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Background: Preeclampsia is a life-threatening multisystem disorder of pregnancy which has been observed in 2%–10% of pregnancies. The prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency ranges from 15% to 80%. Deficiency of Vitamin D is associated with the development of preeclampsia. This study was done to find out the prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency among preeclamptic/eclamptic and normal pregnant females, to establish Vitamin D deficiency as a causal factor of preeclampsia, and to elucidate the relation between 25 (OH) Vitamin D status and the severe preeclampsia. Materials and Methods: Blood samples were collected from 50 normotensives (controls) and 50 hypertensive pregnant females with preeclampsia/eclampsia (cases), and 25 (OH) Vitamin D level was measured by chemiluminescence Immunoassay. Results: Among the preeclamptic/eclamptic group, 32 (64%) were noted with Vitamin D deficiency and 18 (36%) with Vitamin D insufficiency. In the control group, 30 (60%) pregnant women showed Vitamin D deficiency, 19 (38%) with Vitamin D insufficiency, and a sufficient level of Vitamin D was observed in one woman (2%). Conclusion: Although it is difficult to demonstrate the correlation between Vitamin D levels and preeclampsia, there is a widespread global prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy. Hence, Vitamin D supplementation can be included routinely in the antenatal care program in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective of the study was to find the association of vitamin D receptor (VDR) polymorphisms (Fokl, Taql and Apal) with vitamin D levels in diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) patients in South India. In this case–control study, plasma vitamin D levels and VDR genotype frequencies of 70 cases (DFU patients) were compared with 70 diabetic (diabetes mellitus [DM] [non‐DFU]) patients and 70 apparently healthy controls (HC) from South India. Plasma vitamin D levels were measured using the ELISA technique, and genotyping of VDR polymorphisms was carried out using real‐time polymerase chain reaction. Logistic regression was used to find the association between DFU versus HC and DFU versus DM traits. Association analysis was performed based on additive, dominant and recessive models with age and gender as covariates. A 45.7% of DFU patients have sufficient vitamin D levels than 48.6% and 40% of DM patients and HC, respectively. Linkage disequilibrium analysis for DFU versus HC and DFU versus DM traits shows that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) Taq1 (rs731236) and Apal (rs7975232) are in strong linkage disequilibrium in DFU patients. The alleles and genotype frequencies were similar in all three groups. Although the additive model does not show statistical significance, age and sex correlate with the three SNPs (Fokl, Taql and Apal). No association was found between VDR gene polymorphisms and vitamin D levels in DFU patients in Southern India. On the other hand, age and sex correlate with the three SNPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Vitamin D (VD) plays a crucial role in regulating calcium and phosphorus metabolism and bone growth and has emerging roles beyond the skeleton. Deficiency is linked to various health issues, especially in postmenopausal women. The burden of T2DM in India, particularly among women, emphasizes the need for exploring the VD-diabetes connection. Aim and Objective: To investigate VD levels in postmenopausal women with T2DM compared to premenopausal women, assessing the association between VD deficiency and glycemic control. Materials and Methods: A case-control study was conducted in Chennai, India, involving pre-menopausal and post-menopausal women with T2DM. Ethical clearance was obtained, and participants were recruited with informed consent. Fifty pre-menopausal and post-menopausal women, each with T2DM, were included. Exclusions involved individuals taking calcium and vitamin D supplements, anticonvulsants, and those afflicted with osteoporosis, renal disease, asthma, and hypertension. Blood samples were collected for glucose and VD level assessments, employing standard methodologies. Results: Pre-menopausal women exhibited significantly higher VD levels compared to their post-menopausal counterparts. Blood sugar levels did not significantly differ based on menopausal status. Conclusion: This study contributes valuable insights into the complex interplay between VD, menopausal status, and glycemic control in women with T2DM. The high prevalence of VD deficiency and its association with suboptimal glycemic control emphasize the need for further research. Understanding these relationships is crucial for developing targeted interventions for postmenopausal women with diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Evidence suggests a beneficial effect of sun exposure on type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). However, little is known about the characteristics of sun exposure among DM patients or individuals at risk of developing DM. The aim of this study was to analyze the sun exposure behaviors of individuals diagnosed with DM and those susceptible to developing DM within a semi-urban community in North India. Materials and Methods: A population-based cross-sectional study was conducted in northern India with 494 participants aged 25-60, with or without DM. The participants' sun exposure characteristics were assessed through a sunlight exposure questionnaire, and total sun exposure in a day was computed using the veritable sun exposure (VSE) index. Fasting blood sugar, anthropometric measurements, and demographic details were also collected. Results: The study had 56.5% female participants, and 9.1% of the participants had DM. The VSE of the study participants ranged from 0.01 to 0.81, with a mean of 0.15 (±0.14) and a median of 0.10, indicating that more than half of the study samples had less than 10% h/day of sunlight exposure. The use of sunscreen, gender, and disease status all influenced VSE. Our data suggest that the characteristics of sun exposure among Indians significantly deviate from standard recommendations. Conclusion: Our results propose a need for evidence-based guidelines and policies that promote awareness about sun exposure among DM patients as well as those at risk of developing DM. Nevertheless, these findings need to be validated through large-scale observational studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AimMethodologyResultsConclusionVitamin D is involved in several processes related to the development of neuronal and non-neuronal cells. There is a possible link between maternal vitamin D status in pregnancy and delayed neurocognitive development in the offspring. The aim of the study was to explore the association of maternal and cord blood vitamin D levels with infants’ neurodevelopment at 6 and 9 months of age.A cohort study was conducted in western Rajasthan, India. Maternal and cord blood samples were collected at the time of delivery. Serum 25(OH)-vitamin D levels were measured in both. Infant neurodevelopment was assessed at 6 and 9 months of age in six domains namely cognitive, receptive language, expressive language, fine motor, gross motor and social-emotional using the Bayley Scale of Infant Development- III (BSID-III).A total of 175 mother–child pairs were enrolled. Among the mothers taking part in this study, 7.3% had deficient and 59.09% had insufficient levels of serum 25(OH) vitamin D during the third trimester of their pregnancy. Maternal and cord blood serum 25-OH vitamin D levels were 18.86 ± 8.53 ng/mL and 17.39 ± 8.87 ng/mL, respectively, and there was a significant correlation (r = 0.9778, p = 0.000) between levels of vitamin D. Based on the repeated measures ANOVA, post hoc Tukey’s HSD test, maternal vitamin D levels had a significant relationship (p = 0.047) to the cognitive development of infants at 6 months of age. Furthermore, cord serum vitamin D levels showed a significant association (p = 0.023 and p = 0.010) with the social-emotional development of the infant at the age of 6 and 9 months.Maternal and cord serum 25-OH vitamin D deficiency was significantly associated with the cognitive and social-emotional development of infants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim and background: Sepsis is a major global health affecting millions worldwide, hence understanding its contributing factors becomes paramount. This cross-sectional study at a tertiary care center explores the relationship between iron profile, vitamin D levels, and outcomes in sepsis and septic shock patients. The primary objective was to explore the prevalence of iron profile and vitamin D parameters during early intensive care unit (ICU) admission and their association with 28-day mortality. Materials and methods: Spanning 18 months, the study enrolled adult patients meeting sepsis or septic shock criteria at the ICU. Data collection included demographic information, clinical characteristics, and blood samples for iron profile and vitamin D levels at admission. Disease severity was assessed using sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) and acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II (APACHE II) scores, and treatment was administered as per surviving sepsis-3 guidelines. Results: The research involved 142 participants, uncovering prevalent organisms such as Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Noteworthy connections to mortality were identified for factors including vasopressor support, ICU stay duration, SOFA score, and APACHE-II score. Interestingly, age, gender, and vitamin D levels showed no significant associations. However, the study did reveal a significant association between iron, ferritin, and transferrin saturation levels with increased 28-day mortality. Conclusion: Our study concluded that low Iron, elevated ferritin, and decreased transferrin saturation levels maintained associations with the outcome of interest. While no such relationship was established with vitamin D levels. These results suggest potential implications for patient management and prognosis, warranting further exploration in future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background efficacy of therapeutic cholecalciferol supplementation for severe COVID-19 is sparingly studied. Objective effect of single high-dose cholecalciferol supplementation on sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score in moderate-to-severe COVID-19. Methods participants with moderate to severe COVID-19 with PaO2/FiO2 ratio < 200 were randomized to 0.6 million IU cholecalciferol oral (intervention) or placebo. Outcomes primary outcome was change in Day 7 SOFA score and pre-specified secondary outcomes were SOFA and 28-day all-cause mortality. Results in all, 90 patients (45 each group) were included for intention-to-treat analysis. 25(OH)D3 levels were 12 (10–16) and 13 (12–18) ng/ml (P  = 0.06) at baseline; and 60 (55–65) ng/ml and 4 (1–7) ng/ml by Day 7 in vitamin D and placebo groups, respectively. The SOFA score on Day 7 was better in the vitamin D group [3 (95% CI, 2–5) versus 5 (95% CI, 3–7), P  = 0.01, intergroup difference − 2 (95% CI, −4 to −0.01); r  = 0.4]. A lower all-cause 28-day mortality [24% compared to 44% (P  = 0.046)] was observed with vitamin D. Conclusions single high-dose oral cholecalciferol supplementation on ICU admission can improve SOFA score at Day 7 and reduce in-hospital mortality in vitamin D-deficient COVID-19. ClinicalTrials.gov   id: NCT04952857 registered dated 7 July 2021. What is already known on this topic —vitamin D has immunomodulatory role. Observational and isolated intervention studies show some benefit in COVID-19. Targeted therapeutic vitamin D supplementation improve outcomes in severe COVID-19 is not studied in RCTs. What this study adds —high-dose vitamin D supplementation (0.6 Million IU) to increase 25(OH)D > 50 ng/ml is safe and reduces sequential organ failure assessment score, in-hospital mortality in moderate to severe COVID-19. How this study might affect research, practice or policy— vitamin D supplementation in vitamin D-deficient patients with severe COVID-19 is useful may be practiced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitamin D (VitD) is a naturally occurring, fat-soluble vitamin which regulates calcium and phosphate homeostasis in the human body and is also known to have a neuroprotective role. VitD deficiency has often been associated with impaired cognition and a higher risk of dementia. In this study, we aimed to explore the relationship between levels of VitD and cognitive functioning in adult individuals. 982 cognitively healthy adults (≥ 45 years) were recruited as part of the CBR-Tata Longitudinal Study for Aging (TLSA). Addenbrooke's cognitive examination-III (ACE-III) and Hindi mental status examination (HMSE) were used to measure cognitive functioning. 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels were measured from the collected serum sample and classified into three groups— deficient (< 20 ng/ml), insufficient (20–29 ng/ml) and normal (≥ 30 ng/ml). Statistical analysis was done using IBM SPSS software, version 28.0.1.1(15). The mean age of the participants was 61.24 ± 9 years. Among 982 participants, 572 (58%) were deficient, 224 (23%) insufficient and only 186 (19%) had normal levels of VitD. Kruskal–Wallis H test revealed a significant difference in age (p = 0.015) and education (p = 0.021) across VitD levels and the Chi-square test revealed a significant association between gender (p = 0.001) and dyslipidemia status (p = 0.045) with VitD levels. After adjusting for age, education, gender and dyslipidemia status, GLM revealed that individuals with deficient (p = 0.038) levels of VitD had lower scores in ACE-III verbal fluency as compared to normal. Additionally, we also found that 91.2% individuals who had VitD deficiency were also having dyslipidemia. It is concerning that VitD deficiency impacts lipid metabolism. Lower levels of VitD also negatively impacts verbal fluency in adult individuals. Verbal fluency involves higher order cognitive functions and this result provides us with a scope to further investigate the different domains of cognition in relation to VitD deficiency and other associated disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Breast carcinoma is one of the most prevalent types of carcinoma and the leading cause of death among all carcinomas. Recently, vitamin D deficiency has been reported as a risk factor for breast carcinoma. Vitamin D, as an anticarcinoma agent, prevents cellular differentiation, stimulates cell death, reduces angiogenesis, tumour progression, and metastasis. Aim: To investigate the relationship between vitamin D deficiency and the risk of breast carcinoma. Materials and Methods: An observational study was conducted at the Armed Forces Medical College, Pune, Maharashtra, India, between November 2018 and October 2020. A total of 57 cases diagnosed with breast carcinoma and 57 healthy controls were analysed. Physical and reproductive health parameters were compared, along with vitamin D status using student's t-test and Mann-Whitney U test. Logistic regression was used to assess the risk of breast carcinoma. Results: Out of 114 women, 57 were cases and 57 were controls with a mean age of 52 vs 48 years. The mean value of serum vitamin D levels was significantly lower (19.45 vs 27.91 ng/mL, p<0.001) than controls. The percentage of serum Vitamin D deficiency was significantly higher in cases (28 (49.1%) vs 12 (21.1%), p<0.001) compared to controls. Vitamin D concentration <20 ng/mL was significantly associated with a higher risk of breast carcinoma (OR 10.8, 95% CI 3.1-37.6). Multiparity =3 was associated with a decreased risk of breast carcinoma (OR 2.250, 95% CI 0.599-8.447) compared to parity =2 (OR 3.241, 95% CI 0.916-11.466). In luminal A and triplenegative subtypes, severe vitamin D deficiency (<20 ng/mL) was observed (p=0.045) compared to other subtypes. Conclusion: The present study findings showed that women diagnosed with breast carcinoma had low vitamin D levels, which were linked to an increased risk and prognosis of breast carcinoma. Furthermore, multiparity lowers the risk of breast carcinoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To observe the correlation of serum Vitamin D levels in male alcoholic individuals. Materials and methods: A total of 54 male individuals, aged between 21 to 70 years with history of alcohol consumption were included.. Analysis of serum vitamin D by Vitros autoanalyser was done. Result: It was observed that maximum number of individuals consumed 15-16 drinks per week. Very few individuals consumed 20 - 21 drinks per week. Vitamin D levels were in sufficient range in participants who consumed 15 - 16 drinks per week. Whereas levels were lowered as the number of drinks consumed were increased. Moderate negative correlation between number of drinks consumed per week and Vitamin D levels which was statistically significant was observed. Conclusion: Our results clearly show that individuals who consume more than 15 drinks per week have insufficient serum Vitamin D levels compared to the normal reference range. This was statistically proven using Karl Pearson's correlation formula, establishing a moderate negative correlation. Therefore, we can conclude that as the number of drinks per week increases, serum Vitamin D values decrease. It is necessary to develop national monitoring systems to track alcohol consumption and its consequences, raising awareness among the public and policymakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Type 2 diabetes leads to many microvascular complications, including diabetic nephropathy, also referred to as diabetic kidney disease. Vitamin D deficiency may play a role in the development of type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. The functions of vitamin D are mediated through vitamin D receptor (VDR). Three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in VDR gene, namely, TaqI (rs731236), ApaI (rs7975232), and BsmI (rs1544410), have been widely studied in association with diabetes and nephropathy. The objective of this study was to investigate the association of these VDR gene SNPs with nephropathy in the South Indian population. Additionally, the effect of VDR gene variants on vitamin D levels was also investigated. Subjects and Methods: Two hundred forty-eight individuals with type 2 diabetes without nephropathy (T2DM) and 399 individuals with type 2 diabetes with nephropathy (T2DN) were genotyped for this study. Genotyping of TaqI was performed using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. BsmI and ApaI were genotyped using MassArray. Anthropometric and biochemical data were collected for all participants. Vitamin D levels were measured in a subset of 47 T2DM and 74 T2DN individuals. Statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 21.0 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY). Results: The genotype and minor allele frequencies of TaqI, BsmI, and ApaI were not significantly different between T2DM and T2DN groups. However, vitamin D levels were significantly reduced in T2DN (15.5 ± 1.16ng/ml) compared to T2DM (20.5 ± 2.11ng/ml, P = 0.027). No significant differences were found in the vitamin D levels when the T2DM and T2DN groups were stratified based on TaqI, BsmI, and ApaI genotypes. Conclusion: This study did not find a significant association of VDR SNPs (TaqI, BsmI, and ApaI) with T2DN. However, the study suggested a protective role of vitamin D levels in T2DN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The incidence of type 1 diabetes (T1D) is showing a rising trend all over the world, and these patients are living longer than before. With increasing longevity, they are at increased risk of chronic complications including fractures. However, the bone mineral density (BMD) data in T1D patients are conflicting and variable across the studies. Here, we aimed to study the BMD in adult patients with T1D and delineate its predictors. Material and methods: We recruited 40 T1D patients and equal number of age- and sex-matched control subjects. Clinical, biochemical, hormonal, and densitometric assessments were performed for each of the participants and compared between the two groups. Results: The median age of T1D and control subjects was 23.5 (21–27.75) years and 24 (22–26) years, respectively. The median duration of diabetes in T1D patients was 12.5 (9–15.75) years with a mean HbA1C of 8.7 ± 1.9%. The serum corrected calcium, phosphorous, alkaline phosphatase, creatinine, and plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D and iPTH levels were comparable between the groups. In T1D subjects, the mean lumbar spine and left hip BMD were 0.876 ± 0.154 gm/cm2 and 0.780 ± 0.112 gm/cm2, respectively, which corresponded to mean Z-scores of -1.5 ± 1.4 and -1.4 ± 0.9, respectively, which were significantly lower compared to control group. Multiple linear regression analyses showed that BMI and serum albumin were significant determinant of lumbar spine and hip BMD, respectively, in patients with T1D. Conclusion: Patients of T1D have apparently reduced BMD, which is being influenced by BMI and serum albumin level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Congenital ichthyoses are a rare Mendelian group of disorders affecting the integument with a heterogeneous clinical presentation amongst which scaling is a constant feature. There is scanty epidemiologic data regarding the clinical profile and histologic patterns of inherited ichthyosis from resource-poor countries. Aims and Objectives: The study was aimed at assessing the clinic-epidemiologic characteristics associated with the different forms of non-syndromic congenital ichthyosis. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective chart review of ichthyosis patients that presented between July 2016 and Jun 2020. Details including demographic profile, clinical characteristics along with any relevant investigations done were included. Results: During the study period of 4 years, 107 patients with congenital non-syndromic ichthyosis were seen. The most frequent diagnosis was of common ichthyoses, followed by autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis, epidermolytic ichthyosis and erythrokeratoderma, in decreasing order. Conclusion: Important clinical findings like erythema and the type of scales as well as histological differences including an absent or reduced granular layer in ichthyosis vulgaris can help differentiate among the clinical phenotypes of inherited non-syndromic ichthyosis especially in resource-poor settings. Also, there is a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and hence a need for screening for the same in all patients of congenital ichthyosis including the milder phenotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on vitamin D status in Indian children has been confined to studies conducted on small samples from certain regions and using non-standard techniques to quantify 25(OH)D3. Vitamin D insufficiency was observed in this multicenter research that used a standardized technique to evaluate 25(OH)D3 concentrations from dried blood spots (DBS) in children and adolescents from 5 to 18 years old in India. This school-based cross-sectional observational research used a multi-stage stratified random sampling technique. We picked a city and its surrounding hamlet from six states in India, which span a lot of ground. Data was gathered on demographics, anthropometry, body composition, food intakes, and DBS samples. Liquid chromatography with tandem-mass spectrometry was used to evaluate 25(OH)D3 in DBS. A total of 2450 youngsters had their vitamin D level checked, with a subset (n = 672) having extra data obtained for the purpose of evaluating predictors. In the study, 36.8% of participants had adequate vitamin-D levels (> 50 nmol/L), with greater concentrations seen in rural respondents and boys (p < 0.05). The mean vitamin-D concentration was 45.8 ± 23.9 nmol/L. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Vitamin D, a key nutrient in the body, has been linked to a decrease in prostate cancer (PCa) morbidity and mortality rates. The study concluded that any compensation mechanism may no longer be adequate for patients with PCa, and further research is needed to understand the mechanisms underlying the relationship between serum Vitamin D and parathyroid hormone (PTH) homeostasis. The findings will help determine cancer prevalence and trends in India and support public health initiatives to control cancer. Aims and Objectives: The aim is to assess the mean values of Vitamin D and PTH in patients with PCa and also to compare these levels with that of healthy controls (non-PCa). Materials and Methods: One hundred participants in the outpatient department of the Department of Biochemistry were assigned as control subjects, and another 100 participants were participants with PCa. 5 mL of fasting venous blood were drawn into red top vials using a disposable syringe and needle in an aseptic manner. PTH and serum Vitamin D were estimated. Results: When comparing PCa patients to healthy controls, the observed Vitamin D level was significantly lower in the former group. Furthermore, a notable distinction in Vitamin D levels was noted between the two groups. Furthermore, we found that PCa patients had higher PTH values than healthy controls. When we compared the PTH values of the two groups, we found a substantial difference. Conclusion: The authors conclude from the study that with alterations in the study parameters in patients with PCa, any compensation mechanism may become insufficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: The importance of vitamin D in maintaining overall health cannot be overstated, as its deficiency is a significant contributor to mortality and morbidity. There is a paucity of literature on vitamin D deficiency among healthcare workers (HCWs) in India, especially those working in emergency settings and day-night shifts. Aims and Objectives: This prospective cross-sectional study aimed to assess the levels of vitamin D among emergency healthcare workers (HCWs) and evaluate their knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding vitamin D deficiency. The study sought to address the limited literature on vitamin D deficiency among HCWs in emergency settings in India. Materials and Methods: A total of 105 randomly selected healthy HCWs from the emergency department of a tertiary care hospital in north India participated in the study. A structured questionnaire was administered to collect demographic information and assess the participants' knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to vitamin D. Serum vitamin D levels were measured using a 2 ml venous blood sample. Results: The mean serum vitamin D level was 15.08 ± 8.52 ng/ml, indicating a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (94.3%) among the participants. While most participants were aware of the active form of vitamin D, its sources and critical functions, knowledge about non-skeletal manifestations and measurable forms of vitamin D deficiency was limited. A majority of the participants (85.3%) recognized the importance of vitamin D as a micronutrient, and 69.3% expressed the need for education on its role. However, only 48.5% emphasized regular vitamin D intake. Conclusion: This study highlights the high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among HCWs in the emergency department and identifies knowledge gaps regarding its critical functions. There is a need for an effective system to identify and address vitamin D-related health issues among HCWs, which could potentially enhance their overall efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Vitamin D is essential for bone mineral metabolism and for the growth and development of the skeleton. The American Academy of Paediatrics and the Indian Academy of Paediatrics recommend the administration of 400 IU per day of oral Vitamin D to all infants in the first year of life. The authors hypothesised that routine supplementation of 400 IU of Vitamin D to exclusively breastfed infants would result in better physical growth. Aim: To examine the effect of routine vitamin D supplementation (400 IU/day) on the weight, length, and head circumference of term, exclusively breastfed infants at six months of age. Materials and Methods: An observational study was conducted at Department of Paediatrics, Smt. Kashibai Navale Medical College, Pune, Maharashtra, India, from November 2018 to March 2020, comparing the weight, length, and head circumference at birth and at six months of age for 111 exclusively breastfed term, appropriate for gestational age, healthy infants who were not supplemented with oral Vitamin D (Group-I) with 111 infants who were supplemented with 400 IU of oral Vitamin D daily (Group-II). Infants who presented at the Paediatric Out-Patient Department of SKNMC, Pune at around six months of age were enrolled in the study. Birth data and anthropometry at birth were recorded from available medical records. Statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23.0. Quantitative data were presented with the mean and standard deviation. Comparison among the study groups was done using an unpaired t-test as per the results of the normality test. Association among the study groups was assessed with the help of a Student's t-test. A p-value of <0.001 was considered statistically significant. Results: The mean birth weight, length, and head circumference of infants who were not supplemented with vitamin D (Group-I) were 2907.57±250.18 gm, 53.34±1.47 cm, 35.99±1.067 cm, respectively, and those who were supplemented (Group-II) were 2901.08±231.63 gm, 53.75±1.51 cm, and 35.85±1.09 cm, which were comparable in both groups. At six months, the mean weight, length, and head circumference in Group-I and Group-II were 7211.08±626.39 gm, 70.25±1.58 cm, 43.82±1.19 cm, and 7973.87±532.31 gm, 70.90±1.75 cm, and 45.01±1.34 cm, respectively. There was an increase in anthropometric parameters in both groups. The increase was greater in Group-II than in Group-I and was statistically significant (p<0.001). Conclusion: Infants supplemented with vitamin D (400 IU/ day) demonstrated better physical growth in terms of higher anthropometric values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: There is rising concern about vitamin D deficiency around the globe due to its increasing association with multiple medical disorders. Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is an established risk factor for atherosclerotic disorders, and Carotid Artery Intima- Media Thickness (CIMT) is considered a radiological marker of subclinical atherosclerosis. Aim: To find a correlation between serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25-(OH)-D) levels and CIMT among patients with DM. Materials and Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted, including 100 adult patients with Type 2 DM who were admitted to the Department of Medicine at SCB Medical College and Hospital in Cuttack, Odisha, India from October 2020 to September 2021. Vitamin D deficiency was defined as serum 25-(OH)-D levels <20 ng/mL, and insufficiency as <30 ng/mL. The demographic profile of patients, family history of Type 2 DM, smoking history, blood pressure, haemogram, blood sugar, serum electrolytes, and lipid profile were studied. CIMT of the bilateral Common Carotid Artery (CCA) was measured by B-mode ultrasonography. CIMT values ≥ 0.8 mm were considered abnormal. Data were analysed using appropriate statistical tests in Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26.0. Results: The present study included 55% males (n=55) and 45% females (n=45). The average age of the patients was 60 ±10 years, ranging from 26-75 years. Vitamin D deficiency was highly prevalent among patients with Type 2 DM (73% deficient, 12.5 ng/mL; 21% insufficient, 24.7 ng/mL). Vitamin D deficiency/ insufficiency was higher among male participants (57.5%, 62%) compared to females (42.4%, 38%). Vitamin D levels were significantly associated with dyslipidemia. Mean CIMT among the vitamin D deficiency versus insufficiency versus normal group were 0.87 versus 0.87 versus 0.7 mm on the right Common Carotid Artery (CCA), and 0.95 versus 0.86 versus 0.75 mm on the left CCA, respectively. Significant negative correlations were observed for HbA1c (r=-0.025), Triglycerides (r=-0.274), right CIMT (r=-0.284), and left CIMT (r=-0.264) with serum 25-(OH)-D levels. Conclusion: The majority of patients with Type 2 DM have concurrent vitamin D deficiency. A significant inverse linear association between serum vitamin D levels and CIMT was observed, indicating the association of vitamin D deficiency with subclinical atherosclerosis. Although unproven in the present study, the role of vitamin D supplementation in the improvement of atherosclerosis remains unclear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is a common endocrine condition but rare in the pediatric and adolescent populations. The presentations can be unique, accounting for significant morbidity in the case of untimely detection. Aim: To study surgically treated pediatric PHPT retrospectively. Methods: Surgically treated children of PHPT up to 20 years of age between 2010 to 2022 were analyzed. All of them were operated on by an endocrine surgeon and team. Results: There was a total of 712 parathyroidectomies over 12 years, out of which there were 52 children (7.3%) had PHPT at less than 20 years of age. This group included 32 male children. The mean age was 16.1 years, including 7 cases of neonatal severe HPT. Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia type 1 was confirmed in 12 children. Presentations were more severe like bone pain (35.13%), renal stones (27.02%), incidental asymptomatic detection (18.9%), failure to thrive (10.8%), and pancreatitis (8.1%) as compared to adults. Mean serum calcium was 12.9 mg/dl (highest-14.1, N-8.8-10.8 mg/dl), mean parathormone levels were 386.91 pg/ml (N-10-65) and vitamin D levels ranged from 2.9-22.8 ng/ml. Localization was done with ultrasound and 99mTc- SESTAMIBI scans. Mean serum calcium levels in NSPHPT were 28.6 mg/dl (N-8.8-10.8 mg/dl). There were a total of 45 cases (6.32%) of PHPT less than 20 years of age, excluding the cases of NSPHPT. All children underwent parathyroidectomy, with 14 cases having an additional thymectomy, 2 cases with thyroidectomy, and a single case of hemithyroidectomy. The cure rate was 97.3%, while one baby with NSPHPT had persistent disease (postop PTH-110 pg/ml). The uniglandular disease was seen in 54.05% and the rest had a multiglandular disease. Adults accounted for 559/660 cases with 80% uniglandular disease. All cases had a postoperative histopathological confirmation with an average follow-up of 1 year. Conclusion: Childhood PHPT has a few features same as the adult population. Symptomatic presentations like adults, though pancreatitis and fatigue were more commonly seen as compared to bone pain. Calcium, phosphorus, and parathormone levels were comparable. Uniglandular involvement was seen just like the adult population. There are a few others that make them a distinct subtype like their symptoms of bone pain and being more common among boys. One-fourth of them had MEN1. Fewer cases in this age group make them unique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In diabetes, role of vitamin D in insulin sensitivity and its protective effect from complications has been proven by many animal model studies. However, place of vitamin D as a preventive or therapeutic measure in diabetes mellitus is yet not established. Aim: To study the association between vitamin D level and micro vascular complications of diabetes mellitus. Methods: A hospital based observational study on 119 Patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus at a tertiary care center India was done between Jan 2020 to Dec 2022. All routine lab parameters were done and patients were evaluated for diabetic retinopathy and neuropathy and nephropathy. Statistical analysis was done by pearson correlation test, fisher's exact test and ANOVA. Linear regression analysis was also done. Results: out of 119 patients, with mean age of 49.5 year, mean duration of diabetes 6.5yr. On comparison between vitamin D level and frequency of diabetic neuropathy, significant association was found whereas no significant association was found between vitamin D deficiency and diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy. Conclusion: Vitamin D deficiency may be a risk factor for development of diabetic neuropathy and dyslipidaemia, in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Vitamin D deficiency in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients may have important clinical implications.Therefore, it is important to investigate the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in patients with IBD to better understand its impact on disease management and outcomes. Objectives: To assess the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in patients with IBD using a radioimmunoassay method. Material & Methods: This was a prospective, observational study conducted at the Department of Medicine, Government of Medical College Jammu, India for a year from 1 November 2021 to 31 October 2022. Adult patients from OPD and IPD with biopsy proven IBD were included. Results: A total of 40 patients were included in the study with mean age of 38.7 years. Majority of patients (70%) were male and 50% patients belonged to age group of 30-60 years. The mean vitamin D level was 25.6 ng/mL and 62.5% of patients observed with vitamin D deficiency. Both genders and age were affected, with a significant proportion of patients having abnormal vitamin D levels. The vitamin D level was found to be comparable between both genders (P>0.05)and age groups (0.229). Conclusion: The present study investigated the high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among patients with IBD. Additionally, patients were supplemented with vitamin D and were followed for further monitoring and evaluation for their outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Uterine fibroids are the most common benign tumors in women of reproductive age, with an incidence ranging from 5.4% to 77%, leading to significant morbidity and affecting quality of life. Earlier studies suggested that uterine fibroids are more likely to develop in those women with low levels of serum vitamin D. Subsequently, the objective of the current study was to investigate the association of serum vitamin D3 levels in premenopausal women with uterine fibroids. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Indira IVF Hospital and Fertility Clinics located in India. The study was conducted from April 2022 to November 2022. In this study, a total of 160 women [80 cases and 80 controls] were enrolled. Women diagnosed with at least one uterine fibroid measuring 2 cm in size through a transvaginal scan were considered as cases, in comparison to healthy controls. Results: The mean serum vitamin D3 levels for the case and control groups were 10.85 ± 3.34 ng/ml and 19.64 ± 5.50 ng/ml, respectively. Serum vitamin D3 was significantly lower (P<0.001) in women with uterine fibroids compared to healthy controls. Additionally, a significant association was observed between serum vitamin D3 levels and the number of fibroids in the case group (P < 0.001). This indicates that as the level of serum vitamin D3 decreases, the number of fibroids increases gradually. Conclusion: Our study suggests that women with uterine fibroids tend to have low serum vitamin D3 concentrations. Therefore, serum vitamin D3 concentration needs to be considered along with other risk factors in the treatment of uterine fibroids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: The occurrence of Down syndrome and chromosomal nondysjunction is more prevalent in the progeny of mothers who conceive at an advanced age. The primary objectives of the study were to investigate the prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency through the evaluation of 25(OH) Vitamin D levels in children diagnosed with Down syndrome. Material and Methods: This study employed a prospective descriptive design. The research was carried out at the Department of Pediatrics, Gayatri Vidya Parishad Institute of Health Care and Medical Technology, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, which is a medical center providing specialized care in India. The study spanned from May 2022 to April 2023. A total of 50 children who were thought to have Down syndrome were subjected to examinations. Results: A total of 50 youngsters who were thought to have Down syndrome were subjected to interviews. Two individuals exhibited a cytogenetic profile consistent with Down syndrome; nevertheless, they expressed a lack of willingness to undergo additional diagnostic pro cedures. Three individuals exhibited clinical characteristics consistent with Down syndrome, however, they declined to provide a blood sample for subsequent diagnostic testing and verification. The cytogenetic study of the youngster, consisting of 50 samples, did not reveal any evidence of Down syndrome. The analysis comprised a total of 50 children, consisting of 40 boys and 10 girls. The following table and graph provide an overview of the demographic composition of the children in terms of age and gender. Conclusion: Children with Down syndrome had a prevalence of 25 (OH) Vitamin D deficiency of 26.8%. Deficiencies in 25 (OH) Vitamin D had no appreciable effect on these children's height, bone age, or other biochemical indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study conducted in North India examined the effects of vitamin D therapy on the quality of life in patients with fibromyalgia, a non-inflammatory illness characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain and fatigue. The study found that a majority of fibromyalgia patients were deficient in vitamin D, and after vitamin D therapy, there was a significant improvement in their quality of life. While there is no clear evidence that vitamin D deficiency directly causes fibromyalgia, the study suggests that vitamin D replacement therapy can be beneficial for patients. However, more research is needed to fully understand the relationship between fibromyalgia and vitamin D levels and to determine the effectiveness of vitamin D therapy for fibromyalgia patients. [Extracted from the article]

Aim & Objective: To analyse the vitamin D levels in COPD patients and to correlate with disease severity Methodology: A case control study was carried out during the period of January 2018 to June 2019. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients and healthy volunteers with age group of more than 30 to 75 years were selected for the study. The total numbers of samples for the study were 40 cases and 40 control attending the outpatient & inpatient Department of Pulmonary medicine and General medicine, Ayaan Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, Telangana, India. Results: The study concludes that there is an increase in the incidence of COPD amongmales (64%). The mean age of the COPD cases and Controls are 55.9 ± 6.90 and 52.74 ±8.62. 62.5% of the COPD patients are smokers, while 38% had COPD due to various factors like Biomass fuel exposure, Occupational exposure. Most of the COPD patients were within the normal BMI (75%). 15% of them are underweight and 10% had high BMI. The mean Vitamin D level among COPD patients and Healthy volunteers in thepresent study are 30.11 ± 11.58 and 50.05 ± 2.99 respectively. Vitamin D deficiency is present in 40% of COPD patients and 12% of controls. Vitamin D levels correlate inversely with the increase in severity of COPD. In the present study the mean Vitamin D levels among COPD patients with less than 2 exacerbations/year and more than ≥2 exacerbations/year are 39.26±6.41 and 31.04±13.11 respectively. Conclusion: Vitamin D levels are reduced with increase in the severity of COPD. There is also reduction in vitamin D level with increased exacerbations of COPD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives: Vitamin D has a significant impact on glucose metabolism. Increased insulin exocytosis, direct activation of insulin receptors, and increased glucose absorption by peripheral tissues all contribute to decreased insulin resistance. The study's goal is to look at vitamin D levels in people with type 2 diabetes and how they relate to diabetic nephropathy. Material and Method: This study lasted, from March, 2022 to February, 2023, at Department of General Medicine, Katuri Medical College and Hospital, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India. The connection between circulating vitamin D levels and the presence of diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus outpatients and inpatients of medical wards was investigated in this cross-sectional investigation. Result: Our study included 200 patients, 100 of whom were female and 100 of whom were male. When comparing genders, there is a statistically significant increase in female patients with Vitamin D. Here, 70 patients with vitamin D shortage were found to have diabetic nephropathy, which is statistically insignificant, and 30 patients with vitamin D sufficiency were found to have diabetic nephropathy, which is statistically negligible. Conclusion: Vitamin D has been found to have both direct and indirect action via vitamin D receptor activation, as well as effects on various pathogenesis and type 2 diabetes, including pancreatic beta cell dysfunction, insulin action impairment, and systematic information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Numerous studies have shown that vitamins reduce the risk of cancers, but the relationship between serum vitamin levels of vitamin D and B12 in breast cancer is still controversial. In this study, we evaluated serum levels of vitamin D and B12 in Haryana, India among patients with carcinoma breast and investigated their association with clinical and laboratory parameters. Aims and Objectives: The study aimed to estimate and correlate the serum vitamin D and vitamin B-12 levels in patient with diagnosed carcinoma breast and in control subjects. Materials and Method: The present study comprises 60 subjects of both pre and post menopause women whom 30 are healthy controls and 30 are clinically confirmed cases of Breast Cancer, with an age group ranging from 38 to 70 years. Serum Vitamin D and B12 were estimated by ELISA Method. Results: The levels of vitamin D in serum was significantly (P > 0.05) low in clinically diagnosed breast Cancer patients (9.96 ± 2.45ng/dl) as compared to age and gender-matched healthy control subjects (24.54 ± 6.22ng/dl) and Serum vitamin B12 was significantly (P > 0.05) high in clinically diagnosed breast Cancer patients (1163.83 ± 135.77ng/dl) as compared to healthy control subjects (645.43 ± 134.22ng/dl). Conclusion: Many studies have shown that vitamin deficiency can be the primary cause of breast cancer. The current cogitation proved that raised serum Vitamin D and B12 are linked with the pathogenesis of autoimmune abnormal masses in Breast. It seems that Vitamin B12 level was no significant High and vitamin D levels are significantly low in the cases of Breast cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-segmental vitiligo (NSV) is an autoimmune disorder due to the destruction of melanocytes, where cytokines like interleukin 17 (IL-17) and biomolecules like vitamin D play a theoretical role in pathogenesis. Previous studies in this regard yielded inconsistent results. This study aimed to compare the serum levels of IL-17 and vitamin D between NSV patients and healthy controls and to know the association of these biomarkers with disease activity and extent. This was a case-control study including adult patients with NSV and age and gender-matched healthy controls. Cases and controls with conditions likely to alter the serum levels of IL-17 and vitamin D were excluded. Serum levels of IL-17 were estimated by ELISA and vitamin D levels by chemiluminescence assay. 42 adult patients of NSV and 42 age and sex-matched healthy controls were recruited over a period of eighteen months. The mean value of serum vitamin D levels in the control group was 19.053 ± 5.340 ng/ml, whereas in the case group, it was 17.336 ± 6.931 ng/ml (P > 0.05). The mean value of serum IL-17 levels in the control group was 199.824 ± 51.244 pg/ml and 213.566 ± 69.018 pg/ml in the case group (P > 0.05). These molecules did not show any association with the disease activity and extent. In contrast to the previous studies, we could not establish the role of IL-17 in the pathogenesis of vitiligo. Furthermore, we could not find any association between vitamin D and vitiligo in our study, even though there is an inconsistent association between the two in the available literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is one of the common non-communicable diseases in India. Role of vitamin D is described in diabetes mellitus in multiple studies owing to its facilitation/inhibition of transcription factor and immune-modulator property. Aim: To study the association between vitamin D level and HbA1C level. Methods: It was an analytical observational case study. Patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus were included in the study. All routine lab parameters were done and patients were evaluated for diabetic retinopathy and neuropathy. Statistical analysis was done by pearson correlation test, fisher’s exact test and ANOVA. Linear regression analysis was also done. Results: 119 patients were included in the study. Vitamin D deficiency was found in 77 patients (64.71%). Significant association was found between vitamin D deficiency and younger age. (p = 0.012) Negative correlation was present between vitamin D level and HbA1c. Vitamin D deficiency was found to be significantly associated with high HbA1c (p = 0.024). Conclusion: Vitamin d deficiency in type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with poor glycemic control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim. The leading cause of early cardiovascular death worldwide is systemic hypertension (HTN). It is accountable for 57% of stroke and 24% of coronary heart disease deaths in India. Vitamin D indirectly regulates blood pressure through regulating the RAAS across clinical, pathophysiological, and molecular domains. This study examines Vitamin D deficiency in South Indian hypertensives. Materials and Methods. In this cross-sectional observational study, 500 routine health checkup patients at our clinic were assessed and enrolled. Demographics, symptoms, and lifestyle were collected using a standard questionnaire. Patients with chronic and newly diagnosed hypertension were included in the study. Blood was drawn to test Vitamin D (25-OH) levels. The data was evaluated to compare hypertensives who were already on medication and those who were newly diagnosed. Results. The population showed hypovitaminosis D, with an average Vitamin D level of 20.2 ± 10.3 ng/mL. A considerable number of newly diagnosed hypertensives had Vitamin D deficiency, with an average value of 17.7 ± 8.7 ng/mL. The observed value was significantly lower than the chronic hypertensive group (17.7 ± 8.7 ng/mL vs. 21.4 ±10.9, p <0.001). LDL, HDL, cholesterol, creatinine, and HbA1C levels were not significantly different across groups. Vitamin D levels were similar for outdoor and indoor workers (p = 0.727). Conclusion. Our study demonstrates there is a high prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in the hypertensive South Indian population. There were substantially lower levels of Vitamin D identified in those who were newly diagnosed hypertensives compared to chronic hypertensives on treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Effective glucose control and better prevention of complications resulting from diabetes could be the crucial task in managing people with diabetes mellitus during the COVID-19 pandemic for reducing the vulnerability of people with diabetes toward the disease and preventing the severe outcomes resulting from COVID-19. Materials and Methods: This is a prospective observational study conducted at a tertiary care hospital in Andhra Pradesh. The present study involved 200 diabetic patients through a convenient sampling method (males: 100 and females: 100) who presented to the tertiary care hospital of Andhra Pradesh between August 2020 and January 2021. Results: The highest age of individuals included in the study was 88 years, whereas the lowest age of participants included was 35 years. The majority of the patients (72%) have their blood glucose levels measuring <200 mg/dl. Discussion: Vitamin C is a well-known antioxidant having significant immune-modulating effects through transformation of T-cells, phagocytic function, and interferon production. Zinc is an element having several physiological functions in the human body as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Zinc is also a cofactor in the action of around 300 enzymes. Conclusion: Nutrient supplementation with zinc, Vitamin C and D can be a good option as it is a safe, low cost, and readily available measure, helpful to get along with the fear of getting infected during the COVID-19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Allergic rhinitis and asthma are both chronic heterogeneous disorders, with an overlapping epidemiology of prevalence, health care and social costs in quality of life. Both are inflammatory disorders with a similar pathophysiology and vitamin D has a significant role in the pathogenesis of the disease. Aims and Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of serum vitamin D in patients with symptomatic allergic rhinitis and active asthma during the allergy season and observe the effect of montelukast 10mg daily as treatment. Materials and methods: This study included 130 asthmatic and seasonal allergic rhinitis patients following a single-blind, placebo run-in period of 3days-5days, patients were randomized to oral montelukast 10mg (n = 68) or placebo (n = 62) daily during the 2-week, double-blind, active-treatment period. The serum vitamin D was also evaluated in both the groups. Results: The serum vitamin D levels were found to be higher in patients taking monteleukast compared to placebo after 2 weeks (p< 0.001). Montelukast reduced the Total Nasal symptoms score which includes Daytime nasal symptoms and Nighttime symptoms compared to placebo after 2 weeks (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Montelukast provides significant relief from symptoms of seasonal allergic rhinitis, while also conferring a benefit for asthma, in patients with both allergic rhinitis and asthma. Further, it has a beneficial role in improving vitamin D levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is characterized by the occurrence of a rotational type of vertigo and nystagmus due to the otoconia dislodgment from the utricle into semicircular canals. Repeated vertigo attacks reduce the quality of life by affecting the normal daily activities in the population of all age groups. The most accepted theory for BPPV is the displaced otoconia particle, which aggravates vertigo and nystagmus. The otoconia is made of calcium carbonate, which is regulated by calcium homeostasis. Vitamin D receptors are essential for calcium regulation and homeostasis. Objectives: The objectives of this study are to estimate the serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in BPPV patients and compare them with the healthy participants/control. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital in south India. In Group A (case group), patients diagnosed with BPPV were included and their serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were measured and compared with the healthy individuals' serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in Group B (control group). Results: This study showed no significant difference in age and gender between the two groups (P = 0.99 and 0.323, respectively). The serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were lower in Group A than in Group B (P = 0.005). The prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency in Group A was higher than that in Group B. Conclusion: There is an association between 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and BPPV patients. Further studies on Vitamin D supplementation in BPPV patients with long-term follow-up will be beneficial to know whether Vitamin D deficiency is an associated risk factor for BPPV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The association between altered serum Vitamin D levels and schizophrenia has been an area that has evoked a recent fervor. The neurohumoral and neuro immunomodulatory functions of Vitamin D might have a role to play in understanding the causation of the disease and thus appear promising in the diagnostic and therapeutic frontiers of the disease. Aims and Objectives: We aimed to estimate and compare serum Vitamin D levels in drug-free cases of schizophrenia and in healthy control groups. The comparison was also made among the subgroups of positive and negative schizophrenia. Materials and Methods: The study, a hospital-based cross-sectional comparative study was carried out in the Department of Psychiatry, in a hospital in Assam over a period of 1 year. Fifty drug-free subjects of schizophrenia (Group A) diagnosed and confirmed according to International Classification of Diseases 10 were selected by consecutive sampling and 50 age and sex frequency-matched subjects (Group B) were selected from the healthy population. The cases (Group A) were divided into positive and negative groups (Group A1 and A2) based on the composite scoring of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. After approval from the institutional ethics committee and obtaining written informed consent, Vitamin D levels were assessed in both groups of cases and controls and comparison was made. Results: After statistical analysis, it was seen that males were more in proportion and mostly in the age group of 20-39 years. The median Vitamin D level among the cases was 12.45 ng/mL and that among controls was 20.03 ng/mL which was statistically significant (P value .00932). Among the positive and negative schizophrenia subgroup, there was no statistically significant difference in Vitamin D levels at means of 16.54 ng/mL and 16.25 ng/Ml, respectively. The variation in Vitamin D levels in schizophrenics and the healthy population is thus discernible. Conclusion: It can be said that serum Vitamin D levels were significantly low in people with schizophrenia compared to the general population. Furthermore, it is seen that mean Vitamin D status is similar in both the groups of positive and negative schizophrenia negating the possibility of alteration of Vitamin D levels depending on the differences in symptomatology or in pathophysiology of the two groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Lysine intake in India is low mainly due to consumption of cereals as staple diet and processing loss of lysine. The present study was aimed to assess the impact of supplementation either in the form of dietary supplements of lysine, calcium and vitamin D in order to identify an appropriate approach for the improvement of body composition. Methods: One hundred and twenty volunteer subjects in the age group of 20-30 years residing in Punjab Agricultural University hostels were selected for supplementary trial. Supplementation of milk and its products in amounts to fill the gap of dietary intake and adequacy of protein as well as limiting amino acid lysine in their diets for a period of 12 weeks was done to determine its effect on body composition. Result: The diets were also poor in protein quality as the limiting amino acid lysine was only 55% of the recommended level. Supplementation of milk and its products resulted in a significant reduction in body fat (6.62%) and visceral fat rating (9.47%) and a significant increase in skeletal muscle mass (3.98%) and bone mass (2.72%). The study recommends that improving the quality of diets through dietary supplementation of lysine, calcium and vitamin D is an effective approach to achieve optimum body composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In females of the South Asia region, vitamin D deficiency has been highly prevalent. This can be due to non-access to sunlight, sunblock, home-stay, and poor dietary intake, Insufficient intake of vitamin D and calcium can lead to bone loss, especially in postmenopausal females. Aim: The present study aimed to comparatively assess the bone mineral density and vitamin D levels in premenopausal and postmenopausal females of India. Methods: The study assessed 200 premenopausal females constituting the controls and 200 postmenopausal females constituting the test group. In all 400 subjects, vitamin D levels were assessed to note vitamin D deficiency. This was followed by scanning (DEXA scan) for bone mineral density. The data gathered was statistically assessed to get results. Results: Moderate deficiency of Vitamin D was higher in a post-menopause group with 43% (n=86) females and had a lower incidence in the pre-menopausal control group with 15% (n=30) females with moderate deficiency of vitamin D. For the severe deficiency, it had a high incidence in post-menopausal females with 36% (n=72) females and a low incidence of severe vitamin D deficiency was seen in the pre-menopausal control group with 2% (n=4) females. In premenopausal females, low bone mineral density was seen in 34% (n=68) of study subjects and was very low in 1% (n=2) females. In the study group of post-menopausal females, the bone mineral density was low in 62% (n=124) of the study subjects and was very low in 24% (n=48) of the study subjects. For BMD and 25 OHD levels, the difference in the two groups was statistically significant with p<0.001. Conclusion: The present study shows the effect of menopause on bone mineral density and vitamin D levels. There is a significant difference in bone mineral density and levels of vitamin D in postmenopausal females and females of reproductive age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Vitamin D deficiency has been related to poor bone health, increased risk of PIH, obstructed labour, vaginosis and LBW baby among women of reproductive age. Aims &Objectives: To evaluate the serum calcium and vitamin D levels of reproductive age group women and their relation with sociodemographic parameters. Material &Methods: A crosssectional study was conducted among non-pregnant and non-lactating women aged 15-49 years, attending the OPD for any musculoskeletal complaints. The study participants were subjected to a pretested questionnaire for capturing information regarding their sociodemographic parameters. Non fasting blood samples were obtained for biochemical analysis of serum vitamin D and calcium. Results: The mean serum vitamin D and calcium levels were 20.94±10.61 ng/ml and 4.82±0.87 mg/dl respectively. The median serum vitamin D levels were 18.1 ng/ml with IQR of 12.43-28.00 ng/ml. The median serum vitamin D levels were significantly less among women residing in rural area and those who were unmarried/separated. Vitamin D level were highest in middle and lowest in upper socioeconomic status (p=0.007). Conclusion: Vitamin D deficiency is more pronounced among women from rural background and those who were unmarried/separated. These women are susceptible to development of osteoporosis and pregnancy related complications in later age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitamin D (VD) deficiency (serum 25 hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration of < 20 ng/ml), in endemic proportions, demands a supplementation strategy with optimal dosing regimens. A randomised parallel-group, active-controlled trial was conducted among apparently healthy, VD-deficient subjects, aged 18–60 years who received 600 μg/d (Group A), 1000 μg/d (Group B), 2000 μg/d (Group C) and 60 000 μg/month (Group D) of oral cholecalciferol. The intervention was carried in two phases (I and II) of 12 weeks each, with same dose, separated by a washout phase of 12 weeks. Serum 25(OH)D, intact parathyroid hormones (iPTH), Ca, phosphorous (PO4), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and spot urine Ca/Cr were measured at baseline, 12, 24 and 36 weeks following the intervention, and adverse events were recorded at each occurrence and at 12, 24 and 36 weeks. A statistically significant time–group interaction was found in serum 25(OH)D concentration (P < 0·05). Serum 25(OH)D concentration increased significantly from baseline to 12 weeks (P < 0·05) in all the groups with no change at 24 weeks but further increase at 36 weeks (P < 0·05). At the end of the study, Group C had maximum increment in serum 25(OH)D concentration, while as Groups C and D (95 %, and 90 %) had higher proportion of subjects VD sufficient than Groups A and B (65 % and 78 %) (P < 0·05). No significant time–dose interactions were observed in serum iPTH, Ca, PO4 and ALP or urine Ca/Cr ratio. Three subjects (two in Group C and one in Group D) developed transient hypercalciuria. Supplementation with daily 2000 μg or monthly 60 000 μg of oral cholecalciferol among adults seems optimal and safe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Vitamin D deficiency is associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease (CAD). However, this association has been the subject of controversial results. Aim: This study was designed to assess the correlation between vitamin D deficiency and severity of CAD assessed with SYNTAX (synergy between percutaneous coronary intervention with taxus and cardiac surgery) score among south Indian population. Methods: Across-sectional, observational study was conducted at a tertiary care center in India between June 2021 and May 2022. A total of 180 stable patients suspected with CAD and having an indication to undergo coronary angiography were included in the study. Baseline demographic and clinical investigations were carried out among all the patients. Risk factors for CAD were recorded. Serum vitamin D level was measured. SYNTAX score was used as an indicator to determine the severity of CAD. Results: Mean age of the patients was 56.6±10.7 years with male predominance (67.2%). Based on the SYNTAX score, patients were categorized into two groups: (a) SYNTAX score <23 (n=122) and (b) SYNTAX Score =23 (n=58). Among all the risk factors, vitamin D level (p<0.001) and diabetes mellitus (p<0.001) were found to be statistically significant. A moderately negative correlation existed between vitamin D level and SYNTAX score (r=-0.323). Vitamin D was inversely correlated with the occurrence of CAD (Odds ratio: 0.919; p = 0.001). Conclusion: According to our findings, deficiency of vitamin D may have a crucial role in the occurrence of severe CAD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Previous studies reported an association of diabetes mellitus (DM) with TB susceptibility. Many studies were retrospective, had weak diagnostic criteria for DM, and did not assess other comorbidities. This study is addressing these limitations with a longitudinal comparison of patients with TB who are classified as diabetic or normoglycemic according to World Health Organization criteria. We report interim findings after enrolling 159 of a planned 300 subjects. Aims: Materials and Methods: Results: We expect that the trends in DM and pre-DM prevalence will be confirmed when the planned accrual is achieved. The varied prevalence of other TB comorbidities (smoking, alcohol consumption, undernutrition, and vitamin D insufficiency) and metformin treatment may also have influenced TB severity and treatment response. This will be comprehensively analyzed when full cohort data are available. Conclusions: Earlier study results reveal a strikingly high prevalence of glycemic disorders in Indian patients with pulmonary TB and unexpected heterogeneity within the patient population with diabetes and TB. This glycemic control heterogeneity has implications for the TB-DM interaction and the interpretation of TB studies relying exclusively on HbA1c to define diabetic status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Vitamin D plays a significant role in the functioning of the immune system and it influences many dermatological diseases such as psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency is growing globally with around 30-50% of people are known to have low levels of vitamin D. Acne vulgaris is a common inflammatory disorder of the pilosebaceous unit. Studies about the role of vitamin D in the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris have shown conflicting and nonconclusive results. Thus, the precise purpose of vitamin D has not yet been established. Aims & Objective: To evaluate serum levels of vitamin D in sample of patients with acne vulgaris and compare it with matched healthy controls & to investigate if there is any relation between serum vitamin D level and the severity of acne vulgaris. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study included 40 patients with acne vulgaris and 40 matched healthy controls. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25 (OH) D] levels were measured for both patients and healthy controls. Results: Patients with acne are younger than healthy controls and female preponderance was observed as compared with male patients. The mean (± SD) concentrations of 25[OH]D in patient group and the control group were 21.3 ± 9.7 ng mL and 29.6 ± 11.2 ng/mL respectively. The difference was found to be statistically significant (P < 0.05). Thus our study yielded lower levels of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D in patients with acne vulgaris than its level in healthy controls. Conclusion: This study has shown clearly that in patients with acne Vulgaris vitamin D deficiency is more evident with P-value P < 0.05. Moderate to severe vitamin deficiency was observed in 27 cases (67.5%) and in 20 controls (50%) (P < 0.05). Further clinical studies with larger sample size are required to address the importance of vitamin D in pathogenesis & grading of Acne vulgaris. Specifically, to determine the effects of treatment of acne with both topical vitamin D analogs and vitamin D supplementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a polygenic and multifactorial endocrinopathy. Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) is found to be interlinked with insulin resistance (IR), dyslipidemia, and obesity in PCOS. Aims: To find out the correlation of VDD with IR and dyslipidemia in PCOS population of West Bengal (WB). Settings and Design: The study was conducted in and around Kolkata, WB with PCOS patients and their age-matched controls. Materials and Methods: Nutritional status, vitamin D profile, obesity indices, and IR index of both PCOS and control groups were studied. Statistical Analysis Used: The statistical analysis was performed to estimate the difference and correlation of quantitative variables by using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS, version 20, IBM). Results: Dietary fat and carbohydrate intake was significantly higher in PCOS individuals relative to recommended dietary allowance (RDA) and the control group. Deficiency of serum 25-OH vitamin D (VDD) is evident in both the control and PCOS groups. However, the prevalence of IR among PCOS patients is significantly higher (64%) than in control (4%), and it is significantly correlated with VDD (P < 0.01). homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance is found to be a comorbidity of dyslipidemia in PCOS patients. Conclusions: VDD, IR, and obesity potentially aggravate the phenotypic manifestations of PCOS. VDD in the control individuals of young age might be an alarming forecast for the development of PCOS in future life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Vitamin D and protein deficiencies are amongst the most prevalent malnutrition problems of India and several other developing nations. In the present study an attempt has been made to develop a Vitamin D and protein rich energy bar utilizing mushroom powder. Among the vegetarian foods, mushroom is a very good source of Vitamin D and also rich in good quality protein. Methods: Twelve formulations of energy bar prepared with varying proportions of mushroom powder (0-30%), sweeteners (40-50%) and cereals (20- 45%) were analyzed for nutritional, anti-oxidative, sensory, color and textural properties. Result: A significant improvement in vitamin D, protein, crude fiber, ash and antioxidant activity contents of energy bars with increasing proportions of mushroom powder was observed. Energy bar prepared with 20% mushroom powder, 40% sweetener, 25% cereals, 10% peanuts and a 5% dry fruits showed good sensory acceptability along with a good amount of vitamin D (423.99 IU/100 g), protein (15.18 g/100 g), antioxidant activity (78.52% scavenging of DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) crude fiber (4.76 g/100 g) and ash content (2.60 g/100 g). Single bar (50 g) of this snack can provide 53% of recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of Vitamin D and 12.7% of RDA of protein for an adult. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus florida), known as 'dhingri' in India, grows spontaneously on decaying and dead wooden logs or on dying trunks of deciduous or coniferous trees in temperate and tropical woodlands. In addition to supplementing nutritional requirements, the cultivation of Pleurotus also provides an opportunity for selfemployment and mycoremediation. In accordance with conventional cultivation practices Pleurotus florida is grown in paddy straw treated with amalaki. After cultivation, when exposed to sunlight or a UV lamp, oyster mushrooms produce nutritionally significant levels of vitamin D. The vitamin D content of UV-exposed oyster mushrooms is likely to remain at 10ug/100g fresh weight, which is greater than the vitamin D content of the majority of vitamin D-containing foods and comparable to the recommended daily intake of vitamin D at the global level. Vitamin D deficiency leads to reduced calcium absorption, which in turn leads to generalized body pains, hair fall and fatigue which are the most common complaints. Eligible candidates (n=50) were screened by computerized randomization method to receive Pleurotus florida soup during the 03-month study. The efficacy parameters were evaluated through the Vit D 25 (OH) blood investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Depression is a common mental disorder in India and across the world. In India, as per the National Mental Health Survey (NMHS) during 2015-2016, the weighted prevalence of lifetime and current depression was 5.25% and 2.68% respectively. Many studies have provided the evidence on the possible etiological relation and beneficial effects of vitamin D for the management of these disorders. It has been suggested that a suboptimal vitamin D levels are frequently observed in patients with depression. Methods:This observational, comparative study was conducted at a tertiary care centre of east Nimar region of Madhya Pradesh, India over a period of six months from June 2021 to November 2022.70 patients diagnosed with depression and 70 healthy individuals i.e. without depression were studied. Their serum Vitamin D levels were measured and compared. Results: Among depressed individuals most were females, from age range of 41-60 years, rural background and lower socioeconomic status. Similarly among nondepressed individuals major were females, belonging to rural area and lower socioeconomic status. There was no statistically significant difference between these two groups in terms of these demography variables. In the depressed participants group around 65% had either insufficient/deficient levels and nearly one third had normal Vitamin D level, whereas in non- depressed group distribution was nearly equal. The difference was not statistically significant. Conclusions: Although nearly two third depressed participants had either insufficient/deficient levels, the difference was not statistically significant. Nevertheless, the role cannot be denied. We suggest further researchespecially in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although there are innumerable studies on vitamin D deficiency in India, there is limited data in Mizoram. Keeping this in view the aim of our study is to find out the deficiency of Vitamin D in our region, Mizoram (NE India). Our study population included patients attending Genesis Laboratory, Aizawl, Mizoram (November 2021 - November 2022) for various ailments who were advised serum Vitamin D level estimation. The study population was grouped according to gender and age in decades. Blood was collected in plain vials and serum obtained was used for vitamin D estimation. Out of 480 patients, 180 were male and 300 were female. Age of the study population ranged from 11 - 79 years. 17% of the total study population had normal values, 62.7% was vitamin D Deficient and 20.3 % showed Vitamin D insufficiency. The prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency was high in all age groups, there were a higher percentage of females in the vitamin D insufficient and deficient groups. Maximum numbers of patients with vitamin D deficiency were in the age group of 60-69 years with a female predominance. Prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency is very high in our region that is in Mizoram, as is reflected from our study. This pattern is seen in other parts of our country too. Also, the deficiency is high in the age groups N - N years and females outnumbered male. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: It is well established that intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) and blood 25(OH) D levels have an impact on bone mineral density (BMD). There are few Indian statistics relevant to the aforementioned finding. In this study, we looked at the correlations between intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), serum 25(OH)D levels, and bone mineral density (BMD) in a group of patients from India. Methodology: Individuals with low BMD at the hip or lumbar spine, whether or not they had fragility fractures, underwent clinical evaluations and laboratory tests. From BMD-DEXA, hip and spine T-scores were generated (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry). The associations between serum 25(OH) D, iPTH, and BMD were examined using multivariate regression models. Results: A total of 102 patients were enrolled in the study, with a male to female ratio of 38:64 and a mean age of 62.5 6.4 years. Osteopenia affected 44 people. There was osteoporosis in 58 individuals. Serum 25(OH)D and iPTH levels were, respectively, mean values of 21.3 0.5 ng/ml and 53.1 22.3 pg/ml. Vitamin D deficiency was confirmed in 84.3% of patients by blood 25(OH)D levels that were below 30 ng/ml (normal range: 30-74 ng/ml). 25(OH) D levels and BMD at the hip or lumbar spine did not correlate (P = 0.473 and 0.353, respectively). iPTH levels, male gender, body mass index (BMI), and age were discovered to be significant predictors of BMD at both the hip and lumbar spine. BMD and Tscore were considerably decreased in patients with increased BMI. Conclusion: There was no correlation between serum 25(OH) D levels and BMD among our group of patients with poor BMD. However, at serum 25(OH) D concentrations below 30 ng/ml, there is a negative connection between iPTH and 25(OH) D. A substantial inverse relationship between BMD at the hip and lumbar spine and serum iPTH levels was observed. Our results highlight the crucial part that parathyroid hormone plays in the health and metabolism of bones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Growing pain (GP) is a common presentation in primary care settings. Aims: To find out the prevalence of GP and to observe its characteristics and associations. Settings and Design: General paediatric outpatient department (OPD). Methods and Material: Children coming to the general paediatric OPD of a tertiary centre in India between April 2019 and March 2020 for 'chronic leg pains' were screened with Peterson's criteria. Patients with systemic illness were excluded. All received vitamin D and calcium supplementation. Patients with haemoglobin less than 11 gm% received additional 3 mg/kg iron supplementation. Then, patients were asked for follow-up. Statistical Analysis Used: Chi-square test. Results: A total of 333 children were diagnosed as GP out of the total OPD attendance of 26750. The prevalence was 1.24% and 72.7% among the children with chronic leg pain. Highest prevalence was in winter (1.74%). The mean age of the patients was 7.88 years. The mean duration of symptoms was 10.92 months. After 3 months, 267 patients could be followed up. Seventy-two out of 107 (67.3%) children, who received iron became symptom-free. Only 43 (28.8%) patients became symptom-free out of 160, who received only calcium and vitamin D3 and did not receive iron. The difference was highly significant statistically (P < 0.0001). Conclusions: The prevalence of GP in the OPD was 1.24% and 72.7% among the children with chronic leg pain. Iron supplementation along with vitamin D3 and calcium was associated with faster resolution of the symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) can occur due to a neoplastic process or hyperplasia. While the disease presentation is predominantly asymptomatic in developed countries, this is not the case yet in India. Differentiation of the type of lesion can only be done based on histomorphology but has its own challenges. Immunohistochemical markers like Ki-67 have been studied to aid in diagnosis but data on this is sparse from India. Aims: The aim of this study is to assess the clinical, biochemical and pathological profile of PHPT and to analyse the differences in immunohistochemical marker Ki-67 among the various lesions. Setting and Design: A descriptive study was carried out on 38 PHPT patients who were treated at our institute from January 2011 to March 2021. Materials and Methods: Post-surgery, the causative lesions were categorised as adenoma (31), hyperplasia (5) and carcinoma (2). Clinical, biochemical, radiological and histopathological features of all lesions were collected and analysed. Ki-67 proliferation index was calculated. The various parameters were compared across the three groups of lesions and correlated with Ki-67 index. Results: Out of 38 patients, 37 were symptomatic with skeletal symptoms being the most common followed by renal symptoms. There was no difference in clinical or biochemical parameters among the three types of lesions. Significant negative correlation was seen between serum iPTH and serum 25-OH Vitamin D levels (P0.006) The median Ki-67 index was found to be 0.40% in hyperplasia, 0.49% in adenoma and 5.84% in carcinoma. Conclusion: PHPT still presents as an overtly symptomatic disease in India. Diagnosis of the nature of lesion depends on the accurate application of morphological criteria. A high Ki-67 index was not found to be an absolute marker of carcinoma, as it was also seen in a small proportion of atypical adenomas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]