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Malaria in Indonesia exceeds more than 300.000 cases in two consecutive years since 2016. Recently, a synthetic drug called chloroquine was used for the treatment. Unfortunately, the massive consumption of chloroquine gives rise to Plasmodium resistance. This research aims to determine the potency of endophytic bacteria obtained from cinchona plants root producing quinine compound and characterize its morphological properties. Quinine extraction starts with bacterial cultured in 7 mL Nutrient Broth inside vial supplemented with 140 µL (1:20) tryptophan. All bacteria cultures were incubated at 27 °C and agitated in a shaker with 120 rpm for 48 hours. The extraction process was carried out with additional 8.4 ml (1:1.2) chloroform to each sample. The qualitative measurement uses Thalleioquin test method with hydrochloric acid (HCl), Bromine-solution (KBr + KBrO3 + H2O), and ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) as the main reagent. This screening test indicator is the color in the upper phase of the sample compared with the Green-Yellow color (5GY 8/6) from Munsell Color Chart. We found all isolates could produce quinine, and isolate a11 and a13 has the highest color strength. Both isolate a11 and a13 are classified as negative Gram, non-capsulated, and bacilli shape properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atherosclerosis is the etiology of coronary heart disease (CHD) that contributes to the highest mortality rate of non-communicable disease groups in Indonesia. The early stage of this process is marked by the presence of fatty streaks lesion in the artery wall. This study aimed to investigate the effect of holy basil leaves (Ocimum sanctum L.) to suppress the formation of the fatty streak as previous study prove the reduced lipid levels, ROS, and inflammation after treated with this extract. 25 adult male New Zealand rabbits age 4-month weight 2500-3000 g fed with a high-fat diet (HFD) and 10 mg/kgBW/day Holy Basil Extract (HBE), 25 mg/kgBW/day HBE, 50 mg/kgBW/day HBE. The negative control group was received only HFD. For the experimental standard, one group provided with standard diet rabbits were included. The fatty streak was measured in aorta wall after 45 days of treatment by immunohistochemistry method and quantified using Image J software. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the fatty streak area between each group (p > 0.05). Still, there was a trend of decreasing fatty streak area dose dependent manner (negative control 5802.21+3690.41 µm2, P1 5154.69 + 3990.79 µm2, P2 4938.31 + 3690.18 µm2, and P3 3611.68 + 4092.96 µm2) even though it was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). This paper conclude that holy basil leaves extract may exert anti-atherosclerosis inhibition through attenuation of fatty streak formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a product of the authors' intellectual restlessness related to the reality that Indonesia still has a continuous problem of environmental destruction despite being a Muslim majority country. It does not align with Islamic teachings, especially knowing that Islam is a religion paying the most attention to the environment. Yūsuf Al-Qarḍāwy, through his book Ri'āyat al-Bī'ah fi Sharī'ah al-Islām, affirmed that Islam is an eco-friendly religion, using maqāṣid al-sharī'ah as the method of approach. There are three main problems discussed in this work. Firstly, Yūsuf al-Qardhawy's view on environmental ethics in Ri'āyat al-Bī'ah fi Sharī'ah al-Islām and his idea on hifdh al-bī'h as a part of maqāṣid al- sharī'ah. This research fell under the subject of normative law and thus it is categorized as library research based on the method used in gathering the data. The primary and secondary data were analyzed using the descriptive-analytic method. There are three findings highlighted in this work. Firstly, there are five basic principles of environmental ethics defined by Yūsuf Al-Qarḍāwy: the principle of respect, love and affection towards nature, responsibility, simplicity, and justice. Secondly, Yūsuf al-Qardhawy's concept of hifdh al-bī'ah is a medium to actualize kulliyāt al-khams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacterial Leaf Blight (BLB) is a severe disease that reduces rice crop yields. It is caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae (Xoo). The BLB disease can be manage through some ways, such as the adoption of BLB resistant varieties. It is necessary to investigate this disease because of the BLB outbreak cases in several regions in Indonesia, especially in West Java as the center of rice production. This study aimed to identify the Xoo from ten districts in West Java by applying diagnostic molecular markers for Xoo (XO, Xoo4009, and Xoo2976) using colony PCR and assess the virulence level of in vivo pathogenicity test using resistant varieties (IRBB7 and Conde) and susceptible varieties (IR64 and TN 1). The bacterial isolation resulted 50 isolates and detected four positive Xoo isolates i.e. Xoo-6 (Cicalengka, Bandung), Xoo-17 (Sindang Karya, Karawang), Xoo-19 (Rawamerta, Karawang), and Xoo-21 (Teluk Jambe, Karawang) and showed 98% similarities. The highest level of virulence of isolates was found in Xoo-6 and the lowest level was found in Xoo-21 isolates. The BLB disease intensity in the vegetative phased plants was higher than generative phased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The consumption of LCS in Indonesia was recorded at 1,100,000 million tons in 2018. The decrease in the corrosion rate is inhibited by the lignin-inhibition method. This study was conducted on the effectiveness of Borassus flabellifer fiber lignin extract as a green inhibitor of corrosion in LCS. Literature review using relevant articles based on bibliometric and molecular designs simulation method omits was used. The molecular design simulation shows that inhibition of LCS by lignin occurs through an electron exchange reaction between oxygen atoms in aromatic rings of lignin and the d-orbitals of Fe atoms on the LCS surface in acidic media. The lignin coats LCS and blocks oxygen atom from direct contact, so the corrosion rate decreases by up to 37.5% compared with untreated LCS. Borassus flabellifer fiber is widely distributed in Indonesia that is not utilized and rich in lignin content. It is estimated that 93,000-186,000 tons of Borassus flabellifer fiber are produced 17,670-35,340 tons of lignin every day, which can coat 476.16-952.32 million m2 LCS. This is high to be developed as a prevention method of LCS corrosion in the future because of (1) high raw material reduction, (2) high lignin extraction product from Borassus flabellifer fiber, (3) inhibitor application in LCS, and (4) its inhibitory power against high corrosion rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protease is one of the industrial enzymes which is capable of hydrolyzing peptide bonds in proteins. Many industries often require protease that is tolerant at high salt concentration. Indonesia is a country that has high microbial biodiversity, including halophiles, which naturally live in high salt environments such as salt concentrating ponds. We investigated proteases produced by halophilic microbes isolated from salt concentrating pond at Pasuruan, East Java. This research was conducted in several stages, namely isolation and selection of bacteria, gram staining and homogeneity tests, the stability of isolated bacteria at various NaCl concentrations, determination of optimal protease production time, characterization of proteases by pH, temperature, and the effect of salt concentration. The result shows that six isolates were obtained from salt concentrating pond at the highest concentration of 8.4%. No colonies grew from saltwater at higher salt concentrations. All colonies were indicated as rod-shaped gram-negative bacteria. Two of the isolates, namely TG-6 and TG-3, were selected for further investigation due to their high proteolytic index. The selected isolates show the highest production time of 3 days at 43 °C, optimum pH of 8 and 9, and crude extract activity of 2.475 and 4.809 U/mL, respectively. They grow at a moderate salt concentration (up to 10% of NaCl), and the enzyme has the potential for industrial application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes mellitus is a disease caused by abnormalities in the pancreas due to impaired insulin secretion or the inability to use the insulin produced effectively, which treats hyperglycemia. Indonesia ranks 4 in the world with the highest number of diabetes mellitus sufferers, namely 8.4 million people, and will continue to increase to 21.2 million people in 2030. α-Amylase (alpha-1,4glucan-4-glucanohydrolase) is a catalyst hydrolyzing Alpha-1,4-glycosidic polysaccharides of starch become oligosaccharides then digested further to produce glucose. In controlling glucose in people with DMT2, it is necessary to consider the choice of oral antidiabetic drugs (OAD) because of their many side effects. The anti-diabetic activity of Sapodilla leaf extract (Manilkara zapota) has been proven to show real antidiabetic activity by showing a hypoglycemic effect. Phenolic compounds have biological activity as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, antidiabetic. This study aimed to obtain a prediction of the antidiabetic potential of the phenolic compounds of Sapodilla leaf extract (Manilkara zapota) in inhibiting the α-Amylase enzyme in type 2 DM patients. The method used in this study was to predict the pharmacokinetics of ADMET using the online pkCSM webserver. At the outset, we downloaded a copy of the test of compound SMILES using the PubChem webserver, Molecular docking using PyRx 0.8, PyMol, and Discovery Studio software. The findings suggested that the phenolic group compounds are predicted to have good absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity values, and the combination of free energy values of phenolic compounds produced a synergistic effect. The bond between sitagliptin and the α-amylase enzyme was the most stable domain compared to others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mesat River, where a lot of garbage dumps from upstream residents. This study aims to provide information about the diversity of cyanobacteria microalgae in the Mesat river. This type of research is survey research, conducted in February-April 2020. Microalgae samples were taken from 3 different stations following the river flow. Based on the identification and analysis, the Cyanobacteria found in the Mesat River in Lubuklinggau City consisted of 1 class, 3 orders, 4 families, 4 genera, and 5 species. The highest diversity value was at station 1 at 0.18 and the lowest was at station 3 at 0.14. The highest dominance value at station 1 is 0.001 and the lowest is at station 2 at 0.0003. The highest uniformity value at station 1 was 0.166 and the lowest at station 3 was 0.088. Measurement of the abiotic factors in the Mesat river consisted of: an average temperature of 26.87 °C, an average oxygen level of 45.63 mg/L, an average acidity of 6.6 and an average brightness of 17.56 cm. The conclusion of this study is the diversity of the distribution of cyanobacteria microalgae in the Mesat river, the city of Lubuklinggau, in the medium category. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sunbathing activity could convert pro-vitamin D into vitamin D to maintain pancreas for controlling blood glucose. This study aimed to determine the effect of sunbathing therapy in the morning to reduce blood glucose levels in men and women aged over 40 years. This study recruited 30 respondents who were over 40 years old using simple random sampling in Kutisari Village, Surabaya city, East Java Province, Indonesia. Respondents were divided into two groups: control group without sunbathing therapy and treatment group with sunbathing therapy in the morning for 10 minutes throughout seven days. Capillary blood glucose levels were taken using Point of Care Testing on 1st day before therapy began and on 7th day after therapy finished. The analysis unveiled that on treatment group was able to decrease blood glucose levels from 241.93 ± 132.84 to 173.13 ± 86.91 mg dL-1 with a significance p-value = 0.001. Meanwhile, on control group was able to increase from 209.47 ± 118.89 to 249.27 ± 152.10 mg dL-1 with p-value = 0.098. Therefore, sunbathing therapy in the morning for 10 minutes significantly reduces blood glucose levels effectively on respondents aged over 40 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aquatic ecosystems have biotic and abiotic components that can be essential resources in development. One of these components is the minerals in the water, such as salt (NaCl). Salt is a valuable commodity that is extensively used for consumption and industrial purposes. This commodity is widely produced in various regions in Indonesia. One of the main factors that determine the success of salt production is the salt location suitability. Therefore, the innovation of technology to evaluate the suitability of salt production is fundamentally essential. This study analyzes the suitability of the salt production sites in Tuban Regency (i.e., Palang District and Tambakboyo District) as one of East Java's main salt production areas using the Salt Suitability Index (SSI) method. The method evaluates the suitability of salt production sites by analyzing nine environmental parameters (rainfall, soil type, soil permeability, exposure time, humidity, wind speed, air temperature, evaporation rate and a saturation level of raw material water). This study shows that the SSI value of salt production site in Palang District and Tambakboyo District is 97% and 94%, respectively. These results suggest that the salt production sites in Tuban Regency are very suitable for salt production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lake Gegas is one of the attractive tourist destinations in South Sumatra Province, Indonesia. There are quite a lot of tourists visiting Lake Gegas. This can disturb the life of the fauna there, one of which is waterbirds. In addition, it is feared that land clearing and hunting of waterbirds will reduce waterbirds and loss of habitat in Lake Gegas. The background of this research is the data related to the diversity of aerial bird species in Lake Gegas, so data collection is needed. The purpose of this study was to analyze the height level of birds in Lake Gegas. The research method used is the roaming technique. Cruising is carried out along the shores of Lake Gegas and to the other side by boat. Data collection is done by collecting techniques through collection sheets. Data level analysis using the Shannon Wiener formula. The results found 11 species of waterbirds consisting of 4 families with a contribution value of 2.21 in the "medium" category. "Habitat" by bird habitat. The conclusion of this study is that the results of research on waterbirds in Lake Gegas are included in the "medium" category. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the tuberculosis investigation and screening process on the students, as the tuberculosis disease control in Pesantren Zainul Hasan Probolinggo, Indonesia. This study used an analytic correlation design with a survey method and action research approach, while its populations were all of the students. The 87 students were trained by the Probolinggo Public of Health Office to do tuberculosis observation and screening to detect the tuberculosis suspect. Then, the students were provided with health education, and a cadre was formed. The research results indicated a 0.967 (insignificant) correlation between students' role and case detection. Meanwhile, a significant correlation of 0.01 was observed between students' motivation and tuberculosis case detection, and the highest significant correlation of 0.001 had been found among students' attitude and tuberculosis case disclosure. Thus, students' attitude carries great contribution to the increase of tuberculosis case detection in Pesantren and facility provision and students' motivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Indonesian people's needs for beef continue to increase, leading to an increased import of it. The program to increase the number of cattle breeds has been intensively carried out. Thus, new innovations that are inexpensive, easy, natural, and highly produced are necessary. Identifying twin genes from prospective breed stock is prevalent as pregnant cows have a high chance of giving birth to twins. These breed stocks are crossed with males with superior genes for fertilization markers, namely the SRY gene. In this context, the identification has been carried out on local Indonesian cattle, namely, twin Ongole female breeds with twin genes of 3 female cows, and 3 Ongole male cows from Research Centre and Agrotechnology Pacitan with standard molecular biology techniques, namely gene isolation, PCR with relevant markers. The results show that the twin control genes from the sample of cows studied are all expressed. The SRY gene analysis in local males shows that the SRY gene has been expressed in all samples and for the twinning gen and conception rate gene. This is the initial finding for the development marker and one of the innovations on natural reproductive efficiency in local Indonesian cattle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast cancer occurs when a number of cells in the breast grow and develop uncontrollably. The prevalence of breast cancer in Indonesia reaches 0.5 per 1000 women. Aromatase is a cytochrome p450 enzyme that catalyzes the formation of C18 estrogen from C19 androgens which selectively inhibits estrogen synthesis. Aromatase inhibitors are adjuvant therapies used by postmenopausal breast cancer patients with positive ER, letrozole. Letrozole has several adverse effects, so it is used bidara leaf (Ziziphus mauritiana) which has phenolic compounds as a strong anticancer activity. Pling abundant compounds used, namely p-hydroxybenzoic acid, caffeic, ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid. The purpose of this study was to predict the anticancer potential of the phenolic compound Bidara Leaf (Ziziphus mauritiana) in inhibiting the aromatase enzyme in breast cancer patients. The method in this study is the prediction of ADMET pharmacokinetic properties using the online pkCSM webserver. First download a copy of the SMILES compound test using the PubChem webserver. Molecular docking uses PyRx 0.8, PyMol, Discovery Studio software. From the results of the study it can be concluded that phenolic compounds are predicted to have good absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity values, and the combination of free energy values of phenolic compounds produces a synergistic effect. The bond between ferulic acid and the aromatase enzyme is the most stable compared to others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shield Aralia (Polyscias scutellaria) is one of the plants that grows in Indonesia and has many benefits, especially for health. P. scutellaria contains active compounds derivate the flavonoids class. Based on ethnobotany studies, Shield Aralia leaf is widely consumed by nursing mothers with the aim to increase breast milk production. Unfortunately, research related to P. scutellaria leaves and their function to increase milk production are rarely done. The aim of this study to determine the potential of active compounds contained in P. scutellaria leaves as a dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) inhibitor through molecular docking studies. Based on the results of molecular docking on the D2R protein, it shows the binding value of the drug control affinity (risperidone) −6.9 kcal/mol, afzelin −6.1 kcal/mol, quercetin −6.3 kcal/mol, quercitrin -6.1 kcal/mol, and rutin −7.0 kcal/mol. Inhibitory activity on D2R has an impact on increasing prolactin secretion; thus, it can elevate breast milk production. Based on these results showed that the P. scutellaria active compounds can be used as a drug candidate to increase breast milk production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The success of fertilization is often associated with the quality of the sperm and semen preparation. Investigations on the structure and morphology of the spermatozoa have been widely studied to see the size, structure, and composition in cells of the normal or abnormal spermatozoa and associated with the success of the spermatozoa penetrating the ovum until the process occurs syngamy. This study aims to determine the quality and morphometric spermatozoa of Rambon bull and Pesisir bull, the two native bull in Indonesia, so that we can determine the fertility of the 2 native bull. Semen Ejaculates were collected from each of 3 Pesisir Bull and Rambon Bulls using an artificial vagina. After that, an inspection of macroscopic, microscopic examination, and morphometric of spermatozoa were carried out. Morphometric spermatozoa were measured using a microscope trinocular using the Nikon NIS-elements v4 app. The results of the macroscopic and microscopic examination show differences in the volume, individual motility, viability, abnormality, and concentration of two native bull. The better results are identified on Rambon bull. Research results show significant differences for midpiece length, principal piece length, head width, head ellipticity, head elongation, head regularity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Better water spring conditions will directly impact the water quality that spread into the environment. Community structure can also be an indication of the state of the ecosystem services that can be provided by the water spring ecosystem. Therefore, we need to know the ecosystem condition of water springs based on their biota, such as amphibians. The target in this research was amphibians at seven water springs. A visual survey was carried out; then samples were recorded to calculate the community structure based on significant value, evenness, Shannon-wiener (diversity), and Margalef diversity index (species richness). On average, seven water springs show a low-indexed of diversity (0.9), 0.7 scores of evenness, and 0.9 scores for species richness. Four of 7 water springs are dominated by Chalcorana chalconota with 88% of Important value. The decreasing quality of an ecosystem can be revealed by the overview of community structure, such as a dominating species. It means that an insufficient number of predators in those areas, resulting in a flow of energy that is not going well. Therefore, based on the community structure analyses, we assume that Malang's water springs are experiencing ecosystem instability and high ecological pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]