Search

Background: Phyllanthus urinaria L. is extensively used as ethnopharmacological material in China. In the local marketplace, this medicine can be accidentally contaminated, deliberately substituted, or mixed with other related species. The contaminants in herbal products are a threat to consumer safety. Due to the scarcity of genetic information on Phyllanthus plants, more molecular markers are needed to avoid misidentification. Methods: In this study, the complete chloroplast genome of nine species of the genus Phyllanthus was de novo assembled and characterized. Results: This study revealed that all of these species exhibited a conserved quadripartite structure, which includes a large single copy (LSC) region and small single copy (SSC) region, and two copies of inverted repeat regions (IRa and IRb), which separate the LSC and SSC regions. And the genome structure, codon usage, and repeat sequences were highly conserved and showed similarities among the nine species. Three highly variable regions (trnS-GCUtrnG-UCC, trnT-UGU-trnL-UAA, and petA-psbJ) might be helpful as potential molecular markers for identifying P. urinaria and its contaminants. In addition, the molecular clock analysis results showed that the divergence time of the genus Phyllanthus might occur at ~ 48.72 Ma. Conclusion: This study provides valuable information for further species identification, evolution, and phylogenetic research of Phyllanthus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: Nanoparticles are now being viewed as fundamental or the basic building blocks of nanotechnology. The most significant property of nanoparticles is that they exhibit large surface area to volume ratio. The most efficient and effective nanoparticles today studied are the ones made of noble metals like that of silver (Ag), gold (Au), or platinum (Pt). The presence of biomolecules of the plant capped in AgNPs is found by Fourier transform-infrared analysis, shape and size, examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). From XRD, the average size of AgNPs is found to be around 15 nm. Atomic force microscope proves to be very helpful in the determination and verification of various morphological features and parameters. Materials and Methods: Plant sample was collected from phytolabs and is extracted using aqueous method. 1 g of sample with water is boiled for 10 min at 55°C. The extract was filtered. To the filtrate, 1 molar silver nitrate solution was prepared. Overnight incubation was done in shake incubator. Results and Discussion: Ultraviolet spectroscopy was taken. The sample was taken at 200–800 nm. Out of which the peak was seen at 420 nm. Fourier transform infrared results confirm the presence of functional groups. SEM shows the image of synthesized silver nanoparticles from Phyllanthus emblica. The image clearly indicates the particle size range in 138 nm. Conclusion: Silver nanoparticles have been used as an antimicrobial agent in many industries. Products made from these are also approved by developed countries such as US, UK, and China. These antimicrobial activities are found useful for water treatment. Because of its ability to kill microorganisms, it offers an alternative to conventional methods and can be used in applications such as bandages, food and water storage, and pharmaceutical waste management. Furthermore, nanopaints are made using this. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gauri Gvong Phyllanthus embica Linn is fine variety domesticated by Lujiang Town farmers in Longyang District through may yeas. It has high economic and ecological benefits and is a medicinal and edible fruit in hot-dry valley regions. Gauri Gvong Phyllanthus embica Lnn planting ranks the first place in Baoshan City and even in the whole Yunnan Province. It introduced current situations of Gauri Gvong Phyllanthus embica Linn industry in Longyang District and came up with development ideas, objectives and recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cell-based antioxidant activity assay as more biological relevant assay was considered to be more accurate to predict antioxidant activity in vivo than chemical activity assays. In the present study, the five main Phyllanthus emblica L. cultivars in China were subjected for cellular antioxidant activity based on HepG2 cells as well as antiproliferative activity. Total phenolics, total flavonoids and oxygen radical absorbance capacity were also measured. The results showed that Qingyougan, Binggan and Boligan (832±100, 774±52 and 704±28 µmol of quercetin equivalents/100 g) had higher cellular antioxidant activity than Tianyougan and Yougan (553±50 and 457±24 µmol of quercetin equivalents/100 g) in phosphate buffered saline wash protocol whereas, Boligan (3735±217 µmol of quercetin equivalents/100 g) had the highest cellular antioxidant activity and Tianyougan (2025±171 µmol of quercetin equivalents/100 g) had the lowest cellular antioxidant activity in no phosphate buffered saline wash protocol. The highest and lowest antiproliferative activities were observed in Binggan and Tianyougan (median effective dose: 6.95±0.11 and 14.03±0.10 mg/ml), respectively. The significant correlation was only observed between total flavonoids and cellular antioxidant activity from no phosphate buffered saline wash protocol (R²=0.908, P<0.05), and total flavonoids and antiproliferative activity (R²=0.887, P<0.05), suggesting the major contribution of flavonoids to the bioactivities of emblica. Overall, the data obtained revealed that different Phyllanthus emblica L. cultivars had strong cellular antioxidant and antiproliferative activities, thus should be recommended to increase consumption for health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatitis B induced by hepatitis B virus (HBV) remains a major public health problem worldwide. Although several antiviral drugs have been approved for hepatitis B, they cause significant dose-dependent side-effects (interferon-α) and drug resistance (lamivudine, etc.). Safe and potent new anti-HBV drugs are urgently needed. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is an established segment of the health care system in China and widely used for hepatitis B in China and many parts of the world. Many TCMs and related active compounds have been reported that have promising and potent anti-HBV activities, including Phyllanthus, Salvia miltiorrhiza, Rheum palmatum L., Radix Astragali, oxymatrine, artemisinin and artesunate, and wogonin. Thus, TCM is a potential candidate for anti-HBV drugs. More information is needed regarding TCMs, including preparation, standardization, identification of active ingredients, and toxicological evaluation. Therefore, TCM development needs to apply advanced and interdisciplinary methodology and technology and perform further rigorously designed experimental and clinical investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Coxsackie virus B3 (CVB3) is believed to be a major contributor to viral myocarditis since virus-associated apoptosis plays a role in the pathogenesis of experimental myocarditis. In this study, we investigated the in vitro and in vivo antiviral activities of Phyllaemblicin B, the main ellagitannin compound isolated from Phyllanthus emblica, a Chinese herb medicine, against CVB3. Herein we report that Phyllaemblicin B inhibited CVB3-mediated cytopathic effects on HeLa cells with an IC50 value of 7.75±0.15μg/mL. In an in vivo assay, treatment with 12mgkg−1 d−1 Phyllaemblicin B reduced cardiac CVB3 titers, decreased the activities of LDH and CK in murine serum, and alleviated pathological damages of cardiac muscle in myocarditic mice. Moreover, Phyllaemblicin B clearly inhibited CVB3-associated apoptosis effects both in vitro and in vivo. These results show that Phyllaemblicin B exerts significant antiviral activities against CVB3. Therefore, Phyllaemblicin B may represent a potential therapeutic agent for viral myocarditis. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The phenolic contents of methanolic extracts of emblica (Phyllanthus emblica L.) fruit from six regions in China were measured in this work. The antioxidant activities of these extracts were also evaluated. Total phenolic content was ranged from 81.5 to 120.9mggallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g and the flavonoid content was varied from 20.3 to 38.7mgquecetin equivalents (QE)/g, while proanthocyanidin content was ranged from 3.7 to 18.7mgcatechin equivalents (CE)/g. Among all the methanolic extracts analyzed, the Huizhou sample exhibited a significantly higher phenolic content than other samples (P<0.05). The antioxidant activities were evaluated by in vitro experiments using scavenging assays of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals, hydroxyl radicals, and superoxide anion radicals, chelating ability of ferrous ion, reducing power, and inhibition capability of Fe (II)-induced lipid peroxidation, respectively. The Huizhou sample was found to have the strongest antioxidant activities in scavenging DPPH radicals, superoxide anion radicals, and had the highest reducing power, while the Chuxiong sample showed the best performance in chelating iron and inhibiting lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, the Chuxiong sample exhibited a stronger inhibition activity of the hydroxyl radicals compared with other samples. The high correlation coefficient was existed between the phenolic content and superoxide anion radical scavenging activity, but no significant correlation was found between the former and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity. Methanolic extracts of emblica fruit from some selected regions exhibited stronger antioxidant activities compared to those of the commercial compounds (quercetin and BHA). It might be considered as a potential plant source of antioxidants. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A novel highly oxygenated norbisabolane sesquiterpene, namely phyllanthacidoid U (1), along with nine known sesquiterpenes (2-10) was isolated from the roots and stems of Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels (Phyllanthaceae), collected from Xishuangbanna, Yunnan province, China. Their structures were elucidated by means of extensive spectroscopic analysis and by comparison of their data with reported values in literatures. Instead of the C-13 ester O -glycosyl found mostly in the titled plant growing in Thailand, compound 1 possessed a rare N - β -glucosamine-2- N -acetate moiety linked directly to the carbonyl at C-13 through an amido bond. Moreover, the acyl group at C-10 in 1 was ( Z )-2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-pent-2-enedioyl group, instead of benzoic or p -hydroxybenzoic moieties found commonly in the reported norbisabolane sesquiterpenes. The known sesquiterpene 5 displayed stronger anti hepatitis B virus (HBV) activity with IC 50 values of 1.69 ± 0.22 and 2.79 ± 0.69 μM towards HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) and HBV excreted antigen (HBeAg) secretion, respectively.

Brown root rot (BRR), caused by Phellinus noxius (Corner) G. Cunningham, occurs on over 200 species of plants, especially woody trees and shrubs. Ceylon myrtle ( Phyllanthus myrtifolius [Wight] Müll.Arg.), a common hedge plant, was recently observed to be infected with BRR. Disease diagnosis was performed by completing Koch's postulates, and Ceylon myrtle was confirmed to be a new host of P. noxius . Typical symptoms of BRR were observed, including reduction in leaf size, dieback of branches, and suspended growth of young leaves. A disease severity index was used to quantify BRR in this study. Compared with Malabar chestnut, Ceylon myrtle was relatively resistant to BRR. Surprisingly, phylogenetic analysis of the ITS and 28S sequences revealed that isolates identified as P. noxius from Taiwan and many other countries were clustered in the same clade but separate from the clade comprising isolates from China, which were designated Pyrrhoderma noxium based on P . noxius . Therefore, to temporarily distinguish these pathogens, the former clade was designated GPN (global P. noxius ), whereas the latter clade was designated CPN (China Py. noxium ). In biocontrol assays, Streptomyces padanus and Bacillus sp. were selected for BRR control of Ceylon myrtle. Disease severity was reduced from 0.51 to 0.37 by S. padanus and to 0.14 by Bacillus sp. in greenhouse trials. In addition, the two biocontrol agents, especially S. padanus , exhibited good growth-promoting effects on cuttings of Ceylon myrtle. With these double advantages, S. padanus and Bacillus sp. have great potential to control BRR in practical applications.