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The 'end demand' approach to prostitution has been popping up in Europe through the anti-trafficking debate and receives increasing attention on the international agenda. It is well recognized that improving workers' rights, increasing unionization and collective bargaining coverage are effective strategies for tackling trafficking. However, with regard to sexual exploitation, focus is not on these strategies but instead on the abolition of the entire sex industry with the help of criminal justice systems. In first decade after the Palermo Protocol (2000), international organizations (IGOs) promoted a human rights-based approach to tackling trafficking, aiming to balance the criminal justice focus of the protocol. This work guided states on how to maintain and protect human rights while combating human trafficking. However, the explosive issue of sex work/prostitution was minimized, with IGOs avoiding the topic due to the fragile consensus about the definition of human trafficking and state obligations. Meanwhile, sex workers' collectives and unions globally and throughout Europe developed their own strategies on how to address widespread criminalization, discrimination, violence and exploitation, with no or very limited funding and resources—and without recognition of their work, experience and expertise. This article presents how the European Sex Workers' Rights Alliance (ESWA) and other sex workers' rights civil society organizations have sought to challenge the harmful impacts of the 'end demand' discourse and the criminalization of sex work in the name of anti-trafficking in Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of Francoism in Spain, challenging the common perception of it as a traditional authoritarian regime. It explores the historical context of the regime, highlighting the mass repression and forced migration that occurred during this period. The article also discusses the experiences of women under Francoism, emphasizing the gender-specific forms of abuse they faced. Additionally, it examines the role of the Catholic Church in implementing the regime's policies and its collaboration with Francoism. The text further explores the social and political dynamics of Francoist Spain, focusing on marginalized groups such as migrants and prisoners. It emphasizes the oppressive nature of the regime and its efforts to control dissent. The article concludes by highlighting the significance of Francoism in European history and its relevance to contemporary issues. [Extracted from the article]

Whilst traditionally, the study of the illegal wildlife trade has been focused on species that consider the role of the Western world as a consumer or transit hub, the study of the illegal trade in European eels is a landmark opportunity to deem the role of Europe as a source area for wildlife trafficking. Based on a qualitative methods research design, this case study delves into the nature of the illegal trade in European eels. In the context of globalization, a global eel market developed at the same time as stocks decreased sharply. The process of criminalization of the trade and fishing of eels, in combination with criminogenic asymmetries, has been facilitating opportunities for crime groups. In the legal-illegal continuum, upper- and underworld actors interact along the chain from rivers to worldwide consumers. This constant interaction fuels the illegal trade by providing the underworld with vital elements for its continuity, such as protection, finance, or laundering. In particular, this research focusses on the different legal-illegal interactions by looking at outsourcing, funding and complex symbiotic-antithetical relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The objective of this review is to provide a systematic and critical summary of findings regarding empirical studies conducted on commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC) in Europe. The purpose is to gain an understanding of the characteristics and main topics addressed in European research on CSEC, identify gaps, and give suggestions for future studies. Method: The review was guided by the "Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis—Protocols". A comprehensive search on several databases was conducted to identify published and unpublished empirical research on CSEC in Europe, revealing 3,846 documents. In total, 56 research papers that focused specifically on CSEC in European samples were included. Synthesis: Research concerning European studies of CSEC and trafficking for purposes of sexual exploitation has developed significantly over the last 20 years but is still rather limited and mainly focused on the UK and Sweden. Most of the studies reviewed suffer from important methodological flaws such as an inaccurate definition of the phenomenon analyzed, small and convenience samples, and nonvalidated and nonspecific instruments. Conclusions: Findings from this study demonstrate the need for greater exploration and research around a number of areas of sexual exploitation of children in Europe. Further work is necessary in terms of capacity building, training, and awareness-raising for society as a whole and, specifically, professionals providing direct support to children and young people at risk of exploitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some existing human trafficking research has examined how trafficking laws and regulations deter traffickers. This research, however, has paid little attention to how states' freedom-of-movement policies influence human trafficking. Existing policy debates suggest two possible effects. Europe's experiences with open borders have led to claims that freedom of movement decreases the likelihood that traffickers are detected, thus making human trafficking in and out of states more likely. By contrast, movement restrictions could create an environment in which people become more vulnerable to traffickers. We use data from 182 countries from 2001 to 2017 to test whether freedom of movement increases or decreases human trafficking flows. We find that it is necessary, theoretically and empirically, to consider freedom of foreign movement both locally and in a state's neighborhood, because freedom of movement increases human trafficking when the local and neighborhood practices diverge from each other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses public health news briefs in Europe. The European Health Union launched the European Health Data Space (EHDS) health-specific data sharing framework that establishes common standards and practices. Also cited are the role of health care in fighting human trafficking, and the scheduled 16th European Public Health Conference in Dublin, Ireland in November 2023.

Copyright of Central European Political Studies / Środkowoeuropejskie Studia Polityczne is the property of Faculty of Political Science & Journalism, Adam Mickiewicz University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Much of the recent debate on immigration to Europe has focused on how many refugees should be allowed to enter and how refugees should be distributed among EU member states, but there has been less academic focus on under what conditions, if any, human smuggling is morally permissible. How should we morally assess those who make a business out of helping migrants reach their desired destination and those who pay smugglers to reach their destination? We argue that human smuggling is morally permissible under some conditions even if it is illegal. Human trafficking, by contrast, is immoral and should be illegal. The moral conditions for permissible human smuggling are sometimes being met on the route from Africa to Europe (but are all too often grossly violated). We consider and rebut objections based on the arguments that a legal prohibition on human smuggling must translate into a moral one, and that human smuggling violates the rights of individuals to freedom of association in receiving countries. We conclude with policy implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Curriculum & Pedagogy is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study examines the characteristics, consequences, and the future of illegal migration for Egyptians to Europe. It used data obtained from the researcher’s fieldwork carried out in 2015 on the areas of origin and multiple official government data. Moreover, the study revealed that there is a clear selectivity for young males who belong to large families, illegal migration rates are high among those who are educated, unemployed, and never married in Europe.; in Europe. Egyptian migrants engage in five main occupations (Sales occupations, Services occupations, Agriculture, Hunting, Industrial and chemical operations, and The food and engineering industries that are essential to help). Additionally, this migration has some negative economic impacts on the Egyptian society, rural areas, and migrants themselves; but its positive economic impacts are limited to emigrant and his family. Besides, it has some negative social impacts such as losing the head of the family, weakening the family ties, increasing wife responsibilities; but the positive social impacts include the change of emigrants’ marital status and improving emigrant social position. Moreover, the security impacts of emigration include arresting emigrants, human trafficking, and contributing to the rise of crime rates in Europe. On the other hand, the geographical impacts are contributing to the sprawl of settlement on agricultural land, horizontal rapid settlement growth, and the morphological change of Egypt’s countryside. Moreover, in the case of the future of this emigration, it is estimated that the annual average of emigrants will be six thousand in the next years. This migration can be reduced through effective cooperation between the North and the South countries of the Mediterranean, benefiting from the experiences of development in other countries, completing Egypt’s major projects, and establishing the new development of the new project, as well as, the state will complete major projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both North Korea and South Korea have a long history of sending orphans abroad, initially dating back to the Korean War (1950-1953). While South Korea utilized international adoptions as a means of obtaining foreign currency by sending orphans to its ideological allies in North America and Western Europe during the Cold War, North Korea chose to place its orphans into the families of its fraternal allies in mostly Eastern Europe with the expectation that they would be well educated and later support the war-torn economy back at home. North Korea actually halted its international adoption program and even instituted a recall of all orphans back from Eastern Europe just a few years after the Korean War, likely due to political incidents such as the Sino-Soviet Split as well as the Hungarian Revolution in the late 1950s. On the other hand, adoptions in South Korea continue until today, although at a smaller scale compared to the late 1980s, likely due to the enormous power of the international adoption lobby. While many children adopted from South Korea during and after the Korean War were true orphans or of mixed race, the vast majority of children in South Korea placed for international adoption nowadays are actually children of unwed mothers. Moreover, North Korea placed more and earlier emphasis on domestic adoptions as opposed to international adoptions, whereas South Korea did the opposite. Only starting in the mid-2000s did South Korea earnestly start to promote domestic over international adoptions, as evidenced by the finding that domestic adoptions exceeded international ones in South Korea for the time in 2007. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The major migrant crisis, which has been spreading across Europe for the past few years, has also affected Croatia in many ways. A relatively small country in South East Europe that lies on two important transport corridors - Pan-European Corridor Xa and Vb - happened also to be on two big migratory routes: the Western Balkan route and the Mediterranean route. The consequences thereof have been seen in a huge number of migrants who passed over Croatian territory, going towards countries in Western Europe, often found hidden in trucks and trains at the border crossings towards Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, or Hungary. This paper deals with the question of the impact this phenomenon has made on freight transport industry in Croatia (and the entire region of South East Europe), by analysing regional trends in irregular migrations of people in connection to the introduction of new police security measures (on trucks and trains), and the performance of road and rail transport services in these sensitive times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines trends in migration from Africa to Europe. Topics discussed include the size and type of African migration to Europe, the share of African migrants heading overseas since the 1960s, and the number of migrants that arrived by sea or land in Spain, Italy, Greece, Bulgaria and Cyprus in 2017. Also mentioned are North Africa and the case of Libya, the presence of the International Organization for Migration in Africa and Europe, and the assistance provided by the IOM to protect children and victims of trafficking.

The article informs that Vietnamese migration to Europe is a complex, fluid phenomenon where a course of action that begins as smuggling can also involve trafficking and other forms of exploitation. Topics include provinces with a long history of seeking work overseas make up the bulk of migrants to Europe; exploitative situations en route such as working in sweatshops or selling counterfeit drugs; and Vietnamese from provinces with a long history of seeking work of migrants to Europe.

The article discusses smuggling, human trafficking including other forms of human exploitations from Vietnam to Europe. The article also discusses building trust among victims of trafficking by The French Red Cross charity organization, prevention and awareness raising campaigns by anti-trafficking Nongovernmental Organizations (NGO's) in Europe and Vietnam.

Copyright of Przeglad Socjologiczny is the property of Lodz Scientific Society / Lodzkie Towarzystwo Naukowe and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

According to the data provided by Europol there are around 40 000 migrant smugglers suspected of being involved in migrant smuggling networks. Nine out of ten refugees now in Europe admit that they used the services of a smuggler to get here. The article refers to the process of decision-making of migrants and refugees and the organizational structure of smuggling networks. Potential immediate actions and solutions and obstacles hindering the process are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article features the personal experiences of a young African woman victim of trafficking and smuggling from Nigeria to Italy. The aim of the article is to provide a counter-narrative on the phenomenon of human trafficking, by engaging with the youth's lived experiences. The story forms part of a wider database of youth counter-narratives, gathered by the authors in different parts of the world (Italy, South Africa, and Ethiopia). The narrative will be discussed on the basis of four identified elements, and the reflection addresses them within the wider context of trafficking, smuggling, and human migration. The conclusion drawn is that the language of youth counter-narratives can represent a useful tool to address the complexity of social issues, in particular when they refer to lived experiences of youngsters who have been subjected to different forms of oppression and violence. It also represents a sort of liberation from cultural homogenisation, forcing the readers to engage with a "new humanism". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although corruption is often mentioned as a key factor in human trafficking, so far only a few studies have challenged the lack of data available in this field to dig into the relationship between these interrelated crimes. This paper carries out an analysis of real cases of trafficking-related corruption in Europe, which had been reported in academic sources as well as various institutional documents, in order to offer an overview of the various patterns of this phenomenon. This analysis shows that corruption can reach public officials in different positions, be used in every stage of the trafficking process, and in every kind of exploitation. Subsequently, the paper briefly examines the main legislative and institutional measures for combatting this specific form of criminality at the international and European level. It is important to highlight the role of the Programme against Corruption and Organised Crime in South-eastern Europe (PACO), created by the Council of Europe, which pioneered the elaboration of proposals to address this specific problem. Overall, both the analysis of the patterns of public officials' involvement in human trafficking as well as the response to this crime serve as a basis to consider the convenience of approaching trafficking-related corruption as a challenge to security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research is a meditation on the human trafficking, a serious infringement and a flagrant breach of the human rights. The European Directive and the Spanish legislative framework provide unifom common rules for the establishment of the infringement of huan trafficking and for the punishment of their authors. The human trafficking is an international billion dollar industry and the second most profitable undistry after the drug industry. In Europe, over a half of the victims of human trafficking are exploited for sexual purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On February 2015, Eurostat issued a report highlighting that 65% of registered victims of human trafficking in Europe between 2010 and 2012 were citizens of the European Union (EU). Despite the seriousness of this phenomenon, EU citizens who are victims of trafficking are afforded little protection in the European legal space. First, the multi-level legal framework against trafficking applicable on the Union territory does not recognise clear residence rights to this group. Second, the general freedom of movement granted to all EU citizens under Directive 2004/38 might be precluded to victims of trafficking due to the economic prerequisites required by this instrument. It follows that the granting of refugee status to EU citizens who are victims of trafficking becomes a crucial source of protection. The safe country presumption in force between EU Member States under the so-called Aznar Protocol, however, precludes access to international protection for this group. This article critically reviews the Common European Asylum System, in search of normative and judicial interpretations capable of ensuring a stronger protection of EU citizens who are victims of trafficking. In this context, a special focus is devoted to the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights and of the Court of Justice of the European Union. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a profound disconnect between the practice and scholarly study of security in Europe. The 2010 Internal Security Strategy added disasters such as forest fires, earthquakes, and floods to the list of European Union (EU) internal security concerns, expanding on the more traditional anxieties over militaries, border protection, and the effects of poverty. This article explores how evolving practices of disaster response, a policy area once separate from EU security discourse, have become part of the EU's wider security provision and with what implications. Based on interviews conducted at the Directorate-General (DG) for Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection (ECHO), it provides a detailed study of three EU disaster response practices – monitoring, training, and information co-ordinating – and their circulation to the wider field of EU internal security provision. It uses this case to outline that new understandings of what it means to “voluntarily co-operate” in European security projects have been radically under-theorized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the determinants of human trafficking victim inflows into European countries based on identified victim numbers. We use a gravity-type model to acknowledge data reporting shortcomings. Our empirical results suggest that human trafficking occurs within well-established migrant and refugee corridors and that victims are more likely to be exploited in host countries with weak institutions. Legislation on prostitution activities does not influence victim inflows. Liberalization of border controls intensifies trafficking flows. We find no effect of host countries' acceptance rates of asylum seekers. We conclude that effective policies against human trafficking require sound institutions and a focus on the entire trafficking-chain/channel from source to host countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the conceptual relationship between trafficking in human beings, enslavement and crimes against humanity. The analysis of case law of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the European Court on Human Rights reveals that, while trafficking in human beings and enslavement are increasingly overlapping, they still do not coincide. Moreover, enslavement is only a crime against humanity if it is committed in a widespread or systematic manner by an organization which displays State-like features. In the opinion of the author, the qualification of human trafficking as “modern slavery” is therefore confusing. The fact that human trafficking covers a wide array of offences influences the choice of forum in respect of criminal law enforcement. While enslavement as a crime against humanity may belong to the jurisdictional realm of international criminal tribunals and the International Criminal Court (provided that domestic jurisdictions have proved to be “unwilling” or “unable”), other forms of human trafficking are, in the view of the author, best left to national courts. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Aim: The extraordinary topic of 'Human Trafficking, Public Health and the Law' was subject of an interdisciplinary and international Spring School that took place in March 2013 in Italy. The aim of the meeting was a comprehensive examination of the human trafficking issue. Subject and methods: In collaboration with seven expert lecturers, a group of students particularized the issues and claims related to human trafficking and public health from the angles of all relevant disciplines. Past legal decisions were evaluated in order to recommend future solutions in the common interest with respect to human dignity. Results: The main outcome of the two weeks of lectures, group work and a field trip are practical approaches and the document: Siena Principles on Human Trafficking and Public Health. Conclusion: The costs for society that arise due to the adverse effects of human trafficking encompass the degradation of human rights, poor public health, weakened social development, and disturbed communities. Human trafficking therefore is a critical health issue with serious social implications that requires both medical and legal attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revue Tiers Monde is the property of Librairie Armand Colin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The estimation of the "dark figure" for any crime (the number of actual instances of a specific crime committed minus the reported cases of that crime within a population) has primarily rested on the ability to conduct random sample crime surveys. Such surveys are based on the assumption that victims experience crimes that are discrete, time-bound, and of relatively short duration. The crime of enslavement, however, presents a special challenge to estimation because it is of indeterminate duration. This challenge is compounded by the fact that victims of slavery are also often isolated by the stigma linked to sexual assault, or a sense of shame over their enslavement. Using a unique dataset, based in part on the random sample surveys of Julia Pennington et al. (2009), and extended through a process of extrapolation, this paper estimates the numbers of victims of slavery and human trafficking for thirty-seven countries in Europe. These estimated numbers of slavery victims are then compared with reported cases of slavery and trafficking for the same countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In our days, the abolishment of borders and the free movement of persons within the entire community area cause migration related issues and cooperation between the States in this respect is necessary. The number of illegal emigrants discovered at the Schengen internal borders was higher than that of the external borders, this being a proof of the system vulnerability, that's why Schengen area is not a solution against the criminality. Certain occidental observers are afraid of a massive immigration, which would move the East-European lawbreakers to Western Europe. Concerning the human trafficking and immigrations, the immigration laws systems may increase in the future, especially in the visa area. The freedom inside EU may also be abused by the criminality groups organized as in the case of the EU East European citizens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the 1920s, the League of Nations commissioned the first worldwide study of human trafficking. The study reveals a great deal about the role of the League in crime prevention during the inter-war period and development of human trafficking as an international threat. The official report of 1927 presented material from field visits to 28 countries across Europe, the Mediterranean, and the Americas, but not Scandinavia. The researchers used a definition of ‘traffic in women’ to suit the policy-making agenda, but when contemplating the situation in Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden they realized they had laid a conceptual trap from which they could not escape. Although the League's research has been forgotten, the ‘Scandinavian dilemma’ continues to haunt the international response to human trafficking. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article examines the discourses of forced prostitution that circulated in the US and European media and government publications in the context of the soccer World Cup in 2006. This analysis of the public discourse around prostitution reveals two themes: concerns about immigration and border security, and representations of gender binaries that serve to relegate migrant women to the status of victim. The fears of increased sex trafficking and the condemnation of so-called ‘sex shacks’ and ‘mega-brothels’ for the World Cup 2006 served as foils for other perceived crises produced by globalisation. The debates struggle with a marked ‘other’ that reveals new forms of racialised ‘othering’: dangerously white, understood as both of Europe and a threat to it. The 2006 World Cup historical moment has implications for how international sports, consumer culture and feminist activism inform and conceal human agency. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]