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There has been a continuous downfall in equipping the Primary Health Centres (PHCs) with infrastructure, facilities, and workforce to provide basic minimum primary healthcare services to the underserved population in the Indian context. The main goal of this research is to look at the infrastructure and manpower in a sample of PHCs in the Kanpur district of Uttar Pradesh, India. The interview template exclusively for Product-Service System (PSS) by Singapore University of Technology and Design-Massachusetts Institute of Technology (SUTD-MIT) was used to study randomly selected samples of 51 PHCs. The data were examined using the Indian Public Health Standards (IPHS) of the Indian government. Some of the key findings included the lack of workforce and their commitment, shortage of space, electricity, and water supply. To find a solution for the found lacunae, this article also discusses about the functioning of Mobile Hospitals (MHs) depending upon the contexts and thus extracting lessons for a new intervention in the primary health care system delivery model. Finally, a new healthcare delivery model in the form of a mobile Primary Health Centre (mPHC) is proposed based on the field study and the synthesis of historical literature on MH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We model the lead-acid battery recycling system in India using system dynamics. • Economic policies are analyzed to mitigate the lead pollution due to recycling. • Subsidy and reduced tax for regulated recyclers decrease the lead pollution. • Improving the efficiency of unregulated recyclers reduces the lead excretion. The insufficiency of primary lead sources to satisfy the demand makes the recycling of used batteries necessary. This study quantitatively assesses the impact of different policy instruments on reducing lead pollution from lead-acid battery (LAB) recycling. We develop a system dynamics model to analyze the dynamics of LAB recycling considering remanufactures and recyclers spanning formal and informal sectors in the Indian context. We model the competition between the formal and informal sectors in both recycling and remanufacturing settings in the lead recovery process. We test our model with the data from the Indian automobile LAB recycling and investigate the impact of policy decisions on the performance of the automobile LAB recycling. This study explores three policies in anticipation of improving the efficiency of the recycling process—(i) reduce tax on regulated recyclers, (ii) offer subsidy to regulated recyclers, and (iii) offer subsidy to formal battery remanufactures. Our results show that the first two policies help the business shift from informal to formal sector which results in lowering the lead pollution. We observe that providing subsidy on formal battery can reduce the amount of lead excretion; however, a very high subsidy can lead to the shutting down of both regulated and unregulated recycling sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]