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Sumac (Rhus coriaria L.) is one of the medicinal plants of Anacardiaceae family and widely used as a spice in Iran and Arab countries. Rhus coriaria var. zebaria is a small tree or large shrub, wildly growing in Iraq and described as a new variety with special characteristics. These increase the importance of studying sumac in these areas. Here, the phytochemical variations and the antibacterial activity of 50 accessions of this variety from five different climatic conditions was evaluated in order to identify the best accession to use and the best area for its cultivation. This is the most comprehensive study on this plant. Essential oil compounds were identified using GC–MS method and according to the results, Z, E-2,13-octadecadien, caryophyllene oxide, 2,4-decadienal, E-caryophyllene and nonanoic acid were among the main compounds. Also, the variety is a rich source of minerals including K, Ca, Mg, Na, P, and N. Sumac fruit extract from Akre Xerds had the highest anthocyanin and the lowest amount was from Kavilca region. The radical scavenging effect of extract from Dostic area in the concentration of 400 µg/mL is closer to the effect of ascorbic acid. The largest inhibition was found in the sumac extracted oil of Xasto Zhere area against S. aureus in compared with penicillin and amoxicillin and enrofloxacin antibiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The skin acts as a barrier between the human body and the external environment, protecting the body from chemical and physical factors. Despite significant advances in wound treatment, wound healing remains a major challenge. This study reviews medicinal plants documented in ethnobotanical knowledge from western Iran that are used for skin wound healing. Methods: The review study employed keywords related to medicinal plants, wound healing, skin wounds, and the regions of Western Azerbaijan, Eastern Azerbaijan, Kurdistan, Kermanshah, Ilam, Khuzestan, and ethnobotany to search for relevant articles. Databases reviewed included Google Scholar, SID, Magalran, PubMed, and Scopus. Ethnobotanical articles pertinent to the review were utilized. Results: The findings indicate that medicinal plants such as Sisymbrium sophia L., Fumaria officinalis L., Plantago major L., Alcea sp., Urtica sp., Astragalus gossypinus Fischer., Mperata cylindrica (L.), Polygonum aviculare L., Sanguisorba minor Scop., Alcea angulata, Aristolochia olivieri, Calendula persica, Citrullus colocynthis, Fumaria parviflora, Nerium oleander, Scrophularia striata, Allium schoenoprasum, Ixiolirion tataricum, Thymus kotchyanous, Adonis aestivalis, Cardaria draba, Althaea officinalis, Beta vulgaris, Carthamus tinctorius E., Chrysanthemum coronarium, Helianthus annuus L., Matricaria recutita L., and Vicia sativa are among the medicinal plants effective in wound healing in these regions. Conclusion: Medicinal plants, rich in antioxidant compounds and secondary metabolites like tannins, anthocyanins, and flavonoids, offer a promising and often benign alternative to synthetic drugs for wound management. Given their historical use in wound healing, these botanicals warrant further investigation to elucidate their underlying mechanisms of action and to develop novel therapeutic interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mulberry is a multipurpose tree in horticulture. Besides nutritional importance, it is used for raising silkworms, fodder and landscape. These is quite a wide genetic diversity among different mulberry genotypes. The present study was undertaken to evaluate certain morphological and biochemical properties of 20 genotypes of Morus alba, M. rubra, and M. nigra species distributed in Golestan Province, northern Iran. The highest leaf length (15.51 cm), petiole length (5.37 cm), vitamin C (4.34 mg/100 g) and phenol (31.89 mg/g) were recorded in M12 genotype. The highest fruit length (5.52 cm), pedicle length (17 mm), soluble solids (18.26%) and sucrose (31.64 mg/g) were recorded in M10 genotype. The amount of glucose (288.82 mg/g) and fructose (121.97 mg/g) were also dominant in M17 genotype. The utmost fruit fresh and dry weights (0.3-67.80 g), fruit diameter (1.99 cm), leaf width (11.94 cm) and flavonoids (24.67 mg/g) were also observed in the M20 genotype. The M1 and M2 genotypes had higher anthocyanin (1.13 µmol/g) and total antioxidant activity (66.71%) compared to other genotypes. Furthermore, fruit fresh and dry weights were positively correlated with fruit length and diameter, pedicle length, and leaf and petiole length. The highest positive correlation was observed among anthocyanin, vitamin C and phenols. The morphological and biochemical traits explained 99 % of the total variance of four and three main components. The results of cluster analysis grouped these genotypes into 3 main groups. Therefore, the highest heritability and genetic advance were found for fruit weight, petiole length, leaf width, antioxidant activity, fructose and flavonoids. The valuable pomological traits recorded for some genotypes may be useful for future breeding programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Berberis integerrima L. belongs to the Berberidaceae family and is one of the small fruits with many medicinal properties, which is considered among the horticultural products with high plant diversity and favorable genetic reserves. This research aimed to study barberry's phenological, morpho-physiological, and biochemical attributes in five different habitats in Kerman province, Iran (Bam, Jiroft, Anbarabad, Raber, and Baft) during 2019-2020. The results of the phenological traits showed that the Jiroft and Anbarabad habitats have the maximum number of days until the end of vegetative growth, the number of days from activation of buds to the beginning of fruit formation, the number of days until the physiological maturity of the fruit, the number of days from activation of buds to fruit coloring, and the lowest number of days until flowering. The mean comparison showed that in terms of yield, the investigated habitats from the highest production to the lowest included Anbarabad> Baft> Bam> Rabar> Jiroft. The highest average traits of panicle length (43.38 cm), number of fruits per panicle (26.6), 1000-fruit weight (141.9 g), 1000-seedless fruit weight (128.4 g), seed length (1.16 mm), seed diameter (0.97 mm), fruit length and diameter (19.03 and 5.41 mm), yield (16.69 kg per stem), and the number of thorns 10 cm (13.5 pieces) was observed in Anbarabad habitat. The yield was negatively and significantly correlated with fruit length, titratable acidity, anthocyanin, DPPH, and phenol. Interestingly, soil nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium had a positive effect on increasing the barberry yield. On the other hand, increasing the longitude, latitude, and altitude decreases yield. Anbarabad and Jiroft habitats had the highest and lowest averages of pH, titratable acidity, total soluble solids, chlorophyll, and carotenoid content, respectively. Generally, the results of this study indicate a high genetic diversity in phenological, morphological, chemical, and physiological aspects in different habitats. Moreover, the results showed that Anbarabad was significantly superior in phenological, morphological, yield, and phytochemical traits compared to other ecotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is an increasing interest in the use of nano-fertilizer as an alternative to traditional fertilizers, in order to increase the secondary metabolites in medicinal plants. The present study was conducted to observe the changes in morphological and biochemical properties of three populations of Colchicum speciosum L., from Iran (Filband, Sangdarka, and Kelerd), upon conventional (1.1 and 2.2 mg L-1) and nano-N (1.5 and 3 mg L-1) fertilizers based on completely randomized design (CRD). The anthocyanin and phenolic contents of leaves and corms were determined with a spectrophotometer and corm colchicine was extracted by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results represented different responses of morphological and biochemical attributes to populations due to their different origins. Filband with higher altitude showed increased leaf area, plant length, corn weight and diameter when treated with N fertilizers. Increased total phenolic component (TPC) in leaves and corm and also leaf total flavonoids component (TFC) were reported in Filband upon N fertilizers. All fertilizers led to decreased leaf anthocyanin when N fertilizers were applied. A noticeable increase in colchicine was obtained in Kelerd and Sangdarka when plants were treated with 1.5 mg L-1 nano-N fertilizer. Heat map analysis of corm anthocyanin, leaf anthocyanin, leaf TPC, leaf TPC, and colchicine amount showed higher variability under the treatments. According to principal component analysis (PCA), corm TPC, leaf TFC, corm TFC, leaf area, and corm weight were specific traits of Kelerd. In conclusion, different responses of morphological and biochemical traits were reported between populations, and N fertilizers exerted diverse effects on these traits. The population from higher altitudes showed higher phenolic content and lower anthocyanin accumulation under conventional and nano-N fertilizers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Quality properties of 14 saffron samples from Iran, Spain, and Türkiye were compared., Results: Significant differences were observed between anthocyanins, volatile compounds, fatty acids, total phenolic content, and antioxidant activity of saffron samples (P < 0.05). Besides, significant differences in color parameters were observed. Moreover, a total of 13 volatile compounds were identified in the saffron samples using. headspace-solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, safranal and α-isophorone being the two predominant aroma compounds. Regarding fatty acids, significant differences were seen in the fatty acid profiles of saffron samples (P < 0.05), while linoleic acid was the most concentrated fatty acid. In terms of sensory properties, different concentrations of safranal, α-isophorone and 4-ketoisophorone may lead to significant differences in the odor and taste attributes of saffron samples (P < 0.05)., Conclusion: Changes in corm origin along with climate and agricultural conditions may affect the quality characteristics of saffron cultivated in different geographical areas to a significant degree. © 2024 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry., (© 2024 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.)

BACKGROUND: The strawberry is an important commercial crop, the improvement of its yield and quality is an imperative task. OBJECTIVE: The present research aimed to study the effect of colored netting and foliar application of amino acids on the physiological characteristics of strawberries subjected to different irrigation intervals. METHODS: The study was carried out as a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three factors including colored net at 4 levels (no netting, green, red, and yellow netting), organic acids at 4 levels (control, humic acid, glutamine, and arginine), and three levels of irrigation intervals (2, 4, and 6 days) in the greenhouse of Lahijan Agricultural Research Station, Iran. RESULTS: The results showed that the highest leaf number, shoot weight, chlorophyll and carotenoid content were related to yellow netting. The highest fruit yield, anthocyanins, and flavonoids were observed in the treatments of no-netting, green netting, and red netting, respectively. Data for the effect of organic acids showed that the glutamine-treated plants exhibited the highest yield, the humic acid-treated plants displayed the highest anthocyanin and carotenoid content, and the arginine-treated plants demonstrated the highest vitamin C content. The irrigation interval of 6 days caused to the lowest leaf number, flower and fruit number, shoot weight, fruit yield, and carotenoid content. Data for the trilateral effect of 'netting×organic acid×irrigation' showed that the highest flower number and fruit yield were obtained from 'green netting×glutamine×4 days', the highest anthocyanin content was obtained from 'green netting×humic acid×2 days', and the highest chlorophyll content was obtained from 'green netting×control×6 days'. The treatment of 'yellow netting×control×2 days' was related to the highest flavonoid content. CONCLUSIONS: The application of colored nets provides the strawberry with more optimal vegetative and reproductive growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The study focused on the morphological and chemical characteristics of 200 Hymenocrater longiflorus Benth. genotypes found in natural habitats of eight regions in west of Iran. The primary objective of the study was to assess the morphological and phytochemical variability within populations grown in their natural habitats, with the aim of identifying their potential for domestication and utilization in pre-breeding programs. The plant height (PH) ranged from 50.32 to 69.65 cm, with the highest observed in population P8. The internode distances ranged from 4.7 to 6.47 cm, with the maximum distance found in P4. Flower lengths varied from 1.95 to 2.45 cm, with the minimum and maximum values observed in P4 and P3, respectively. The highest leaf length (5.20 cm) and width (3.87 cm) were recorded in P2. The aerial parts of the plant were utilized to extraction and determine the essential oil (EO) content and composition, which ranged from 0.40 to 0.78% (v/w). The analysis of EO by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS) identified 26 compounds, constituting 99-99.5% of the EOs. The main compounds in the EO and their percentage range (v/w DW) were tau-cadinol (0.62-55.56), mono (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (8.10-94.70), elemol (0.21-19.11), β-spathulenol (0.08-14.39), 4-terpineol (0.23-10.19), and β-eudesmol (0.21-9.94). The main chemical groups found in EOs included oxygenated sesquiterpenes (1.12-68.43), and phthalates (9.73-94.72). Cluster analysis revealed three distinct chemotypes: chemotype I (populations 1 and 2) with major components of mono (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, tau-cadinol, and α-elemol; chemotype II (population 5) rich in mono (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate; and chemotype III (populations 3, 4, 6-8) containing tau-cadinol, β-eudesmol, and 4-terpineol. The study also evaluated total phenolic, total flavonoid, and DPPH free radical scavenging activity in the fifty percent inhibitory concentration (IC50) in leaf and flower samples of the genotypes, along with estimating total anthocyanin content in the flower samples. The total phenolic content (TPC) in leaf and flower samples ranged from 7.89 to 107.18 mg GAE/g DW and 39.98 to 86.62 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g DW, respectively. Total flavonoid content (TFC) ranged from 81.04 to 143.46 mg QUE/g DW in leaf samples and from 94.82 to 133.26 mg quercetin equivalent (QUE)/g DW in flower samples. DPPHsc IC50 (µg/mL) ranged from 0.65 to 78.74 in leaf samples and from 4.38 to 7.71 in flower samples. Anthocyanin content ranged from 1.89 to 3.75 mg cyanidin-3-glucoside equivalent (C3GE)/g DW among populations. Canonical correspondence analysis and simple correlation demonstrated a strong association and correlations among the studied attributes. The negative correlations between leaf DPPH (DPPH L) IC50 and TFC (- 0.73), TPC (- 0.63), Elemol (- 0.90), and EO (- 0.85) indicate that these compounds have a significant impact on the antioxidant activity of the leaves. Furthermore, Fruit DPPH (DPPH F) IC50 showed a negative correlation with TPC (- 0.79) and TFC (- 0.78), but a positive correlation with flower anthocyanins (0.51), (Z)-β-Farnesene (0.66), and 4-Terpineol (0.57). Circular cluster analysis categorized the genotypes of all individuals in the eight studied populations into three main categories based on all the studied traits, indicating significant variation in phytochemical and morphological traits among populations, surpassing the within-populations variation., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Developmental stages can influence tissue structure, chemical composition, sweetness, and flavor of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) fruit. Mozafati is one of the most important commercial cultivars of date in Iran. However, the effects of developmental stages on the nutritional value of this cultivar are not known. Thus, this study attempted to provide a comprehensive analysis of various nutritional and biochemical properties of Mozafati cultivar. Anthocyanin and reducing sugars were found to increase during development while other phenolic compounds followed a downward trend. Antioxidant capacity of the fruits decreased during development; sucrose was not observed in any developmental stages. Eight phenolic compounds including gallic, chlorogenic, trans-ferulic, sinapic and p-coumaric acids, vanillin, catechin, and hesperidin were identified and quantified during development. At the first and second stages of development, the number of fruit polyphenolic compounds was higher compared to the last three stages. The results represented a higher level of sinapic acid (4.73 ± 0.74 mg/100 g of fresh weight), an important anxiolytic agent, in the Rutab stage of Mozafati cultivar. Hesperidin was also detected for the first time in the fruit of a date cultivar. Nutritional analysis of components and minerals introduced Mozafati date as a rich source of these elements. Most importantly, our findings highlight the importance of Mozafati date as a potential alternative source of calcium supplementation. The results of this study revealed the richness of Mozafati cultivar fruits in terms of many nutrients during developmental stages and the possibility of their usages in pharmaceutical or nutraceutical industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sardasht black grape (Vitis Viniferae cv. Rash) is one of the most important grape cultivars in west Azerbaijan province in Iran that mainly used for grape juice production. Black grape residues are a cheap source of bioactive compounds. In this research ultrasound-assisted (UAE) and maceration extraction (ME) were applied for bioactive compounds extraction of Sardasht black grape residues.A central composite design was used to obtain the optimal conditions of UAE and ME; the effects of operating conditions (temperature and time) on phenolic compounds, anthocyanin content and antioxidant activity were studied through response surface methodology (RSM). Optimized conditions were as follows: extraction time was 24 h, and temperature was 35°C for ME and 55°C and 15 min for UAE.Under these conditions the phenolic compounds, anthocyanins and antioxidant activity obtained by ME and UAE methods were 96.779 mg GAE/100 ml, 118.345 mg/L, 55.49% and 114.115 mg GAE/100 ml, 121.645 mg/L, 64.89%, respectively.This study provides evidence that UAE is an effective technique for the extraction of bioactive compounds from Sardasht black grape residues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photoselective netting is a new group of colored netting developing in the past few decades. The effect of colored (red, green, and yellow) netting was studied on physiological traits of Codiaeum and Aglaonema in a trial in Flowers and Ornamental Plants Research Station of Lahijan, north of Iran. The trial was based on a splitplot experiment with two factors. The first factor was devoted to colored netting at four levels (no netting, green, yellow, and red) and the second factor was devoted to plant species at two levels of Codiaeum and Aglaonema based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. The results showed the positive effect of yellow netting on improving the vegetative capability of the plants, so that the highest plant height, shoot and root fresh and dry weight, and leaf area were observed in the plants grown under the yellow netting. Also, the highest anthocyanin, carotenoid contents, and catalase activity were obtained from the red netting and the highest Brix° and total chlorophyll from the red and yellow netting. According to the results, the highest vegetative growth rate was related to Codiaeum. The application of the colored nets provided the plants with more optimal growth conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rosa canina L. (Rosaceae), commonly known as the rose hip, is originated from Europe, Africa, and Asia with a long history in medicinal applications. This study aimed to analyze the morphological traits, fatty acids profile, and content of phenolic compounds, anthocyanins, vitamin C, total carotenoid, total phenol, total flavonoid, and antioxidant activity of the fruits of eleven Iranian R. canina ecotypes (RCEs). The highest coefficient of variation was obtained in 1000 seed weight (46.57%). The seed oil varied from 8.08 ± 0.17% to 16.91 ± 0.35%. Linoleic (35.41 ± 0.78% to 49.59 ± 0.96%) and eicosanoic (17.67 ± 0.06% to 25.36 ± 0.54%) acids were the predominant fatty acids in the studied samples. The anthocyanin content in the fruits was ranged from 0.98 ± 0.03 to 4.41 ± 0.04 mg cyanidin 3-glucoside/100 g of dry weight (mg C3G/100 g DW). The high content of vitamin C (103.51 ± 1.24-419.70 ± 3.12 mg/100 g DW), total carotenoid (111.22 ± 0.78-206.98 ± 1.25 mg β-carotene equivalents per g of dry weight (mg β-CARE/g DW)), total phenol (52.87 ± 0.82-104.52 ± 0.23 mg GAE/g DW), and total flavonoid (14.20 ± 0.12-25.18 ± 0.47 mg RE/g DW) were observed in the studied samples. Catechin (20.42 ± 0.47-19.22 ± 0.13 µg/g DW) was the major phenolic compound. The high antioxidant activity in the fruits of the plant was recorded in the studied RCEs (IC 50  = 12.54 ± 0.18-26.33 ± 0.13 μg/ml). A significant correlation between some phytochemical compounds (dependent variable) and morphological features (independent variable) was found. Based on our findings, the fruit of the studied ecotypes can be used for future breeding programs and drug development., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

A popular and important grape ‘Sahebi’ and a less known local grape ‘Halagho’ in Iran, were studied to unmask the influence of pruning severity and cane length on fruit bioactive potentials; total phenolic and anthocyanin content in which they affected significantly. In this investigation, effects of 4, 6 and 8 buds per cane with pruning intensity as light, moderate and severely pruned and their interaction in the course two consecutive years, 2017 and 2018 in ‘Sahebi’ and ‘Halagho’ were studied. Results revealed striking differences which in either cultivar, pulp phenolic content was 2 to 5 fold higher in 2017 compared to 2018 with the severely pruned ‘Halagho’ at the highest (5.14 mg/g DW). Whereas, lightly pruned ‘Halagho’ with 6 buds per canes had the highest peel anthocyanin content (1.09 mg/g DW), in the same condition but with severely pruning ‘Halagho’ showed the highest anthocyanin content in pulp (0.86 mg/g DW) while in the second year, 2018, severely or lightly pruned this type with 6 buds per cane had a significant increase in phenolic compound accumulation (10 mg/g DW). From the results of this experiment, it could be concluded that the pruning of the vines is a stressor and generates enhanced phytochemical constitutes to possibly mitigate the negative consequences. However, variation in the biochemical properties manifested a notable grape cultivar dependency in addition to the time factor, which was more pronounced in ‘Halagho’ than ‘Sahebi’. To some extent the effect of cultivars on the differences of two cultivars was predominant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the abundance and cheapness of red onion skin scrubs and its high consumption in Iran, we decided to evaluate its antioxidant and antimicrobial properties as a natural source of anthocyanin. The onion skin was collected from the Qazvin local market. Extraction was carried out using water and glycerol. The total anthocyanin concentration was determined by pH-differential method. MIC and MBC were determined using microdilution method and diameter of the bacteria inhibition zone by disc diffusion method on extracted color from Onion skin against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli strains. The antioxidant activity was determined by measuring the 2,2- diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) and total phenol content by the Folin Ciocalteu. The mean total anthocyanin concentration at 40°C was (60.67, 8.4) mg/g. The highest and the lowest mean diameter of the non-growth zones of the extracted colorant in Staphylococcus aureus was 0/83±0/14 and 0/4±0/17 and in the E. coli 0/9±0/22 and 0/5±0/20 respectively. Inhibitory concentration of 50% (IC50) in the extracted colorant was obtained at 14/718±0/20 mg / ml. The total phenolic content was obtained as an average of 114.326±2/36 mg/g of gallic acid per gram of onion powder. According to the results of the study and the high consumption of onions in various types of household foods and as a result of increasing their waste, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, in addition to coloring, can be used as a cheap dye source in various food industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated several secondary metabolites, essential oils (EOs) compositions, and antioxidant activity in four medicinal plants that originated in Isfahan rangelands. The species were Astragalus verus, Astragalus adscendens, Daphne mucronata, and Phlomis olivieri. Thirty-two genotypes of these species were evaluated for different biochemical traits. Based on the evaluation of EOs compounds, GC/MS analysis revealed the total number of identified compounds. These compounds were 25, 22, 12, and 22 for A. adscendens, A. verus, D. mucronata, and P. olivieri, respectively. The dominant compounds were phthalate (59.88 %) in A. adscendens, phytol (38.02 %) in A. verus, hexanoic acid (32.05 %) in D. mucronata and β-cubebene (30.94 %) in P. olivieri. Phytochemical analysis showed that D. mucronata, A. adscendens, and P. olivieri had the highest total phenolics content (TPC) (18.24 mg gallic acid equivalent/g dry weight), total flavonoids content (5.57 mg QE/g DW), and total anthocyanins content (0.23 mg/g DW), respectively. The highest total chlorophyll (0.27 mg/g DW), total carotenoids (0.03 mg/g DW), and antioxidant activity (71.36 %) were observed in A. adscendens, A. adscendens and A. verus, respectively. Among all genotypes, the highest TPC (20.1 mg GAE/g DW) was observed in genotype 5 of D. mucronata. This study provided new information on the chemical compounds within the distribution range of these ecologically dominant rangeland species in Isfahan province, Iran. The data revealed that superior genotypes from these species are rich in natural antioxidants and bioactive compounds. Thus, they can be used in ethno pharmacological fields, food, and industrial applications., (© 2023 Wiley-VHCA AG, Zurich, Switzerland.)

Poa pratensis L. is a perennial turfgrass with high regeneration and fertility, resistance to cold and drought, and quick colonization. By facultative apomixis, this plant can create a wide range of ploidy levels (2n = 22 to 2n = 154), resulting in a wide range of chromosomal numbers and sexual and apomictic reproductive diversity. The plant materials included fifty accessions from Iran's Center, South, North, North-East, North-West, and West ecoregions. UPOV standards were used to measure the qualities that were researched. The squash technique of chromosome counting revealed that Iranian Kentucky bluegrass accessions had chromosomal counts ranging from 24 to 87. The relative sizes of the 2C genomes were measured using laser flow cytometry. The range of DNA content was fairly wide, ranging from 4.92 to 11.52 pg. DNA content has a strong positive correlation with elevation, a moderately positive correlation with flag leaf length and leaf sheath width, and a negative correlation with inflorescence anthocyanin color and leaf anthocyanin color. The genotypes and ecological zones of this plant in Iran were distinguished based on morphological diversity and DNA content. The results from this study could be useful in identifying and studying wild Kentucky bluegrass genotypes. It aids in predicting the location of rare genotypes used as breeding materials. It can also increase the plant's variability for future generations by introducing new ecotypes, with particular genomic and morphological traits, to previously cultivated populations. We expect that the findings of this study will aid in understanding the evolution of this plant in the context of Iran's climatic variety., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Seedless barberry is one of the most popular native fruits in Iran. Conventionally, barberry fruit is dried and consumed as ornamental additive in traditional food. Barberry fruit juice contains high anthocyanins, therefore its spray dried powder can be used as good sources of anthocyanins. Maltodextrin(MD)-Arabic gum(AG) mixture, as carrier in various ratios, were added to the extract to prepare spray dried powder. The drying inlet air temperatures were 160°C and 180°C with air flow rate set to 50 m³/h. The anthocyanins content, product recovery, color, moisture content, dissolution, water activity, and density of spray-dried barberry powder were measured. The results revealed that the product recovery was about 78% when the air temperature set to 160°C and the barberry extract was supplemented with 75:25 ratio of MD:AG. The optimum amount of anthocyanins (390.46 mg/100g) in powder was achieved when the inlet air temperature was 160°C and equal proportions of MD:AG added to the feed. Powder loose and tapped bulk density increased from 0.179 to 0.310 and 0.380 to 0.570 g/cm3 respectively, as level of MD in the ratio increased from 7.5 to 15 g/100 ml. SEM micrographs of the powder indicate an increasing trend in particle size as result of increase of concentration of MD as drying aid. The data obtained in the present work may be used to prepare spray dried barberry extract in a commercial scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blood orange (Citrus sinensis) cv. Tarocco, grown in the north of Iran, was harvested at the mature stage and stored at 8, 15 or 22°C for various duration. During the storage period, weight loss, total soluble solids (TSS), total titratable acidity (TA), pH, ascorbic acid, total phenols, flavonoids, antioxidant capacity, anthocyanin and L-phenylalanin ammonia-lyase enzyme (PAL) activity were determined. The highest increase in pH, anthocyanins in the pulp and rind, flavonoids and PAL activity after 85 days of storage at 8°C were 3.6, 12.4 mg/L, 15. 8 mg/L, 142.6 mg/L and 2.5 MμOL/g FW.min-1, respectively, and TSS, TA, fruit weight and ascorbic acid content decreased for fruit stored at different temperatures. Antioxidant capacity and total phenols increased during the first 45 days of storage at 8°C by 38% and 631.6 mg/L respectively. Also the results indicated a significant correlation between antioxidant activity and total phenolic compounds (P ≤ 0.01) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) is a naturally growing dogwood species in Arasbaran (East Azerbaijan, Iran). Antioxidant capacity, total anthocyanins, total phenols, ascorbic acid and total flavnoids of a number of selected cornelian cherry genotypes were investigated. The total phenolic and antioxidant activity of methanol extract of cornelian cherry fruits were determined according to Folin–Ciocalteu and DPPH method, respectively. The range of ascorbic acid content of genotypes was 183.25–299.5mg/100g fresh weight (FW). Genotype C24 had the highest total antioxidant capacity (82.37) and total phenolic (2695.75mg galic acid per 100g FW basis). The highest total anthocyanin was observed in C27 genotype (442.11mg cyanidin-3-glucoside equivalents/100g FW). This genotype also had the highest total flavonoid (669mg catechin per 100g FW basis). There are linear relationships between the antioxidant capacities with total phenols, total flavonoid and ascorbic acid. But, No statistically significant correlation was observed between antioxidant activity and total anthocyanins. According to Path analysis, the highest direct effect on antioxidant was observed in total flavonoid (0.38). The present study demonstrates the potential of certain cornelian cherry genotypes, notably C24 and C27, for improvement of nutritional value through germplasm enhancement programs. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Antioxidant activities in the leaves and fruits of wild Vaccinium arctostaphylos (locally named Qare-Qat) from different regions of Iran were evaluated using the stable 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical and ferric reducing/antioxidant power methods. Variations in antioxidant activity, total phenolic, anthocyanin, and flavonoid content in fruit samples among genotypes was much greater than the variation observed between growing seasons, indicating that genetics plays a more important role than growing season in V. arctostaphylos fruits. The data indicated that the fruits of the Kelardasht genotype had the highest total phenolic content [42.73 ± 1.5 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE) g-1 DW], anthocyanin content (1.00 ± 76 mg g-1), and antioxidant activity while the Masouleh genotype had the lowest antioxidant activity. Significant main effects for genotype, growing season, and genotype x growing season were observed for anthocyanin and antioxidant activity, while variation in polyphenolic content indicated that genotype plays more of a role than growing season in the leaves of V. arctostaphylos. Correlation analyses indicated that there was a linear relationship between antioxidant activity and the total phenolic and anthocyanin content in fruits and leaves. Over both growing seasons the flavonoids did not play an important role in the antioxidant potential of the leaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Twenty-four accessions of Damask rose has been studied. • Based on essential oil HCA and PCA were classified accessions into seven chemotypes. • Two chemotypes of geraniol with 55 and 49% have been introduced. • Damask rose petals had a high content of total phenol, flavonoid, and antioxidant activity. • IC50 of methanolic extracts from DPPH of petals samples was lower than ascorbic acid. [Display omitted] In the present study, the percentage, and compositions of essential oil, total phenol, flavonoids, anthocyanins, carotenoids and antioxidant capacity of 24 accessions of cultivated Damask rose have been investigated. These accessions had a 0.010–0.055 (v/w) percentage of essential oil. GC/MS analysis revealed forty-nine constituents that formed more than 90% of detected compounds. Geraniol, citral, methyl linoleate, n -heneicosane, and n -octane were the major components of essential oils. Acc.1 had the highest total phenol (165 mg Gallic acid/g DW) and flavonoid content (81 mg Quercetin/g DW). Total anthocyanin ranged from 0.5 to 3.5 (mg cyanidin-3-glucoside/g DW). Carotenoid content ranged from 0.002 to 0.055 mg/g DW, the highest being observed in Acc.18. Based on cluster analysis and, the accessions were categorized into seven groups. The antioxidant activities of the samples were determined using DPPH free radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. All the accessions (4–12 µg/ml) had lower IC 50 than ascorbic acid (18 µg/ml). In FRAP assay, they had high antioxidant activity in a range of 10–25 µmol Fe+2/g DW. Based on the high and valuable source of bioactive compounds of Damask rose the elite accessions can be recommended for boosting cultivation and food applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The systematic investigation of the berries of Vaccinium arctostaphylos L. (Ericaceae), a native medicinal plant growing in Iran, permitted the identification of three major anthocyanins. The compounds were isolated from the acidified extract of the berries using the repeated paper chromatography with different mobile phases and were characterized using chromatographic, chemical, and spectroscopic methods as delphinidin 3- O -β-glucoside, petunidin 3- O -β-glucoside, and malvidin 3- O -β-glucoside. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]