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Although certification is perceived to be beneficial for enhancing forest sustainability and open access to green markets, certification practices in Indonesia face controversy, particularly in its wood-based industry. We aim to approach this issue from the end-user perspective. Drawing on the theories of value-belief-norm and planned behavior, we examine the psychological aspects of consumers toward legal wood consumption. A survey of 515 consumers showed that individuals with hedonic values tended to have a high perception of green values toward legal wood. Also, when consumers' hedonic values dominated over their utilitarian consumption, their perception of green values toward legal wood tends to be higher. Based on these results, wood marketers could benefit from directing their communication efforts toward emphasizing the hedonic worth of the product, as opposed to its utilitarian values. It is imperative for distributors and promoters of wood products to carefully deliberate on strategies to effectively elicit the hedonic shopping values that are inherently linked to the utilization of such green products. An illustration can be represented by the case of IKEA in Indonesia. Consumers are probably attracted to IKEA's neuromarketing strategy, such as their attractive display and labyrinth effect, without realizing that IKEA also applies green marketing and supports green products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social reforestation programs plant trees on degraded, uncultivated land in low-income regions to allow the local population to generate income from selling wood products and—in case of agroforestry systems—to grow food. For fundraising it is of interest to demonstrate not only positive social impacts but also environmental ones. Proving negative greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions would allow the programs to enter the market for carbon offsetting projects and liberate further funding. In a case study, a social reforestation program in Kalimantan, Indonesia, is analyzed. GHG emissions (according to ISO 14067, PAS 2050 and EU ILCD Handbook for LCA) of the main product, laminated veneer lumber plywood, are determined as 622 and 21 kg CO2-e/m3 for short-term and long-term (above 100 years) plywood use, respectively. Switching to lignin-based resins and renewable electricity could reduce emissions down to − 363 kg CO2-e/m3 for long-term use. The analyzed agroforestry system produces almost carbon–neutral plywood today and could be climate positive in the mid-term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Wood biomass from forests is a renewable energy source that has the potential to support global green development. However, the process of traditional firewood extraction and its contribution to the energy supply varies and is usually underrecognized, especially in the local context. Therefore, this study aimed to describe the traditional use and estimate the supply and demand for wood bioenergy from small-scale privately owned forests (SSPF) in Ciamis Regency, West Java Province, Indonesia. Methods: The sample location was determined in 3 subdistricts, namely, Sukamantri, Ciamis, and Banjaranyar, which represent the northern, central, and southern regions, respectively. The data were collected through observations on stands, interviews with respondents, key informants from users and business actors of wood in the SSPF, and observations on the processes taking place in the flow and use of biomaterials and firewoods. Results and conclusion: Firewood is a secondary product that cannot be separated from the main products along SSPF's chain of production based on the integration of raw material sources, linkages between actors, and volume sharing. The local knowledge and wisdom entanglements included the identification of the type and quality of firewood, distribution of resource allocation for household and industrial needs, and sharing of firewood for household needs. Although wood biomass contributes to the fulfillment of households and industrial needs of 8.51 million m3, there are indications of an imbalance between the potential supply and the demand for firewood due to its high intensity of use in industries. Therefore, multistakeholder and cross-regional support are needed to achieve sustainable SSPF management and fulfill the self-sufficiency of wood energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

All Indonesian wood value chains are regulated by a national Timber Legality and Sustainability Verification System (SVLK), based on timber legality and forest sustainability standards. We draw on three prior case studies, of natural forest-, corporate plantation-, and smallholder- based wood products value chains, to investigate SVLK architecture, implementation and compliance; and on regulatory theory to interpret these results and suggest how SVLK might be improved. Case study results demonstrate that SVLK has fostered legality and sustainability compliance in the natural forest- and corporate plantation-based value chains dominated by large-scale actors, but not in the smallholder-based chain in which the majority of actors are also small-scale. Results also reveal problematic elements of SVLK related to the roles of both large- and small- scale actors, legality and sustainability standards, a fragmented wood traceability system, inadequate independent monitoring and witness auditing, ineffective compliance mechanisms, and small-scale actors. Recent revisions of SVLK have not addressed these limitations, and we propose improvements: revisiting national legality and sustainability standards, placing more emphasis on field performance in sustainability assessments, limiting auditors' flexibility, integrating all online wood systems and limiting access to only SVLK-verified actors, adopting a product classification, and increasing resources for and the frequency of witness audit and independent monitoring. Stronger cooperation between responsible Ministries and agencies is necessary to improve compliance. SVLK could learn from and cooperate with voluntary certification systems to develop more 'joined up' timber legality and forest governance regimes in Indonesia. • Indonesia's Timber Legality and Sustainability Verification System (SVLK) applies to all wood value chains. • Legality and sustainability compliance was higher in value chains dominated by large-scale actors. • The scoring system for sustainability assessment of large-scale actors allows poor field performance. • Flaws in wood tracking, monitoring and auditing, and deterrence mechanisms increase the likelihood of non-compliance. • SVLK could be improved by addressing these issues, and learning from voluntary certification systems and other sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Forestry Review is the property of Commonwealth Forestry Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This research aimed to produce models of hitting practice tools, which could be used in training beginner woodball athletes in Indonesia. A process of research and development was followed after the model of Gall, Gall, & Borg (2007). Small-scale field trials were first conducted at Gerokgak Woodball Club (GWC), or Gerokgak Woodball Club (GWC) Buleleng-Bali, involving 10 athletes (5 males and 5 females). These were followed by large-scale field trials conducted in Pengkab Woodball Buleleng, or Pengkab Woodball Buleleng-Bali, involving 20 athletes (10 males and 10 females). Data gathered were both quantitative and qualitative. Quantitative descriptive analysis was employed with the (a) observation instruments/observations of the effectiveness of the tool development model; and (b) the athlete response questionnaire as part of the validation process. Qualitative descriptive analysis was applied to data gained from interviews, observations and fieldnotes in processing suggestions for improvement from material experts, media experts, and practitioners. This research produced an effective and appropriate hitting practice tool for beginners in woodball and a guide/instruction on how to use the tool. These wood practice products can be carried or moved in accordance with training needs (portable), can be used to train the consistency of the punch, increase the frequency of hitting exercises, in the open field (outdoor) or in the building (indoor). The wood practice tool can be used by athletes to practice short stroke, medium, long, or finishing/gating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated herb and woody species at rehabilitated forests planted by mahogany and teak, and original, not rehabilitated forests in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Plant species were classified into five use categories: medicine, food, fodder, ornament, and construction. We registered 142 species belonging to 54 families known as useful species with at least one, often more, use categories. The number of useful species was highest for medicine use (107 species). There was a dominance of exotic herb species used for food and annual herbs used for fodder. The number of useful herbs and exotic woody species was highest in teak stands. The number of woody species used for medicine, food, and construction was higher than those for ornament and fodder. All herb species decreased with time, except annual native, that increased. Around 50% of the useful species occurred only once in one site, and some species showed a distribution restricted to one type of stands. Overall, our results seem to show that rehabilitated stands are doing well with regard to useful herb and woody species. We suggest strategies for plant and ecosystem conservation, especially for rare native plant species and species with restricted distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Dynamic MFA for carbon in wood-based products was conducted for Indonesia 1961–2014. • Only around 30% of the harvested wood (C mass) was converted into materials in 2014. • Wood-based carbon stocks mostly accumulated in buildings and infrastructure. • The wood-based in-use product stocks were below the stock level of steel and cement. • The wood-based carbon stocks per capita in Indonesia is surprisingly low. The carbon sequestered in harvested wood products (HWP) can contribute to climate change mitigation. As a fast-growing country with abundant forest resources, Indonesia potentially has vast HWP carbon stocks that need to be accurately assessed as a first step towards understanding the extent of their potential contribution in climate change mitigation. In this study, a dynamic materials stock and flow analysis for carbon in wood-based products in Indonesia was conducted, covering six end-use sectors. In general, only around 30.3% of the harvested wood (carbon mass) was converted into end-use materials in 2014, indicating a significantly low harvested wood conversion rate in Indonesia. There was a significant increase of wood-based products' carbon stocks in Indonesia from 1961 to 2016. There were 72 (-17/+15) Mt-C of wood stocks in Indonesian society in 2016, or equivalent to 0.28 t-C/capita. Buildings (42%) and infrastructure (31%) were the largest contributors to in-use carbon stocks. The product lifetime uncertainty had a significant influence on the estimate of total society's wood-based carbon stock. Indonesia's in-use stock of wood-based products in 2008 was below its stock level of steel (1.2 times smaller) and cement (5.3 times smaller). Both wood-steel and wood-cement stock ratios showed declining trends, indicating a shifting trend to non-renewable materials use over the past decades. This is the first study that accounts for the in-use wood-based carbon stocks in a developing country. Its results can facilitate further quantitative environmental assessments of non-renewable materials substitution and could help framing materials use policies for climate change mitigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When a new power source connects to the distribution or transmission grid, an assessment of its impact is necessary. Technical studies must assess the possible effects of a proposed expansion, reinforcement or modification to evaluate the possible incidents that may occur. Typically, the calculations or analyses done are load flow, short-circuit, and transient stability. The possible renewable energy (RE) sources are determined first. The details of the existing electrical system, including the specifications for the elements used, are obtained and logical assumptions are utilized for those that are not known. The load flow analysis in the considered case revealed that the RE presence reduces diesel generation. The 119 kW PV array and the 54 kW tidal turbine displace most diesel generation: 22% of Gen 4 and 21.8% of Gen 5. The diesel-solar system brought the diesel generation down by 20.05% of Gen 4 and 20% of Gen 5. The diesel-tidal combination lessened the diesel generation by 1.92% of Gen 4 and 1.83% of Gen 5. Short-circuit analysis alerts indicating the operating percentages of the circuit breakers that are beyond their interrupting ratings are presented. The transient stability analysis depicts that RE sources affect the existing system and appear to be putting in more stress. The studied systems are not transient-stable based on the results. While it is relatively simple to plan to put up renewables in remote island systems, there are many factors to consider such as the possible impacts of the RE sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Teak wood (Tectona grandis) as an important forest resource in Indonesia has been processed to wood furniture in large quantities to fulfill an increasing need of both local and international consumers. To satisfy the increasing demand for wood products, teak wood has been supplied from the State forests (Perhutani) and Community teak plantations. Community teak has been harvested at shorter age rotations (7-10 years) than Perhutani teak (40-60 years). This paper discusses the occurrence and characteristics of juvenile wood in Perhutani and Community teak based on density, shrinkage, bending strength (modulus of rupture - MOR, modulus of elasticity - MOE), fiber length, and microfibril angle (MFA). A segmented modeling approach was used to find the juvenile mature transition. Fiber length and MFA appear to be good anatomical indicators of radial increment demarcation between juvenile and mature wood, although maturation radial increment varies slightly between the fiber length and MFA. The use of radial increment density, shrinkage, MOR, and MOE were not appropriate, because of low coefficients of determination and a large range of radial increment for transition from juvenile to mature wood. The maturations were estimated to start at radial increments 10 and 14 cm from the pith by fiber length, and 11 and 15 cm from the pith by MFA for Perhutani and Community teak, respectively. The projected figures for the proportion of juvenile wood at breast height for Perhutani and Community teak were 65% and 100%, respectively. The results also indicate that short-rotation Community teak was not remarkably inferior in shrinkage, MOE and MOR compared to Perhutani teak, although it was less dense, less attractive and less durable due to lower heartwood content. Therefore, careful attention should be given to the use of the Community teak in some wood-processing technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the competitiveness of Indonesian wood-based products using revealed symmetric comparative advantage (RSCA), Spearman rank correlation (SRC), product mapping, and constant market share (CMS) analyses. RSCA results show that Indonesia had a comparative advantage in wood-based products, especially in Standard International Trade Classification (SITC) 245, 248, 251, 634, 635, 641, and 821. SRC results find that Indonesian wood-based products do not show a structural shift in comparative advantage during 1991-2010 while product mapping places Indonesia in group A (comparative advantage and a net exporter) in SITC 245, 634, and 635. CMS reveals that the increase in wood-based product export was caused by an increase in world exports, and commodity and market distribution effects. This study examines Indonesia's log export ban policies, which have been inconsistently implemented for the past several decades and adversely affect the country's global competitiveness, and recommends that Jakarta eliminate these policies and impose an appropriate export tax rate on logs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Forestry Review is the property of Commonwealth Forestry Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

An `integrated tree plantation' approach combining indigenous livelihoods and industrial wood production is being implemented in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. In this study the economics of land-use was investigated in villages within the plantation scheme. The effect of three alternative land-use scenarios and costs and benefits of each land-use type were studied using linear programming. The scenarios were based 1) on the current land-use, 2) on the integrated tree plantation system with incentives and government regulations, and 3) on a financially optimal land-use distribution. Additionally, plant species richness in different land-use types was surveyed. The scenarios had different kinds of effects on villages varying in respect to their possibilities for land-use intensification. In villages with extensive land use, establishment of tree plantations without any land-use regulations increased the potential economic return on land, resulting in conversion of natural and man-made semi-natural forests into swidden fields. In villages with more sedentary agriculture, the plantation scheme did not create pressures towards remaining forests even in the case of financially optimal land-use distribution. Incorporation of land-use regulations prevented further deforestation but also decreased households' economic returns. The results also showed that conversion of Imperata grasslands to any other land-use increased species richness. Incentives, restrictions or regulations aiming at conserving natural and semi-natural forests are needed to ensure conservation of biodiversity and long-term improvements in local livelihoods. It can be concluded that tree plantations can be combined with other land-use practices: They can improve the economic return on land without further degradation of the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wood-based products can contribute to climate change mitigation by prolonging the storage of carbon in the anthroposphere. In Indonesia, however, many wood-based products originate from unsustainable sources due to widespread land-use changes over the past decades. To reconcile economic development and climate policy, a detailed and comprehensive carbon life cycle assessment is needed, covering biospheric and technospheric woody carbon flows and emissions over time. In this study, we combine dynamic material flow analysis, stock modeling, and life cycle assessment to estimate life cycle carbon emissions over time of wood products from different land conversion types in Indonesia on a hectare (ha) basis. Wood production from clear-cut primary forest conversions to oil palm, secondary forest, and timber plantations lead to net carbon emissions between 1206-1282, 436-449, and 629-958 t-CO 2 -eq/ha, respectively, at the end of the 200-year time horizon (TH). The counter-use scenarios of using non-renewable materials or energy instead of wood-based products for the same set of scenarios while leaving primary forests untouched display 44-57, 59-88, and 5-48% lower global warming potentials, respectively, at the end of the TH. Wood products from forest plantations on restored degraded land (DL_FP), reduced-impact logging (RIL), and improved reduced-impact logging (RIL-C) of primary forest went beyond carbon neutrality, displaying carbon removal potentials of up to around -218, -378, and -739 t-CO 2 -eq/ha, respectively, by year 200. At the one ha-scale, our results indicate that keeping primary forests intact is the climate-preferable option, even when emissions from the counter-use of non-renewable materials or energy are factored in, except if RIL is performed. Therefore, wood product utilization would only be favorable from a climate perspective in DL_FP or RIL pathways. These results help screen different land conversion policy options and providing information about the climate mitigation potential of wood products in different supply chains., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare there is no competing interest., (Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)