Impact of policy instruments on lead-acid battery recycling: A system dynamics approach.

• We model the lead-acid battery recycling system in India using system dynamics. • Economic policies are analyzed to mitigate the lead pollution due to recycling. • Subsidy and reduced tax for regulated recyclers decrease the lead pollution. • Improving the efficiency of unregulated recyclers reduces the lead excretion. The insufficiency of primary lead sources to satisfy the demand makes the recycling of used batteries necessary. This study quantitatively assesses the impact of different policy instruments on reducing lead pollution from lead-acid battery (LAB) recycling. We develop a system dynamics model to analyze the dynamics of LAB recycling considering remanufactures and recyclers spanning formal and informal sectors in the Indian context. We model the competition between the formal and informal sectors in both recycling and remanufacturing settings in the lead recovery process. We test our model with the data from the Indian automobile LAB recycling and investigate the impact of policy decisions on the performance of the automobile LAB recycling. This study explores three policies in anticipation of improving the efficiency of the recycling process—(i) reduce tax on regulated recyclers, (ii) offer subsidy to regulated recyclers, and (iii) offer subsidy to formal battery remanufactures. Our results show that the first two policies help the business shift from informal to formal sector which results in lowering the lead pollution. We observe that providing subsidy on formal battery can reduce the amount of lead excretion; however, a very high subsidy can lead to the shutting down of both regulated and unregulated recycling sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]