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This paper focuses on designing a comprehensibility test and a questionnaire for spoken world Englishes in Brunei, Malaysia, the Philippines and Singapore, and utilizing the test to investigate the comprehension of Burmese, Cambodians, Indonesians, Laotians, Thais and Vietnamese. We reviewed the demarcation of users of English based on Kachru's (1984, 1985) three concentric models within the bloc's context where two circles--Outer Circle and Expanding Circle are present. The findings established a moderate comprehensibility level of Expanding Circle listeners toward the speakers of the Outer Circle. The variations of comprehensibility scores paved way for the exploration of the comprehension scores' possible relationships with language proficiencies, attitudes toward speakers, familiarity of spoken variety, historical origins of languages, and political ambiance between and among ASEAN nations. (Contains 8 tables and 1 figure.) [Work on this paper was partly supported by Prince of Songkla University's Graduate School Grant.]

The predicted widespread use of English as a lingua franca following ASEAN's 2015 integration mushroomed intelligibility studies between and among Asean nationals including Bruneians, Burmese, Cambodians, Filipinos, Indonesians, Laotians, Malaysians, Singaporeans, Thais and Vietnamese. Previous studies regarding ASEAN nationals' intelligibility and/or comprehensibility were reviewed. This paper presents a study of five exposures that relate to the intelligibility and/or comprehensibility within world Englishes speaker-listener paradigm. They are exposures to English through education, work experiences, outside the classroom (non-educational settings), social media, and travel and stay abroad. The Comprehensibility Testing Flowchart was used as the main framework of the study and data analysis. The findings show that there are positive correlations and significances between the five variables and the comprehensibility levels Aseans gained in the comprehensibility test. Questionnaire is appended. (Contains 1 note, 1 figure, and 6 tables.) [Work on this paper was partly supported by Prince of Songkla University's Graduate School Grant.]

Introduction: Exclusive breastfeeding is the simplest and healthiest infant feeding method that, directly or by extraction, uses only breast milk with the exception to drops or syrups containing vitamins, mineral supplements or medicines. This practice help prevents malnutrition among toddlers and provide essential dietary values for subsequent growth and development, especially in the first 6 months. However, Mataram has the lowest coverage of exclusive breastfeeding in West Nusa Tenggara province in 2018. This exposure increased by 70.30% from 2017-2018, but has not achieved the 80% national target. The low coverage was caused by mothers’ inadequate knowledge. Therefore, the present research aims to demonstrate the effectiveness of booklets as a promotional medium for exclusive breastfeeding towards increasing the knowledge of breastfeeding mothers. Design and Methods: The research method involved the conduction of pre- and post tests (before and after the booklet was distributed) on 50 respondents by voluntary sampling. This sampling refers to a probability technique that provides equal opportunities for each population element selected as a member of the sample, while the participants were chosen using consecutive sampling technique Results: The results showed the average values of the pre- and post- tests at 72 and 77, respectively. Conclusions: Therefore, it is concluded that the booklet is effective in increasing mothers’ knowledge on exclusive breastfeeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia is an archipelagic country with abundant marine wealth that makes it the world's second largest producer of fish after China. While most of Indonesia's capture marine fisheries (80%) are consumed domestically, around 90% of blue swimming crab (BSC) products are exported, mainly in cans. This makes up almost half of all BSC products on the global market, with the United States and the European Union being the main importers. We carried out a life cycle assessment (LCA) of canned BSC products from Indonesia. Our LCA evaluated the production of "one tonne of canned BSC" at market as a functional unit (FU), with a cradle‐to‐market system boundary, encompassing wild capture, preprocessing, processing, and distribution to the port of destination at home and abroad. The processing stage was found to be the highest contributor (hotspot) for most of the impact categories considered, mainly due to the use of tin cans for packaging. Despite producing less by‐catch, BSC caught with traps resulted in around threefold greater global warming impact per FU than those caught using nets. We also concluded that BSC meat produced in Java is environmentally preferable to that from Sumatra, as most of the shells were sold as coproducts. In addition to recycling and substitution of packaging materials, environmental improvements can also be obtained by increasing the number of shell‐processing facilities outside Java. The results of this study can be used by the Indonesian government to develop more sustainable practices to avoid overexploitation of BSC and limit its environmental impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Management of the Femoroacetabular Impingement (FAI) starts with good diagnosis. What one must remember that the natural course of FAI is the precursor to hip osteoarthritis. An excellent history taking and physical examination is mandatory to exclude many differential diagnosis surrounding the hip. A layered approach could be used. 90 degrees of flexion and internal rotation (FADIR) is specific for hip problem, although doesn't mean the main culprit is always FAI. Radiology study is very important, several hip projection Xray that can be chosen and specific measurement like Alpha angle, Cam or Pincer or mixed deformity, and so on. Additional imaging with CT or MR Arthrography is also important. With confirmed FAI, controversies exist whether to proceed conservatively or surgery, with nuance of the evidence depends on the background of the writer. Nowadays, surgery for FAI already pushed toward full arthroscopic, while surgical hip dislocation remains a powerful arsenal. Rehabilitation after surgery is utmost importance, and it took time for the results to show it benefits, therefore, a good communication with patient and the whole team of care is advisable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Reconstruction of Anterior Cruciate Ligament (RACL) is a procedure to restore stability to the knee thereby protecting against the risk of damage to the meniscus and cartilage that can lead to early knee osteoarthritis. There are three popular autografts in RACL, namely Bone patellar tendon bone (BPTB), Hamstring tendon (HT), and Quadriceps tendon (QT). BPTB is the first choice in RACL, especially for professional athletes and high demand patient, while in Asian populations, HT is the most popular RACL. In Indonesia, Quadriceps tendon is less popular graft, but the use of the quadriceps tendon autograft (QTA) for RACL has received increased attention in recent times. The purpose of this review is to impart knowledge that QT actually is a suitable graft with some advantages for RACL procedure Method: This is a review article using relevant literature collected from literature searches in PubMed, reference lists in existing reviews and papers, and conference presentations on the main topic of Quadriceps Tendon Autograft and Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. We present profile of the graft, Patient Reported Outcome, Clinical Outcome, and complication Results: we found there are similar functional results between QT and BPTB and HT in regard of post ACL stability, Range of motion, Patient Reported Outcome Measures, flexion and extension strength, graft rupture, and donor site morbidity. QT also is a versatile graft, providing many options for operators Conclusion: QT should be a good alternative graft for RACL in Indonesia [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesian society has the largest number of young people in the world, a broad geography with a majority of agrarian society and a diversity of cultures, religions, races and groups. The population density together with abundant natural resources can serve as the Indonesia's development capital if the people have social intelligence in interacting and negotiating their interests. However, the fact shows a high number of conflicts among students, landowners and other communities in Indonesia due to cultural and religious differences. Various attempts have been made by the Indonesian government in order to encourage people's awareness of living together, both through policies and education. This paper aims at formulating the typology of social conflict in Indonesia and then producing a design of education conflict resolution in Indonesia. Using literature review as the research method and content analysis as the technique of data analysis, this research yields three findings. First, the typology of social conflicts in Indonesia is divided into student conflicts, natural resources conflicts and ethnic conflicts. Second, challenges and obstacles of conflict resolution education in Indonesia are mainly caused by conflict behaviors. Third, to overcome the conflicts, conflict resolution education design is needed with the emphasis on cognitive and affective competencies. This study concludes that conflict resolution education design is a necessity for the people of Indonesia to reduce the number of social conflicts in order to create a conducive, safe and peaceful situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) coupled with the availability of stable and affordable electricity grid supply are crucial towards meeting key Sustainable Development Goals, especially poverty eradication, as well as addressing youth unemployment in developing countries. Unfortunately, electricity grid supply shortage remains a major setback to economic growth, where over 70% of Nigeria's population makes their livelihood from SMEs. The present study hence aimed to examine the effects of electricity grid supply inadequacy on daily operations of small businesses in select quarters in Benn City, Edo State. A total of ten (10) small businesses were randomly sampled using questionnaire method across ten (10) quarters in the study area. The study found that majority of business owners (49.2%) rely on electricity grid supply for their daily operations. On whether electricity grid supply is reliable, 49.3% reported that supply is inconsistent (on and off), while 35.4% reported that supply is inadequate for their businesses. A total of 38.6% of the sampled respondents reported that electricity grid supply is only available for a period of 4-5hr/day in their quarters, 28.5% reported 6-10hr/day in other quarters, while 22.9% reported that supply is only available for less than 3hrs/day in their quarters. In terms of the effect of poor electricity grid supply on business operations, declining income level ranked highest (35.3%), followed by extra expenses incurred by business owners on alternative electricity supply especially power generating set popularly known as gen set (24.8%) and low patronage of clients especially soft drink and beer parlour businesses (17.5%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate (1) how organizational culture influence student academic behavior at universities in Indonesia; (2) if there is any difference between male and female students in perceiving elements of organizational culture and its effects on student academic behavior; and (3) if there is any difference among students from different university origin in perceiving elements of organizational culture and its effects on student academic behavior. Design/methodology/approach: This study is a part of quantitative research with a prediction design involving survey questionnaire. Participants consist of 800 students as survey respondents that were selected purposively from six government universities of the specified cities in Indonesia. Measures are developed and validated through a confirmatory factor analysis. Data were analyzed using multivariate techniques and path analysis to examine effects of organizational culture types on student academic behavior. Findings: Findings of this study indicate that in general organizational culture significantly influenced the growth of student academic behavior. Research limitations/implications: The study is limited to public or government universities in Indonesia, that is why and the findings are not intended to generalize all universities in the world. Practical implications: Leaders of the university organizations or units are suggested to improve their capacities in exploring the trend of organizational cultures, develop and adopt the cultures that contribute to the growth of student academic behavior. Social implications: The study provides high valued insights for university organizations especially people involved in the process of university leadership and management on how they deal effectively with organizational situations including types organizational culture, and develop the cultures that contribute to the growth of student academic behavior. Originality/value: The study adds to the theories of organizational culture and the growth of student academic behavior on campus. It provides broad insights on types of organizational culture used in universities and its effects on academic behaviors performed by students in campus environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice is Indonesia's most important staple food and has become a key indicator of the country's food security. In Kampar Region, most small farmers face challenges in meeting their households' rice food security under a relatively limited application of mechanization and small farm scale. This study examines the rice food security status of small farmer households under current levels of mechanization in Kampar Region, Indonesia. Field surveys were conducted in two districts, Bangkinang and Kuok in Kampar region in April-June 2020. A total of 72 small farmers were purposively selected for the sample, of which 36 were farmers from each district. Data were collected through interviews using semi-structured questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive-quantitative techniques. As a result, the current mechanization application was classified as intermediate level. At this level, 1.33 tons of rice were produced, and the cultivated area was 0.37 ha on average. Rice productivity averaged 3.56 tons. ha-1 and varied with various farm sizes. The per capita rice consumption was still high, approximately 114.6 kg per year, and it requires a farm size of 0.054 ha to meet annual rice consumption, or 0.27 ha for households with 5 family members. About 46% of small farmers could not meet their rice needs within one year. They could supply rice for less than 12 months and up to 21 percent of them could supply rice for up to 6 months. Therefore, the level of mechanization must be increased to improve rice productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of the sandwich generation can vary across different cultures and societies, depending on family structures, social norms, and support systems. In light of this phenomenon, this research focuses on examining the sandwich generation in Indonesia within the framework of Islamic law and positive law. The objective of this study is to elucidate the legal provisions concerning the obligations related to elder care. This study uses qualitative methods with a sociological and statutory approach. The data were obtained from secondary sources in the form of research results in scientific journals and data in the form of laws. This study concludes that in Indonesia, the care of elderly parents is primarily a familial and cultural responsibility. The obligation to care for elderly parents is deeply ingrained in the social fabric of the society, guided by both religious beliefs and cultural values. The responsibility for elderly care typically falls on the adult children, especially those who are financially capable and able to provide support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Learning from experiences is key towards the discovery of enterprising knowledge for mumpreneurs in emerging economies such as Indonesia, where most of the entrepreneurship literature is still relatively scant. In discussing entrepreneurial learning of entrepreneurs who are in motherhood, also known as mumpreneurs, these studies require the consideration of gender distinction of women. The term "mumpreneurs" refers to women who embrace the identity of a mother and an entrepreneur, and these two identities engender role conflicts for them. Thus, this phenomenology study explored seven mumpreneurs' experiences of their struggles and strategies to survive the pandemic. The findings shed light on the pandemic impacts and perseverance experiences that mumpreneurs must withstand to maneuver the encountered challenges. This study presents an entrepreneurial learning framework for mumpreneurs by providing pedagogical guidance and inspiration to enable them cruise past future crisis environments. This framework is ultimately crucial in contributing to the ongoing discussions at the academics, practitioners, and policymakers' levels to advise and support mumpreneurial activities that are substantial to the country's economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to find an appropriate model of autonomous self-finance management in primary health care (PHC) to enhance workers' satisfaction. This was a cross-sectional study in which data were collected through self-administered questionnaires from 204 workers in ten Regional Public Service Agency for Primary Health Care (RPSAPHC)/Badan Layanan Umum Daerah Pusat Kesehatan Masyarakat (BLUD Puskesmas) in Tangerang District, Banten Province, Indonesia using the partial least squares and structural equation model (PLS-SEM). A total of 73 indicators were used to examine the PHC transformation process to enhance workers' satisfaction. The indicators were grouped into three variables depending on workers' satisfaction: intrinsic, extrinsic, and general satisfaction. In addition, there were five independent variables: financial accountability, generating income, structuring human resources, increasing service quality, and consumer satisfaction. Model autonomy was reflected by all the indicators (cross-loading > 0.70, Cronbach's alpha > 0.70, average variance extracted > 0.5) affecting workers' satisfaction (path coefficient = 0.196, p-value = 0.002). The management should apply five indicators (financial accountability, increasing income, structuring human resources, improving service quality, and customer satisfaction) affecting workers' satisfaction to transform the PHC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Cleft lip and palate (CLP) in children might impact their parents' mental health. The pathology may cause burden in the parents' life, primarily in the financial and social aspects. The IOFS (Impact on Family Scale) questionnaire, with 33 items and 4 aspects, measures the quality of life by quantifying the impact on families of chronic childhood conditions. This cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the validity and reliability of the IOFS. Materials and Methods: The translation of the IOFS questionnaire to Indonesian language was conducted by two translators. Thirty respondents based in three regions in East Nusa Tenggara (Kupang, Bima, and Selong) were selected for data collection. The scoring was measured using a Likert scale, and then the data were tested by Pearson's bivariate test and Cronbach's alpha test to assess the questionnaire's validity and reliability, respectively. Results: A total of 31 statements showed validity scaling using the coefficient Pearson's correlation >0.361 (P < 0.05) and 29 statements showed reliable scaling (Cronbach's alpha) >0.60 (P < 0.05). The overall validity and reliability test revealed 27 valid and reliable IOFS instrument statements. Conclusion: The majority of the statements were valid and reliable. Thus, the IOFS instrument can be considered a reliable, valid, and straightforward tool to assess the burden on the cleft and lip palate family in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Readiness is a key factor that influences pharmacists' willingness to get involved in research, thus promoting evidence-based pharmacy practice. While the data are lacking, this study aimed to assess readiness for research, as well as the associated demographic and attitudinal characteristics of pharmacists in a range of healthcare settings in East Java Province, Indonesia. Methods A questionnaire was administered to all pharmacists in a public hospital in Malang (n = 55), pharmacists from primary health centre (PHCs) (n = 63) and community pharmacies (n = 100) in Surabaya in 2017. The questionnaire consisted of three sections: (1) demographic characteristics, (2) attitudinal aspects and (3) readiness for research. Descriptive analysis was used to summarise the data. Spearman correlation tests determined the correlations between 'demographic characteristics' or 'attitudinal aspects' versus 'readiness'. Key findings A total of 142 pharmacists responded which comprised hospital pharmacists (n = 46), community pharmacists (n = 51) and PHC pharmacists (n = 45), giving response rates ranged from 51.0% to 83.6%. Approximately half of the participating pharmacists demonstrated adequate 'readiness' to research [mean 2.53 ± 0.7 (range 0–4)]. Compared with hospital or PHC pharmacists, community pharmacists showed lower 'readiness' to research (mean 2.76 ± 0.71 versus 2.53 ± 0.66 versus 2.31 ± 0.68, respectively; P = 0.005). Two demographic characteristics positively correlated with 'readiness', that is, prior research training (r s = 0.217; P = 0.010) and prior research experience (r s = 0.221; P = 0.008). Meanwhile, all 'attitudinal aspects' were found to be positively correlated with research 'readiness' (all P -values <0.001). Conclusions Findings from this study provide baseline data to develop strategies to optimise the involvement of pharmacist practitioners in research, thus enhancing evidence-based pharmacy practice and quality use of medications in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to explain the relationship between the conflict of interests of the village head and the Village Owned Enterprises (BUMDes) sustainability in the Bekasi Regency, Indonesia. The study was conducted using qualitative methods. Moreover, primary data were obtained through interviews with selected informants who were purposively determined. Other data were sourced from secondary data obtained from written documents on BUMDes. Direct observation of selected objects as reinforcement data from the results of interviews and secondary data has also been used. The study's findings indicate that the village head's position in the BUMDes structure has encouraged the village head to abuse power. This happens because the political cost to occupy the position of the village head is quite substantial. These conditions encourage the Village Head to hold a position within the BUMDes. The findings of this study have practical implications and suggest that BUMDes as an instrument of village development with social and economic functions are prone to be abused by stakeholders. Ordinary people are not yet fully participant in a healthy civil society culture, and society's Bekasi Regency style that has turned into a suburban community, tends to neglect BUMDes. They tend to not want to be involved in activities that seek to build the community's economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Peers contribute to the development of adolescents' behavior during the transition period. Adolescents often justify their behavior with peers to confirm social norms of their surroundings. The increasing number of male adolescent smokers is raising public awareness to become acquainted with the cause of the behavior. Peer conformity is expected to be one of the vital variables to circulate smoking behavior. Purpose: This study aimed to determine the correlation between peer conformity and smoking behavior among male adolescents in a high school in Padang, Indonesia. Methods: A descriptive-analytical research design with a cross-sectional approach was used in this study. The samples were 154 male adolescents recruited by proportional random sampling. The data were collected using the questionnaires and analyzed using the Fisher exact test. Results: The results showed a significant correlation between peer conformity and smoking behavior among male adolescents (p=0.000). Peer conformity contributed to the development of smoking behavior among adolescents in this study. Conclusion: Peer conformity was evident to have a significant correlation with smoking behavior among male adolescents. Increasing assertiveness and life skill ability might be a necessity to adapt to negative behavior among adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: More than one third of breast cancer patients including those that are diagnosed in early stages will develop distant metastasis. Patterns of distant metastasis and the associated risks according to the molecular subtypes are not completely revealed particularly in populations of patients with delayed diagnosis and advanced stages. Methods: Breast cancer patients (n = 1304) admitted to our institute (2014–2017) were evaluated to identify the metastatic patterns and the associated risks. Metastatic breast cancers at diagnosis were found in 245 patients (18.7%), and 1059 patients were then grouped into non-metastatic and metastatic groups after a median follow-up of 3.8 years. Results: Infiltration of the tumor to the skin and chest wall prevailed as the most powerful predictor for distant metastasis (OR 2.115, 95% CI 1.544–2.898) particularly in the luminal A-like subtype (OR 2.685, 95% CI 1.649–4.371). Nodal involvement was also significantly associated with the risk of distant metastasis (OR 1.855, 95% CI 1.319–2.611), and the risk was higher in the Luminal A-like subtype (OR 2.572, 95% CI 1.547–4.278). Luminal A-like subtype had a significant higher risk of bone metastasis (OR 1.601, 95% CI 1.106–2.358). In respect to treatment, a combination of anthracyclines and taxanes-based chemotherapy was significantly associated with lower distant organ spread in comparison with anthracycline-based chemotherapy (OR 0.510, 95% CI 0.355–0.766) and the effect was stronger in Luminal A-like subtype (OR 0.417, 95% CI 0.226–0.769). Classification into Luminal and non-Luminal subtypes revealed significant higher risks of bone metastasis in the Luminal subtype (OR 1.793, 95% CI 1.209–2.660) and pulmonary metastasis in non-Luminal breast cancer (OR 1.445, 95% CI 1.003–2.083). Conclusion: In addition to guiding the treatment plan, a comprehensive analysis of clinicopathological variables including the molecular subtypes could assist in the determination of distant metastasis risks of breast cancer patients. Our study offers new perspectives concerning the risks of distant metastasis in breast cancer subtypes in order to plan intensive surveillance or escalation of treatment particularly in a setting where patients are predominantly diagnosed in late stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research aimed to analyze food security and environmental sustainability in the South Sumatra wetlands. This research conducted on the wetlands of Banyuasin Regency, By Using the Survey method interview with respondents, guided by a questionnaire through the Focus Group Discussion (FGD). All data collected, by analyzed with SPSS program. The results showed that plants planted in wetlands vary widely, such as rice, corn, soy, sweet potatoes, nuts, and cassava. The diversity of commodities is cultivated on high enough wetlands; they seek food farming in order to meet their own subsistence with little agricultural input, making it relatively difficult for crops to be able to produce optimally. The suitable land for food farming can be achieved if the Government has already applied appropriate technology and built infrastructure. Based on market access and population density, thus typology of agricultural landaus on wetlands can be classified as subsistence-based; cash crop-based; continuous rice-based; extensive perennial-based crops; and vegetablebased crops. The main typology was dominated by continuous rice-based system taking around 197.961 ha or 58.50% and the lowest level was shown by vegetable-based crops around 20.998 ha or 6.20%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Many studies examine the use of medicines among pregnant women, however few studies report the pregnant women's belief for taking medication during pregnancy. Individual factors such as patients' beliefs about their medications have been known to influence medication adherence. Objective This study aimed to examine beliefs about medicines among pregnant women in Indonesia and how these varied across pregnancy trimesters. Setting We conducted a cross-sectional survey of pregnant women who had regular visits at 63 community health centres in Surabaya, Indonesia. Methods Participants were approached while they were in the waiting room and were asked to complete the questionnaire. The survey package contained information about the study, an informed consent form, and the Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire (BMQ). Main outcome measure Beliefs about medicines were assessed using the BMQ, which comprises four subscales: general-overuse, general-harm, specific-necessity, and specific-concern. Differences in medication beliefs between pregnancy trimesters were assessed using suitable statistical tests according to data normality. Results A total of 492 pregnant women completed the survey. The majority were aged 21-30 years (57.1%), housemakers (68.7%), and educated to high-school level (51.4%); 92.9% did not have any chronic diseases, and more than 90% took vitamins and/or supplements. The difference between Specific-Concern and Specific-Necessity scores was calculated for each participant, and more than half of the participants (59.6%) were thus classified as having negative beliefs about medications. In the first trimester of pregnancy, women's beliefs about medication necessity were stronger than in the third trimester (p = 0.033). Conclusion Medication beliefs of pregnant women regarding their concerns and the necessity of medication taken in different trimesters of pregnancy were varied. The results of this study highlight the difference in medication beliefs during trimesters in pregnancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective The aim of the present study was to test the association between psychosocial factors and delay in uptake of treatment and treatment non-adherence in Indonesian women with breast cancer. Methods Seventy consecutive patients with breast cancer who were treated at the Hasan Sadikin Hospital in Indonesia were recruited. They completed a demographic form, the non-adherence questionnaire, the Breast Cancer Knowledge Test, the Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire, the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scales, the Satisfaction with Cancer Information Profile and the Distress Thermometer. Results Seventeen (24%) out of 70 patients reported that they had delayed initiating treatment at the hospital, and nine (13%) out of 70 patients had missed two or more consecutive treatment sessions. In the bivariate analyses, we found no significant differences on any of the psychological variables between patients who delayed initiating treatment and those patients who did not, whereas patients who had missed two or more consecutive sessions had lower satisfaction with the type and timing of information provided and more negative illness perceptions than patients who had not missed their sessions. In multivariate regression analyses, consulting a traditional healer before diagnosis was associated with treatment delay ( β = 1.27, p = 0.04). More negative illness perceptions ( β = 0.10, p = 0.02) and whether a traditional healer had been consulted after diagnosis ( β = 1.67, p = 0.03) were associated with missing treatment sessions. Conclusions Indonesian health professionals need to be aware of patients' negative illness perceptions and their unrealistic belief in traditional healers. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Malaria is an increasing concern in Indonesia. Socio-demographic factors were found to strongly influence malaria prevalence. This research aimed to explore the associations between socio-demographic factors and malaria prevalence in Indonesia. Methods: The study used a cross-sectional design and analysed relationships among the explanatory variables of malaria prevalence in five endemic provinces using multivariable logistic regression. Results: The analysis of baseline socio-demographic data revealed the following independent risk variables related to malaria prevalence: gender, age, occupation, knowledge of the availability of healthcare services, measures taken to protect from mosquito bites, and housing condition of study participants. Multivariable analysis showed that participants who were unaware of the availability of health facilities were 4.2 times more likely to have malaria than those who were aware of the health facilities (adjusted odds ratio = 4.18; 95% CI 1.52–11.45; P = 0.005). Conclusions: Factors that can be managed and would favour malaria elimination include a range of prevention behaviours at the individual level and using the networks at the community level of primary healthcare centres. This study suggests that improving the availability of a variety of health facilities in endemic areas, information about their services, and access to these is essential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]