695 results
Search Results
52. Macro-Indicators of Citation Impacts of Six Prolific Countries: InCites Data and the Statistical Significance of Trends.
- Author
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Bornmann, Lutz and Leydesdorff, Loet
- Subjects
STATISTICAL significance ,CITATION analysis ,COMPUTER science ,WEB-based user interfaces ,BIBLIOMETRICS - Abstract
Using the InCites tool of Thomson Reuters, this study compares normalized citation impact values calculated for China, Japan, France, Germany, United States, and the UK throughout the time period from 1981 to 2010. InCites offers a unique opportunity to study the normalized citation impacts of countries using (i) a long publication window (1981 to 2010), (ii) a differentiation in (broad or more narrow) subject areas, and (iii) allowing for the use of statistical procedures in order to obtain an insightful investigation of national citation trends across the years. Using four broad categories, our results show significantly increasing trends in citation impact values for France, the UK, and especially Germany across the last thirty years in all areas. The citation impact of papers from China is still at a relatively low level (mostly below the world average), but the country follows an increasing trend line. The USA exhibits a stable pattern of high citation impact values across the years. With small impact differences between the publication years, the US trend is increasing in engineering and technology but decreasing in medical and health sciences as well as in agricultural sciences. Similar to the USA, Japan follows increasing as well as decreasing trends in different subject areas, but the variability across the years is small. In most of the years, papers from Japan perform below or approximately at the world average in each subject area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
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53. A Decade of Collaboration Among International Representatives of the International Cluttering Association.
- Author
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Reichel, Isabella, Ademola-Sakoya, Grace, Aumont Boucand, Véronique, Bona, Judit, Carmona, Jaqueline, Cosyns, Marjan, Filatova, Yulia, Haj-Tas, Maisa, Kelkar, Pallavi, Remman, Reina, Shoko Miyamoto, Ozdemir, Sertan, Sanghi, Maya, Schnell, Alexandra, Biain de Touzet, Beatriz, and Shu-Lan Yang
- Subjects
COMMITTEES ,INTERNATIONAL agencies ,INTERPROFESSIONAL relations ,SUPPORT groups ,SPEECH therapy ,STUTTERING - Abstract
Purpose: This article presents a collaborative initiative of members of the Committee of the International Representatives of the International Cluttering Association (ICA) upon celebrating the 10th anniversary of the ICA. Such collaborative efforts are designed to improve communication skills, enlighten lives of people with cluttering, and serve as models for speech therapists and other health care professionals in countries around the globe. Method: This initiative began with a seminar at the Inaugural Joint World Congress in Japan in 2018 and continues with an article on cluttering based on the contents of the papers presented at the Congress. Sixteen researchers and speech therapists from 15 countries in Africa, Asia, Europe (East and West), America (North and South), and the Middle East have explored the following themes related to cluttering: cluttering awareness, research, professional preparation, intervention, and self-help groups. Results: This article adds to the body of international literature on cluttering and illustrates that, for the past 10 years, hypothesis-testing research in cluttering continues to be conducted across language barriers and national boundaries, and interventions that are implemented in some locales are being tested and taught in other parts of the world; furthermore, new cluttering treatments are being disseminated for professional preparation and clinical practices. Conclusions: This article demonstrates how global engagement of the ICA's international representatives has led to the exchange of ideas about awareness of cluttering and professional preparation and the best strategies for the treatment of this communication disorder in countries around the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
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54. Die Gerechtigkeitsbewegung für die „Trostfrauen“ in intersektionaler postkolonialer Sicht.
- Author
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Lenz, Ilse
- Subjects
COLONIES ,FEMINISM ,SEX workers ,SEXUAL assault ,WAR ,COMFORT women ,COLLECTIVE memory - Abstract
During the Asia Pacifi c War (1937-1945), the Japanese Imperial Army forced women in Japanese East Asian colonies to work as so-called “comfort women” (sex workers). The justice movement for these women is an international intersectional alliance of feminists from Japanese ex-colonies in East Asia, the former colonial power Japan, and other societies, such as Australia, Germany, and the USA. This long-term feminist justice movement has campaigned for an apology and compensation from the Japanese government, as well as for recognition of “comfort women‘s” suff ering and of sexual violence in war in cultural memory. Through researching this justice movement from a processual intersectionality perspective, this paper shows that it gained power and legitimacy from refl ecting and working on its internal intersectional inequalities. This included refl ecting on the class hierarchies between many former “comfort women”, who had power of defi nition, and intellectual feminist activists, as well as on the postcolonial divide between former Japanese colonies and the former colonial power Japan, leading it to develop horizontal cooperation and practices. Following an overview, the paper outlines the movements in South Korea, Japan, and Germany, and highlights the different postcolonial constellation between East Asia and Germany, the main actors, and their aims. While the Japanese government rejected the justice movement‘s demands and the right wing mobilised against it, has been able to infl uence cultural memory to widely recognize sexual violence in war and the dignity of the “comfort women”. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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55. スポーツ産業内資金循環制度の実現可能性についての考察: スポーツの収益力向上によるグラスルーツスポーツ財務基盤安定化のための制度設計.
- Author
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張 寿山
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SPORTS ,PROFIT ,PILOT projects ,DECISION making ,BUSINESS ,TAXATION ,FINANCIAL management ,SPORTS sciences ,ATHLETIC associations ,MANAGEMENT - Abstract
The Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry have forwarded a proposal to apply the concept of intraindustry flow of funds in order to develop the sports industry and strengthen the financial base of sports businesses from the top level to the grass-roots level. With regard to industrial policy, the flow of funds is a concept among multiple industries, and intra-industry flow of funds within the same industry is not assumed. However, in the sports industry, we can observe the intra-industry flow of funds in certain cases, especially in foreign countries. This paper examines the cases of intra-industry flow of funds in the sports industry, mainly in England and Germany, to understand their structural characteristics, to identify the necessary requirements for realization of intra-industry flow of funds in the Japanese sports industry, and to discuss the feasibility of such flows. In order to realize intra-industry flow of funds, it is necessary to have funding providers, recipients, a legal and taxation system for fund transfers, an entity to manage the flow of funds, and a rational reason why flow of funds is also essential for the fund providers. The most promising candidate fund provider is the spectators’ sports business. On the other hand, for the recipients, the cases seen in England and Germany suggest that regional sports clubs with non-profit entities are the most likely candidates. In order to enable the flow of funds or, in other words, the transfer of profits from providers to recipients, it is essential to have a legal system and a preferential taxation system to support it. In addition, an element of a public interest needs to be embedded in the design of a system that supports such a flow of funds or it would likely be unacceptable by the providers. The intra-industry flow of funds is a concept that conflicts with a free market economy. On the other hand, it is widely recognized that sports are a public interest that needs to be indemnified. Naturally it is expected that this public interest would be embedded in certain types of sports businesses. While there are good prospects for designing a system to realize the intra-industry flow of funds in the sports industry in Japan, it is of utmost importance to establish a common understanding of public interest in sports businesses among stakeholders involved in the sports industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
56. Understanding acceptance of autonomous vehicles in Japan, UK, and Germany.
- Author
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Taniguchi, Ayako, Enoch, Marcus, Theofilatos, Athanasios, and Ieromonachou, Petros
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PRINCIPAL components analysis ,LOGISTIC regression analysis ,RISK perception ,AUTONOMOUS vehicles ,SOCIOECONOMIC factors - Abstract
This paper investigates the acceptance of Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) in Japan, the UK and Germany and speculates on the implications for policy and practice. Three on-line surveys of 3,000 members of the public in total, which were conducted in January 2017 (Japan), March 2018 (UK) and November/December 2018 (Germany) were analysed using Principal Component Analysis and then with an Ordered Logit Model. It finds that acceptance of AVs was higher amongst people with higher expectations of the benefits of AVs, those with less knowledge of AVs, and those with lower perceptions of risk. It also finds frequent drivers and car passengers to be more accepting, but that socio-economic factors were mostly insignificant. Finally, there were significant cultural differences between the levels of acceptance between Japan (broadly positive), the UK (broadly neutral) and Germany (broadly negative). These findings suggest that AV promoters should raise (or at least maintain) expectations of AVs among the public; engage with the public to reverse the negative perception of AVs; address AV-generated fears; not bother targeting people by socio-economic group; target frequent car drivers and passengers with information about what AVs could do for them; and target countries where AVs already enjoy a positive image. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
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57. Peace Education in Post-Conflict Settings.
- Author
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KUKHIANIDZE, NINO
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PEACE ,SYSTEMS development ,PEACEBUILDING ,CURRICULUM ,LITERATURE reviews - Abstract
Peace Education is considered to be an important pillar in preventing armed conflict and promoting positive peace. The aim of this article is to understand if education systems help development of peace processes in post-conflict settings and if the idea of implementing Peace Education into the formal curriculum could advance prospects for peace. In the paper three case studies are investigated more deeply – Japan, Germany and the South Caucasus. The article uses secondary sources to present the issue. The literature review includes academic books, articles, and official declarations of international organizations. The paper concludes that examples of integrating Peace Education principles in formal school education curriculums are not numerous, and the lack of a comprehensive data on Peace Education around the world could have been the reason that prevented governments from seeing the importance of implementing Peace Education within their national education systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
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58. Free spaces and 'pedagogical protection': On the asylum theory of Ortwin Henssler and its implications for education.
- Author
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Yamana, Jun
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FREE-space optical technology ,RIGHT of asylum ,POLITICAL refugees - Abstract
This paper attempts to reinterpret asylum theory (1954) propounded by Ortwin Henssler (1923–2017) as a free-space theory of education, as a way of grasping the problematic nature of 'pedagogical protection.' The theoretical potential of Henssler's thought has been more appreciated, accepted, and developed in Japan than in his native Germany. First, I outline Henssler's theory of asylum and show how his theory has been received and developed in Japan, especially in the fields of historical researches. Secondly, I discuss the possibility of reading Henssler's thought of asylum as a theory of 'pedagogical protection.' Thirdly, I consider whether it is possible to interpret 'free space' in education based on the model of asylum. Finally, I delineate some prospects for and challenges involved in connecting the theory of asylum to the theory of education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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59. Is There a Pervasive World Real Credit Cycle?
- Author
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Castro, Vítor, Cerqueira, Pedro A., and Martins, Rodrigo
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INDUSTRIAL clusters ,SOCIAL dominance ,POSSIBILITY - Abstract
This paper analyses the international structure of credit and the potential buildup of a single world cycle using quarterly data for 48 economies between 1985 and 2015. For this analysis, we rely on an approximate factor model and on hard and fuzzy clustering methodologies. The results indicate that, for the whole sample, there are three common components to credit, one of these more pervasive and impacting most countries in the sample, particularly developed ones. One major cluster of countries is identified, but without the presence of both Japan and Germany, thus suggesting that a world real credit cycle is not yet formed. However, we found that the composition of this core cluster has been growing over the years, encompassing more countries and establishing a growing dominance over the credit cycles dynamic, opening the possibility for a single world credit cycle in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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60. The EUROCALL Review, Volume 23, Number 1
- Author
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European Association for Computer-Assisted Language Learning (EUROCALL) (United Kingdom) and Gimeno, Ana
- Abstract
"The EUROCALL Review" is EUROCALL's open access online scientific journal. Regular sections include: (1) Reports on EUROCALL Special Interest Groups: up-to-date information on SIG activities; (2) Projects: reports on on-going CALL or CALL-related R&D projects; (3) Recommended websites: reports and reviews of examples of good practice in language learning website development; (4) Research papers on CALL-related topics; (5) Research and Development papers on CALL-related topics; (6) Reflective Practice papers on CALL-related topics; and (7) Reviews of new books, CALL software, etc. This issue contains the following papers stemming from the INTENT conference on "Telecollaboration in University Foreign Language Education" held at the Faculty of Philosophy and Letters, University of León, Spain, on 14 February 2014: (1) Promoting critical thinking in online intercultural communication (Marie-Thérèse Batardière); (2) Why in the world would I want to talk to someone else about my culture? (Chesla Ann Bohinski and Yumei Leventhal); (3) A blended learning scenario to enhance learners' oral production skills (Hee-Kyung Kim); (4) Combining Skype with Blogging: A chance to stop reinforcement of stereotypes in intercultural exchanges? (L. Lynette Kirschner); (5) English learning in an intercultural perspective: Russia and Norway (Anne-Mette Bjøru); and (6) Pan-American teletandem language exchange project (Aurora Castillo-Scott). The regular paper section includes: An e-portfolio to enhance sustainable vocabulary learning in English (Hiroya Tanaka, Akio Ohnishi, Suzanne M. Yonesaka, and Yukie Ueno). The following recommended website is reviewed by Rafael Seiz Ortiz: ABA English. Individual papers contain references.
- Published
- 2015
61. Impact of Teacher's Income on Student's Educational Achievements
- Author
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Lukaš, Mirko and Samardžic, Darko
- Abstract
The aim of this paper is to provide an objective overview of the impact of teacher salaries on the educational achievements of students. It is often debated about teacher salaries and improvement or jeopardizing their standard, but educational consequences that may ensue as a result of these intentions are rarely addressed. Teacher's role in student's achievement outcomes is unquestionable. There are many factors that have an impact on student achievement, but this paper will analyze only the impact of teacher's income on student's achievement. A hypothesis for further study has been set by collecting and analyzing pedagogical documentation on teacher salaries and student's educational achievements. Qualitative approach to statistical results of PISA study published in 2013 analyzes following categories: reading, mathematics and science, student's sense of belonging to school and student's personal opinion on does school prepare them for adult life. The study of these elements in selected countries gives us a concrete insight into their interrelationship. The comparative analysis compared the educational achievements of students with the level of teacher's salaries in the following countries: Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Israel, Japan, Norway, South Korea, Spain and Switzerland. The results of the research show that the level of teacher's income has an impact on student's achievements. The paper confirms the facts that the teaching profession is more popular as incomes increase and therefore attracts more motivated and skilled individuals. [This paper was published in the SGEM2014 Proceedings, ISBN-978-619-7105-24-7 / ISSN 2367-5659, September 1-9, 2014, Vol. 3, pp. 383-390.]
- Published
- 2014
62. Multi-Level Classification of Literacy of Educators Using PIAAC Data
- Author
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Yalcin, Seher
- Abstract
This study aims to identify the literacy skills of individuals whose highest level of education was in the field 'teacher training and educational sciences'. The study sample comprised 10,618 individuals in the field of teacher training and educational sciences, selected from 31 countries (participating in the International Adult Skills Assessment Programme during the 2014-2015 survey) using a multi-stage sampling method. The study employed multi-level latent class analysis and three-step analysis in order to determine both the number of multi-level latent classes of educators' literacy scores as well as the selected independent variables' success in predicting those latent classes. The analysis revealed that educators in Germany constituted the group with the highest literacy skills while educators from Singapore comprised the group with the lowest literacy skills. [This study was presented at the 9th International Congress of Educational Research. Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey.]
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- 2022
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63. On the Widespread Impact of the Most Prolific Countries in Special Education Research: A Bibliometric Analysis
- Author
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Sezgin, Aslihan, Orbay, Keziban, and Orbay, Metin
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The aim of this study is to identify the most prolific countries in the field of special education and to discuss the widespread impact of their papers by taking into account the country's h-index. Through a bibliometric analysis, the data were collected in the Web of Science Core Collection category "Education, Special" in the Social Science Citation Index during 2011-2020. The 25 most prolific countries in the field of special education were determined in terms of paper productivity, and it was seen that the leading country was undisputedly the USA (54.42%). Meanwhile, a strong positive correlation was found between the h-index and the number of papers published by the countries (r=0.864). On the other hand, when the ranking in terms of the number of papers was reconfigured by the h-index, it was relatively changed. The possible reasons for this change for the countries with the most changing rankings were discussed by considering some definitive criteria such as the journal quartiles, the percentage of international and domestic, and the percentage of open access papers. This study reports a positive correlation between the quality and quantity in the field of special education for the publications of countries. It has been shown that where the positive correlation deviates, then especially, the journal quartiles, the percentage of international collaboration and the percentage of open access papers have a significant effect. The bibliometric findings may be useful to enrich the discussion about the widespread impact of papers and debate whether the use of h-index is acceptable for cross-national comparisons.
- Published
- 2022
64. The Relationship Between Information-Sharing and Resource-Sharing Networks in Environmental Policy Governance: Focusing on Germany and Japan.
- Author
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Lee, Junku and Tkach-Kawasaki, Leslie
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ENVIRONMENTAL policy ,NETWORK governance ,SOCIAL network analysis ,DECISION making in environmental policy - Abstract
Environmental issues are among the most critical issues nowadays. These issues are no longer confined to individual countries, and international society has been progressing in building global dialogues since the early 1970s. Within these international efforts, Germany and Japan have played essential roles in global environmental governance. However, there are major differences in nation-level environmental policies in both countries. Governance based on network structure is more efficient than that based on hierarchy for solving complex problems. The network structure is formed through horizontal cooperation among various autonomous actors, and the relationship intensity among actors is one of the key concepts in the governance. Using social network analysis as a framework to explain complicated societal structures explains how interaction among actors creates networks, and these networks further affect their interactions. The purpose of this study is to investigate the structure of environmental policy governance as collaborative governance in Germany and Japan. To address this goal, this paper analyzes the relationship between the informational dimension of governance networks and its complement resource-sharing networks in both countries. The results show that the information-sharing networks have lower-level network influence on the resource-sharing networks as higher-level networks even if not all of the information factors have singular influences. The results suggest that the information-sharing networks may be one of the pieces of the puzzle for explaining this phenomenon in environmental governance in Germany and Japan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
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65. TRANSITIONING TO MORE FUEL EFFICIENT AIRCRAFT: A MODEL OF AIR TRAVELER RESPONSE IN SINGLE-AISLE SEGMENT ADAPTING PROJECT MANAGEMENT METHODOLOGIES FOR DIFFERENT CULTURES: TEAMS, TOOLBOXES AND HOFSTEDE.
- Author
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Seidenfuss, Kai-Uwe and Storm, Joerg
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AIR travelers ,AIRCRAFT fuels ,PROJECT management ,PERSONNEL management ,PROJECT managers - Abstract
This paper looks at the unstudied link between cultural factors and necessary adaptations to typically standardized project management methodologies. In an empirical study resulting in 768 questionnaires for the US, Germany, and Japan, the well-established Hofstede dimensions were for the first time found to be correlated with the dimensions of the established methodology of the Project Management Institute (PMI). In addition, eight detailed elements of the PMI methodology were studied, with six areas displaying correlations to the Hofstede dimensions – the strongest for Project Human Resource Management (UAI r=0.394, MAS r=0.445, PDI r=0.441, IDV r=-0.358). Real-life projects however showed a lack of such considerations, making the derived recommendations for project managers as relevant as the suggested avenues for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
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66. Towards the Next Epoch of Education. BCES Conference Books, Volume 20
- Author
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Bulgarian Comparative Education Society (BCES), Popov, Nikolay, Wolhuter, Charl, de Beer, Louw, Hilton, Gillian, Ogunleye, James, Achinewhu-Nworgu, Elizabeth, Niemczyk, Ewelina, Popov, Nikolay, Wolhuter, Charl, de Beer, Louw, Hilton, Gillian, Ogunleye, James, Achinewhu-Nworgu, Elizabeth, Niemczyk, Ewelina, and Bulgarian Comparative Education Society (BCES)
- Abstract
This volume contains selected papers submitted to the 20th Jubilee Annual International Conference of the Bulgarian Comparative Education Society (BCES), conducted virtually in June 2022. The 20th BCES Conference theme is "Towards the Next Epoch of Education." The theme is focused on problems, discussions, changes, solutions, and challenges that have recently happened, and as well on various opportunities, prospects, and advantages that have been made available to all actors in the educational systems around the world--students, parents, teachers, administrators, psychologists, principals, faculty members, researchers, and policy makers at municipal, regional, and national level. The book includes 33 papers and starts with an introductory piece authored by Charl Wolhuter. The other 32 papers are divided into 6 parts representing the BCES Conference thematic sections: (1) Comparative and International Education & History of Education; (2) International Education Issues; (3) School Education: Policies, Innovations, Practices & Entrepreneurship; (4) Higher Education & Teacher Education and Training; (5) Law and Education; and (6) Research Education & Research Practice. [Individual papers are indexed in ERIC. This content is provided in the format of an e-book.]
- Published
- 2022
67. Cointegration of Developed Economies and Indian Stock Market After Economic Reforms.
- Author
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Kannan, R. Kumara and Jesiah, Selvam
- Subjects
COINTEGRATION ,ECONOMIC reform ,STOCK exchanges ,GRANGER causality test - Abstract
The main purpose of the paper is to investigate whether and to what extent the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE), India is integrated with the major mature markets in the US, UK, Germany and Japan. The dataset has been divided into: post Asian Crisis but before Euro Emerged (July 1997-January 2002); after Euro but before US Subprime Crisis (February 2002-November 2007); from the US Subprime Crisis before Modi's emergence as national leader (December 2007-April 2014); and after Modi's emergence (May 2014-July 2016). The study uses unit root test, Johansen-Juselius test, GARCH(p, q) model estimation, and Granger causality test for the purpose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
68. A cross-cultural analysis of pro-environmental consumer behaviour among seniors.
- Author
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Sudbury Riley, Lynn, Kohlbacher, Florian, and Hofmeister, Agnes
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CROSS-cultural studies ,CONSUMER behavior ,OLDER consumers ,ETHICS - Abstract
This paper presents the results of a cross-national study into the ecologically conscious consumer behaviour of senior consumers (aged 50+, mean age 64 years) in the UK, Germany, Japan, and Hungary. Using a survey, the study (n = 1275) utilises a modified version of the Ecologically Conscious Consumer Behaviour Scale, in addition to a battery of variables to measure wider ethical purchasing behaviour and sociodemographic characteristics. Findings suggest that there are segments of older consumers in all countries under study who demonstrate ecologically conscious consumer behaviour, and at the same time there are segments that do not. These segments cannot be identified by sociodemographic variables, but do differ in their wider ethical purchasing behaviour. The study is the first of its kind to measure actual ecologically conscious consumer behaviour in the senior market across different nations. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2012
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69. 中日德铁路山岭隧道设计对比研究.
- Author
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严志伟, 刘大刚, and 赵大铭
- Subjects
RAILROAD design & construction ,TUNNEL design & construction ,RAILROAD tunnels ,STRUCTURAL design ,TUNNELS ,RAILROADS ,DESIGN - Abstract
Copyright of Railway Standard Design is the property of Railway Standard Design Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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70. Ideological Linkage between Districts of Mixed Electoral Systems.
- Author
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Shikano, Susumu
- Subjects
- *
ELECTIONS , *POLITICAL campaigns , *PRACTICAL politics , *IDEOLOGY - Abstract
The paper examines the reinforcing effect of mixed electoral systems on the linkage between electoral districts. The paper analyzes the linkage from the view of ideological constellation using survey data from Germany, New Zealand, and Japan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2005
71. Evaluating Eco-Innovation of OECD Countries with Data Envelopment Analysis
- Author
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Mavi, Reza Kiani and Standing, Craig
- Abstract
Government regulations require businesses to improve their processes and products/services in a green and sustainable manner. For being environmentally friendly, businesses should invest more on eco-innovation practices. Firms eco-innovate to promote eco-efficiency and sustainability. This paper evaluates the eco-innovation performance of Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries with data envelopment analysis (DEA). Data were gathered from the world bank database and global innovation index report. Findings show that for most OECD countries, energy use and ecological sustainability are more important than other inputs and outputs for enhancing eco-innovation. [For full proceedings, see ED571459.]
- Published
- 2016
72. Towards Gender Mainstreaming Trade Unions in Japan and Germany: The impact of expanding part-time employment in the 1990s.
- Author
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Yuki, Masako and Yamada, Kazuyo
- Subjects
PART-time employment ,LABOR unions ,EMPLOYMENT policy ,INDUSTRIAL sociology ,INDUSTRIES & society - Abstract
Copyright of Industrielle Beziehungen is the property of Rainer Hampp Verlag and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2004
73. Germany and the Use of Force: Still a Civilian Power?
- Author
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Maull, Hanns W.
- Subjects
- *
INTERNATIONAL relations , *REGIONAL economics , *REGIONALISM ,EUROPEAN foreign relations - Abstract
This paper looks into the evolution of regional co-operation in Europe and East Asia since the mid-1990s and at the policies of Germany and Japan in those contexts. Using role concepts as analytical tools for the comparative analysis, the paper assesses the specific role concepts of Germany and Japan with regard to regional co-operation, both in the economic and in the security context. It is widely assumed that East Asia represents an entirely different context for regional co-operation from Europe, and therefore has developed a new, specifically Asian way of regionalism. So far, less attention has been paid to Japan´s specific aims and policies in promoting and supporting regionalism in East Asia. Has Japan been important in promoting shallow forms of regional integration in East Asia, in contrast to Germany´s support for deep integration? If so, how should this be seen from the perspective of the civilian power role concept? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2004
74. Integrating Lifelong Learning Perspectives.
- Author
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United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, Hamburg (Germany). Inst. for Education. and Medel-Anonuevo, Carolyn
- Abstract
This publication is comprised of 43 papers on the topic of promoting lifelong learning. The papers in Part 1, Overcoming False Dichotomies, are "Lifelong Learning in the North, Education for All in the South" (Torres); "Practice of Lifelong Learning in Indigenous Africa" (Omolewa); "Gender and Information Societies" (Youngs); and "Lifelong Learning for a Modern Learning Society" (Somtrakool). Part 2, Scanning Developments in the Regions, consists of these papers: "Challenges of Lifelong Learning in Africa" (Tapsoba); "Promoting Community-Based Learning Centers in Asia-Pacific" (Oyasu); "European Union (EU) Memorandum on Lifelong Learning" (Smith); "Hungarian Response to the EU Memorandum on Lifelong Learning" (Istvan); "Regional Framework for Action for Adult and Youth Education in Latin America and the Caribbean (2001-10)" (Jauregui de Gainza); and "Lifelong Learning" (Essefi). Part 3, Promoting Democratization, contains these papers: "Learning in a Global Society" (Alexander); "Citizenship and Democracy in Socrates' and Grundtvig's Europe" (Ronai); "Education for Non-Discrimination" (Millan); "Lifelong Learning and Work in Developing Countries" (Pieck); "Globalization, Lifelong Learning, and Response of the Universities" (Peng); and "Combining the World of Work with the World of Education" (Romijn). The papers in Part 5, Making Lifelong Learning Work for Women, are "Gender Equality in Basic Education" (Messina); "Women as Lifelong Learners" (Benaicha); and "Lifelong Learning for Elimination of Violence Against Women" (Kuninobu). The papers in Part 6, Learning Across Generations, are "Achieving Youth Empowerment Through Peer Education" (Wissa); and "Role of Intergenerational Programs in Promoting Lifelong Learning for All Ages" (Ohsako). The papers in Part 7, Learning Across Cultures, are "Cultural Contexts of Learning: East Meets West" (Yang); "Building Community Through Study Circles" (Oliver); "Culturally-Based Adult Education" (Smith); and "Perspective of Lifelong Learning in South Asia" (Bordia). In Part 8, Laying Foundations and Sustaining Achievements Through Literacy and Nonformal Education, are "Literacy Linked Women Development Programs" (Usha); "Lifelong Learning Policy and Practices in the Laos People's Democratic Republic" (Mithong Souvanvixay); "Distance Learning and Adult Education" (Wilson, White); "Role of Partnerships in the Promotion of Lifelong Learning" (Lin); and "Toward the Eradication of Illiteracy Among Youth and Adults in China" (Guodong). Part 9, Creating Environments Conducive to Lifelong Learning, has these papers: "Learning Cities/Region in the Framework of Lifelong Learning" (Doukas); "Adult Education and Lifelong Learning in Sweden" (Salin); "Promoting Lifelong Learning in Beijing for a Learning Society" (Shuping); and "Reorienting Teachers as Lifelong Learners" (Tiedao). (YLB)
- Published
- 2002
75. Persistence in the market risk premium: evidence across countries.
- Author
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Caporale, Guglielmo Maria, Gil-Alana, Luis A., and Martin-Valmayor, Miguel
- Subjects
RISK premiums ,RANDOM walks ,INVESTMENT policy ,STOCHASTIC processes ,TIME perspective ,EVIDENCE - Abstract
This paper provides evidence on the degree of persistence of one of the key components of the CAPM, namely the market risk premium, as well as its volatility. The analysis applies fractional integration methods to data for the US, Germany and Japan, and for robustness purposes considers different time horizons (2, 5 and 10 years) and frequencies (monthly and weekly). The empirical findings in most cases imply that the market risk premium is a highly persistent variable which can be characterized as a random walk process, whilst its volatility is less persistent and exhibits stationary long-memory behaviour. There is also evidence that in the case of the US the degree of persistence has changed as a results of various events; this is confirmed by both endogenous break tests and the associated subsample estimates. Market participants should take this evidence into account when designing their investment strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
76. Sustainable Development Goals in EFL Students' Learning: A Systematic Review
- Author
-
Ni Luh Putu Ning Septyarini Putri Astawa, Made Hery Santosa, Luh Putu Artini, and Putu Kerti Nitiasih
- Abstract
Involving the global issues as listed in Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in education is necessarily done in the education process, especially in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learning. Exposure to global issues is known to improve students' understanding, awareness, and ability to solve urgent issues faced by global society. This paper aims to find out the trend of research on the coverage of SDGs in students' learning process. This systematic literature analysis was done by applying Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) Method. A total of 25 studies were recognized through a systematic search by using Sustainability, SDGs, and EFL as keywords. The result shows that the trend of associating SDGs with EFL settings was done mostly in Indonesia. In the recent year 2022, it reached the highest number of studies in the particular matter with 7 total of research. It was also found that the study involving SDGs on EFL learning was mostly done in the tertiary setting, compared with K-12, junior high school, secondary, high school, and other educational institutions. It was also discovered that the specific area of study enhances EFL students' learning achievement, environmental awareness, global citizen values, as well as students' levels of self-norms, beliefs, and self-value.
- Published
- 2024
77. Adult Education and Training Programs for Older Adults in the U.S.: Country Comparisons Using PIAAC Data
- Author
-
Cummins, Phyllis A. and Kunkel, Suzanne R.
- Abstract
Historically, older and lower-skilled adults in the U.S. have participated in Adult Education and Training (AET) at lower rates than other groups, possibly because of perceived lack of return on investment due to the time required to recover training costs. Global, knowledge based economies have increased the importance of lifelong learning for all age groups. This paper reports results of a study that used data from the Program for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) to examine the relationship in the U.S. between participation in AET programs and employment, labor force participation, and income, for adults aged 45 to 65. In addition, comparisons were made for outcomes of AET participation in the U.S. with those in Germany, Japan, Sweden, and the U.K. Consistent with U.S. outcomes, comparison countries had lower AET participation rates by the unemployed compared to the employed and there were wide variations in AET participation between the lowest income quintile and the highest income quintile. For all countries, there was a significant relationship between AET participation and income. There was also a significant relationship between AET participation and labor force participation. [For the full proceedings, see ED581791.]
- Published
- 2016
78. Insights into Accounting Education in a COVID-19 World
- Author
-
Sangster, Alan, Stoner, Greg, and Flood, Barbara
- Abstract
This paper presents a compilation of personal reflections from 66 contributors on the impact of, and responses to, COVID-19 in accounting education in 45 different countries around the world. It reveals a commonality of issues, and a variability in responses, many positive outcomes, including the creation of opportunities to realign learning and teaching strategies away from the comfort of traditional formats, but many more that are negative, primarily relating to the impact on faculty and student health and well-being, and the accompanying stress. It identifies issues that need to be addressed in the recovery and redesign stages of the management of this crisis, and it sets a new research agenda for studies in accounting education.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
79. Immigration and Ethnic Conflict in Comparative Perspective.
- Author
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Yang, Philip Q., Power, Stephanie, Takaku, Seiji, and Posas, Luis
- Subjects
EMIGRATION & immigration ,ETHNIC conflict ,ETHNIC relations ,SOCIAL conflict - Abstract
Immigration is often assumed to be a key condition leading to ethnic conflict. However, in both immigration studies and ethnic studies there is an inadequate theorization about the relationship between immigration and ethnic conflict, and there is little systematic cross-national comparative evidence on this relationship. This paper is a step toward filling these gaps in the literature. In contrast to the "inevitable hypothesis" that assumes ethnic conflict as a natural outcome of immigration, we propose a "conditional hypothesis" that contends that only under certain conditions will migration and contact generate conflict between groups. These conditions include, but are not limited to, group direct competition for scarce resources, unequal allocation of socioeconomic resources and political power, ethnic and cultural policy based on ethnic/cultural superiority or inferiority, and perceived threats from other groups especially those with a large size and lower-class backgrounds. The historical and contemporary evidence from selected major immigration countries reviewed in this paper seems to give little credence to the inevitable hypothesis but lend substantial support to our conditional hypothesis. It is evident that when these conditions are present, so is ethnic conflict. This is particularly true in the USA, Canada, Australia, and Germany. In contrast, in Japan none of these conditions is present, and hence we see little conflict along ethnic lines. In tandem, the conditional hypothesis and the contact hypothesis suggested by psychologists grasp more completely the role of migration and contact in relation to ethnic conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
80. Thinking about Educational Revolutions and Reform.
- Author
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Cummings, William K.
- Subjects
EDUCATION ,EDUCATIONAL sociology - Abstract
Modern education emerged in the long modern century stretching from the mid-eighteenth century through the early twentieth century. Many accounts of modern education assert that its goals, structure, content and functions were essentially identical across all modern societies. This paper argues, to the contrary, that at least six distinctive patterns of modern education emerged, each reflecting their unique temporal and spatial context and the nature to the ideological, economic, and political changes that accompanied their birth and systematization. These patterns are the Prussian, French, English, American, Japanese, and Russian approaches to modern education. The paper first seeks to describe the process of emergence of these respective systems, and then it reflects on some of the implications for institutional theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
81. Interpreting the Volatility Smile: An Examination of the Information Content of Option Prices.
- Author
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Weinberg, Steven A.
- Subjects
FOREIGN exchange futures ,OPTIONS (Finance) ,MARKET volatility ,ECONOMIC forecasting ,STANDARD & Poor's 500 Index ,U.S. dollar ,JAPANESE yen ,MARK (German currency) - Abstract
This paper examines how useful the information contained in options prices is for forecasting future price movements of the underlying assets. The author develops an improved semiparametric methodology for estimating risk-neutral probability density functions (PDF) and uses this technique to estimate a daily time series of risk-neutral PDFs spanning the late 1980's through 1999 for S&P 500 futures, United States dollar/Japanese yen futures and U.S. dollar/deutsche mark futures. The analysis found very little additional information contained in the estimated PDFs beyond the information derived from the Black-Scholes model for foreign exchange futures. For S&P 500 futures, the analysis found that the risk-neutral distribution suggested by the volatility smile better fits the realized returns than the Black-Scholes model, although this better overall fit is not exhibited in the second and third moments. This working paper can be found at the United States Federal Reserve Board's International Finance Discussion Papers. You can access it by going to http://www.federalreserve.gov/pubs/ifdp/.
- Published
- 2001
82. Transition Dynamics in Vintage Capital Models: Explaining the Postwar Catch-up of Germany and Japan.
- Author
-
Gilchrist, Simon and Williams, John C.
- Subjects
RECONSTRUCTION (1939-1951) ,ECONOMIC development ,SAVINGS ,INDUSTRIAL productivity ,LABOR supply ,TECHNOLOGICAL innovations ,GERMAN economy ,ECONOMIC conditions in Japan, 1945- - Abstract
This paper examines the neoclassical interpretation of Germany and Japan's rapid postwar growth that relies on a catch-up mechanism through capital accumulation where technology is embodied in new capital goods. The authors use a model of production and investment and are able to capture many of the key empirical properties of Japan and German's postwar transitions, including the decreasing rates of total factor productivity growth and labor. This working paper is available at the US Federal Reserve Board. You can access this site by going to www.federalreserve.gov/pubs/workingpapers.htm.
- Published
- 2001
83. Technical Education in Nigeria: The Way Forward. Summary of Proceedings of the Workshop on Technical Education: A Foundation for a Healthy Economy (Ota, Ogun State of Nigeria, March 1-2, 1994).
- Author
-
United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, Paris (France). and Ministry of Education and Youth Development, Lagos (Nigeria).
- Abstract
This summary of proceedings includes papers from and about a workshop on technical education in Nigeria and the lessons Nigeria may gain by examining the vocational and technical education systems of Germany, the United States, Great Britain, and Japan. The following papers are included: "Foreword" (Iyorchia Ayu); "Introduction: A Time for Action in Technical Education"; "Why We Sponsored the Workshop" (Klaus Bauer); "Importance of Technical Education" (Iyorchia Ayu); "Technology for Industrial Advancement" (Daniel O. Akintonde); "Technical Education in Nigeria" (P. E. O. Towe mni); "Contribution by the Representative of the National Association of Technological Engineers" (Abimbola Daniyan); "Excerpts from Paper Submitted to the Workshop by the National Association of Technological Engineers: Alternative Proposal for the Three Existing Parallel Routes"; "German Vocational Training in the Dual System" (Richard von Bardeleben); "Content and Process of the Dual System" (representative of the German company FESTO); "Contribution of Industrial Training Fund (ITF)" (Alhaji Usman Mohammed); "International Spread of the Dual System"; "Vocational and Technical Education in USA, Great Britain, and Japan: Lessons for Nigeria" (S. O. Olaitan); "UNESCO's Contributions to the Development of Technical and Vocational System: The UNEVOC Project (International Project on Technical and Vocational Education)" (Hans Kronner); "Implementation of Manpower Training Programme in Private Industries" (E. O. Ugwu); "Implementation of Manpower Training Programme in Governmental Organizations (An Example of Dornier Training Support to the Nigerian Navy)" (M. O. Bakare); "Implementation of Manpower Training Programme by Governmental Organisations"; and "Technical Education--The Way Forward." Concluding the proceedings are a summary of workshop observations and recommendations and lists of workshop participants and official reporters. (MN)
- Published
- 1994
84. Context-Aware Writing Support for SNS: Connecting Formal and Informal Learning
- Author
-
Waragai, Ikumi, Kurabayashi, Shuichi, Ohta, Tatsuya, Raindl, Marco, Kiyoki, Yasushi, and Tokuda, Hideyuki
- Abstract
This paper presents another stage in a series of research efforts by the authors to develop an experience-connected mobile language learning environment, bridging formal and informal learning. Building on a study in which the authors tried to connect classroom learning (of German in Japan) with learners' real life experiences abroad by having smartphones detect the learners' location and supply them with multimedia content matching their real-time communicative situation, the authors developed a hybrid language learning environment supporting different types of learning. Based on observations that learners tended to use resources rather for preparatory or retrospective learning, and on considerations about the potential of social media as a space for informal language learning, the authors added a feature that supports learners when writing a social networking service (SNS) post about their everyday experiences abroad. Help is offered based on the analysis of the learners' geolocational position--hinting to what situation they might want to write about--and on the text they already entered. Based on these data, they are provided with help in the form of vocabulary and/or model texts. [For full proceedings, see ED565087.]
- Published
- 2014
85. Elder's ICT device usage / not-to-use: Survey comparison in Japan, Germany, Sweden, and the US.
- Author
-
Ishihara, S. and Ishihara, K.
- Subjects
CELL phones ,CONFERENCES & conventions ,SURVEYS ,COMMUNICATION ,INFORMATION technology - Abstract
Purpose Elders' ICT usage is one of the central subjects of ISG. The cabinet office of Japan has conducted "The International Comparative Survey on the Daily Life and Attitudes of the Elderly" every five years, covering individual men and women aged 60 and over (excluding institutionalized residents) in Japan and three foreign countries. The survey provides information on matters related to home life, health and welfare, economic life, employment, housing and living environment, and social relations and purpose in life of the elderly in the countries. The latest 2021 survey has been done in Japan, Germany, Sweden, and the US (https://www.e-stat.go.jp/statsearch/files?page=1&layout=dataset&toukei=00100106&metadata=1&data=1). In Japan and Sweden, 2,500 participants each country were invited by mail. In Germany and the US, 1,000 participants per country were asked by phone. All participants were chosen by random sampling. The survey period was from Dec. 2020 to Jan. 2021. The result of the survey was open for further analysis and research. Survey data was counted and provided as simple tables or cross tables. In this paper, we chose Q.34, Usage of ICT devices, and Q.35, Reason for not-to-use of such devices. The latter question was asked to participants who responded that they are not using any ICT devices. We have analyzed survey data with Correspondence Analysis to reveal four countries of elders' ICT usage features. Method Two question branches are analyzed in this research. Q34 has nine activity categories. All appropriate activities should be answered (multiple answers): 1. Fax to family members and friends, 2. PC e-mail to family and friends, 3. Mobile phone calls (including mail) to family and friends, 4. Net search for information and/or net shopping, 5. Using SNS, 6. Home Page making or Blogging, 7. Netbanking / Net trading, 8. E-government (tax etc.), 9. No ICT usage. Q35: 1. No needs regarded, 2. ICT devices are hard to understand, 3. Have interest, but no clues for purchase/shop, 4. Have no one to instruct device usage, 5. The problem of price/money, 6. The display is unreadable, 7. other reasons. Correspondence analysis was computed with the FactoMineR package (http://factominer.free.fr/), developed by statisticians at d'Agrocampus Rennes. Analysis was done on statistical computing environment R 4.1.2. Results and Discussion Figures 1 and 2 show the ICT device usage. Japanese favor Mobile phone talk and mail. In Japan, Fax and No ICT usage has larger than in other countries. SNS, HP/blogging, E-government, and Netbanking are relatively minor. US participants favor SNS, PC mail, and HP/blogging. Swedish more favors SNS, Netbanking, and E-government. Germans favor Net searching and shopping and are close to the countries average. Figures 3 and 4 show the reasons for not-to-use ICT devices. Germans with negative ICT device attitude tend to think they do not need to use them. A negative attitude in the US is slightly close to having no instructor. Japanese negative attitude is close to readability problem and understanding device. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
86. Preparing Women for Dead-End Jobs? Vocational Education and Training (VET) for Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Jobs.
- Author
-
Kirkup, Gill
- Subjects
INFORMATION & communication technologies ,VOCATIONAL education ,SOCIAL classes ,EMPLOYMENT - Abstract
This paper discusses the role that vocational education and training (VET) in ICT subject areas plays in contributing to the gender and social class structuring of ICT occupations, focusing in particular on education and employment data from the UK. The paper also makes reference to similar data about ICT VET in Germany and Japan to argue that the new areas of 'soft' ICT skills - in education and in occupations - have become feminised, and channel women into low skilled and low paid work. Unlike university level ICT education, which has opened opportunities for women and students coming from families with no experience of higher education, sub-degree level ICT VET seems to be continuing to reproduce gender and socio- economic class within and through ICT occupations. I argue that those concerned with gender equity research and interventions in ICT need to work with an analysis that disaggregates what are now appearing to be quite different skills sets, and different career opportunities often misleadingly conflated under the umbrella term 'ICT'. I also argue for better analytical models for the gendering of ICT than those offered by the 'leaky pipeline' or 'critical mass' models, and for new analyses that would incorporate both a structural analysis and new ways of looking at women's choices, such as Hakim's 'orientation to work'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
87. THE IMPACT OF WAR AND SUCCESSFUL RECONSTRUCTION: EVALUATING THE BUSH ADMINISTRATION'S GERMANY-JAPAN-IRAQ ANALOGY.
- Author
-
Allen, Daniel R.
- Subjects
- *
POSTWAR reconstruction , *RECONSTRUCTION in the Iraq War, 2003-2011 , *WAR (International law) , *REASONING - Abstract
The article presents the conference paper titled "The Impact of War and Successful Reconstruction: Evaluating the Bush Administration's Germany-Japan-Iraq Analogy" prepared for the "International Studies Association Convention" held in Honolulu, Hawaii. It examines the legitimacy of the analogical reasoning by the administration of U.S. President George W. Bush in the Iraq war based upon on an assessment of the commonalities across Japan, Italy and Germany. The paper mentions different meanings of path dependence theory according to several authors.
- Published
- 2005
88. The Reaction of Exchange Rates and Interest Rates to News Releases.
- Author
-
Edison, Hali J.
- Subjects
MACROECONOMICS ,INTEREST rates ,FOREIGN exchange rates ,PRICE inflation - Abstract
This paper examines United States foreign exchange and interest rates in response to economic news. This news is in reference to the new releases of six U.S. macroeconomic variables. Typically, exchange rates do not react directly to news on inflation. However, U.S. interest rates do, although on a very small scale. Japanese interest rates automatically react on a minor level, while German rates in general do not react at all to economic news. This working paper can be found at the US Federal Reserve Board's International Finance Discussion Papers. You can access this by going to
- Published
- 1996
89. How does changing age distribution impact stock prices? A nonparametric approach.
- Author
-
Park, Cheolbeom
- Subjects
DEMOGRAPHIC research ,STOCK prices ,AGE distribution ,HUMAN life cycle - Abstract
This paper examines whether variations in demographic structure have influenced stock prices. The study employs a nonparametric approach based on the Fourier Flexible Form representation, which relates variations in the entire age distribution to the normalized stock price under a flexible functional form. The main findings of this paper are that there is a significant impact from prime working-age consumers on the stock price, and that this impact is robust for all G5 countries (France, Germany, Japan, the UK and the USA). These findings survive many robust tests, and are consistent with the predictions from the life-cycle models. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
90. Potential output growth in several industrialised countries a comparison.
- Author
-
Cahn, Christophe and Saint-Guilhem, Arthur
- Subjects
PRODUCTION (Economic theory) ,PRODUCTION functions (Economic theory) ,PRODUCTIVITY accounting ,CAPITAL stock ,GROSS domestic product ,EUROZONE ,ACCOUNTING - Abstract
In this paper, we present international comparisons of potential output growth among several economies—Canada, the euro area, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and the United States—for the period 1991–2004, for which we construct consistent and homogenous capital stock series. The main estimates rely on a structural approach where output of the whole economy is described by a Cobb–Douglas function and Total Factor Productivity (TFP) is estimated allowing for possible breaks in the deterministic trend. The results confirm that over the considered period the potential gross domestic product growth has been faster in the United States than in other studied countries, reflecting a combination of higher labour contribution and faster TFP growth. Overall, this paper might help to shed some light on cross-country differences in economic performance over the recent period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
91. Knowledge diffusion from university and public research. A comparison between US, Japan and Europe using patent citations.
- Author
-
Bacchiocchi, E. and Montobbio, F.
- Subjects
PATENTS ,RESEARCH - Abstract
This paper estimates the process of diffusion and decay of knowledge from university, public laboratories and corporate patents in six countries and tests the differences across countries and across technological fields using data from the European Patent Office. It finds that university and public research patents are more cited relatively to companies’ patents. However these results are mainly driven by the Chemical, Drugs & Medical, and Mechanical fields and US universities. In Europe and Japan, where the great majority of patents from public research come from national agencies, there is no evidence of a superior fertility of university and public laboratory patents vis à vis corporate patents. The distribution of the citation lags shows that knowledge embedded in university and public research patents tends to diffuse more rapidly relative to corporate ones in particular in the US, Germany, France and Japan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
92. Agreement and Disagreement in Democratic Politics: Patterns of Deliberation in Germany, Japan, and the United States.
- Author
-
Huckfeldt, Robert, Ikeda, Ken'ichi, and Pappi, Franz Urban
- Subjects
- *
PRACTICAL politics , *DEMOCRACY , *POLITICAL communication , *POLITICAL participation , *ELECTIONS - Abstract
An important ingredient in democratic politics is the realization of political disagreement through patterns of social communication and political discussion. If people fail to encounter contrary viewpoints, their own political views are never challenged, they are never forced to reconsider initially held preferences or opinions, and they are effectively excluded from democratic deliberation. This paper examines patterns of agreement and disagreement within the political communication networks of citizens in Germany, Japan, and the United States. Several questions are addressed. Are there cross-national differences in the patterns of agreement and disagreement that occur among citizens? To what extent are these patterns subject to individual characteristics, opinions, and attitudes? Are they dependent on the structure of citizens’ communication networks? Finally, to what extent are patterns of political agreement and disagreement affected by the levels of aggregate support for a citizen’s political preferences and opinions? The empirical analysis is based on cooperative election surveys conducted in each of the countries during the early 1990s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
93. Those Current Account Imbalances: A Sceptical View.
- Author
-
Corden, W. Max
- Subjects
SUPPLY-side economics ,BALANCE of trade ,INTEREST rates ,EXPORTS ,TRADE regulation ,PETROLEUM ,DEMAND for money ,MONETARY policy - Abstract
The international current account imbalances, where the United States has a vast deficit, and several countries, notably Japan, China, Germany and the oil exporters have corresponding surpluses, are usually seen as problems. The argument here is that current account imbalances simply indicate intertemporal trade – the exchange of goods and services for claims. There are likely to be gains from trade of that kind as from ordinary trade. What, then, are the problems? This paper considers five scenarios, notably one where net savings of the surplus countries decline so that the world real interest rate rises, and another where the US fiscal deficit is reduced, so that the world real interest rate falls and there could be a worldwide aggregate demand problem, essentially caused by the high net savings of the surplus countries. The paper reviews the reasons for the large surpluses in terms of savings and investment ratios (especially China) and also discusses the long-term problem for the United States. While four of the scenarios involve a decline in the dollar, they do not necessarily imply a sudden – and even ‘disruptive’– dollar crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
94. The Political Economy of Financial Systems.
- Author
-
Carney, Richard W.
- Subjects
- *
FINANCIAL institutions , *GLOBALIZATION , *CORPORATE governance , *ELECTIONS , *MACROECONOMICS ,DEVELOPED countries - Abstract
Why do developed countries have such different financial systems? Some nations, such as Germany, France and Japan rely extensively upon bank lending for mobilizing new capital, while others, such as the US and UK, rely heavily on capital markets?why? At the beginning of the 20th century, however, Japan and France relied far more heavily on their capital markets?why did they change? Answering these questions has implications for understanding globalization’s varying effects on national economies, corporate governance, the nature of technological innovation, and for illustrating linkages among law, politics, and macroeconomics. Existing arguments focusing on legal systems and electoral systems fail to adequately answer this puzzle. I argue that the structure of a country’s financial system depends on the political power of farmers and labor relative to that of large firms, where farmers and labor prefer banks, while big firms prefer capital markets. I test the argument with data for 14 OECD countries from 1976 -1990. I also present evidence spanning the twentieth century for France and Japan. Check author’s web site for an updated version of the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2002
95. Weavers and female weavers.
- Author
-
Kanamori, Shigenari
- Subjects
SOCIAL problems ,WOMEN'S employment ,BLUE collar workers ,WEAVERS ,SOCIAL history - Abstract
Purpose — The purpose of this paper is to compare typical social problems in Germany and Japan in the context of weavers and female weavers. Design/methodology/approach — The paper compares Gerhardt Hauptmann's Weavers (1892) with Wakizo Hosoi's The Tragic History of Female Weavers (1925). Findings — Despite remarkable differences, there are many similarities between the two works in terms of the economic situations in Germany and Japan. Originality/value — The paper explores differences and similarities in the two works and highlights some typical examples of social problems common to both. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
96. National Business Systems and Industry-specific Competitiveness.
- Author
-
Haake, Sven
- Subjects
COMPETITION ,CAPITALISM ,INDUSTRIES ,MARKETING strategy ,BUSINESS planning ,SOCIAL interaction ,BUSINESS intelligence - Abstract
Countries have been shown to be competitive in specific industries. This paper contends that this industrial specialization can be understood in terms of an affinity between national 'models of capitalism' and the characteristics of industrial task environments. Put differently, industry-specific competitiveness is conceived to arise out of a fit between patterns of national business systems and patterns of industrial task environments. Specifically, the paper will propose a relationship between the communitarian or individualistic nature of national business systems and the organization-specificity of knowledge in an industry. More communitarian business systems are thought to enjoy a competitive advantage in industries with a high organization-specificity of knowledge, i.e. in industries that rely more on the long-term accumulation of organization-specific knowledge within tightly-knit corporate communities. More individualistic business systems, on the other hand, are thought to enjoy a competitive advantage in industries with a low organization-specificity of knowledge, i.e. in industries that thrive more on the speedy dissemination or reallocation of company-unspecific knowledge through a constant reconfiguration of social relationships. The paper will offer some illustrations of these proposed relationships in terms of the competitive profiles of the United States, Japan, Germany and Britain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2002
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
97. The ambiguities of amending historical injustices and espousing a shared collective memory: the WWII forced labour narratives in Germany and Japan.
- Author
-
Hein, Patrick
- Subjects
FORCED labor ,WORLD War II ,LABOR ,JUSTICE ,AMBIGUITY ,BUREAUCRACY ,COLLECTIVE memory - Abstract
This paper examines WWII forced labour memory politics in Germany and Japan by drawing from Barkan's concept of amending historical injustices. After lengthy negotiations, germany reached in 2000 a milestone agreement compensating victims individually, while in Japan, settlements, consolation payments and apologies have been overshadowed by a revival of revisionist historical narratives and victim denial. It is argued that the official recognition of forced labour as historical injustice made a mutually acceptable outcome possible in Germany and helped to shape a genuine historical memory in victim nations. In Japan, by contrast, an alliance of politicians, bureaucrats and academics has been reconsecrating revisionism as official position. The revisionist inability to recognize victims and admit mistakes has implications for South Korea as the rift between right-wing pro-revisionists and left-wing nationalists divides the country and prevents the formation of a shared collective memory. unintended consequences have dimmed prospects for a settlement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
98. Capital Markets Integration and Cointegration: Testing for the Correct Specification of Stock Market Indices.
- Author
-
Agoraki, Maria-Eleni K., Georgoutsos, Dimitris A., and Kouretas, Georgios P.
- Subjects
STOCK price indexes ,VECTOR autoregression model ,STOCK exchanges ,CAPITAL market ,U.S. dollar ,COINTEGRATION - Abstract
In this paper we develop a comprehensive Vector Autoregression Model consisting of five variables; the stock market and price indices of pairs of countries, as well as their bilateral nominal exchange rate. Then, we show that under certain long-run restrictions, our approach encompasses a large number of specifications encountered in the voluminous literature on testing for capital integration with cointegration techniques. This approach minimizes the risk of accepting the null of no cointegration between the equity price indices because of the introduction of additional stochastic trends through the transformation of those indices on a "real or nominal US dollar" basis. Furthermore, other interesting long run specifications emerge either with I(1) only stochastic shocks or with the presence of some I(2) disturbances characterizing the system. We apply the testing methodology on monthly data for the US, UK, Germany, and Japan for the period January 1980-May 2019. The main findings provide partial support in favor of cointegration, and therefore for capital markets integration, among stock market indices when proper attention is given to issues like the identification and temporal stability of the cointegration vectors as well as the choice of units that the stock indices are expressed in. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
99. Policy Networks in the Field of Power: US, Japanese and German Labor Politics.
- Author
-
Broadbent, Jeffrey
- Subjects
SOCIAL conflict ,GOVERNMENT policy ,INDUSTRIAL relations ,LABOR ,LABOR unions ,INTERORGANIZATIONAL networks ,SYMBOLIC interactionism - Abstract
The original "social question" of industrial society arose from strife between labor and capital and how the state should respond. As they evolved and encountered historical contingencies, these social tensions produced different power configurations in different countries. Debates have continued to the present about the best theoretical explanations of these configurations. These include class, state, managerial, institutional, rationalchoice and most recently cultural. Bourdieu's work on the field of power synthesizes much of this theoretical development, describing it as a social space that adjudicates among its component bureaucratic, political, economic, cultural, symbolic and social fields. His work remains abstract and assumes the French case, but it opens the potential for flexibly considering different combinations of these factors in empirical historical comparative analysis. This paper adopts this background framework to draw out the theoretical implications of a comparative analysis of political network patterns between labor, capital and the state in three national polities. The network data represents the late 1980s politics of making laborrelevant government policy in the USA, Germany and Japan. Data analysis shows that the three polities all exhibited forms of class division and state mediation, but differed dramatically in the state's role and the relational media of that mediation. The three forms may be labeled business-pluralist (USA), labor-management corporatist (Germany) and state-coordinated corporatist (Japan). Among the relational media, networks of expected reciprocity displayed a massively different presence: in Germany minimal, in the US only among labor organizations, but in Japan, encompassing both labor and business and centered on a managerial (though capital dominated) state. These findings imply that, among the numerous factors contributing to the historical genesis of these distinct formations, distinct cultural value systems shaped the relational doxa: utilitarian individualism (USA), legal universalism (Germany) and hierarchical particularism (Japan). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
100. Demographics and Education: The 20 Richest Countries
- Author
-
Marchant, Gregory J. and Johnson, Jessica J.
- Abstract
This paper explores the PISA [Programme for International Student Assessment] achievement of twenty countries in light of some of their demographic differences. SES [student socioeconomic status], nuclear family, gender, home language, and native status were predictive of achievement for every country. Demographics accounted for as little as 8 percent to as much as 22 percent of individual score variance depending on the country and subject. Being male was almost a universal advantage in math, but was a far greater disadvantage in reading for every country. The relative performance of some countries changed when scores were adjusted for demographic differences; however, the Asian countries and Finland remained on top. Instructional strategies related to countries performing above expectations were explored.
- Published
- 2012
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