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Copyright of Procesos: Revista Ecuatoriana de Historia is the property of Universidad Andina Simon Bolivar, Sede Ecuador and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The covid-19 pandemic has caused a great impact on a global level, changing from how people behave on a daily basis to the way the world is conceived, but it has also affected the economy, the law and the international trade between nations. This article is intended to analyze the possible barriers, in each of these fields, that the future covid-19 vaccine might face either in the development, distribution and marketing stages; and how countries could be able to face and overcome them, in order to guarantee the global access, including third world countries as most Latin American countries like Colombia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economic activity of recycling belongs to an unfortunate and marginalized segment of society in Colombia. This fact translates in high rates of informality and a general perception about people that work in this activity, which come usually from extreme poverty, burdened by discrimination, drug addiction, and rejection. The goal of this research was to determine the most significant factors impacting levels of society and economics. For this purpose, we carried out a mixed analysis in the chain of the recycling sector in Neiva, an intermediate city. Because of the informality of waste pickers' union, official information and field survey were conducted to identify the waste commercialization establishments. The collection and transportation process were identified, and a survey was applied to 50 waste pickers and ten recycling companies. Seventy-two percent of the population is constituted by male gender, older than 25 years, in an unsafe condition, and with labor intensity of 8 hours per day (average). On the other hand, forty percent of companies have labor-related personnel, which confirms a high level of informality in the sector. The most commercialized product is cardboard, and the vast majority only purchase and commercialize the material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Estudios Gerenciales is the property of Universidad ICESI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The countries of Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru make up the Pacific Alliance (pa) since 2011. The four countries need trade for the growth of the economy, this situation forces them to design Agreements that boost exports and imports so that they may have a greater participation in the Gross Domestic Product (gdp). With the increase of the participation of exports and imports in the gdp, there is a concentration of trade and the countries of the pa have among their main partners, the United States and China, in the case of trade that occurs between the members of the pa, this is low and does not exceed 5%. Both before and after the creation of the pa. The article analyzes and explains the share of exports and imports in gdp, as well as the concentration of trade in Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Económicas CUC is the property of Corporacion Universidad de la Costa, CUC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: Colombia is one of the countries with the greatest potential to export services in the next years, in terms of health tourism. The image of its doctors in different specialties has been increasing, thanks to their preparation, quality and relative low cost with respect to the countries of the region. Santander, specifically with the free trade zones in health, has been achieving recognition in Latin America. The potential of this tourism is argued in the achievements of the health area and the effects in terms of international tourism and the socio-economic development of some regions. Objective: To identify the successful strategies, strengths and weaknesses of medical tourism in the national and international scope that allow recommending strategic actions to create competitive advantages to the health sector in Santander and guide it to leadership. Methodology: A topic review with a systematic search of bibliographic information, in which DeCS descriptors were used such as Marketing of Health Services, medical tourism, Health economics, Health services, trading and Hospital economy in the databases Scielo, Google Scholar and Pubmed; in addition, interviews were conducted with experts from the entities. Results: It was found that Colombia has a good position in the world and Latin America in terms of health tourism, standing out for the offer of services in cardiology, aesthetic surgery and orthopedics; Spain has one of the best health systems and has the seventh position in the marketing of hospital services. India, Israel and Singapore lead the research and innovation issues, positioning them also as powers in medical tourism. Conclusions: Comparing Bucaramanga and Metropolitan Area with other cities and countries, it needs even more recognition as a region and although there are internationally certified entities, it is necessary to work as a team with other health providers, the government, associations and train staff to serve the international market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The National Federation of Coffee Growers (FNC) is the largest coffee growing organization in the country, and it assembles coffee growers from departments including Caldas, Antioquia, Quindío, and Risaralda. It has spent the past ninety years ensuring improvement in the quality of life for the people living in these areas. One of the FNC's many undertakings that should be emphasized is the construction of road infrastructure that allows for coffee to transported and therefore sold and the social development of the communities in its areas of influence. This paper is written by Mauricio Medina, the leader of the FNC's Social Development Unit, who emphasizes that if the projects are to be successful, it is necessary to turn to these types of experiences for post-conflict investments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Psicoespacios is the property of Institucion Universitaria de Envigado and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Estudios Gerenciales is the property of Universidad ICESI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper analyzes Colombia's foreign policy during the first year of the Santos administration from a liberal perspective. It explores the relation between the country's international commerce and its diplomatic actions by using statistical data and official and academic reports about the contemporary international relations. The authors argue that the commercial liberalism is a useful perspective for the analysis of Colombia's current foreign policy, especially by using the concept of the capitalist peace because the authors have found in commerce a basic platform for the country's international relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the tensions between the Caribbean New Granada and center of the country in the process of building a domestic market and the efforts made in the first half of the nineteenth century by the Cartagena economic elites to overcome the crisis facing by the port of this city, in this direction are discussed initiatives for merchants to influence the government's economic policies and opposition to those founded by traders in Bogota. The objective of the Cartagena traders was to boost trade flows of the port and make it the coordinator center of a regional and national market, among these initiatives are to eliminate tax impediments on agricultural production to stimulate the production of some fruits, eliminating the monopoly of the production of snuff and then to create a free port status to Cartagena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Historia y Sociedad (01218417) is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias Humanas y Economicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Memorias is the property of Fundacion Universidad del Norte and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article examines the cultural impact of the consumption of English goods by Bogotá's upper class during the nineteenth century. It suggests that the consumption of English commodities after the country's independence was one of the main mechanisms employed by the upper classes to ensure their social position as well as to build a modern nation according to European standards. Hence, the article explores the role that consumption of foreign goods played in processes of nation-building and social differentiation throughout the nineteenth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is a study of beef retailing in Bogotá (Colombia), and especially about the persistence of informal networks of sale and consumption. In my view, informality is responsible for two concomitant and seemingly opposite phenomena: high meat prices (the result of a long, unproductive, and inefficient supply chain), and the distribution of poor quality meat, slaughtered under questionable hygienic conditions, which in fact allows the poorest people to gain access to it. I begin this article by examining the importance of beef in Colombia. I then explore why it is so expensive, and describe the structure of its retailing and consumption chain. I end by discussing the implications of informal retailing and the impact of new, "modernizing" regulations that are being imposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This thesis makes use of the gravity model to analyze the effectiveness of EU's consecutive GSP programs on promoting Colombian exports. It concludes that the European preference systems have been consecutively less effective on boosting Colombian exports over time. This is explained by three major factors: an increasingly more efficient US preference system; a deepening of the Andean integration; and occurrence of EU enlargements. The sectoral analysis reveals that the G SP program of the EU had different effects across sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the dynamics of productivity in the Colombian manufacturing sector between 1981 and 2002. Total factor productivity (TFP) is estimated using semiparametric techniques and plant-level data. TFP did not fall during the 1980's or the 1990's when factors and inputs are properly measured and when appropriate econometric methods are used. Our study finds that the growth of TFP during the 1990's was larger than during the 1980's, partially due to the effects of the structural market reforms implemented in the early 1990's. Moreover, we show that the evolution of TFP has been determined by "inward openness" (i.e. high imports and/or low tariff and non-tariff barriers) and not by exports or export subsidies. Innovation in Colombia has been led by large firms, with large investments (or high capital-labor ratio) and low debt, and by firms operating in low-concentrated sectors. Finally, our results suggest that foreign direct investment was not a key factor for innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]