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Evolutionary medicine proposes studying alcohol use and abuse through the lens of modern evolutionary theory. This study (https://osf.io/p48uw/) follows this approach and uses an evolutionary framework to predict how young adults (18–35 years old) form impression of a binge drinker. We predicted that displaying sexual dysfunctions (short-term risk) in a binge drinking video would negatively influence attitudes and expectations of a target when compared to cognitive (short-term risk) or long-term deficits. In the following studies, we use a Zahavian framework to understand and influence impression formation of a male binge drinker among women (intersexual selection) and men (intrasexual competition) participants in a subsequent task. Via a randomized experimental online study in France (N = 177, M = 23.39 [4.91], 43.50% men) and a preregistered conceptual replication study in Peru (N = 176, M = 25.61 [4.76], 53.41% men), women exposed to a binge drinking video—describing sexual impotence after a binge drinking episode—tended to downgrade attractiveness evaluation of the binge drinker. However, male participants were not impacted by the different types of signals displayed in the videos. These results show that evolutionary theory could help us understand impression formation in binge drinking context and call for gender-specific health messages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simosaurus is a Triassic eosauropterygian genus known from cranial and postcranial elements, found in the Middle and Upper Triassic strata of Europe and the Middle East. Simosaurus gaillardoti is currently recognised as the only valid species of the genus, identified in Ladinian strata of an area that includes northeastern France (Lorraine) and southwestern Germany (Baden-Württemberg). The remains from this area include more than 20 skulls. Although some of them were described in detail and figured by several authors since the discovery of S. gaillardoti, many others remained unpublished. Here we study and figure 25 skulls from this taxon, reviewing the previously known specimens, and presenting and analyzing numerous unpublished skulls. This significant sample of skulls from a single taxon of a European Triassic eosauropterygian allows us to recognise intraspecific variability in characters previously identified as non-variable in this species, including some that are often included in phylogenetic analyses of these reptiles. Therefore, we markedly increase our knowledge of the cranial skeleton in this taxon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Here we describe dental remains from a Neanderthal fossil assemblage from Moula-Guercy, France. Our report demonstrates that the Moula-Guercy hominid remains contribute important morphological, developmental, and behavioral data to understanding Neanderthal evolutionary history. We include gross comparative morphological descriptions and enamel surface microstructure and microwear data. These teeth reveal numerous characteristics that are diagnostic of Neanderthals and provide no evidence for the presence of any other hominid taxa. Enamel growth increment data from the Moula-Guercy specimens yield evidence of a Neanderthal pattern of development, although at the lower end of the range of variation. The presence of a significant number of linear enamel hypoplasias indicates that these individuals were stressed during childhood. Molar microwear data suggest that these Neanderthals did not differ significantly from modern humans in terms of the fracture properties of the food they were consuming. The incisor microwear and macro striations provide evidence that these individuals may have been using their anterior teeth as tools, similar to the practices of several modern human populations such as the Inuit, Ipiutak, and Australian Aboriginals, and reminiscent of evidence from other Neanderthals from Krapina, Croatia, as well as the 600,000 year old hominids from Sima de los Huesos, Spain. Am J Phys Anthropol 151:477-491, 2013.© 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The incidence of lung cancer has dramatically increased in ten years, being now the most commonly diagnosed cancer in males and the fourth most commonly diagnosed cancer in females. Considering social and scientific evolution, the aim of the present study conducted by the French College of General Hospital Respiratory Physicians (CPHG) was to compare patient and lung cancer characteristics at a ten-year interval. Two epidemiological studies, KBP-2000-CPHG and KBP-2010-CPHG, were conducted at a ten-year interval. These prospective multicentre studies included all patients ≥18 years of age with primary lung cancer diagnosed between 1st January and 31st December 2000 or 2010, and managed in the respiratory departments of one of the participating general hospitals. A standardised form was completed for each patient. A steering committee checked recruitment exhaustiveness. Respectively, in 2000 and 2010, 137 and 104 centres included 5667 and 7051 patients. Compared to 2000, patients in 2010 were significantly older (65.5±11.3 vs. 64.3±11.5 years, p <0.0001), more frequently women (24.3% vs. 16.0%, p <0.0001) and never-smokers (10.9% vs. 7.2%, p <0.0001). In 2010, adenocarcinoma was the most common tumour (45.4%, vs. 29.0% in 2000, p <0.0001). The adenocarcinoma rate increased irrespective of sex, age, or smoking status (relative risk [RR] before and after adjustment, RR=2.07 [1.92–2.24], p <0.0001 and 2.06 [1.90–2.23], p <0.0001). In ten years, lung cancer characteristics have therefore changed: more women, more never-smokers, and more adenocarcinomas. The particular high increase in adenocarcinoma rate deserves further analysis. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We tackle here the question of past and future climate change at sub-regional or country scale with the example of France. We assess France climate evolution during the 20th and 21st century as simulated by an exhaustive range of global climate simulations. We first show that the large observed warming of the last 30years can be simulated only if anthropogenic forcings are taken into account. We also suggest that human influence could have made a substantial contribution to the observed 20th century multi-decadal temperature fluctuations. We then show that France averaged annual mean temperature at the end of the 21st century is projected to be on the order of 4.5K warmer than in the early 20th century under the radiative concentration pathways 8.5 (RCP8.5) scenario. Summer changes are greater than their winter counterpart (6K versus 3.7K). Near-future (2020–2049) changes are on the order of 2.1K (with 2.6K in summer and 1.8K in winter). Model projections also suggest a substantial summer precipitation decrease (−0.6mm/day), in particular over southern France, and a moderate winter increase, (0.3mm/day), mostly over the northernmost part of France. Uncertainties about the amplitude of these precipitation changes remain large. We then quantify the various sources of uncertainty and study how their ranking varies with time. We also propose a physically-based metric approach to reduce model uncertainty and illustrate it with the case of summer temperature changes. Finally, timing and amplitude of France climate change in case of a global average 2-K warming are investigated. Aggressive mitigation pathways (such as RCP2.6) are absolutely required to avoid crossing or barely exceeding the 2-K global threshold. However, France climate change requiring adaptation measures is still to be expected even if we achieve to remain below the 2-K global target. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

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Two extraordinarily well-preserved testate amoebae are described from Late Albian age amber from south-western France. The specimens are attributed to a new family, the Hemiarcherellidae fam. nov., and are described as Hemiarcherella christellae gen. et sp. nov. The amoebae described herein originate from highly fossiliferous amber pieces. Based on syninclusions, Hemiarcherella christellae was a soil-dwelling organism, probably an active bacterivore. This taxon represents the third species of testate amoebae described from mid-Cretaceous French amber. Analysis of this fossil amoeba fauna illustrates the uniqueness of mid-Cretaceous French amber deposits. Indeed, most amoebae found in amber have been assigned to modern species, corroborating the hypothesis of morphological stasis in different microbial lineages. However, the well-preserved amoebae fauna found in French amber can be distinguished clearly from modern species and help us to better understand the fossil record of these organisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Studying long term-evolution of gravitational slope evolution is a key to understanding deep-seated landslide processes. This paper deals with three large Deep-Seated Landslides (DSLs) at a front of a subalpine meridional chain, on the “La Marbrière” slope near the town of Grasse (Alpes-Maritimes, France). The geological framework controlling the stability and morphology of the DSLs is associated with thick and tamped Triassic layers of mudstone with gypsum overlain by highly faulted Jurassic limestone. Gravitational deformation affects the entire slope, involving a movement of about 1.1×108 m3 of rock material. It creates large disturbances in landscape morphology, such as scarps, counter-slope scarps, trenches and other typical gravitational morpho-structures. Geomorphological mapping coupled with deep electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) reveals a strong correlation between these morpho-structures and inherited brittle tectonic features. This observation relies on spatial and geometrical relations (on the surface and at the depth of more than 150m, checked by ERT) between the most persistent fault and the gravitational morpho-structures. The specific distribution of the morpho-structures on the basis of their morphological typologies and variations in the stage of evolution of three DSLs provides an interpretation of their kinematics during the last 400ka. It appears that soft substratums combined with inherited persistent anisotropies are key factors in the development of the DSLs. Indeed, outflow of mudstone due to the lithostatic pressure imposed by individual limestone compartments has led to general slope subsidence. Then, a progressive toppling of a rock mass may have led to the catastrophic rock collapse along bedding planes. The evolution of the DSLs can be divided into three distinct stages represented by three zones: a young collapse stage (zone 1), a pre-collapse stage (zone 2) and an old mature stage (>400ka, zone 3). As the DSLs occur on the same slope and in the same geological context, this area offers interesting perspectives for understanding factors controlling the long-term gravitational evolution of slopes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A report is offered on a May 2-3, 2011 conference in Paris, France on Niklas Luhmann's systems theory and historical records. Topics of presentations given included the difficulty of applying systems theory to history, the difficult vocabulary of systems theory, and the possible application of the theory of evolution to social phenomena.

The invention of cultural policy in France has many consequences in the sociological field. In this paper, we are interested in presenting the implications of this invention on the sociology of art(s), which has a recent, but complicated history. In order to understand the conditions under which the sociology of art becomes autonomous and develops new research subjects, and enriches its methodological tools, we must see what happens with this discipline in France, mainly after the Second World War. In this article we want to focus on a less discussed influence in the studies on the evolution of the sociology of arts, that is the contribution of cultural policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Since the period of adolescence was first identified in the mid nineteenth century, its evolution has, unsurprisingly, lead to the creation of “houses” to accommodate adolescents. Today, each department of France is developing its own respective system. The diversity originates from their founders’ unique perspective and the ideas of how adolescents should be treated. The stake of these houses relies on putting them back into perspective by looking at the history of adolescence and its precursors. In fact, by studying, on the one hand, the confluence of our representations regarding the period of adolescence and, on the other hand, the evolution of our institutions, it is possible to report issues with the adolescent houses of today and deduce what they will be like tomorrow. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Objective: The groupe hospitalier Sud Reunion (GHSR) is a 1130-bed hospital center, located on the Reunion Island, (Indian Ocean). We studied the profiles of antibiotic resistance in 2005, and compared those with previous data collected in 1997–1998, and with Metropolitan France and European data. Material and methodology: All bacteriological strains isolated from diagnostic samples in 2005 were analyzed according to CA-SFM recommendations. Results: Since 1997, the rates of resistance to enterobacteria (betalactam, aminoside, quinolone, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ticarcillin, amikacin, ciprofloxacin, fosfomycin), Acinetobacter baumanii (amikacin) has decreased significantly. The rate of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (1997: 3.6 %, 2005: 13.4 %) has increased but less than in Metropolitan France. The rate of Streptococcus pneumonia with decreased susceptibility to penicillin has increased (1997: 25.5 %, 2005: 42.9 %), as for Haemophilus influenzae which present an important increase of betalactam resistance (1997: 15.5 %, 2005: 37.8 %). Conclusion: By comparing our data to 1997 and Metropolitan French data, it seems that the GHSR has managed to protect its hospital-based microbial ecology. However, community germs showed increasing resistance, probably because of an increasing antibiotic pressure, but with resistance rates often inferior to Metropolitan French ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The aim of this work is to analyse the evolution of the concept of cultural heritage in West European states. In the last decades of the 20thcentury, the term “heritage” was characterised by expansion and semantic transfer, resulting in a generalisation of the use of this word, frequently used in the place of another, such as, monument and cultural property. However, all these terms are not able to cover the same semantic field. Starting by the reflection on the semantic evolution of the notion of cultural heritage in France, we approach to the international definition of heritage given by the directives, charters and international resolutions in order to define a global outline of the meaning of heritage that is not just limited to a particular national dimension. From a purely normative approach, one went to a less restrictive approach, one based on the capacity of the object to arouse certain values that led the society in question to consider it as heritage and therefore, to a further step in which heritage is no longer defined on the basis of its material aspect. This development has also made it possible to recognise intangible cultural heritage, which was ignored for a long time, as heritage to be protected and safeguarded. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Debrunia gen. nov. is characterized by asymmetric myophoral apophyses on the left valve: the posterior one a plate, the anterior a crest. The myophores on the right valve are on the shell wall. It belongs to a group of cylindro-conical petalodontid Monopleuridae including Petalodontia and Pseudopetalodontia, and possesses some affinities with Agriopleura. Monopleura mutabilis Matheron is the type species of Debrunia gen. nov., and Monopleura ( Petalodontia) bruni Douvillé is also ascribed to this genus. The two species are found in late Barremian beds from SE France. Evolutionary trends regarding the myophores of the left valve are comparable and nearly coeval with those of Agriopleura. Debrunia may be the root of the late Aptian–Albian genera Pseudopetalodontia and Mathesia. and may range throughout the Barremian-Aptian. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lamarck's perspective on change within the organic world, in particular his conception of "la marche de la nature," ('transformism', 'evolution'), crystallized during the last decade of the 18th century and the early years of the 19th. I argue that it should be viewed as resulting in part from interactions with, and transfers from, the social thought--modes of thinking, ways of conceptualizing, models, metaphors and analogies--of the decades before the French revolution and of the revolutionary decade itself. Moreover, Lamarck's involvement with the new institutional frameworks initiated during the revolutionary period had brought him into direct contacts with the then prevalent modes of discourse on things social. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Despite being only a medium-sized tributary of the Rhone, contributing on average 11% of the latter''s annual flow, the Isere River nevertheless plays a major role in the Rhone''s flux of suspended matter (SM). However, the transit of suspended matter down the Isere has been little studied. Based on regular and continuous observations between January 1995 and December 2005, the aims of this study were to quantify the flux of the Isere at Grenoble, and to evaluate the monthly evolution of sedimentary transit since 1960. The mean annual flux over the last few decades is thus estimated at 1.76Mtyr−1. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article presents a speech by Hegumen Philaret Bulekov, a Russian Orthodox Church representative, delivered at the Seminar of the Council of Europe held on October 30, 2006 in Strasbourg, France. He discusses the evolution of human rights in a multicultural society, as well as the concept of freedom and religion. He also narrates the three generations of rights which include civil and political at the first generation, economic and social on the second, and group rights on the third.

Abstract: Two species of the Caprini tribe, Hemitragus cedrensis and Capra caucasica, were identified in the top deposits of the Caune de l''Arago (Pyrénées-Orientales, France) Morphological and metrical analyses have shown how these two species evolved in this area. Owing to these results the Caune de l''Arago deposits can be correlated with the end of OIS 5 or the beginning of OIS 4 (corresponding to MNQ 25 and MNQ 26 biozones). The size reduction of these Caprinae, observed at the Caune de l''Arago and in two other sites, suggests a possible local evolution. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Networks of personal relations evolve over time. They reflect and go with processes of socialization. Their history and dynamics contribute to their present structure. The number of people involved in them and their composition change, as does the quality of the links that constitute them. What life events might influence these changes, or possibly even explain them? Drawing on a qualitative survey of a panel of 66 young people living originally in Normandy (France), who were questioned every three years, we attempt here to find a relation between the evolution of their personal networks and the events marking their entry into adult life. Do their networks expand or contract, do they move regularly or in stages? What are the links that appear, disappear or change? What events are likely to influence changes in these links and in the networks as a whole? We begin by examining the changes in the young people''s networks during the survey''s three waves. We then identify the life events that took place in the intervals, focusing in particular on entry into the labour market, geographical mobility, setting up house with a partner and the birth of children in the household. This enables us to advance some hypotheses about the impact of these events on the evolution of networks and to illustrate our argument with a few significant examples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently established, temperate tree populations combine a high level of differentiation for adaptive traits, suggesting rapid genetic evolution, with a high level of genetic diversity within population, suggesting a limited impact of genetic drift and purifying selection. To study experimentally the evolutionary forces in a recently established population, we assessed the spatial and temporal patterns of genetic diversity within a disjunct population of Cedrus atlantica established 140 years ago in south-eastern France from a North African source. The population is expanding through natural regeneration. Three generations were sampled, including founder trees. We analysed 12 isozyme loci, three of which were previously found in tight association with selected genes, and quantitative traits. No bottleneck effect was detected in the founder generation, but a simple test of allelic association revealed an initial disequilibrium which disappeared in the following generations. The impact of genetic drift during secondary evolution was limited, as suggested by the weak temporal differentiation. The genetic load was not reduced after 3 generations, and the quantitative variation for adaptive traits did not change either. Thus, initial genetic changes first proceed from a rapid re-organisation of the diversity through mating and recombination, whereas genetic erosion through drift and selection is delayed due to temporal and spatial stochasticity. Two life-history traits of trees contribute to slowing down the processes of genetic erosion: perenniality and large spatial scale. Thus, one would expect recently established tree populations to have a higher diversity than older ones, which seems in accordance with experimental surveys.Heredity (2004) 93, 542-550. doi:10.1038/sj.hdy.6800549 Published online 18 August 2004 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytophthora infestans isolates, collected in the two most important potato production regions of France (Brittany during 1992–96 and northern France during 1994–96), were analysed for mating type, Gpi and Pep allozyme genotypes, mitochondrial DNA haplotypes, response to metalaxyl and virulence patterns in order to determine the structure of populations. ‘New’ populations, similar to those observed in northern Europe and characterized by the presence of both mating types, Gpi 90/100 Pep 83/100, Gpi 90/100 Pep 100/100, Gpi 100/100 Pep 100/100 and Gpi 100/100 Pep 83/100 allozyme genotypes, Ia and IIa mitochondrial haplotypes and common races 1.3.4.7, 1.4.10.11, 1.3.4.7.11 and 1.3.4.7.10.11 were present in both areas. A new allozyme genotype (Gpi 90/90 Pep 83/100), never previously detected in Europe, was discovered in Brittany in 1992, but disappeared in later years. Despite the appearance of the A2 mating type in Brittany in 1996 and in northern France since 1995, both populations were highly homogeneous and probably consisted of a few related clones. No evidence for sexual recombination was obtained. Although Brittany, isolated from other potato production areas, and northern France, situated close to north European production areas where the A2 mating type was discovered some years ago, are two contrasted regions, no geographic substructuring was apparent between the two regions. However, variations in genotypic frequencies and in race composition were observed from one year to the next at a single site, as well as between several local sites during the same year. The role of possible evolutionary mechanisms implicated in these evolutions, especially founder effects, is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evolution of the inbreeding coefficient estimated by the isonymic method is studied in a rural canton of mid-France, using data divided into 10-year intervals of 6277 marriages recorded in the civil registers between 1870 and 1979. The results show a strong diminution of the values of F from 1930 onwards, probably related to the drop in population due to exodus from rural areas. The evolution of the inbreeding coefficient observed in three large occupational groups (farmers, craftsmen and labourers) shows that after 1930 it was only the farmers who maintained the low positive values of F. The coefficient of genetic relationships by isonymy (Ri) calculated among the principal occupational groups shows their community of origin, which is still perceptible today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the paper of biologist Didier Raoult from the University of the Mediterranean in Marseilles, France regarding the identification of colossal viruses which he identified that it belongs to a branch of life called the fourth domain. It mentions that Raoult believes that the domain branched off from the very base of the evolutionary tree of life. It also explores the paper of evolutionary biologist Jonathan Eisen entitled "to the 'Fourth Domain' club."

Fungicides inhibiting sterol biosynthesis are frequently used for powdery mildew control and can be subdivided into sterol demethylation inhibitors (DMIs) and morpholines with different modes of action. Whereas fungicide resistance to DMIs (Rdmi) and morpholines (Rmor) has been continuously monitored, there are no data available on the combination of Rdmi and Rmor, which led us to ask whether multiple resistance to triadimenol (Rtria), representing DMIs and to fenpropimorph (Rfen), representing the morpholines, evolved in France from 1993 to 1996. The method used allowed testing of both chemicals simultaneously, with the same inoculum. In 1993, the resistance factor of the mean (RFM) of the French wheat mildew population was 9.59 for Rtria and 5.11for Rfen. Resistance increased, leading to RFMs of close to 14 for Rtria and 8 for Rfen at the end of the study. From the analysis of single colony isolates (SCI) that are genetically uniform, the presence of multiple resistance and its increase were evident and in line withthe results of bulk isolates. Covariance of resistance to both chemicals was close to one. In contrast to the increase of Rfen, the use of morpholines decreased. These effects are supposed to result from multiple selection due to the use of mixtures of DMIs and morpholines that have been favored in recent years. Fungicide sensitivity is, in general, not normally but lognormally distributed in a population. A new way to evaluate and describe lognormal data is presented. It is easy and convenient to use and provides solutions for current problems in the literature with lognormal distributions. Multiple resistance, its evolution and persistance are discussed in relation to fungicide use and to implications for anti-resistance strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Field isolates of the cereal eyespot pathogen can be divided into two groups which are now considered as two species: Tapesia yallundae and Tapesia acuformis. In both species the first case of acquired resistance was observed with benzimidazole fungicides in the early 1980s.At the same time, a number of sterol C-14 demethylation inhibitors (DMIs), such as the imidazole prochloraz and several triazoles, including flusilazole, were introduced. Surprisingly T. acuformis appeared intrinsically resistant to the triazole derivatives in comparison to T. yallundae, but both species were sensitive to prochloraz. The intensive use of these DMIs led to the development of acquired resistancetowards triazoles in T. yallundae and towards prochloraz in T. acuformis. Today all the strains in both species appear equally sensitive to the anilinopyrimidine cyprodinil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]