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Since colonial times, substantial regional income disparities have been reported for Indonesia. However, in spite of a wide variety of available data and indicators, so far published data on Indonesian per capita GDP in colonial times are limited to macro-estimates for the entire archipelago or are confined either to Java or to the Outer Islands. In this paper we provide a first attempt to arrive at estimates of diverging income and living standards at a regional level. We implement the Geary and Stark method on a large body of data collected by the colonial government, to estimate GDP for ten macro-regions and five benchmark years between 1870 and 1930. Our findings, corrected for prices, confirm the image arising from the existing literature of major divergences within the Indonesian archipelago in general, and of a higher per capita GDP in most of the Outer Islands (all islands of the Indonesian archipelago except for Java and Madura) compared with Java in particular. This was definitely the case in 1870 and still the case in 1920, but the picture is less clear for 1930, which was the final year before Indonesia's commodity exports started to collapse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Countries, like Indonesia, without advanced waste management systems and with higher levels of population and consumption growth, face particular challenges in addressing plastic waste and marine pollution. To address and prevent plastic marine pollution, Indonesia introduced mitigation initiatives, such as Extended Producer Responsibility, waste banks, and take back schemes. While recent research shows such approaches are able to prevent marine litter, research into their social and equity effects is scarce. This is problematic, because mitigation initiatives can have in- and exclusion effects in terms of access to valuable waste for vulnerable, informal waste actors. This article combines the sociology of network and flows with a network power typology to study how the implementation of waste banks in Klaten Municipality, Indonesia not only led to reduction in plastic pollution, but also the exclusion of cartmen, waste pickers and mobile intermediates from waste networks and thus from accessing these valuable waste flows. A waste bank is a community based business that provides households with additional income and turns household waste into economically valuable materials by trading them with recyclers. In doing so they outcompete a vulnerable group like waste pickers. Instead of waste pickers, households become part of the plastic waste networks. In addition to assessing environmental effects of (marine) plastic pollution mitigation initiatives, more scholarly attention should go towards assessing the in- and exclusion dynamics around different plastic mitigation initiatives. The sociology of network and flows is a useful lens through which to examine these in- an exclusion effects. • Marine plastic mitigation initiatives affect who has access to valuable waste. • Community waste banks are able to reduce plastic pollution and increase recycling. • Plastic waste as a valuable resource increases financial competition for waste. • Indonesian waste banks exclude vulnerable waste pickers from recycling networks. • Sociology of network and flows helps identifying in- and exclusion power dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Victims of natural or humanitarian disasters sometimes resist aid offered to them, resulting in slower recovery among victims, and feelings of rejection among aid offerers. We present two studies conducted in Indonesia that investigated motives for spurning offers of humanitarian aid. Both studies showed that beliefs in developed countries' conspiracies lead participants to see humanitarian aid as guided by strategic rather than prosocial motives. Perceived strategic motives in turn enhanced aid resistance, whereas perceived prosocial motives decreased resistance. Conspiratorial beliefs and aid resistance were positively predicted by national collective narcissism (Study 1) and intergroup conflict (Study 2). Together, these findings show that humanitarian aid resistance arises from the recipients' beliefs in malignant intentions of the providers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In separatist conflict, the majority group and the separatist group alternate in their roles as victim and perpetrator. We examined how framing prior ingroup wrongdoings in terms of violations of moral ideals or violations of moral obligations affects the majority's willingness to reconcile with the separatist group. We conducted a field experiment (N = 208) in the Republic of Indonesia, where separatist conflict is rife. As expected, among members of the majority who were high in national identification, a moral ideals violation frame produced stronger positive intergroup orientations (e.g., perspective-taking, intergroup trust) and collective emotions of guilt and shame, whereas a moral obligations violation frame produced stronger positive intergroup orientations and collective emotions among low identifiers. In turn, positive intergroup orientations and collective emotions promoted reconciliatory attitudes (e.g., willingness to apologise, support for intergroup cooperation). These findings suggest that policymakers can gain a better insight into the effect of framing ingroup wrongdoings as violations of either moral ideals or moral obligations when taking national identification into account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exhumation and tectonomagmatic processes of the granitoid from Sulawesi were discussed using petrochemistry (e.g. petrographic and major element compositions) and geothermobarometry data (mineral chemistry data). Detailed petrographic observations were conducted to determine the mineral composition, texture, and structure of the granitoid rocks, whereas the whole rock composition were determined using XRF method, and the mineral chemistry was analyzed using Electron Microprobe Analyzer (EPMA). The granitoids are classified as calc-alkaline, metaluminous I-type. Pressures of 0.91 to 1.2 kbar and emplacement depths of 3.2 to 4.3 km at temperatures of 677 - 729°C were estimated for Mamasa Pluton. Whereas Masamba Pluton was emplaced at pressures of 2.3 to 2.8 kbar, temperatures of 756 - 774°C, and emplacement depths of 8.2 to 10 km. Moreover, Lalos-Toli and Sony Plutons were emplaced at temperatures of 731 to 736°C and 601 to 609°C, respectively. The pressures varying from 3.1 to 3.3 kbar and 3.2 to 3.4 kbar, equate to an emplacement depth of 11.3 and 11.6 km, respectively. Gorontalo Pluton emplaced at temperatures of 662 - 668°C with the pressure range from 2.6 to 2.7 kbar, is equivalent to 9.3 km deep. Varied oxidation state (ranging from -14 to 19) is inferred from the mineral assemblages, showing a strong association with highly oxidized I-type series granitic rocks. The exhumation rate estimation shows that Mamasa and Masamba Plutons were exhumed respectively at a rate of 0.37 and 1.6 mm/year, whereas Lalos-Toli and Sony Plutons at 1.4 and 2.7 mm/year, respectively. Gorontalo Pluton located in the Northern Sulawesi Province was exhumed at 0.42 mm/year. The rapid exhumation rate of Sony Pluton is attributed to the active vertical movement of Palu-Koro Fault Zone which has been active since Pliocene. It shows that faulting may play an important role in differential exhumation of intrusive bodies in the orogenic belt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of appeals to ingroup wrongdoings, as opposed to ingroup rightdoings, on reconciliation between groups in a real‐world conflict. We conducted an experiment in Indonesia, where separatist conflict in the province West Papua is currently unresolved. Participants were a sample of Javanese residents (N = 502), representing the majority group in Indonesia. Compared to ingroup rightdoings, being reminded of ingroup wrongdoings significantly increased participants’ sense of perpetratorhood. These feelings of being a perpetrator in turn fostered participants’ reconciliatory attitudes towards the separatist group. These findings reveal that an appeal to ingroup wrongdoings can be effective in promoting intergroup reconciliation. In addition to theoretical implications, we discuss practical implications in terms of highlighting the importance of acknowledging ingroup wrongdoings as part of an intervention programme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia's long history of coal exploration and commercial production began > 160 years ago, when the colonial era Bureau of Mines began the first coal exploration. However, the origin of the modern coal industry from the 1980s followed the introduction of two new investment and mining laws in 1967, which provided the framework for experienced foreign mining companies to enter. The coal industry has subsequently developed mainly in Sumatra and Kalimantan, where the large Cenozoic sedimentary basins include coal deposits with thick seams amenable to low cost mining. The First Generation Coal Contracts of Work (1st Gen CCoWs) were signed from 1981, covering some of the most prospective coal exploration target areas in Indonesia. Systematic coal exploration within these areas was highly successful, with the discovery of several world-class coal deposits. Case studies are presented in this paper, illustrating the geology, exploration strategies and techniques, and current production of three world-class coal discoveries which, in 2015, amounted to nearly 28% of Indonesian coal output and over 10% of global steam coal and lignite exports. Commercial coal production under the 1st Gen CCoWs began in 1989, marking the start of a steady increase in coal production, that in 2005 led to Indonesia becoming the world's largest coal exporter. Coal production from the 1st Gen CCoWs still account for over 50% of Indonesia's total coal mined. During the early coal search, most private companies targeted relatively higher rank (typically higher calorific value) steam coal for export. Therefore, the typical focus of initial exploration included those areas that were geologically prospective for this type of coal and which also had potential for low transport costs. These conditions were met in some areas within Kalimantan near the east and southeast coasts or near rivers navigable by barges. This early focus later widened to include lower rank sub bituminous coal and lignite, suitable for Indonesia's domestic markets and as a blend coal in India, China, and countries of SE Asia. More recently, successful exploration was undertaken in remote areas of the Kalimantan interior for coking coal – finally achieving success some 35 to 40 years after the first reported coking coal exploration in Kalimantan in the 1960s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article examines the economic mobility of Indonesians during the colonial era and postcolonial 20th century. The relationship between stature and income is examined as well as the factors that affected Indonesia's economic evolution. Also tackled are the impact of political and social structures on economic mobility, the factors of migration, shrinkage in humans' height at old age, and the effect of occupation on economic position.

Abstract: The study of heights provides a promising approach to a better understanding of the biological welfare of countries and regions for which conventional economic data are relatively sparse. This paper is based on a dataset previously unexploited: the individual records of nearly 10,000 Indonesian men conscripted into the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army (KNIL) used together with individual data on another 10,000 Indonesians, recorded as part of the Indonesian Family Life Surveys (IFLS). These two sets of records provide the height and place of birth of members of birth cohorts spanning nearly the entire 20th century. Our aim in this paper is to trace the development of average height in Indonesia over the course of the twentieth century. Whereas both average height and average income increased during the second half of the century, we find that this was only after they had diverged in the first half: a divergence similar to the one (frequently discussed in the literature) that had occurred in several other countries toward the end of the 19th century. Using a newly developed “height accounting” method, we estimate that in Indonesia increasing income inequality accounts for about half of this divergence, which gradually disappeared after the Second World War, as income inequality decreased and average height increased until it was rising in tandem with average income. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The Bone Mountains, located in Southwest Sulawesi along the SE margin of Sundaland, are composed of Oligocene to possibly lower Miocene marginal basin successions (Bone Group) that are juxtaposed against continental margin assemblages of Eocene–Miocene age (Salokalupang Group). Three distinct units make up the latter: (i) Middle–Upper Eocene volcaniclastic sediments with volcanic and limestone intercalations in the upper part (Matajang Formation), reflecting a period of arc volcanism and carbonate development along the Sundaland margin; (ii) a well-bedded series of Oligocene calc-arenites (Karopa Formation), deposited in a passive margin environment following cessation of volcanic activity, and (iii) a series of Lower–Middle Miocene sedimentary rocks, in part turbiditic, which interfinger in the upper part with volcaniclastic and volcanic rocks of potassic affinity (Baco Formation), formed in an extensional regime without subduction. The Bone Group consists of MORB-like volcanics, showing weak to moderate subduction signatures (Kalamiseng Formation), and a series of interbedded hemipelagic mudstones and volcanics (Deko Formation). The Deko volcanics are in part subduction-related and in part formed from melting of a basaltic precursor in the overriding crust. We postulate that the Bone Group rocks formed in a transtensional marginal basin bordered by a transform passive margin to the west (Sundaland) and by a newly initiated westerly-dipping subduction zone on its eastern side. Around 14–13Ma an extensional tectonic event began in SW Sulawesi, characterized by widespread block-faulting and the onset of potassic volcanism. It reached its peak about 1Ma year later with the juxtaposition of the Bone Group against the Salokalupang Group along a major strike-slip fault (Walanae Fault Zone). The latter group was sliced up in variously-sized fragments, tilted and locally folded. Potassic volcanism continued up to the end of the Pliocene, and locally into the Quaternary. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Mineralized hydrothermal breccias and veins formed during and after the waning stages of maar-diatreme-related volcanic activity at Kelian, Kalimantan, Indonesia. Subsurface phreatic explosions occurred around the margins of the diatreme breccia complex, focusing high-temperature fluid flow and generating several large, mineralized hydrothermal breccia bodies. Tectonic, phreatomagmatic, and hydraulic processes also contributed to hydrothermal brecciation. Explosive phreatic brecciation was followed by in situ hydraulic brecciation, and then by minor veining as the system returned to steady-state geothermal conditions. Brecciation and mineralization mostly occurred 400 to 700 m below the paleowater table. The Kelian deposit contained more than 240 t Au prior to mining. Precious metals occur with sulfide minerals as disseminations, in sheeted and conjugate veins and as breccia cement. There is a progression from pyrite-dominated (stage 1) to base metal sulfide-dominated (stages 2 and 3) to sulfosalt-dominated hydrothermal breccias and veins (stage 4). In terms of gangue minerals, the system evolved from illite-quartz to adularia-and/ or quartz- and/or illite-dominated and then carbonate-dominated. Boiling produced abundant bladed carbonate during stages 3 and 4. Overall, carbonate and base metal sulfide minerals are abundant, whereas quartz is comparatively minor. Free gold is most abundant in stages 3 and 4 but also occurs in stages 1 mad 2. Native gold occurs principally as inclusions in pyrite, sphalerite, galena, arsenopyrite, quartz, bladed carbonate, and sulfosalts. Hydrothermal alteration assemblages are zoned about contacts, faults, breccias and veins, and consist of secondary quartz, illite, pyrite, chlorite, and various carbonate minerals. Kelian preserves evidence of a magmatic component to the mineralizing fluids. Fluid inclusion analyses revealed the presence of saline fluid inclusions, in particular from stage 3. Isothermal mixing of low-salinity (~0 to 2 wt % NaCl equiv) with moderate-salinity fluids (10 to 25 wt % NaCl equiv), rather than boiling, resulted in the range of salinity and homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions in sphalerite, carbonate and quartz deposited during stage 3. Salinities of ~4 to 6 wt percent NaCl equiv for inclusions in adularia and quartz from stages 2 and 4 and in rhodochrosite and proustite-pyrargyrite from stage 4 may also reflect a component of mixing of low-salinity water with a moderately saline fluid. Sulfur isotope values from Kelian sulfides (δ34S = -1.4 to 5.5 per mil) are consistent with a magmatic sulfur source. Both boiling and fluid mixing contributed to high-grade Au mineralization at Kelian. Rapid formation (hundreds of years or less) is inferred for the individual hydrothermal breccia bodies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The Malino Metamorphic Complex (MMC) is located at the western end of the north arm of Sulawesi. It consists of mica schists and gneisses (derived from proximal turbidite and granitoid protoliths), with intercalations of greenschist, amphibolite, marble, and quartzite, forming an E-W elongated dome-like structure bounded on all sides by faults. The age of the MMC is constrained between Devonian and Early Carboniferous. This Paleozoic age, the presence of Archean and Proterozoic inherited zircons, and the isotopic signature of the mica schists and gneisses indicate that the terrane was derived from the New Guinea-Australian margin of Gondwana. Similarities with basement rocks in the Bird’s Head suggests a common origin. Greenschists forming a discontinuous selvage (metamorphic carapace) around the complex were derived from adjacent autochthonous Paleogene formations. The rocks of the MMC show a Barrovian-type progression from greenschist through epidote-amphibolite to amphibolite facies. P–T estimations suggest a depth of burial of up to 27–30km. K/Ar and 40Ar/39Ar cooling ages of 23–11Ma, and a 7Ma age for unconformably overlying volcanic rocks, indicate that the complex was exhumed during the Miocene. Two tectonic scenarios are considered: 1. the continental fragment docked with Sulawesi during the Mesozoic and was exhumed as a metamorphic core complex during the Miocene; 2. it was subducted beneath the north arm during the late Oligocene and then rapidly returned back to the surface. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In Asembagus (East Java, Indonesia) irrigation water is contaminated with effluent from the hyperacid Ijen Crater Lake resulting in a low pH and high levels of various elements. As a first step towards a risk assessment, locally produced food items (rice, maize, cassava leaf, cassava root, peanuts) were collected and concentrations of As, B, Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, V, Zn were compared to samples from a reference area and with literature values. Further, concentrations in rice were compared to total soil concentrations in paddy fields. Compared to the reference area, food items produced in the contaminated area had increased levels of Cd, Co, Ni and Mn in particular, while levels of Mo were lower. In contrast, total soil concentrations of Cd and Mn in particular have decreased whereas especially Mo was increased. In combination with the observed soil acidification, it is likely that the bioavailable concentration of most elements in the contaminated soil is higher (except for Mo) due to an increased weathering rate and/or input via the contaminated irrigation water. In terms of human health, concentrations in foods were generally within normal literature values. However, it was observed that essential elements (in particular Fe) known for their inhibitory effects on e.g. Cd and Mn toxicity did not accumulate in crops whereas Cd and Mn did. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Asembagus (East Java, Indonesia), surface water is contaminated with effluent from the hyperacid Ijen Crater Lake. In a previous study, we reported that food crops irrigated with this water had increased concentrations of various elements. Here, we present a total diet study for adults and 6-year-old children to determine if the mean daily intake of a broad range of elements is safe and adequate. For children, the intake of B, Mg, Mn and V is high with Hazard Quotients (HQ) of 1.1 (B), 1.4 (Mn) and 1.4 (V), respectively (no TDI is available for Mg). For Mn, the daily intake is high due to the consumption of locally produced rice. Drinking water is the main source of B, Mg and V. For adults, the intake of Mg, Mn and V is also high but HQ values are ≤0.7. For both children and adults, the intake of Ca, Zn and particularly Fe is below the RNI (Fe intake is 90% below the RNI for women). It is concluded the mean intake of elements is unbalanced and Fe deficiency is probably the most serious health problem. Toxic effects cannot be fully excluded since deficiency of essential elements such as Ca, Fe and Zn can increase the absorption and retention of various elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: New field and laboratory data from NW Sulawesi, Indonesia, integrated with existing information, provide a tectonostratigraphic framework for the Cretaceous and Paleogene of this region. The study area straddles two distinct provinces, referred to as ‘Western’ and ‘Northern Sulawesi’. Western Sulawesi forms the (rifted) continental margin of eastern Sundaland. It consists of a metamorphic basement, partly of Australian origin, overlain by Late Cretaceous turbidites that were deposited in a fore-arc setting (Latimojong Formation). These are in turn covered by volcanic-sedimentary successions that were deposited during the early Middle Eocene to earliest Miocene. They represent a transgressive cycle from syn-rift siliciclastics, through nummulitic limestone and associated shelf sediments, to deeper marine mudstones and turbidites (Budungbudung and Tinombo Formations). During the same period Northern Sulawesi developed as an oceanic island arc, characterized by bimodal volcanism (Papayato Volcanics), founded on (back arc?) oceanic crust. The Cretaceous and Paleogene volcanic and sedimentary suites show lithological and geochemical characteristics that reflect the contrasting tectonic setting of the two provinces. The tectonic relationship between the two domains is not clear. They probably formed a more or less continuous belt throughout the Cenozoic, but were definitely connected not later than the early Miocene. Strong deformation in the Paleogene formations in the northern part of NW Sulawesi and their unconformable relationship with the overlying formations may be the result of the collision of the north arm of Sulawesi with a continental fragment, of Australian derivation, during the early Miocene, or it may be related to the formation of a metamorphic core complex in a mid-Miocene extensional tectonic setting. A second major tectonic event, which commenced in the Pliocene and is still ongoing, affected the entire region. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Palaeocene to Pliocene magmatism in NW Sulawesi shows a progression from an Older Series with calc-alkaline/tholeiitic signatures (51–17 Ma) to a Younger Series of mafic-intermediate high-K magmas (∼14–5 Ma) and felsic K-rich calc-alkaline (CAK) magmas (9–2 Ma). The isotopic and geochemical compositions of the Older Series samples indicate that the more westerly samples have been generated in a continental arc setting and the more easterly samples in an oceanic arc; this distinction defines the boundary between the Western and Northern Sulawesi tectonic terranes. The Younger Series high-K magmas have unusual isotopic compositions, with variable but low 143Nd/144Nd, high 87Sr/86Sr values, and high 208Pb/204Pb for their 206Pb/204Pb ratios compared to subduction-related magmas. The diversity of the isotopic compositions points towards a source with a long and heterogeneous geochemical evolution, most likely located within the Australian subcontinental lithospheric mantle. The Younger Series felsic CAK magmatism has a more homogeneous isotopic and geochemical signature and reflects melting of continental crust of Australian origin.This geochemical progression in time is very similar to that seen in central Sulawesi [Chem. Geol. 156 (1999a) 67], and is best explained by normal subduction of an oceanic plate followed by melting of an underthrust sliver of Australian continent. The size of this microcontinent can be estimated from the areal extent of low-Nd-isotope magmas in Western Sulawesi, ranging from approximately 4°S to 1°N. Underthrusting must have happened prior to 14 Ma, indicating that this event cannot be equated to the collision between Sulawesi and the Sula platform, which occurred at 5 Ma.While subduction beneath western Sulawesi ceased prior to the onset of potassic magmatism in this region, it continued beneath northern Sulawesi producing predominantly calc-alkaline suites. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Analyses of igneous rocks from the Eocene calc-alkaline and Miocene potassic volcanic arc in southwest Sulawesi indicate that magmas became more heterogeneous in their trace element and Pb–Sr–Nd isotopic signature following the collision of the Buton microcontinent with the arc at ∼15 Ma. Isotopic ratios become more ‘continental’ 4 my after the collisional event (87Sr/86Sr ≤0·7085, 143Nd/144Nd ≥0·5125, 206Pb/204Pb ≤19·2, 207Pb/204Pb ≤15·73, 208Pb/204Pb ≤39·4). As the overriding plate consists of young Sundaland crust, whereas the subducted sediment is likely to have been shed from a compositionally distinct microcontinent of Australian derivation, we can be certain that the continental isotopic signature reflects subduction of continental material rather than crustal contamination. The isotopic compositions of the magmas can be explained by the melting of a mixed mantle wedge, consisting of fluid-fluxed and sediment-modified MORB mantle. In this model, the maximum amount of sediment added to the mantle source is 10%. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The Neogene Western Sulawesi Arc, from the south going northwards, can be divided into three magmatic provinces of K alkaline–shoshonitic (AK-SH), high-K calc-alkaline (KCA), and low-K–normal calc-alkaline (TH-CA) affinity, referred to, respectively, as South, Central and North Sulawesi. The origin of this magmatism in terms of subduction and collision processes is contentious. Four widely spaced Cu–Au porphyry, and one Mo porphyry district(s) occur along the Western Sulawesi Arc, with the North Sulawesi province being the most mineralized. This porphyry mineralization is part of a regional belt that extends north into the Philippines and possibly south to the Sunda Arc. In western Sulawesi, common features that define the porphyry belt are obscure because the porphyry districts cannot be simply related, either in terms of their magmatic affinity, nature of basement, or tectonic setting. Nevertheless, it can be suggested that the generation of porphyry Mo systems requires involvement of continental crust in terms of magma source, while Au-rich porphyry systems are independent of the nature of the crust, and are derived from a mantle source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geological model of Sangkaropi Deposit, South Sulawesi. • VHMS mineralization is hosted by bimodal felsic volcanics. • The volcanic suite shows typical of continental margin arc volcanics signature. • The bimodal volcanism and associated mineralization took place around 34 Ma. • Sulphur isotopes indicate contribution from both magma and seawater. The Sangkaropi district in central-West Sulawesi is one of the few known volcanic hosted massive sulfide (VHMS) districts in Indonesia. It comprises several clusters of mostly small mineral occurrences, including Sangkaropi, Billolo and Rumanga. The mineralization is hosted by felsic volcanics that occur in bimodal association with basalt. Styles of mineralization include syngenetic banded massive and fragmented sulfides and epigenetic veins, stockwork and disseminations. The deposits are classified as zinciferous bimodal-felsic (Kuroko type) VHMS. We present for the first time preliminary results for whole rock and trace element analysis and U-Pb age dating for the bimodal volcanic hosts, together with sulfur isotope data for the mineralization and associated barite alteration. Combined with previous data, this new information suggests the mineralization in the Sangkaropi district took place around 34 Ma (boundary Eocene-Oligocene) in a continental margin arc setting, when the stress regime changed from near-neutral to extensional and volcanism changed from being andesite-dominated to bi-modal. The sulfur isotope data suggest that the mineralizing fluids had both significant magmatic and seawater components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]