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Knowledge sharing among teachers is one of the important ways to improve their teaching and research ability. From the perspectives of teachers' knowledge sharing willingness, knowledge sharing ability, knowledge sharing environment, knowledge sharing technology support, knowledge sharing effect, and so forth, this paper constructs a teacher knowledge sharing behavior evaluation model, develops a knowledge sharing behavior evaluation index system, and proposes a comprehensive teacher's knowledge sharing behavior evaluation method based on the improved entropy-TOPSIS method. This is a comprehensive evaluation method combining subjective and objective weights, which avoids the subjectivity of traditional expert evaluation methods and other multilevel and multi-index weight determination methods and makes the evaluation results more objective, accurate, and more realistic. Finally, by taking the example of evaluating knowledge sharing behavior of teachers in a university of Chongqing, China, this paper verifies the feasibility and practicability of the proposed comprehensive teachers' knowledge sharing behavior evaluation system and method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CO2 is the main greenhouse gas. Urban spatial development, land use, and so on may be affected by CO2 and climate change. The main questions studied in this paper are as follows: What are the drivers of CO2 emissions of expanding megacities? How can they be analyzed from different perspectives? Do the results differ for megacities at different stages of development? Based on the XGBoost model, this paper explored the complex factors affecting CO2 emissions by using data of four Chinese megacities, Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing, from 2003 to 2017. The main findings are as follows: The XGBoost model has better applicability and accuracy in predicting carbon emissions of expanding megacities, with root mean square error (RMSE) as low as 0.036. Under the synergistic effect of multiple factors, population, land size, and gross domestic product are still the primary driving forces of CO2 emissions. Population density and population become more important in the single-factor analysis. The key drivers of CO2 emissions in megacities at respective developmental stages are different. This paper provides methods and tools for accurately predicting CO2 emissions and measuring the critical drivers. Furthermore, it could provide decision support for megacities to make targeted carbon-emission-reduction strategies based on their own developmental stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the application of intergenerational theory as its analytical framework, this paper seeks to provide new insights into the social construction of sugar-sweetened food and food practices in the context of contemporary urban China, drawing on 16 months' in-depth qualitative research in the city of Chongqing. From an intergenerational perspective, it argues that although adults and children both typically construct sugar-sweetened food as "bad" for health based on the logic of its biological meaning, there are more generational differences in the understandings of sociocultural meanings associated with these foods, which are the main reasons may lead to intergenerational conflict. Caregivers tend to regard their control of children's sugar-sweetened food intake as a means to discipline their children's bodies and develop food moralities. However, children themselves are likely to perform sugar-sweetened food practices as a way of socializing and sometimes resisting the control of caregivers. Based on this, this paper further shows that these diverse views are rooted in the tension between caregivers' anxiety about the transmission of food moralities through intensive parenting practices and children's agency in food consumption in contemporary urban China. These findings enhance intergenerational-theoretical research and highlight the need to move beyond the analytical framework of "behaviour change" in related food and health studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In tunnel smooth blasting, optimizing the water interval charging structure of peripheral holes is of great significance in improving the effect of smooth blasting and reducing the unit consumption of explosives. Addressing the issue of a single traditional evaluation standard, this paper proposes a composite index evaluation method for rock blasting damage in different zones, and the best charging structure is optimized according to the evaluation results. Taking Liyue Road Tunnel Light Smooth Blasting Project in Chongqing as the Research Background, the numeric models were established with ten kinds of charge structures, the charge structures and explosive quantity were optimized according to the evaluation results, and then the field tests were conducted. The results show that when the length of the water medium at the bottom of the hole is 20 cm, the damage range of the retained rock mass can be controlled while ensuring rock fragmentation. If the length of the water medium at the orifice and in the center of the hole is more than 30 cm, it will affect the superposition effect of the blast stress wave, resulting in under-excavation; in the preferred charge structure, the ratio of the length of the upper and lower explosives reaches 1:3, and the ratio of the length of the water medium is 2:2:1, which achieves a better rock-breaking effect in the field test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The freshwater discharge from melting ice sheets in the deglaciation or glaciation is prone to anomalies in ocean-atmosphere transport between different latitudes, which can lead to a series of abrupt millennial-scale climate events, either obvious or not, such as the Younger Dryas (YD) events and YD-like events. Marine Isotope Stage 11c (MIS 11c) serves as one of the best references for the current Holocene, and the studies of possible YD-like events and their triggering mechanisms during Holocene are conducive to the understanding of the occurrence pattern of extreme climate events. In this paper, the results of the study on the J33 δ18O sequence records of stalagmites in Jinfo Cave, Chongqing, are shown: (1) Stalagmites in the Asian monsoon climate zone reveal a millennial-scale weak monsoon event that occurred around 410 ka BP prior to the Glacial Maximum of MIS 11 interglacial period. (2) Both the 410 ka weak monsoon event and the YD event occurred during the gradual strengthening of the monsoon and ascending branch of summer insolation in the Northern Hemisphere prior to the Glacial Maximum of interglacial period. This was also a time when Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) disturbance occurred. The duration, internal structure, and pattern of the events were similar, with differences in the change magnitude and ice volume conditions. (3) The weak monsoon event that occurred in 410 ka BP was primarily influenced by the combined effects of insolation and AMOC. This event was characterized by a sustained warming process that accelerated the melting of the Greenland ice sheet, leading to the destabilization of this ice sheet. The continuous flowing of freshwater into the North Atlantic resulted in a short-lived AMOC oscillation. The weakening of the AMOC resulted in a cold anomaly over the North Atlantic. As a result of atmospheric telecorrelation, the weaker AMOC led to a weaker Asian Summer Monsoon (ASM). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Chengdu-Chongqing economic circle in China, the recommended bearing capacity of a medium-weathering mudstone foundation is less than the capacity of the rock structure to withstand loads. The aim of this paper was to perform plate loading tests (PLTs) with binocular vision measurement (BVM) to obtain the accurate deformation of the foundation under vertical loading. The results revealed that vertical load–bearing foundations have a failure mode that can be reduced to that of thrust failures for thin bedded structures of mudstone foundations. By analyzing the differences in results between the PLTs and the uniaxial compressive strength tests under the same conditions, a new formalism for calculating foundation-bearing capacity was proposed; there is only a 5% difference compared to in situ tests. The results of this research provide theoretical support and a practical benchmark for the full development of the load-bearing capability of soft red rocks. As the Chengdu-Chongqing economic circle progresses toward the international urban cluster, inevitably, soft rock is used as a foundation retaining layer in the construction of superhigh and super-rise buildings in the region. However, owing to antiquated testing methods and poor intelligibility of the testing equipment, the bearing capacity of such a mass of rock has yet to be fully developed and cannot meet the dual-carbon economic goals and sustainable development of architectural design. Based on this, the study introduces a noncontact method to measure the bearing capacity of soft rock within the traditional method of in situ testing and combines the concept of big data analysis to advance an empirical method for calculating the bearing capacity accurately. Based on the results of this study, the concept of natural foundations can be adopted and the engineering dilemma that the treatment of building foundations cannot be economical and practical can be solved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the cardinality constrained mean-variance portfolio optimization, in which only a small number of assets are invested. We first treat the covariance matrix of asset returns as a diagonal matrix with a special matrix processing technique. Using the dual theory, we formulate the lower bound problem of the original problem as a max-min optimization. For the inner minimization problem with the cardinality constraint, we obtain its analytical solution for the portfolio weights. Then, the lower bound problem turns out to be a simple concave optimization with respect to the Lagrangian multipliers. Thus, the interval split method and the supergradient method are developed to solve it. Based on the precise lower bound, the depth-first branch and bound method are designed to find the global optimal investment selection strategy. Compared with other lower bounds and the current popular mixed integer programming solvers, such as CPLEX and SCIP, the numerical experiments show that our method has a high searching efficiency. History: Accepted by Pascal Van Hentenryck, Area Editor for Computational Modeling: Methods & Analysis. Funding: This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China [Grants 12101317, 12271071, and 11991024], the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province [Grant BK20200819], the Team Project of Innovation Leading Talent in Chongqing [Grant CQYC20210309536], the Contract System Project of Chongqing Talent Plan [Grant cstc2022ycjh-bgzxm0147], and the Philosophy and Social Science Fund of Education Department of Jiangsu Province [Grant 2020SJA0168]. K.F.C. Yiu is supported in part by the Research Grants Council of Hong Hong [Grant PolyU 15223419], the Hong Kong Polytechnic University [Grants 4-ZZPT and 1-WZ0E], and the Research Centre for Quantitative Finance [Grant 1-CE03]. Supplemental Material: The software that supports the findings of this study is available within the paper and its Supplemental Information (https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/suppl/10.1287/ijoc.2022.0344) as well as from the IJOC GitHub software repository (https://github.com/INFORMSJoC/2022.0344). The complete IJOC Software and Data Repository is available at https://informsjoc.github.io/. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Though road authorities have well-defined inspection protocols for evaluating bridge serviceability, gaps remain in understanding optimal timing and the impact of maintenance strategies on an individual bridge and its subsystems and, consequently, on the holistic performance of a road network. This paper proposes an innovative model based on system reliability principles that develops optimized bridge maintenance strategies aimed at enhancing the overall reliability of a bridge-dominated road network by considering the quantified impact of bridge component deterioration. Using the first-order second-moment method, we initially determine the reliability index for each bridge based on condition ratings derived from routine inspections as outlined in the bridge inspection manual. Advanced optimization algorithms then formulate the optimal maintenance strategies for the bridge structures. Finally, we gauge the system reliability of the network using Ditlevsen bounds approximation, considering the impact of maintenance actions on varied bridge structural components. The developed model was implemented on a typical bridge-dominated road network in Chongqing, China. The results demonstrate the model has the capacity to quantify the impact of diverse bridge maintenance strategies on the total road network, offering valuable insights for decision makers to design effective, efficient maintenance strategies aimed at extending the lifespan of bridge-dominated road networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, there is a significant increase in research combining social media data for disaster warning and damage assessment. When natural disasters occur, social media data can also contain rumors, which not only reduce the accuracy of assessment but also have a very negative social impact. In this paper, a multi-feature fusion neural network with attention mechanism is proposed for rumor detection, which makes the attempt to integrate user, textual and propagation features in one united framework. Specifically, a Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory Network (Bi-LSTM) is applied to extract user and textual features and a Graph Convolutional Neural Network (GCN) is employed to extract the high-order propagation features. In addition, both the complementary and alignment relationships between different features are considered to achieve better fusion. It shows that our method can detect rumors effectively and perform better than previous methods on the Weibo dataset. To validate the effectiveness of our model, rumor detection is conducted in the social media data collected from Typhoon Lekima on Aug 10th–14th 2019 in China, the earthquake of magnitude 6.8 on Sep 5th–9th, 2022 in Sichuan, China, the wildfire on Aug 15th–26th, 2022 in Chongqing, China. Results show that: (1) the proposed method performs well in rumor detection in disaster; (2) rumors often appear along with hot topics; (3) rumors express much negative sentiment; (4) rumor propagation networks have tighter structure and deeper propagation depth. (5) rumors account for a relatively small percentage of social media data in disaster, which means that most social media data is credible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The medical field is facing a physician‐scientist shortage, threatening future medical research and development. Medical institutions can contribute to developing physician‐scientists by stimulating students' involvement in research. In this study, a medical undergraduate teaching module to develop research skills and encourage interest in research was held in Chongqing, China. Undergraduate medical students at Chongqing Medical University completed research skills training. Before and after the training, an online, anonymous, self‐reported questionnaire was administered. The self‐reported questionnaire investigated students' demographic characteristics, students' perception of attitudes toward conducting research, research skills (e.g., identifying and utilizing information, critical appraisal of literature, paper writing, and understanding of research), and feedback on scientific research training. The module was implemented with 25 students from July 2019 to October 2019, and 96.0% (N = 24) of participants responded to the questionnaire both prior to and after the training. In the evaluation of research skills, results showed that use of appropriate tools for research (Z = −3.340, p < 0.01), students' ability to undertake a focused literature search (Z = −3.40, p < 0.01), identifying and utilizing information (Z = −3.34, p < 0.01), and paper‐writing skills (Z = −3.49, p < 0.01) were significantly improved after the undergraduates participated in the scientific research training. A qualitative analysis of the feedback showed that students found that the training helped to enhance their knowledge, improve their study scores, and motivate them to conduct research in the future. Early scientific research ability training strengthened the research skills of medical undergraduates and motivated them to pursue research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In the global trend of actively promoting the participation of older adults in the digital age, the relevant negative issues featuring potential Internet Addiction (IA) among them has risen to be a new challenge facing the global public health. However, there is a severe lack of related research. This study aimed to gain a comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon and process of IA among the elderly. The purpose of this paper is to introduce factors that may influence IA in the demographic. Methods: This study employed qualitative descriptive research methods to investigate older adults' perceptions and experiences of IA. Semi-structured in-depth personal interviews were conducted between March and June 2023 with 36 senior citizens from urban communities in Chongqing, Southwest China. Data were analyzed via inductive content analysis methods. Results: Through data analysis, 2 main categories concerning IA in older adults were identified: risk factors and protective factors. The risk factor categories include 5 individual factors (e.g., Internet as the major avenue for pursuing personal hobbies and interests, etc.), 3 family factors (e.g., household WIFI increasing the risk of prolonged Internet use indoors, etc.), 2 peer factors (e.g., peer recommendation and guidance as catalysts for intensified Internet engagement, etc.), 2 socio-environmental factors (e.g., the widespread daily Internet use spurs offline intolerance, etc.), and 3 Internet platform factors (e.g., the plenitude of online content triggers endless viewing/browsing behaviors, etc.). The category of protective factors encompasses 2 individual factors (e.g., a higher level of perceived risk regarding internet health hazards, etc.) and 2 family factors (e.g., more family commitment, etc.). Conclusions: Older adults' Internet addictive behaviors are shaped by multiple and complex internal and external factors. A higher level of online health risk perception is a key protective factor to effectively avoid the occurrence and deterioration of IA among the aged, a distinct finding from this study. It is believed that the "individual-family-peer-community" synergy strategy is expected to become an essential direction for IA intervention for older adults, in order to promote healthy Internet use among older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tourism Tribune / Lvyou Xuekan is the property of Tourism Institute of Beijing Union University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In addition to being necessary for the stability, coordination, and sustainable growth of the national economy, narrowing the urban–rural income gap is also an "Important national matter" for the long-term security of the nation. "Big mountain areas, big cities, big reservoir areas, big rural areas, and ethnic areas" are all present in the municipality of Chongqing. All of the poverty-stricken counties have been lifted out of poverty, despite the promotion of targeted poverty alleviation and other policies, significant urban–rural income gaps remain. In view of the current research, there has been no in-depth discussion on the correlation between urban and rural income gap and poverty levels in various regions, and there has been no in-depth discussion on the spatial correlation and spillover effects of various influencing factors. This paper employs panel data from 2010 to 2021 for 37 counties in Chongqing; based on an analysis of the characteristics of the urban–rural income gap's spatial pattern and spatio-temporal evolution, it classifies each county (city and district) as either a non-poverty or poverty-stricken county and uses spatial econometric models to conduct an in-depth study of the influencing factors and spillover effects of the urban–rural income gap in Chongqing. The outcomes of our analysis of the influencing factors reveal that the level of fixed assets investment, the per capita spending of public funds, the proportion of rural employees, the proportion of grain sowing, the amount of agricultural fertilizer applied per unit area, the proportion of real estate development investment, and population density variables are important causes of the URIG in Chongqing. The spillover effects of these factors vary between poverty-stricken and non-poverty-stricken counties. This paper aims to provide reference to policymakers to design measures to narrow the urban–rural income gap and advance the urban–rural coordinated development strategy on the basis of a thorough examination of the spatial and temporal evolution, influencing variables, and spillover effects of the urban–rural income gap in Chongqing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It will contribute to ameliorating the national carbon trading system and further benefit the realization of China's carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals through in-depth study and summarize the effectiveness of carbon trading policy implementation in pilot areas. Based on the multi-phase difference-in-differences approach and synthetic control method, this paper utilizes China's provincial panel data from 2006 to 2020 to comprehensively assess the Porter effect (including the economic and green innovation effects) and carbon mitigation effect of carbon trading policy from the overall and local perspectives. Then the robustness test and mechanism analysis are carried out. The findings show that: (1) from the overall effect, the carbon trading policy brings a noticeable carbon mitigation effect and Porter effect, and the intensity of the impact keeps changing over time; (2) there is significant heterogeneity in the local effects of this policy on the eight pilot provinces and cities, with only Chongqing obtaining both the Porter effect and the carbon mitigation effect, while the rest of the regions do not yield the triple dividend of economic, environmental, and green innovation simultaneously; (3) there are much more prominent environment and green innovation effects in the developed regions, while the underdeveloped ones have better economic development and no green innovation effect; (4) the policy can bring environmental and economic dividends through energy structure optimization. However, due to the carbon rebound effect, stimulating green innovation pathways can only boost the economy while carbon emissions increase instead. The research conclusions can provide the decision support and policy direction for policies related to China's carbon market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land use/cover change (LUCC) models are essential for studying the profound impact of land use/cover dynamics on various aspects of the natural and social environment. Cellular Automata (CA) is widely used in the dynamic modeling of complex LUCC systems. In the traditional machine learning CA model, when using statistical methods to obtain neighborhood features, there is usually the problem that the spatio-temporal feature learning of neighborhood factors is insufficient. At the same time, the CA dynamic iteration module using the random seed selection mechanism often has the problem that the seed selection efficiency is very low. In this paper, taking the Chongqing Metropolitan Area as an example, convolutional neural networks (CNN)-Long Short-Term Memory Network (LSTM) is introduced to improve the learning effect of the traditional random forest (RF)-CA model in the spatial and temporal characteristics of neighborhood factors. CNN is used to extract the spatial dimension features of LUCC in the neighborhood, and the LSTM model is used to extract the time dimension features and long-term dependencies. At the same time, a high-quality seed selection iterative algorithm (HQSSIA) is used to improve the accuracy of the multi-land-use dynamic change model and the efficiency of the iterative algorithm. The results show that, the proposed model performs better than other models in simulating the LUCC from 2015 to 2020 (Kappa = 0.9684, FOM = 0.1744, Accuracy = 0.9829, F1 = 0.9641, Hamming = 0.0171) and from 2010 to 2020 (Kappa = 0.9599, FOM = 0.4662, Accuracy = 0.9785, F1 = 0.8113, Hamming = 0.0214). After introducing the CNN-LSTM model, the Figure of Merit (FOM) increased by 1.56% and 18.88% for 2015–2020 and 2010–2020. Compared with the CA model-based random seed selection algorithm, the FOM of the model using HQSSIA in the dynamic iteration module are improved by 11.60% and 24.79% for 2015–2020 and 2010–2020, and the operation efficiency of the dynamic iteration module is improved by about 19 times. Compared with the current mainstream LUCC models PLUS and FLUS, the proposed model has improved 14.38%, 37.55%, and 14.93%, 37.74% in FOM, respectively, for 2015–2020 and 2010–2020. The research shows that: (1) RF-CNN-LSTM-CA model not only retains the interpretability advantage of the traditional RF-CA model, but also improves the accuracy of the whole model by improving the spatio-temporal characteristics of neighborhood factors through in-depth learning; (2) the HQSSIA can quickly and accurately search for cells to be converted with higher conversion probability in the observed data, which can not only significantly reduce the time complexity of the model, but also improve the accuracy of LUCC simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Yangtze River Economic Belt (YREB), an important industrial belt for food security for China, is facing the challenge of decreasing cultivated land in the process of rapid urbanization. In this case, how to improve the cultivated land use efficiency (CLUE) has become the top priority. Based on data from 108 cities of YREB from 2001 to 2019, we measured CLUE using a slack-based measure with undesirable output (SBM-Undesirable). The high-value area of CLUE shows a trend from multi-core agglomeration to two-core agglomeration, mainly concentrated in Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomeration and the northern part of the YREB. Then the paper examines the spatial effect of urbanization on CLUE using the Spatial Error Model (SEM). The result shows that population urbanization has significantly promoted the improvement of CLUE in YREB during the sample period. With each percentage point increase in population urbanization, CLUE will increase by 2.99%. Land urbanization has a negative impact on CLUE, for each percent increase in the expansion of urban spatial scope, CLUE will decrease by 0.06%. The spatial heterogeneity analysis shows that population urbanization in the lower reaches has significantly promoted CLUE, with a coefficient of 1.053. The population urbanization level in the middle and lower reaches of the region has no obvious effect on CLUE. The coefficient of land urbanization in the downstream region is 0.35, which significantly promotes CLUE. The coefficient in the middle is −0.26, which implies the CLUE decreases by 0.26% for every one percentage point increase in land urbanization. Land urbanization in the upper has no significant impact on the CLUE. Policy implications include improving the quality of the three major urban clusters along the YREB, building an ecologic protective screen in the upper, encouraging a new agricultural management system and detailed regulations related to the cultivated land protection in YREB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China is attaching increasing importance to the creation of regional integration, high-quality economic development and ecological civilization. An accurate grasp of the traction effect of the increased level of integration of urban agglomerations on the eco-efficiency (EE) of cities in the region will help to promote the steady improvement of urban economic development and the ecological environment. This paper constructs an index system to measure the level of integration of the Chengdu–Chongqing urban agglomeration (CCUA) and the EE of each city within it from 2011 to 2020 and explores the impact of regional integration on urban EE and its mechanism of action. The study presents the follow findings: (1) The level of integration of the CCUA increased nearly 10 times from 2011 to 2020, with the government playing a significant leading role. (2) The positive and negative effects of the level of integration of the CCUA on urban EE depend on factors such as the level of economic development, the stage of development and the location. There are several relationships between the level of intra-regional integration and urban EE: first, a nearly linear increase, as in Chongqing and Chengdu; second, an increase in fluctuation, as in Dazhou, Guang'an and Leshan; and third, a fluctuation, decrease, flat or even no real increase, as in Luzhou, Ya'an and Zigong. (3) Based on this, this paper considers the mechanism of the level of integration within the region on urban EE in terms of both economic and eco-environmental effects, with a view to exploring the future green development path of the CCUA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The Ling sound test cannot provide the test of Chinese tone for preschool children with hearing aid and cochlear implants. OBJECTIVE: The paper tries to design a new tone test method composed of the Ling sound test and four Chinese tones to evaluate the hearing level of Chinese hearing-impaired children. METHODS: The tone identification rates of 20 cochlear implant children were statistically analyzed to verify the validity of the Ling sound test in the Chinese tone version. In addition, this paper analyzed the pronunciation characteristics of the Ling sound test in the Chongqing-accented Mandarin version of 20 subjects. RESULTS: The identification rate of Ling six sounds was more than 97.0%, the identification rate of tone was more than 81.0%, and the identification rate of vowels was 83.1%, which was higher than that of consonants 79.0%. The Ling sound test n the Chongqing-accented Mandarin version has a narrower frequency range. CONCLUSION: The results verify the effectiveness and feasibility of the Ling sound test in the Chinese tone version in the assessment of frequency range and tone identification for cochlear implant users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spatial prediction(SP) based on machine learning(ML) has been applied to soil water quality, air quality, marine environment, etc. However, there are still deficiencies in dealing with the problem of small samples. Normally, ML requires large amounts of training samples to prevent underfitting. And the data augmentation(DA) methods of mixup and synthetic minority over-sampling technique(SMOTE) ignore the similarity of geographic information. Therefore, this paper proposes a modified upsampling method and combines it with the random forest spatial interpolation(RFSI) to deal with the small sample problem in geographical space. The modified upsampling is mainly reflected in the following two aspects. Firstly, in the process of selecting the nearest points, it is to select points with similar geographic information in some aspects of the category after classification. Secondly, the selected difference is the difference of each category. In order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, we use daily precipitation data for January 2018 in Chongqing. The experimental results show that the combination of the modified upsampling method and RFSI effectively improves the accuracy of SP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increasing consumption of energy in the world, shale gas, as a clean, efficient, and unconventional energy source, has been paid more and more attention. However, it should not be ignored that the process of shale gas exploitation will cause serious environmental pollution, especially water resource consumption and pollution. At present, the quantitative research on water resource cost of shale gas exploitation is rare. On the basis of summarizing the water resource consumption, pollution source in shale gas exploitation. This paper takes Chongqing Fuling national shale gas demonstration area as the research object, and cost measurement models are established from three aspects: water resource consumption, human body damage, and water quality decline. This paper innovatively calculates the water consumption cost of shale gas exploitation in Fuling, Chongqing. The calculation results show that the water consumption cost of Fuling shale gas in Chongqing is 93,639 Yuan per well. The research results provide theoretical basis and data support for enterprises to develop shale gas and the Chinese government to formulate shale gas development plan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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China's Hot Summer and Cold Winter zone, with a 550 million population, accounts for 45% of China's building energy consumption; as such, building retrofits could offer substantial energy savings. This paper presents results from a dynamic thermal modeling study of a typical urban multistory residential building under three types of air conditioning (A/C) operating schedules. Seven energy-saving retrofit measures (external wall insulation, roof insulation, double-glazing, air infiltration control, window shading, communal staircase design, and energy-efficient A/C) were evaluated, and the retrofit strategy with the highest annual energy savings and lowest thermal discomfort was identified. This retrofit strategy was subsequently evaluated for other flats (apartments) with different orientations and positions in the typical building. The annual space-conditioning energy could be reduced by 59%–68%, depending on the flat location, orientation and A/C operating schedule. The findings were then scaled up to estimate the potential energy savings in the city of Chongqing. More than 320 multistory residential buildings were represented by 12 archetypes. Space-conditioning energy consumption was reduced by up to 58% (18.8 TWh). This work provides evidence of the potential energy savings of city-scale retrofit that could aid China in reducing building energy consumption and achieving net-zero carbon emissions by 2050. It was possible to explore a wide range of refurbishment options for China's highly energy-consuming Hot Summer and Cold Winter zone with hot, humid summers and mild, chilly winters using dynamic thermal models. The simulation models developed in this paper revealed that double-glazing with air infiltration control is the most effective retrofit measure for middle-floor flats, but for top-floor flats, roof insulation is the most effective; south-facing flats consume more high energy consumption than north-facing flats. Furthermore, high-rise buildings consume less energy than low-rise buildings per square meter, and one-bedroom flats consume more energy than three-bedroom flats per square meter. This study also demonstrated the procedure to develop thermal comfort evaluation methods, A/C operating schedules, and construction parameters from literature in this climate zone when there were no standards or databases available. Findings offer a tangible, clear retrofit strategy that considers different A/C operating schedules, flat locations, and building archetypes. It can assist decision-making by practitioners and homeowners aiming to upgrade the building stock of this climate zone which covers 3.4 billion m2 with a 550 million population to reduce energy consumption and improve occupant comfort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The research of this paper is based on natural research methods and musicological research theory, and a brief study of Dazu folk songs. Methods: Research is conducted by investigation and literature analysis. The research problem and objectives: Study the regional generalization and cultural influence of Dazu District. To analyse and study the categories of Dazu folk songs. To study the existing situation of Dazu folk songs. Through the research, this paper draws the following Results: Witchcraft culture has a deep impact on Dazu folk songs. Dazu folk songs are divided into folk labor songs, custom songs, minor songs and children's songs. Discussion: The songs repository is not good, as such further proper communication and storing are required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the outbreak of COVID-19 in early 2020, the epidemic has gradually become normalized. This has affected all sectors in China, especially tourism, which has been hit hard. Many travelling sites have to close, making it difficult to make a living. This paper studies Wulong Karst scenic spot by case study method and SWOT analysis method, and puts forward suggestions and countermeasures to the existing problems of this scenic spot, so that Wulong Karst scenic spot, as a world natural heritage, can better maintain sustainable development under the background of the epidemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The development of urbanization has changed the original land cover and exacerbated the urban heat island effect, seriously affecting the sustainable development of the ecological environment. Research on urban heat island characteristics and land cover changes in five major urban agglomerations in China to provide a reference for preventing thermal environmental risks and urban agglomeration construction planning. This paper estimates the surface urban heat island intensity (SUHII) of the five major urban agglomerations in China from 2003 to 2019 based on Google Earth Engine (GEE) through the urban–rural dichotomy, analyzes their trends through the Sen + M–K trend analysis method, and combines the detrending rate matrix to analyze the impact of land cover type shift on urban heat island change. Research shows that (1) the land cover types of the five major urban agglomerations in China have changed considerably from 2003 to 2019, and all five major urban agglomerations in China experienced varying degrees of urban expansion. (2) The annual average value of SUHII decreases in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, Yangtze River Delta, and middle reaches of the urban agglomerations, while the annual average value of SUHII increases in Chengdu-Chongqing and Pearl River Delta urban agglomerations. (3) The spatial composition of land cover types in the five major urban agglomerations in China is highly spatially correlated with urban heat islands, with urban land and bare land urban heat islands being the most pronounced. (4) The land cover type shift has the most significant heat island impact on Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, Yangtze River Delta, and Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomerations. (5) The land cover change (LCC) with an increasing trend in SUHII is mainly bare land converted to arable land, and water bodies, grassland, forest land, and arable land converted to urban land. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a vital resource endowment area and ecological barrier area in China, low‐carbon development in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River is of great significance. This paper compiled the emission inventory in the Upper Yangtze River Economic Zone in the IPCC regional emission accounting method framework and used the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) model to evaluate economic development and carbon emissions. Finally, this paper used the time series method to predict carbon emissions to 2030. We find that carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions increased rapidly from 2004 to 2012. The average annual growth rate reached 9.16%. After 2012, carbon emissions in the region no longer grow steadily but fluctuate or even decline. The secondary industry contributed 79.77%, the tertiary industry contributed 17.78%, and the primary industry only 2.45% from 2000 to 2015. From the industrial sector and energy consumption, thermoelectricity production and supply division and nonmetallic mineral products industry are the sectors with the most CO2 emissions, accounting for 35.54% and 13.34%, respectively. Raw coal and coke are the main factors causing emissions. Nearly 61.32% of the carbon dioxide produced by raw coal comes from the electricity production sector. However, from 2011 to 2015, the CO2 emissions of raw coal decreased year by year, down by 23.32%. The impact of economic growth on carbon dioxide emissions supports the EKC hypothesis. The CO2 emissions in the Upper Yangtze River Economic Zone will decline after 2020, but Chongqing has shown an upward trend. With the above results, provinces and cities can optimize the regional industrial structure based on sectoral carbon emissions. The study area needs to develop clean energy to optimize the coal‐led energy consumption structure. Provinces and cities in the district can learn from each other's advanced emission reduction experience. © 2021 The Authors. Greenhouse Gases: Science and Technology published by Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China's current urban gardening promotion policies mainly focus on community gardens and lack in-depth research on the differentiated needs of different urban gardeners. To meet the diverse needs of China's gardeners, this study proposes a typology that classifies gardeners into urban native and migrant ones based on their urban and rural living experiences in China. A questionnaire survey conducted in the core area of Chongqing city revealed significant differences and some similarities in gardening motivations and behaviors between urban native and migrant gardeners: (1) Although most of the gardeners approved of the value of food production and green scenery creation that Chinese urban gardening has, and disapproved of its value for family income generation, the urban native gardeners' disapproving attitude towards family income generation, and their approval of green scenery creation were more assertive, while on the contrary, the urban migrant gardeners had a more robust approval attitude towards food production. (2) The urban native gardeners preferred proximity and small private spaces for a combination of ornamental vegetation and edible vegetables. In contrast, the urban migrated gardeners preferred larger areas for gardening in non-community spaces and leaned towards edible vegetables. (3) Both have shared motivations related to the recreation and ecological conservation values of urban gardening. Given the above differences and similarities, this paper proposes an urban gardening development strategy that meets the needs of the two types of gardeners in China, including space planning and design, operation, and management of gardening spaces, and organization of activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the engineering background of shield construction of a subway section in Chongqing, which needs to pass through a park and there is a lake inside this park, this paper adopts theoretical analysis methods and numerical simulation calculation methods to explore the distribution law of the seepage field and the characteristics of water pressure in lining segments during shield tunneling. The results show that, during the whole excavation of a double-track tunnel with EPB shield, the maximum vertical effective stress is about 4.24 MPa, which is located at the arch foot of the tunnel. The maximum effective stress in the horizontal direction is about 3.61 MPa, which is located on both side walls of the tunnel in the horizontal direction; after the left and right tunnels are excavated in sequence, a "double precipitation funnel-shaped" pore pressure distribution is formed around the tunnel; during the construction of the shield tunnel, the vertical displacement and horizontal displacement of the surrounding rock show an increasing trend and gradually tend to be stable values of 24.09 mm and 25.28 mm; the segment vault has settlement, the maximum settlement is 21.8 mm, the arch bottom has uplift, and the maximum uplift is 24.4 mm. The maximum horizontal displacement of the segment appears on both sides of the arch waist, and the maximum horizontal displacement decreases with the increase of excavation steps; the positive bending moment of the lining segment is mainly distributed on both sides of the arch crown, and the negative bending moment is mainly distributed on both sides of the arch bottom. The axial force of the lining segment is compressive stress, and the maximum axial force is mainly distributed on both sides of the arch waist. The maximum normal shear stress occurs on both sides of the segment arch bottom. The study conclusions provide theoretical foundation and a new guidance for long-term safety evaluation of underwater tunnel structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of urbanization, frequent flood event have become the most common natural disasters, posing a significant challenge to human society. Considering the effects of urbanization on flood risk is critical for flood risk reduction and reasonable land planning strategies at the city scale. This study proposes an integrated approach based on remote sensing data using CA, Markov, and simplified hydrodynamic (FloodMap) models to accurately and effectively assess flood risk under urbanization. Taking Chongqing City as a case study, this paper analyzes the temporal and spatial variations in land use/land cover (LULC) in 2010, 2015, and 2018 and predicts the LULC for 2030, based on historic trends. Flood risk is assessed by combining the hazard, exposure, and modified vulnerability. The results suggest that the area of built-up land will increase significantly from 19.56% in 2018 to 25.21% in 2030. From 2010 to 2030, the area of medium and high inundation depths will increase by 10 and 16 times, respectively. Flood damage varies remarkably according to the LULC and return period. The expected annual damage (EAD) has been estimated to increase from USD 68 million in 2010 to USD 200 million in 2030. Flood risk is proportional to population and is significantly inversely proportional to socioeconomic level. The approach used here can provide a comprehensive understanding of flood risk and is significant for land-use policymaking and the management of flood control facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Terrestrialecosystems are significant carbon sinks and are crucial for understanding the regional and global carbon cycles, energy flow, and climate change. As land use change is a significant process affecting ecosystem carbon stocks and striving for land degradation neutrality (LDN), studying it is essential for comprehending the evolution of regional carbon sink functions and achieving sustainable development goals. The drastically diverse land use patterns in each of the study area's regions resulted in significant differences in carbon stock. This study explores the evolution traits of carbon stocks based on land use data and their driving mechanisms in Chongqing during the past 30 years by using spatial analysis, the InVEST model, and geographic probes. The results demonstrate that from 1990 to 2020, land degradation in Chongqing was made worse by the demand for land for construction land, but the strategy of converting cropland back to forests raised the carbon stock of forest land. The overall result is a decrease in total carbon stocks of 5.1078 Tg or 1.5%. The main pathway for carbon loss pathway in the evolution of carbon stock is the conversion of cropland to construction land, and the primary carbon compensation pathway is the conversion of grassland and cropland to forest land, with a spatial distribution characterized by "higher in the whole area and obvious local differences." The land use intensity index has the most significant influence on the evolution of carbon stock. Moreover, the interaction of pairwise factors played a more important role in affecting the evolution of carbon stocks than did each factor individually. The case study in this paper shows that land use change is a significant driving mechanism for the evolution of carbon stock, and the development of a driving model theory is appropriate for deciphering the trajectory of carbon stock evolution and offering research suggestions for other regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A city bus carries a large number of passengers, and any traffic accidents can lead to severe casualties and property losses. Hence, predicting the likelihood of accidents among bus drivers is paramount. This paper considered occupational driving characteristics such as cumulative driving duration, station entry and exit features, and peak driving times, and categorical boosting (CatBoost) was used to construct an accident probability prediction model. Its effectiveness was confirmed by the daily management data of a Chongqing bus company in June. For data processing, Multiple Imputation by Chained Equations for Random Forests (MICEForest) was used for data filling. In terms of prediction, a comparative analysis of four boosted trees revealed that CatBoost exhibited superior performance. To analyze the critical factors affecting the probability of bus driver accidents, SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) was applied to visualize and interpret the results. In addition to the significant effects of age, rainfall, and azimuthal change, etc., we innovatively discovered that the proportion of driving duration during peak duration, the dispersion when entering and exiting stations, the proportion of driving duration within a week, and the accumulated driving duration of the previous week also had varying degrees of impact on accident probability. Our research and findings provide a new idea of accident prediction for professional drivers and direct theoretical support for the accident risk management of bus drivers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban housing stock is of large scale and diversity, with low and uneven energy efficiency. In view of this situation, this paper investigates the urban housing of Chongqing during 1950 and 2000 with the typology approach and the CHAID decision tree algorithm, summarizes three major categories and 24 subcategories of building envelopes from 373 samples according to three attributesof construction year, unit type and unit composition, and constructs physical models of the archetypes. By simulation, it shows that classified evaluation can better explain the impact factors and their significance for various types of cooling and heating load demands, contributing to screening out the types with the worst energy efficiency, and the parts of each type that are most unfavorable for energy efficiency. The saving rates of retrofit measures with different depths on cooling and heating loads also depends on the contributions of different types and their different parts. It is proposed to subdivide the evaluation standards for energy-efficiency retrofitting based on CHAID decision tree, and to extrapolate to a larger area for energy-efficiency evaluation and retrofit potential prediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Rapid prediction with near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy on quality traits is pretty popular recently, for the convenience and simple operation. But to make good use of this technology, precise and suitable calibration equations are very important to get dependable result. In this study, we mostly refer to the building of the equation and how the pretreatment effect them. Methods: In this paper, near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy was used to simultaneously predict the quality traits of soybean, including oil content, protein content, oleic acid content, linoleic acid content, stearic acid content. Near infrared spectral data of a total of 112 samples is collected from given materials in Chongqing. Samples were scanned from 1000 nm to 2500 nm using a monochromator instrument (SuperNIR-2700). Calibration equations were developed from NIR data using partial least squares (PLS) regression with internal cross validation. In addition, in this study, we also cover the affection of different pre-treatments to the different calibration equations predicting different quality traits. And measure the effect with three indicators including R, SECV and RPD. Result: Eventually we find the most suitable combination of pre-treatments for each calibration equation predicting a certain trait soybean. The present study would lay the foundations of rapid detection of quality traits in soybean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The operation status of the underground public space pedestrian system is of varying quality, but decision-makers and operators have no way of knowing its current operation status and how to retrofit it. In this paper, the social network model is adopted to compare and analyze the characteristic parameters of urban underground public space networks and users' pedestrian routes in 13 cases in the main urban area of Chongqing to judge the suitability of the two networks. The results show a mismatch between the existing urban underground public spaces and users' walking paths, with most users choosing to move within a fixed range and preferring to stop at nodes with larger areas, while there is an obvious waste of resources in the rest of the nodes. The overall connectivity and aggregation are generally low although the number of nodes in transit between the two networks matches. In addition, with different types of space compared, the cross-block urban underground public space network is more suitable for users' pedestrian routes, followed by the square and street types, and the compound type is ranked last. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elucidating the hydrogeochemical processes and quality assessment of groundwater holds significant importance for its sustainable development. In this paper, 53 groundwater samples were collected from a typical agricultural area in the northeastern Chongqing municipality in SW China. The integration of multivariate statistical analysis, ion ratio analysis, geomodelling analysis, the entropy water quality index, health risks assessment, and sensitivity analysis was carried out to explore the hydrochemical processes and quality assessment of groundwater in this study. The statistical results reveal that the cationic concentrations followed the order of Ca2+ > Mg2+ > Na+ > K+, while the anionic components were in the order of HCO3− > SO42− > NO3− > Cl−. Based on the Piper trilinear diagram, the hydrochemical types were shown as Ca-HCO3 and Ca-Mg-HCO3 types. Hierarchical cluster analysis indicated that the groundwater samples could be categorized into three groups. The hydrochemical compositions were primarily influenced by water–rock interactions (e.g., carbonate dissolution and silicate weathering). In terms of irrigation suitability, the sodium adsorption ratios (SARs) ranged from 0.05 to 1.82, and the electrical conductivity (EC) varied from 116 to 1094 μs/cm, indicating that most groundwater samples were suitable for irrigation. The entropy-weighted water quality index ranged from 15 to 94, suggesting that the groundwater samples were suitable for drinking purposes. Non-carcinogenic human health risks followed the order of children > adult females > adult males, within the average values of 0.30, 0.21, and 0.18, respectively. Sensitivity analysis showed that the parameters had the weight order of NO3 > body weight (BW) > ingestion rate (IR) > exposure frequency (EF). Hence, we recommend prioritizing the management of areas with high salinity levels, while avoiding the excessive use of nitrogen fertilizers, raising awareness among local residents about safe groundwater, and providing robust support for the sustainable development of groundwater in typical agricultural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite growing scholarly attention on the role of urban networks for understanding regional dynamics, there has been limited research examining the impact of cities' transportation network connections on regional market integration. This paper analyzes China's four major urban agglomerations: the Yangtze River Delta, the Pearl River Delta, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, and Chengdu-Chongqing. Applying a spatial Durbin model to cross-sectional datasets for 2019, we provide insight into the role of cities' transportation network connections in promoting regional market integration, considering both the potentially heterogeneous impact of network connections and the interplay between network and agglomeration externalities. Our results indicate that: (1) cities' transportation network connections have an inverted 'U'-shaped effect on regional market integration; (2) transportation network connections have spatial spillover effects; (3) the positive impact of transportation network connections on regional market integration becomes more pronounced as city size decreases; and (4) there are neither complementary nor substitution effects between network and agglomeration externalities. We reflect on the broader implications of our empirical findings for regional development strategies and discuss possible avenues for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since thermodynamics can describe the energy of matter and its form of storage or transformation in the system, it is introduced to resolve the uncertain decision-making problems. The paper proposes the thermodynamic decision-making method which considers both the quantity and quality of the probabilistic linguistic decision information. The analogies for thermodynamical indicators: energy, exergy and entropy are developed under the probabilistic linguistic circumstance. The probabilistic linguistic thermodynamic method combines the regret theory which captures decision makers' regret-aversion and the objective weight of criterion obtained by the water-filling algorithm. The proposed method is applied to select the optimal solution to respond to the floods in Chongqing, China. The self-comparison is conducted to verify the effectiveness of the objective weight obtained by the water-filling algorithm and regret theory in the probabilistic linguistic thermodynamic method. The reliability and feasibility of the proposed method are verified by comparative analysis with other decision-making methods by some simulation experiments and non-parametric tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dedicated bus lane (DBL) is one of the effective measures to improve transit system efficiency and further promote transit priority. Then, the performance assessment of DBLs turns out to be an essential task for better reflecting the interests of all stakeholders. To this end, this paper presents a data-driven and multidimensional framework to objectively and accurately assess the detailed performance of DBLs from the perspective of passengers, government, and operators, respectively, in which multiple data sources (i.e., IC card and GPS data) and corresponding mining technologies are adopted to establish a series of criteria, enabling a before-and-after comparison for DBL opening. The proposed model has been applied to evaluate the efficiency of the DBL system in the city of Chongqing, China. The results reveal the benefits of opening DBLs, especially for government interests, in which DBLs use less public resources to expand more public welfare. But its role in strengthening transit system competitiveness is diminished, because the opening of DBLs did not significantly increase speed and volume. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tobacco farmers often adopt additional multiple agricultural technologies (AMATs) in addition to implementing the standardized technical system in China. Based on the cross-sectional micro data of 346 households of Chongqing, China, this paper assesses the determinants and impacts of the adoption of AMATs on income by using a multinomial endogenous treatment effects model to correct for selection bias and endogeneity caused by observed and unobserved heterogeneity. The results show that (1) the adoption of combinations of AMATs is determined by the household head's education level, experience in tobacco growing, the shortest distance to nearby town, the amount of technical training, the ratio of land available for mechanical cultivation to tobacco land, the distance to extension station, and the ratio of leased land. (2) The adoption of combinations of AMATs has heterogeneous effects on farmers' income through yield and quality improvement. (3) The comprehensive combination of AMATs is not necessarily the best option for farmers. Due to the interaction between technologies such as complementary, substitute or supplementary effects, the moderate implementation of fertilizers and soil improvement is the most effective combination. The results of this research provide a scientific basis for improving the adoption efficiency of AMATs in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of global high temperature, the harm of greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions caused by frequent forest fires to the environment cannot be ignored. Existing research only calculates the GHG generated by the burning of forest vegetation, ignoring the GHG generated by the fire-driven social rescue activities. Taking the forest fire in Beibei District, Chongqing City, China, as an example, this paper studies and establishes the GHG emission accounting method for the whole process of forest fire from ignition to fire extinguishing through three processes: vegetation burning, rescue transportation, and on-site fire extinguishing. It covers three GHG calculation types: biomass burning, traffic activity level comprehensive energy consumption, and machine energy consumption. Among them, the CO2 produced by the burning of coniferous forest, the support transportation of rescue teams in Yunnan province, and the motorcycle transportation at the fire extinguishing site accounted for a relatively high proportion in the corresponding processes, reaching 12,761.445 t, 118.750 t, and 1056.980 t, respectively. Finally, through data analysis, suggestions on GHG emission reduction related to forest tree regulation and optimization of rescue and fire extinguishing management are put forward, which provides a direction for future research on carbon reduction in the whole process of forest fire events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land subsidence, soil erosion, and landscape fragmentation frequently occur in regions of backward production capacity. Therefore, it is imperative to carry out efforts for ecological restoration in these mine-closed regions. The proposal of holistic conservation of mountains, rivers, forests, farmlands, lakes, grasslands, and deserts provides important guidance for ecological restoration. To support the governance of regional ecology, this paper aims to discuss the layout of element governance zoning in four southern towns of Qijiang District, Chongqing. SBAS-InSAR technology, vulnerability assessment, linear trend analysis, and suitability evaluation were used to divide the mountain, water, forest, and farmland management areas. Regional comprehensive management work was implemented according to the severity of each element's existing ecological questions. Eventually, a comprehensive management pattern of mountains, rivers, forests, and farmlands can be obtained. The results show that the mountain management area is 8.03 km2 (3.24% of the total management area), the hydrological management area is 212.07 km2 (85.80% of the total management area), the forest management area is 7.04 km2 (2.84% of the total management area), and the farmland management area is 20.07 km2 (8.12% of the total management area). In light of the current circumstances, this study advocates for the implementation of three integrated governance approaches, with a focus on managing hydrological factors. These approaches include ridge-based mountain, water, and forest governance, valley-based mountain, water, and farmland governance, and undergrowth economy-based water, forest, and farmland governance. This study explores the spatial layout and priority of the governance areas from the perspective of elements, which provides a new development direction for the current research on the life community based on policy analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The city of Chongqing in southwestern China has adopted a systematic set of urbanization policies since the late 2000s. Due to their emphasis on the role of the government and their scale, they deserve close attention. Yet, few studies have examined both positive and negative impacts of the urbanization policies regarding land acquisition, hukou conversion and urban housing as a complete process from rural migrants' perspective. More longer-term empirical studies focusing on rural migrants' reactions to the urbanization policies are needed. By conducting interviews with rural migrants, this paper aims to fill this gap. The results show that the migration intentions of rural migrants living in public rental housing are well-organized and purposive. The motivations for migration are not exclusively financial, but include the opportunities for better schooling and enhanced family bonds that come with living in public rental housing. Meanwhile, the institutional and social barriers faced by rural migrants were also identified. The goal of the paper is to enrich the understandings of the effects of urbanization policies in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 2000, the real estate industry has experienced rapid development, and at the same time, it has driven the rapid growth of housing prices, and the trend of housing prices has attracted attention. This paper integrates genetic algorithm and particle swarm algorithm to optimize BP neural network, and establishes a housing price prediction model based on mixed genetic particle swarm BP neural network. The average data of housing prices in Chongqing, China from 2000 to 2020 and several main factors affecting the trend of housing prices were selected as experimental data. Through the training and simulation prediction based on the mixed particle swarm BP neural network, the error between the predicted value and the actual value was within 0.5%, the validity and accuracy of the model are proved. At the same time, this paper predicts the average price of residential commercial housing in Chongqing in 2021, which provides a reference for the government's macro-control and sellers to carry out residential commercial housing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an effective reinforcement learning (RL) algorithm, Q-learning has been applied to energy management strategy of hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) in recent years. In the existing literatures, the values of three hyperparameters based on Q-learning are all given in advance, which are respectively exploratory rate ε, discount factor γ and learning rate α. However, different values of hyperparameters will influence on fuel economy of the vehicle and offline computation speed. In this paper, it is proposed that the method of optimization on hyperparameters adapting to driving cycle. Firstly, the mathematical model between three hyperparameters and iteration times is established based on inherent regularity of hyperparameters influencing on vehicle performance respectively. Secondly, it is determined that the optimal changing index k_index of iteration number based on Q-learning corresponding to typical driving cycles. Finally, the simulation model of Yubei District in Chongqing is constructed based on the method of Kullback-Leibler (KL) driving cycle identification. The simulation results indicate that equivalent fuel consumption of the proposed strategy is reduced by 0.4 % and the offline operation time is reduced by 6 s. It can be concluded that the proposed strategy can not only improve fuel economy of the vehicle, but also accelerate the computation speed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rise of smart cities and geographic big-data applications, the refined identification of urban functional areas is of great significance for decision-makers to formulate scientific and reasonable urban planning. In this paper, a random forest algorithm was adopted to analyze Point of Interest (POI) data, with the aim of identifying the functional zoning of Chongqing's central urban area and to quantify the functional mixing degree by combining POI data with Open Street Map (OSM) road networks. The main conclusions include: (1) Due to the topography and previous urban planning strategies, the central urban area of Chongqing has a significant cluster development that radiates outward from the center of each district. Mixed functional areas account for about 40% of the total area, excluding non-functional areas. The land-use intensity of the central urban area is significant. (2) The mixing degree of the inner ring is generally high, while the aggregation characteristics of the outer ring are weaker. The functions of catering and transportation are dispersed and are mutually exclusive from other functions. (3) The identification of residential service and green spaces and squares was the best, while the identification of catering service areas was slightly less accurate. The overall identification accuracy of the single-function areas was 82%. The results of functional zoning provide valuable information for understanding the downtown area of Chongqing and represent a new method for the study of urban structures in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complex landforms of a Shan-shui City (Shan-shui refers to mountains and rivers) significantly impact the selection of locations for logistics enterprises. This paper takes Chongqing, one of the most typical Shan-shui Cities in China, as the research object, and adopts spatial analysis methods and a mediating effect model, to explore the role of mountains and rivers in the formation of logistics enterprises' spatial pattern on the street scale. The study results reveal that 90% of the logistics enterprises in the central urban areas of Chongqing are located in the low-altitude area below 353m above sea level, and distributed in a north-south direction along the mountains, as a result of blockage by mountain ranges, such as those of Zhongliang Mountain and Tongluo Mountain. More than 70% of the logistics enterprises are located less than 5 km from either the Yangtze River or Jialing River, spreading along the rivers. In addition, more than half of the logistics enterprises in commercial and financial, and residential land are located within the urban core area, while 80.83% of the logistics enterprises located in warehousing land and industrial land are concentrated in the urban expansion area. In areas with high land prices, the negative effect of altitude on logistics enterprise agglomeration is weakened, while the promotion effect of river proximity on logistics enterprise agglomeration is enhanced. In the urban core area with the advantage of low altitude and proximity to the Jialing and Yangtze Rivers, the role of mountains and rivers on logistics enterprises is not apparent; in contrast, in the urban expansion area with more complex landforms, land price can be an effective means for the government to macro-manage the spatial pattern of logistics enterprises in a Shan-shui City. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Station passenger float forecasting is a normal spatio-temporal statistics forecasting problem. Effectively capturing comprehensive spatio-temporal correlations in such data plays a key role in solving such problems. This paper proposes Spatio-Temporal Graph Convolutional Neural Network Based on Periodic Component (Periodic ST-GCN) to predict the passenger glide at public transportation stations. The model now not solely captures the spatio-temporal traits of visitors' facts through the spatio-temporal convolution block with a sandwich shape composed of one spatial-dimensional convolution and two temporal dimensional convolutions. Also, it effectively considers the periodicity of passenger flow at public transportation stations through the recent, daily and weekly periodic components and, because the graph convolution in the spatial dimension uses pure convolution operations, it reduces the model' training parameters and converges faster. Through the experiment of predicting the Origin–Destination (OD) of passenger flow at public transportation stations in Chongqing, it is found that Periodic ST-GCN achieves better results in two evaluation indicators, mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean square deviation (RMSE). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rural restructuring is an effective means to boost rural revitalization. Research on rural restructuring and its driving forces is helpful to adjust the evolution direction of key development factors, and form a coupling and coordinated development pattern. Taking Chongqing as an example, this paper adopts basic geographic data, land use data, and social and economic data, and uses the entropy method, spatial econometric model, and GTWR model. The paper explores the spatiotemporal evolution pattern of influencing factors on rural restructuring from 2000 to 2018 from the perspective of exogenous driving and endogenous driving. The results show the following. (1) During the study period, the average values of the rural economic restructuring intensity index, social restructuring intensity index, spatial restructuring intensity index, and comprehensive restructuring intensity index were 0.138, 0.118, 0.123, and 0.379, respectively. During the research period, rural restructuring in Chongqing experienced four development stages: space-economic restructuring-led, economic-social restructuring-led, economic restructuring-led, and social-spatial restructuring-led. In general, the dominant speed of economic restructuring gradually accelerated, and the changes in spatial restructuring were obvious but still lagging. Compared with other periods, the characteristics of social restructuring and spatial restructuring were more obvious between 2015 and 2018. (2) Different types of rural restructuring were affected by exogenous and endogenous factors. Exogenous driving mainly showed a negative impact on the changes in rural restructuring in the study area, while endogenous driving mainly showed a positive impact. (3) The driving system composed of exogenous driving and endogenous driving showed obvious timing and dynamic fluctuation. From 2000 to 2005 and from 2015 to 2018, rural restructuring in the study area was balanced and driven by endogenous and exogenous factors. From 2005 to 2015, rural restructuring in the study area was dominated by exogenous driving. Based on the influence differences and internal correlations of the driving forces of rural restructuring, policy opinions are put forward from the two aspects of restructuring path and restructuring guarantee, which provide a scientific basis for the determination of rural development direction and path selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]