has not learned the necessary skills to cope with daily life problems. At the same time, there is no perfect compatibility, but optimal compatibility probably occurs when there is a reasonable agreement between what a person thinks about himself and what others think about him. Therefore, it can be said that behavioral compatibility with new processes or new ways of doing work and tasks that result from using the Internet of Things in the organization is a fundamental issue in today's organizations (13). In other words, successfully dealing with new phenomena is called adaptation. Creating a logical connection between the new ways of doing things and tasks, which can be called processes modified by the Internet of Things, with the behavior of employees and how they deal with these processes is of great importance and is considered one of the important issues of the organization a problem caused by technological changes in the organization's environment (14). One of the companies providing services to people and citizens is the Electricity Distribution Company. In recent years, this company has been able to update many internal processes through the use of administrative automation, and subscribers do not need to visit in person to solve their problems or follow up on their requests. The use of the Internet of Things in the electricity distribution company is one of the new topics in the organization, which has improved the quality of providing services to subscribers both in terms of the speed of service delivery and the access of all people to services at any place and time (15). But the point that should be checked and evaluated is how the employees of this company deal with these changes. The behavioral adaptation of the employees of the electricity distribution company with the new way of providing services to the subscribers and also the changes made in the duties of the employees are among the issues that have arisen due to these changes. During the past few years, the managers of the Mazandaran and Golestan Regional Electric Company have made many changes within the company and also want to make extensive changes in the coming years, so it is important and necessary for the company managers to know that the employees are facing the changes that are going to be made. How will they react? The critical issue for company managers is to see these behavior patterns so that they can implement a system that fits these behavior patterns for employees to adapt to changes in their organization and deal with each behavior pattern accordingly. Therefore, if organizations want to survive, continue to live, improve, develop, and increase effectiveness, they must be sensitive to the different behaviors of employees and show appropriate reactions. Therefore, the current research seeks to answer the following central question: What is the pattern of adaptation of employees' behavior with an emphasis on the Internet of Things? Methods: In this research, a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods has been done. The statistical population of the qualitative research includes organizational experts. These people included university professors (scientific experts) and senior managers, assistants, middle managers, and senior experts of the specialized mother company of Tavanir (practical experts) who had expertise (scientific experts) and sufficient experience (practical experts) in the field of research. Their opinions were used during Delphi and AHP hierarchical analysis. Criteria for selecting experts: People who have a master's degree or higher in the fields of human resource management or organizational behavior are included in this list. Also, have work experience in the management department of the electricity company (Tavanir specialized mother company) for 5 years or work experience for 10 years in the electricity company (Tavanir specialized mother company). Also, university professors in related fields as scientific experts are on this list. The time frame of data collection and implementation of the interview technique was carried out in the winter of 1400 and for one month. In the quantitative part of the questionnaire, the pairwise comparison of the dimensions and indicators of the model was provided to the statistical community, which included senior managers, assistant managers, middle managers, and senior experts in the field of human resources in the specialized mother company of Tavanir. To determine the sample in this section, the purposeful, non-probability sampling method was used until reaching theoretical saturation. The data collection tool was a semi-structured interview (Delphi questionnaire) and a researcher-made quantitative questionnaire. Data analysis was done using the Delphi technique, structural equation method with the help of SMART PLS software, and AHP hierarchical analysis method. Results: The results show that the proposed model of employee behavior adaptation consists of 5 main dimensions, including attitude toward behavior, subjective norms, usage experience, cognitive processes, and behavioral motivation. In the hierarchical analysis section, the results show that the dimension of behavioral inspiration with a weight of 1.563 ranks first, and the dimension of mental norms with a weight of 0.602 ranks next in terms of importance in adapting the behavior of employees in the fourth industrial revolution with an emphasis on the Internet. Objects are located. Conclusion: In general, according to the results of the study, it can be said that the technology factor played an important role in the behavioral adaptation of the employees, therefore, the acceptance of technology and the behavioral adaptation of the employees with its, technological capabilities are needed in the field of improving the conditions of performing tasks for Describe the staff. The limitations of the research are those factors that create obstacles in the way of collecting information, analyzing, and obtaining desirable results. Limitations are inherent in any research. This research is not exempted from this principle and limitations include the problems of determining the index and converting qualitative categories into quantitative values such as attitude to behavior and the involvement of factors such as boredom, stress, lack of time and lack of sufficient knowledge of the respondents causing inaccuracy of people in Answering questions has had. Considering that behavioral motivation was recognized as the most important dimension of the behavioral adaptation model of the employees, it is suggested to improve the behavioral adaptation of the employees, to identify the expectations of the employees from the changes made, and to fulfill them or provide a logical justification for it. To accept the technology and adapt the behavior of the employees to it, it is suggested to explain the capabilities of the technology in the field of improving the working conditions for the employees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Students’ sense of responsibility has a substantial impact on their academic and professional progress, as well as the future of their society. Therefore, it is necessary to examine and identify factors influencing their sense of responsibility. Aim: The present study aimed to propose a model of responsibility based on identity styles with the mediating role of self-concept. Method: In this correlational study, the path analysis method was applied. The study population consisted of all students of Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, and Science and Research Branch of Islamic Azad University in 2022. A total of 411 students were selected via random cluster sampling. The data collection tools were Kurdlo's Responsibility Questionnaire (2015), Identity Style Inventory (1989), and Rogers’ SelfConcept Scale (1957). Pearson's correlation coefficient test was carried out using AMOS version 24 and SPSS version 25 for statistical analysis. Results: The correlation coefficients indicated significant positive correlations between informative and normative identity styles and the sense of responsibility, with the mediating role of self-concept, while the diffuse/avoidant identity style had a significant negative correlation with the sense of responsibility (P<0.01). Moreover, the coefficients were significant for the indirect effects of informative identity style (β=0.028, t=5.17), normative identity style (β=0.047, t=4.32), and diffuse/avoidant identity style (β=-0.056, t=-3.27) on the students’ sense of responsibility, with the mediating role of self-concept (P<0.05). The direct path coefficients for all three identity styles in predicting responsibility were also significant (P<0.01). Conclusion: The present results showed that self-concept mediated the students’ sense of responsibility based on identity styles. Therefore, authorities should take the necessary measures to improve the students’ sense of responsibility, depending on their identity styles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiplicative and deep narratives in the process of modernization in Iranian architecture lead to understanding the formation of these changes in more realistic ways. Because most of the traditionalist narratives that want to return to the origins of Iranian architecture, have focused their criticism on the imported and Westernized narrative of architecture in the Naser al-Din Shah's period, and according to this simplification, they also put a simplistic view against it. This paper is important in several aspects: first, through a critical look at existing narratives, it aims to present a new conceptual model in the formation of modernization in Iranian architecture. Second, by investigating the effective components of this process, it seeks to attain an explanation of how they affect it. According to the preliminary findings as a hypothesis of the research, the vast and fundamental changes that took place in the architecture of Azerbaijan in the early Qajar period (19th century) can be considered in line with the process of the formation of modernity in the architecture of Iran. The key question of this article about understandings whether it is possible to consider the formation of modern concepts in Iranian architecture, according to the need and during a conscious process, belonging to the early Qajar in Azerbaijan? The paper was carried out by a historicalinterpretive research method and a process approach to collect historical and theoretical bases. To identify and investigate the influencing factors on the process of modernization in Azerbaijan's architecture, Iranian and European first-hand sources such as travelogues and diaries were examined. By analyzing the data, maps, and visual information (as second-hand sources), which have a complementary aspect to the work, an attempt has been made to achieve a relatively comprehensive understanding of this process. A conceptual model of the process of modernization in Azerbaijan's architecture is available by knowing the affective factors in the formation of architectural and urbanization characteristics in modern buildings. As a result, the evidence shows that the changes that occurred in the early Qajar architecture of Azerbaijan are an alternative narration parallel to the classical ideas in Iranian contemporary architecture. This process was formed not in Tehran (in the late 19th century), but in Azerbaijan influenced by various factors. The process started with the recognition of modern changes in European architecture. The next stage started with the formation of the necessity of these changes in Iran. Finally, these changes have been implemented in the architecture and town planning principles. The process of modernization in the architecture of Azerbaijan is influenced by contextual factors (Iran-Russian war, Azerbaijan's geopolitical position), and affective persons (Abbas Mirza, Fath-Ali shah, European consultants, and Iranian intellectuals). Also, the consequences of this process have been introduced in two general parts: corrections of the defects of past buildings and the creation of buildings with new required uses. The modernization formed in the architecture of Azerbaijan could have been transferred to other parts of Iran, during the reigns of the subsequent Qajar kings; which require more and more detailed research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the challenging environment of the construction industry and especially after the Corona pandemic crisis in Iran, supply chains (SCs) needed to adopt a new management model to continue the activity. Among the investigated approaches, the four sustainable, anti-fragile, agile and lean (SAAL) approaches were given more attention. The main objective of this paper is to draw a conceptual model for SAAL SCs with the aim of improving their operational, economic and environmental performance. For this purpose, several performance measures have been proposed. This concept is drawn based on the literature review of four supply chain management (SCM) approaches and their performance measurement system. Among the measures proposed by SAAL, which affect SC performance, are just-in-time relationships as well as supplier relationships (modular suppliers) and creating anti-fragile infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The importance of successful implementation of e-learning, especially since the emergence of the Covid-19 pandemic, has become increasingly apparent to universities. Thus, identifying the effective factors in adopting e-learning in the Covid-19 pandemic is crucial. This study was conducted to identify determining factors in adopting E-learning in healthcare. Method: This was a descriptive-analytical study in which 143 faculty members from Iran were randomly selected. The faculty members' intentions, concerning the adoption of e-learning, were assessed by the conceptual path model of integration of unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) and The Task-Technology Fit (TTF). Results: The results showed that the combination of the two classical theories, UTAUT and TTF, was an appropriate model to explain faculty members' intention in adopting e-learning. Moreover, the findings showed that technology and task characteristics, task- technology fit, social influences, effort expectancy, performance expectancy and facilitating conditions had direct and significant effect on e-learning adoption. Conclusion: By presenting a conceptual path model to elucidate users' behavior in adopting e-learning, this study investigated and identified the key determining factors in adopting e-learning. The findings of the present study can contribute to the design and implementation of e-learning by practitioners, policy makers, and curriculum designers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Philanthropic activities play an important role in health systems. Donors contribute to financing, generating resources, and providing healthcare services in Iranian health system. However, they face many challenges. This study aimed to identify barriers to donors' participation in the Iranian health system and to provide solutions. Methods: This qualitative study was performed using semi-structured interviews with 38 donors and 26 policy-makers and managers in the social affairs department of health ministry and medical universities in 2018. In addition, document analysis was performed and the relevant data were extracted. Thematic analysis was used for data analysis. All ethical considerations were followed in this research. Results: Insufficient structures, poor communications, low trust, ineffective working processes, bureaucracy, insufficient senior managers' support, weak legal support and poor monitoring were the most important challenges for donors' participation in the Iranian health system. Effective donor participation in the health system requires the creation of an appropriate system including the right structures, processes, culture, and management. The necessary changes must be planned, led and monitored to promote donors' participation in healthcare. A conceptual model was developed to strengthen donors' participation in the health system. Conclusion: Iranian donors face structural, procedural, cultural, and managerial challenges when financing the health system, generating resources, and providing health services. Policy-makers and managers should tackle these challenges and adopt strategies to reinforce donors' participation in the health system. Planning, organizing, leading, monitoring, evaluation, transparency, accountability, and a commitment to meet donors' needs are necessary for successful philanthropy initiatives in the health sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identifying dimensions and levels of maturity in digital information management is of high significance for university libraries because it would highly influence their daily businesses and future decisions. The current study is an effort to develop, confirm and test a maturity model for digital information management in the context of university libraries as a response to ever-increasing digital information. A design science approach in qualitative-quantitative order was considered as the research design. Initially, a meta-synthesis was conducted to systematically review the related literature and to develop the conceptual model for dimensions and levels. Afterward, a set of 30 related experts analyzed and confirmed the model with a 95% confidence level. Finally, the maturity levels of 14 central university libraries across Iran were measured through a multiple case study design. The MMDIM (Maturity Model for Digital Information Management) includes 10 dimensions, 20 components and 5 levels. Regarding priorities given to the components by the experts, the digital business model and digital work environment were the first and last priorities respectively. The results showed that most selected libraries were at level three namely slight management of digital information. Moreover, library managers evaluated levels of their maturity which showed that digital processes and operations and digital culture were given the first and last levels respectively. The model could be regarded as a diagnostic tool to identify development needs that could be supported by objectives of other similar libraries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Educational organizations are one of the main pillars in human society and the development and survival of societies depends on the good performance of these organizations. Universities are among the social systems. In which real power arises from recognizing patterns of change, measuring and seizing opportunities. In this type of environment, human resources need many competencies for survival, because they operate in an atmosphere of confusion, uncertainty and instability due to the complexities of the environment. What is defined as situations of multiplicity and contradiction is pressure, anxiety, unhappiness, or responding to difficult situations and ultimately responding appropriately to difficult choices in order for the organization to grow and prosper. In these circumstances, identifying cognitive strategies leads to increased organizational performance. And while reducing the emotions caused by dealing with paradoxical phenomena, tensions and ambiguities arising from thinking and expressing organizational experiences, manpower agility by creating a balance between influential factors such as Cognitive abilities, an emotion that reinforces a positive attitude in employees to confront the organization with a turbulent environment to increase productivity and consequently a competitive advantage. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of paradoxical cognitive strategy on human resource agility. Methods: In this mixed research (qualitative-quantitative), in the qualitative section, the statistical population was selected from among the professors of universities in Mazandaran province in 2020 and the information was obtained through purposeful sampling and interviews. Semi-structured items were collected considering the theoretical saturation law. In a small part of the statistical population consisting of heads of units, faculties, deputy heads of units, faculty members and all administrative, educational, research, financial and student officials, 341 people using stratified random sampling method and based on Cochran's formula 181 people were selected as a statistical sample. Also, the validity of the researcher-made questionnaire in this section was confirmed by the content and structure and the reliability of the questionnaires was estimated and confirmed by Cronbach's alpha 0.91 and 0.94, respectively. Data were analyzed using SPSS and lisrel 8.8 software. Results: The results showed that paradoxical cognitive strategies have a positive and significant effect on human resource agility. The results also showed that the elements and components of the paradoxical cognitive strategy are effective in manpower agility of 38% in the free universities of Mazandaran. Conclusion: In general, it can be acknowledged that the human resources in the university should accept the paradoxes, understand and avoid the potential for anxiety in order to strengthen the defensive responses that prevent the rapid and adaptable agility of the human resources. Slowly Educational organizations are one of the main pillars in human society and the development and survival of societies depends on the good performance of these organizations. Universities are among the social systems. In which real power arises from recognizing patterns of change, measuring and seizing opportunities. In this type of environment, human resources need many competencies for survival, because they operate in an atmosphere of confusion, uncertainty and instability due to the complexities of the environment. Organizational complexity shows the degree of differentiation within the different elements of the organization, and in the current situation, unprecedented, dynamic and nonlinear changes in the environment of organizations have increased. Changes that have led to unexpected, unforeseen and surprising issues. Organizations have to increase their internal complexities to cope with these complexities. Increasing internal complexities create the ground for the emergence of puzzles, multiplicities and contradictions in the organization that can not be eliminated due to external and internal dynamics of organizations. In addition, organizations pursue contradictory results in order to survive and maintain themselves in the competitive arena. What is defined as situations of multiplicity and contradiction is pressure, anxiety, unhappiness, or responding to difficult situations and ultimately responding appropriately to difficult choices in order for the organization to grow and prosper. Paradoxes are paradoxical yet interconnected elements that exist simultaneously and persist over time; These elements are logical when considered individually, but seem irrational, inconsistent, and tolerable when put together. Theorists have turned their attention to how to withstand the stresses hidden in paradoxes, because it is very difficult to constantly balance or create the desired level that relieves stress. Practical perspectives on conflicting stresses show that stresses are created at the micro level where individuals face stresses over identity, conflicting roles, and performance expectations. What is defined as stressful situations is the stress caused by physical, emotional, and psychological conditions resulting from prolonged engagement with difficult emotional conditions that gradually accumulate over time and, as a combination of unstable emotions, the inability to cope. Relaxation, feelings of discomfort, loneliness, sleep problems, excessive smoking, high blood pressure and gastrointestinal disorders are experienced. In these situations, identifying cognitive strategies with the ability to understand and express emotions as much as possible, self-regulation, self-awareness, spontaneity and social ability all lead to increased organizational performance. And while reducing the emotions caused by dealing with paradoxical phenomena, tensions and ambiguities created by thinking and expressing organizational experiences, manpower agility by creating a balance between influential factors such as capabilities Cognitive, the emotion that strengthens the positive attitude of employees to confront the organization with the turbulent environment to increase productivity and consequently provides a competitive advantage. In other words, the role of psychological beliefs allows people with high levels of perception of emotional abilities to be able to deal with paradoxical stress, report less perceived stress, and job satisfaction, feelings. They should be more successful and motivated. So, the cognitive strategy of paradox can be considered from social, psychological and medical dimensions, because in recent years in the country, there are moves to pay attention to the effect of psychological therapies in reducing stress. And a number of occupational counselors, psychologists, psychotherapists and psychiatrists in counseling clinics use coping techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Online social networks have been used to enhance human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) prevention, diagnosis, and treatment programs worldwide. This study aimed to develop a conceptual model of using online social networks in improving health literacy and medication adherence among people living with HIV/AIDS in Iran. This mixed-method sequential exploratory study was conducted in three phases. Firstly, a series of semi-structured interviews with a purposive sample of 29 HIV-positive patients were conducted to investigate the perceptions and experiences of HIV-positive patients about using online social networks to support health literacy and medication adherence. Thematic analysis was used to analyse qualitative interviews, extract potential components, and design a conceptual model. Then, a Delphi study with 27 HIV-positive patients was subsequently conducted to examine the consensus of patients on the proposed model. Finally, the trustworthiness and credibility of the proposed model were reviewed and evaluated by expert panel members from epidemiology and public health. Seven themes and 24 sub-themes emerged from the qualitative interviews. Five themes encompassed components of online social networks that supported communication and information-seeking behaviour of people living with HIV/AIDS. The two other themes encompassed social support and health-related outcomes including medication adherence. The credibility of the proposed conceptual model was confirmed methodologically using the expert panel and Delphi technique. Our findings highlighted that using online social networks has empowered Iranian people living with HIV/AIDS, making them more connected, safe, and able to access HIV/AIDS-related information and services. The role of online social networks in improving health literacy and medication adherence was also demonstrated in a conceptual model to understand the supportive components of online social networks in the HIV care continuum as well as customized interventions to improve the success of antiretroviral therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to conduct whether the lean, agile, resilience, green and sustainable paradigms are applied and combined in the actual environment (Petrochemical Industries) of Supply Chain Management (SCM). A structured literature review of theoretical foundations of manufacturing paradigms in SCM was carried out to achieve this aim. Then the conceptual model is extracted from reviewing theoretical research foundations and structure of 'Lean, Agility, Resilience, Green' (LARG) supply chain and sustainability. The novelty of this research is that a classification scheme of manufacturing paradigms in SCM was developed where previous studies were used to find how these paradigms were being integrated. The results indicated that paradigms in SCM, including; Lean, Agile, Resilience, Green, and Sustainable had an important role in the successful performance and competitive advantage. The Goodness of Fit was used to examine the verification model solution. The contribution of this research is an integrated model of LARG supply chain paradigms and sustainable supply chain performance. The proposed model is merged in academic literature for the first time. The integration model of LARG supply chain paradigms and supply chain sustainable performance [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of how governments deal with the Coronavirus disease-2020 (COVID-19) crisis is becoming a major research stream worldwide. This article contends that the Crisismanship process or system in countries dealing with and controlling this deadly phenomenon should be studied more seriously and more systematically using the novel concept or theory of "surprise management" and "sound governance". The COVID-19 Crisismanship is offered as a theoretical and conceptual model that refers to a "systematic and dynamic process of the interplay of the three pillars of crisis governance, crisis public administration, and crisis operational activities at the time of a crisis, both vertically and horizontally, with potential overlaps" as applied to the fight against COVID-19 in Iran.1 The tireless proactive as well as reactive efforts of Iranian medical scientists and pharmaceutical institutions have resulted in the production of several effective Vaccines as well as treatment drugs in the fight against the Coronavirus. These treatment drugs and vaccines will be used for not only Iran's population but also supplied to many other countries in the region, Latin America, Asia, and Africa. Nevertheless, the article makes no claim of an Iran's perfect or complete success in controlling or defeating COVID-19, as no one can. Iran has lost over 50,000 lives with over one million infected. Yet, the article does suggest that lessons learned from the Iranian government's responses to the COVID-19 may help other countries in a fight against similar pandemic crises in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many scholars mentioned various dimensions and complex relations for manufacturing flexibility that implementing all of them is not possible for a manufacturing firm. On the other hand, today's dynamic environment convinces flexible organizations to create capabilities in order to take over competitors. Hence, the aim of this study is to determine dominant groups of flexibility for manufacturing firms and to prioritize them under the influence of dynamic organizational capabilities. In this research, firstly components of dynamic organizational capabilities and flexibility of manufacturing are identified by content analysis method. Then, based on that, taxonomy for Iran's manufacturing firms was determined using support vector machine algorithm. In the next step, based on experts' view using FDEMATEL method, conceptual model for relationship of manufacturing flexibility dimension as well as dynamic capabilities are provided. Conceptual model in three flexibility clusters was tested by structural equation modeling, and dominant groups were prioritized based on dynamic organizational capabilities. Results show that the best number of clusters is three. Results also show that dynamic organizational capabilities not only affect flexibility dimensions of manufacturing but also this influence is different in manufacturing firms with various industry fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to present a review of topics, conceptual models and methodologies in research on Iranian school principals over the past four decades. Design/methodology/approach: The study adopted a descriptive quantitative form of a systematic review of research to analyze topics, conceptual models and methodologies employed in 565 studies published by Iranian scholars in the national and international databases. Findings: The content analysis of the studies revealed the increasing interest of the Iranian scholars in the two topical foci, namely, the school leadership models and principal profile, with a focus on the direct-effects (Model B) and the antecedent-effects (Model A). The evidence also suggests the disinclination of the researchers to study leadership concerning student learning outcomes. The most frequently used school leadership model in the Iranian schools has been transformational leadership, while the distributive/collaborative and instructional leadership studies were few. The scholars have mostly relied on a survey-based quantitative research approach, using correlation analysis techniques. Practical implications: The findings suggest that despite the increasing global acceptance of school leadership, its implementation in practice is inevitably shaped by the institutional policies and cultural values of different societies. Social implications: The findings of this study strengthen the supposition that the differences in school leadership across societies are influenced by various cultural and contextual factors. Originality/value: This paper is the first systematic review of the empirical studies that present insight into topics, conceptual models and methodologies in research on school principals in Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Competitiveness is one of the basic components of tourism development in cities that can also lead to the general development of tourism in the country. The purpose of the present study was to explain a model for tourism competitiveness in Iranian touristic cities. For this purpose, the initial conceptual model of the research was developed by reviewing the literature. Then, a questionnaire approved by experts was used and the conceptual model of the research was tested with the opinions of experienced tour guides in 184 cities. The conceptual model of the research was tested by the PLS-based path analysis method using Smart-PLS software. In order to analyze the research findings, the validation of the measurement model, structural model, and general research model was performed and the model of localized structural relationships of Iranian touristic cities was developed. The findings of the study indicated that destination management has had the greatest impact on the tourism competitiveness of tourist cities in Iran. Other influencing factors were tourism services, supporting factors and conditions, demand conditions, main resources and attractions, and infrastructures, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study is to test a conceptual model of the causes and consequences of Iranian products brand hate. This topic has not been tested before. Accordingly, the conceptual model consisting of these factors and consequences on Iranian goods and in the context of Iran was tested. In the present study, the target population included all citizens of Mazandaran province and the sampling method was the two-stage clustering method. The sample size was 395 individuals, the data collection tool was a questionnaire and the data analysis method was structural equation modeling with partial least squares approach using SmartPLS2.6 software. According to the results of the study, brand hate was affected by marketing fraud, marketing mix failure, and social irresponsibility. The assumptions regarding the effect of brand hate on negative word of mouth, support for the competitor, and disconnection from the brand were confirmed. The hypotheses of this study confirmed the generalizability of the model for Iranian consumers. Using the results of the present study, the concept of Iranian consumer brand hate can be carefully analyzed. Also, in this study, the priorities and the relative importance of the factors affecting and affected by brand hate have been determined which could be very important in brand hate management due to the limitations of organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The main objective of the current study is to provide a framework for business sustainability performance (BSP) in Iran. Design/methodology/approach: To determine the dimensions, components and indicators of BSP, the use of the meta-synthesis method allows for the achievement of research goals. For measuring the quality of selected literature, Critical Appraisals Skills Program (CASP) is used. The total of selected texts is 181, of which 139 were excluded. Findings: This research presented a comprehensive conceptual model for BSP, which includes 23 components and 125 reporting indicators in economic category, social, ethical, environmental and corporate governance. Originality/value: Although there is an extensive body of literature exploring the nature and extent of sustainability practices in developed countries, empirical studies examining the framework for BSP using meta-synthesis in emerging markets do not exist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of this research paper to provide a theoretical framework on critical success factors for CRM implementation in the Iranian banking sector. Iran has one of the largest and most representative Islamic banking systems in the world. The banking system is a changing environment and CRM can be an optimal solution for managing change. Generally, banks are interested in increasing their competitiveness, performance and profitability, but also to minimize their costs by implementing CRM practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to develop a literature-based and expert-modified model for credibility evaluation of scientific web information in order to be used for academic purposes by utilizing a mixed heuristic method. First, meta-synthesis was applied to design a conceptual model. In terms of its usability, the model was evaluated by a sample of student users in five top universities of Iran. The data were analyzed by SPSS 20.0 and LISREL 8.7 for Structural Equation Modelling. Based on the seven-stage meta-synthesis, a conceptual model, including 68 indicators, 14 components, and two main dimensions was identified. The model was confirmed by the sample experts by considering the high degree of Kendall's coefficient of concordance and the agreement percentage of most dimensions of the model which were 0.67 and higher than 90%, respectively. Next, the results of confirmatory factor analysis were analyzed according to the structural model and indices related to the goodness of fit in order to ensure a high quality respecting measuring the identified variables. Based on data analysis, the variables were of high quality in the studied context although there were some differences among the dimensions. The results further revealed that credibility evaluation is a concept with different and multiple dimensions and components suitable for users, designers, and policymakers which should be considered in designing and evaluating web resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reviewing the recently published texts in the field of library and information science education indicates some fundamental problems in this pedagogic process. According to different factors dealing with the process, confronting the challenges is considered as complex issues. Therefore, in this research Soft Systems Methodology, an action research method, was chosen to propose a comprehensive model to solve the mentioned problems. Based on the Checkland seven proposed stages, the problem situation was identified, and then it was expressed in the form of a rich picture. Driving root definitions and the CATWOE model were cleared to accomplish the conceptual model. Comparison of the conceptual model to the real world, also proposing feasible and desired changes are the fifth and sixth stages of the research. Finally, taking action to improve the current situation in the field of LIS education finished the procedure. Utilizing the steps of Soft Systems Methodology, this research draws the rich picture illustrating the process of LIS education and its issues dealing with the related ecosystem. Accordingly, the final model consisting of three ontologies was attained. To validate the semantic model, Cohen's kappa coefficient was calculated. The model, approved by high level of expert agreement, not only can be an appropriate solution for the problems involved in library and information science education in Iran, but also can be considered as a pattern for future researches in designation and implementation of a semantic model of education in other disciplines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Despite a high burden of traffic injuries, effective integrated or linked injury surveillance systems are rarely available in many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The aim of the current study was to define a conceptual model for developing a national integrated traffic injury registry in Iran. Methods: A mult-method study financially and technically supported by the World Health Organization, Iranian Ministry of Health, Iranian Traffic Police, and the Iranian Legal Medicine Organization was conducted. A theoretical framework, forming the core conceptual components, was developed based on expert reviews. The preliminary conceptual model was developed by a panel of experts and tailored through a national workshop of 50 scientists, authorities and experts from nearly all sectors related to road safety promotion and injury management. It was then sent out to external reviewers in order to assess and improve the content validity of the model. Results: The conceptual model was developed to have six components. These included 1) aims and core definitions; 2) content and core measurements; 3) data flow; 4) data collection routines; 5) organizational matrix; 6) implementation organization. The Haddon's matrix was adapted to be used as the theoretical framework in defining the content and data flow components of IRTIR. Five subcomponents were defined in the content and core measurements component with each having several subcategories. Each subcomponent/subcategory was finally divided into several item groups to guide defining the final data measurement variables. The data flow component was defined with six data sequence stations. Through the organizational matrix component, five major organizations relevant to road traffic safety were defined as core data production contributors. Some organizations also owned several sub-organizations which contributed in this regard. Conclusion: It is concluded that the IRTIR conceptual model includes the required six components for developing a national integrated registry for Iran. Its main component called, content and core measurements, leads the researchers in developing final data collection tools in developing the national registry of road traffic injuries in Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research aimed to first specify entrepreneurial competencies required for launching small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) among rural youth. Then, weights were assigned to the components by key experts of rural entrepreneurship using a fuzzy analytic hierarchy process. Finally, the impact of entrepreneurial competencies was assessed on rural youth's intention to launch SMEs. The research population in the survey part was composed of the rural youth of Kangavar County in Kermanshah province, Iran (N = 6207). The sample size was estimated to be 361 individuals who were taken by the proportionate stratified random sampling technique. The research instrument was a questionnaire whose face and content validity was confirmed by a panel of experts and its reliability was confirmed through a pilot study. Pairwise comparisons by experts showed that strategic, communicative, psychological and opportunistic competences were the most to least important factors underpinning the rural youth's intention to establish SMEs. Also, among entrepreneurial competencies, five components including entrepreneurial vigilance, networking ability, individualism, tolerance of ambiguity, and market analysis accounted for 39.2 percent of the variance of the rural youth's intention to launch SMEs. It is recommended to empower rural youth in capabilities such as planning to initiate a business and the analysis of markets in order to strengthen their strategic competencies. • The emergence of rural entrepreneurial activities has some prerequisites and needs some competencies. • The competences (such as strategic and opportunistic) were main factors rural youth's intention to launch SMEs. • Some components such as individualism and market analysis accounted for 39.2% of the variance of rural youth's intention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conceptual rainfall‐runoff models account for the spatial dynamics of hydrological processes in a basin using simple spatially lumped storage‐flow relations. Such rough approximations introduce model errors that are often difficult to characterize. Here, we develop and apply a methodology that recursively estimates and accounts for model errors in real‐time streamflow prediction settings by adding time‐dependent random noise to the internal states (storages) of the hydrological model. Magnitude of the added noise depends on a precision (inverse variance) parameter that is estimated from rainfall‐runoff data. A recursive Bayesian technique is used for estimation: posteriors of hydrological parameters and states are updated through time with an ensemble Kalman filter, whereas the posterior of the precision parameter is updated recursively using a novel gamma density approximation technique. Applying this algorithm to different model error scenarios allows identification of the main source of model errors. The methodology is applied to short‐term streamflow prediction with the Hymod rainfall‐runoff model in a semi‐cold, semi‐humid basin in Iran. Results show that (i) streamflow prediction in this snow‐dominated basin is more affected by model errors in the slow flow than the quick flow component of the model, (ii) accounting for model errors in the slow flow component improves both low and high flow predictions, and (iii) predictive performance further improves by accounting for Hymod parameter uncertainty in addition to model errors. Overall, accounting for model errors increased Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiency (by 1–5%), reduced mean absolute error (by 2–43%), and improved probabilistic predictive performance (by 50–80%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entrepreneurial passion has been suggested as an entrepreneur's central characteristic, theorized to affect a host of entrepreneurial behaviours. Considering the theory of planned behaviour (TPB), a conceptual model was developed and tested which integrated both cognitive (namely, subjective norms, attitudes toward perceived behavioural control and entrepreneurship) and emotional (namely, entrepreneurial passion) factors to determine their contributions to entrepreneurial intentions. This is a quantitative study using a self-report survey for data collection. The hypotheses were examined with 250 university students sample applying the partial least squares method. The results indicate a significant indirect relationship between entrepreneurial passion and entrepreneurial intentions via their cognitive antecedents (attitudes toward entrepreneurship and perceived behavioural control). The study contributes to the emerging research of entrepreneurial passion in the entrepreneurship field and heightens its role as a factor that should be taken into account to improve entrepreneurship education programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Determining the catchment design peak flow is crucial in hydrological practice. In this paper, the conceptual rainfall–runoff model EBA4SUB (Event-Based Approach for Small and Ungauged Basins) was applied in six catchments in Iran. The aims were to test EBA4SUB in reconstructing runoff hydrographs for the investigated case studies and to provide a suitable alternative for the review and updating of design peak flow estimation in Iran. The EBA4SUB output was compared with previous studies on selected catchments. The results show, for all case studies, a large variability in the peak flow values; the EBA4SUB model gave flow values similar to the other methodologies. The EBA4SUB model can be recommended for the following reasons: (i) it minimizes the subjectivity of the modeller. (ii) its modules are based on state-of-the-art procedures, which have been appropriately optimized for ungauged basins; and (iii) it furnishes the whole design flood hydrograph. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reviewing the recently published and authentic texts in the field of Library & Information Science education indicates some fundamental problems in the pedagogic process of this discipline. Therefore, in this research Soft Systems Methodolgy (SSM) was chosen to propose a comprehensive model to solve the mentioned problems. Soft Systems Methodolgy (SSM) is one of the Action Research methods. In view of research approach, SSM’s is considered qualitative. Based on the Checkland’s seven proposed stages, problem situation was identified, and then it was expressed in the form of rich picture. Deriving root definitions and CATWOE model were clarified to accomplish the conceptual model. Comparison of the conceptual model to real world, also proposing feasible and desired changes are the fifth and sixth stages of the reserach. Finally, taking action to improve the current situation in the field of Library & Information Science education finished the procedure. Utilizing the seven steps of SSM, this research draws the rich picture illustrating the process of Library & Information Science education and its issues dealing with the related ecosystem. Accordingly, the final model consisting of three anthologies (learners, professors, and educational content) was attained. To validate the semantic model, Cohen’s kappa coefficient was calculated and the conceptual model was approved by high level of agreement, 0/92. To use the comprehensive model in the real world, it was implemented by Protégé 4.3 software and OWL2 language. To use the comprehensive model in the real world, it was implemented by Protégé 4.3 software and OWL2 language. The obtained model, approved by high level of expert agreement, not only can be an appropriate solution for the problems involved in Library & Information Science education in Iran, but also can be considered as a pattern for future researches in designation and implementation of semantic model of education in other disciplines. The findings indicate that the semantic model is a complex concept including different aspects and indices which can be easily implemented and noticed by policy-makers, designers and other players in designation and assessment of teaching-learning environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gar and Bare Anticlines are located in the Zagros mountain range, southern Iran. The cores of the anticlines are comprised of the calcareous Sarvak formation sandwiched between two impermeable marly formations, namely Pabdeh-Gurpi at the top and Kazhdomi at the bottom. Sheshpeer spring with an average discharge rate of 3.2 m 3 s - 1 emerges from the Gar Anticline, forming the Sheshpeer River. To the west, the Sheshpeer River is delimited by the Albian aged calcareous Sarvak formation, while the Santonian-Oligocene impermeable deposits of the marly Pabdeh-Gurpi formation constitute the eastern limit. Sheshpeer Dam is currently under study and under construction. Parts of the Sheshpeer riverbed lie directly on the Sarvak formation and its water seeps into the adjacent karst aquifer at a rate of approximately 340–650 l s - 1 which will increase undoubtedly after reservoir impoundment. In addition, two tracing tests, for determination of underground seepage flow path(s) were accomplished. However, no dye tracer was detected in any source of ground water located downstream of the reservoir. Interestingly, water levels of the studied boreholes have dropped during drilling operations indicating the existence of a deep karst aquifer in the region. Finally, the seepage flow direction was investigated and assumed to be most likely parallel to Gar Anticline which strikes toward the adjacent Bare Anticline based on the dye tracing, borehole permeability, water table profiles, water budget, hydrochemistry of water resources and due to the presence of extensive crushed zones on the southern flank of the Gar Anticline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]