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Introduction: The correlation between the non-use of cooking oil fumes (COFs) extractors and bone mineral density (BMD) have not been clarified. Consequently, this study attempted to explore the impact of non-use COFs extractors on BMD in population aged 45 years and older based on a cross- sectional study. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study within the framework of an ongoing prospective population-based cohort study in China. The multivariate linear regression models were used to evaluate the correlation between the non- use of fume extractors in family cooking and total lumbar spine (LS), femoral neck (FN), total hip BMD and levels of bone metabolism markers. Results: A total of 3433 participants were included in the final analyses, of which 2607 (75.93%) participants used fume extractors. The results of models indicated that there were significant correlations of the non-use of fume extractors on total LS BMD (β = -0.024, 95% CI, -0.036, -0.012, p < 0.001), PINP (β = 4.363, 95% CI, 2.371, 6.356, p < 0.001) and ALP (β = 4.555, 95% CI, 2.593, 6.517, p < 0.001) levels. Conclusions: This study verified that the use of fume extractors is an efficacious measure to prevent LS bone loss. For the sake of public bone health, people should install a fume extractor in the kitchen and use it routinely when cooking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The aim of this study was to explore the similarities and differences of volatile organic pollutants (VOCs) in cooking fumes (COF) of residential buildings in different regions of China, as well as to evaluate their potential health risks. COF condensates were collected from 10 representative cities in China and analyzed by a GC–MS method. Their effects on α-glucosidase, acetylcholinesterase (AchE), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities were then detected to evaluate potential health risks. A total of 174 kinds of VOCs, including aldehydes, esters, hydrocarbons, alcohols, and carboxylic acid, were identified. There were 59 identical compounds in the northern and southern regions, and 56 common compounds in spicy and non-spicy regions. Health risk assessment results showed that COF condensate could inhibit the activity of α-glucosidase to varying degrees (61.73–129.25%), suggesting that it had a potential risk of causing hypoglycemia. Daily and 3 and 6 month intakes of COF in minors, adults, and the elderly had both activated and inhibited effects on AchE. The activated effect in the southern and spicy areas was higher than that in northern and non-spicy areas, revealing that different regions and dietary habits had different effects on the risk of neurological diseases caused by changes in AchE activity. For minors, adults, and the elderly, COF had different degrees of activation of LDH at different exposure times and regions. Activation in the northern and non-spicy areas was higher than that in southern and spicy areas, suggesting that the health risks caused by changes in LDH activity levels were significantly increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Adverse events threaten residents' safety. Risk management is important to provide proper care and maintain quality in residential aged care facilities (RACFs). However, there is little data on adverse events, risk management, and risk early warning in RACFs in the Chinese mainland. This study aimed to fill this gap by investigating the prevalence of the aforementioned aspects and related factors in China. Participants and Methods: Using a cross-sectional design, a field survey of 272 RACFs in Hunan Province was conducted from January 25 to June 1, 2020. Data were collected using four main tools on prevalence of nursing adverse events, risk management, risk early warning, and general information. Descriptive statistics were described by frequency (percentage) and median (interquartile range). Mann–Whitney U-test and Kruskal–Wallis H-test, and Spearman coefficient were used for statistical analysis. Results: RACFs experienced an average of five (15) adverse events in 2019, with falls and pressure ulcers being the most common. The total average score of risk management in RACFs was 4.72 (0.98) out of 5, with the environment and personnel management dimensions scoring the highest with 4.75 (1) and the service management dimension scoring the lowest with 4.60 (1). Only 72.79% had trained their staff on ethical and legal knowledge and 84.56% had utilized pre-hospital first aid. Further, 30% to 40% were unprepared for contingency plans of suicide, electric shock, gas poisoning, and drowning. There were significant risk management differences among the following variables: facilities' locations, accreditation with the Practice Certificate of Social Welfare Facilities, bed-size, nursing hours per resident day, requirement for nursing staff with certificates, and payment for nursing staff (p < 0.05). Conclusion: RACFs are facing safety challenges with a high prevalence of nursing adverse events. These facilities need to improve risk early warning and management to ensure residents' safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large igneous provinces (LIPs) are commonly associated with mass extinctions. However, the precise relations between LIPs and their impacts on biodiversity is enigmatic, given that they can be asynchronous. It has been proposed that the environmental impacts are primarily related to sill emplacement. Therefore, the structure of LIPs' magma storage system is critical because it dictates the occurrence and timing of mass extinction. We use surface-wave tomography to image the lithosphere under the Permian Emeishan large igneous province (ELIP) in southwestern China. We find a northeast-trending zone of high shear-wave velocity (Vs) and negative radial anisotropy (Vsv > Vsh; v and h are vertically and horizontally polarized S waves, respectively) in the crust and lithosphere. We rule out the possibilities of rifting or orogenesis to explain these seismic characteristics and interpret the seismic anomaly as a mafic-ultramafic, dike-dominated magma storage system of the ELIP. We further propose that the anomaly represents a hidden hotspot track that was emplaced before the ELIP eruption. A zone of higher velocity but less-negative radial anisotropy, on the hotspot track but to the northeast of the eruption center in the Panxi region, reflects an elevated proportion of sills emplaced at the incipient stage of the ELIP. Liberation of poisonous gases by the early sill intrusions explains why the mid-Capitanian global biota crisis preceded the peak ELIP eruption by 2-3 m.y. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cooking fumes pose huge threats to air deterioration and human health, yet occupational health risk assessment of chefs is scarce, risk analysis taking Sichuan cuisine as research object, which is a typical kind of Chinese cuisines with higher edible oil consumptions and spicy flavor has not been done as per our concern. For this reason, in this study, health assessment models were established to calculate both carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks posed by volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with Sichuan cuisine chefs as concerned receptors based on the inhalation risk model and the Monte Carlo method. The results show that the total carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of VOCs were 1.11E − 4 ± 6.50E − 5 and 4.44E + 0 ± 2.77E + 0, respectively, which mainly due to 1,3-butadiene. Risk values of PAHs differed from different cooking styles, indicating no potential carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk, which occurred primarily because of BaP and PYR. Sensitivity analyses revealed that exposure duration had the greatest impact on the total uncertainty. The paper then presented preventive measures aimed at managing and preventing health risks in Sichuan cuisine cooking sources based on the evaluation results, which may contribute to implement managerial measures and publicize policies to minimize air pollution and health risk in catering industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cooking emission is an important reason for the air quality deterioration in the metropolitan area in China. Transition metal oxide and different loading of manganese oxide supported on cordierite were prepared by incipient wetness impregnation method and were used for non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC) oxidation in cooking oil fumes (COFs). The effects of different calcination temperature and different Mn content were also studied. The SEM photographs and CO2 temperature-programmed desorption revealed 5 wt% Mn/cordierite had the best pore structure and the largest number of the weak and moderate basic sites so it showed the best performance for NMHC oxidation. XRD analysis exhibited 5 wt% Mn/cordierite had the best dispersion of active phase and the active phase was MnO2 when the calcination temperature was 400℃ which were good for the catalytic oxidation of NMHC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The wide application of CTP is limited due to the presence of toxic PAHs. • Reduced the toxicity of CTP via alkylation chemical modification. • Modification process was investigated by alkylating model compounds. • The toxicity of CTP and MCTP was evaluated by introducing fumes and water-soluble substances. Coal-tar pitch (CTP) output in China has consistently exceeded 7 million tons annually since 2011. CTP contains 16 toxic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) that are preferentially monitored by the American Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). As a result, the widespread and extensive use of CTP is restricted. Consequently, finding ways to reduce the toxicity of CTP has become an urgent concern. In the paper, the reaction conditions were optimized using model compounds (naphthalene, fluorene, anthracene, phenanthrene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo [a]pyrene) of CTP. Subsequently, the CTP was modified through alkylation reaction using 1-dodecene, and the detoxification effect was evaluated based on chemical index, fumes, and water-soluble substances. The total content of 16 toxic PAHs in the modified CTP (MCTP) decreased by 75.56% compared to the original CTP. The toxicity equivalent quotient (TEQ) of the MCTP was reduced by more than 65% according to different environmental standards. The content of the 16 PAHs detected in MCTP fumes released at 140 °C decreased by 80.89%, while in water-soluble substances it decreased by 64.04% and 76.67% at 30 °C and 60 °C, respectively. These results strongly indicate the effectiveness of the alkylation method in reducing the toxicity of CTP. However, in order to develop more environmentally-friendly materials, it is necessary to explore more efficient catalysts and cheaper modifiers, which will be the focus of our future research. This study investigated the toxicity inhibition of CTP to reduce the content of PAHs by alkylation method. The modification process was analyzed using model compounds to understand the potential reaction pathways. The objective of toxicity inhibition was achieved by creating low-toxicity and long-chain alkyl substitutes. Additionally, the toxicity of CTP and MCTP was assessed by introducing fumes and water-soluble substances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main policies of China have promoted the development of the urbanization and the industrialization. The rise of infrastructure energy consumption shows the process of modernization in our country; however, despite there are a lot of researches about the energy consumption in the field of construction, transportation and other infrastructure, in academia, there are less statistics about energy consumption for the infrastructure as a whole, and its proportion in total energy consumption in the whole country. Thus, this paper tries to characterize infrastructures of China, which include construction, transportation, energy, water supply and drainage, post and telecommunication system by establishing an estimation model of infrastructure system CO emissions through national official macro-level statistical data. We employ the simplified LCCOA method to analyze the activities in each stage and calculate associated CO emissions throughout infrastructures' whole life cycle in China from 1993 to 2012. The results show that CO emissions from the infrastructure have rapidly grown over the past decades. The total emissions of the standard coal were 888.16 million tons in 1993, up to about 7.76 billion tons in 2012. The operation stage emissions dominate over the infrastructure emissions, accounting for 80-90 % of the impact. In this paper, on the one hand, from the perspective of the overall environmental benefits, we provide a more comprehensive environmental assessment analysis method for the policy makers. On the other hand, the infrastructure construction of China has periodic characteristic. We analyze the specific features of the infrastructure CO emissions in different stages, and put forward emission-reduction measures in consideration of the current conditions, which reflects that the key of balancing the relationship between modernization and environment is adjusting emission reduction policy according to different stages to adapt to the 'new normal'. In addition, the method development is also important for future quantifications of CO emissions of other sectors in China and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

O 3 and PM 2.5 were introduced into the newly revised air quality standard system in February 2012, representing a milestone in the history of air pollution control, and China's urban air quality will be evaluated using six factors (SO 2 , NO 2 , O 3 , CO, PM 2.5 and PM 10 ) from the beginning of 2013. To achieve the new air quality standard, it is extremely important to have a primary understanding of the current pollution status in various cities. The spatial and temporal variations of the air pollutants were investigated in 26 pilot cities in China from August 2011 to February 2012, just before the new standard was executed. Hourly averaged SO 2 , NO 2 and PM 10 were observed in 26 cities, and the pollutants O 3 , CO and PM 2.5 were measured in 15 of the 26 cities. The concentrations of SO 2 and CO were much higher in the cities in north China than those in the south. As for O 3 and NO 2 , however, there was no significant difference between northern and southern cities. Fine particles were found to account for a large proportion of airborne particles, with the ratio of PM 2.5 to PM 10 ranging from 55% to 77%. The concentrations of PM 2.5 (57.5 μg/m 3 ) and PM 10 (91.2 μg/m 3 ) were much higher than the values (PM 2.5 : 11.2 μg/m 3 ; PM 10 : 35.6 μg/m 3 ) recommended by the World Health Organization. The attainment of the new urban air quality standard in the investigated cities is decreased by 20% in comparison with the older standard without considering O 3 , CO and PM 2.5 , suggesting a great challenge in urban air quality improvement, and more efforts will to be taken to control air pollution in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cooking oil fumes (COF) contain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), heterocyclic aromatic amines, benzene, and formaldehyde, which may cause oxidative damages to DNA and lipids. We assessed the relations between exposure to COF and subsequent oxidative DNA damage and lipid peroxidation among military cooks and office-based soldiers. The study population, including 61 Taiwanese male military cooks and a reference group of 37 office soldiers, collected urine samples pre-shift of the first weekday and post-shift of the fifth workday. We measured airborne particulate PAHs in military kitchens and offices and concentrations of urinary 1-OHP, a biomarker of PAH exposure, urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), a biomarkers of oxidative DNA damage, and urinary isoprostane (Isop). Airborne particulate PAHs levels in kitchens significantly exceeded those in office areas. The concentrations of urinary 1-OHP among military cooks increased significantly after 5 days of exposure to COF. Using generalized estimating equation analysis adjusting for confounding, a change in log(8-OHdG) and log(Isop) were statistically significantly related to a unit change in log(1-OHP) (regression coefficient (β), β=0.06, 95% CI 0.001-0.12) and (β=0.07, 95% CI 0.001-0.13), respectively. Exposure to PAHs, or other compounds in cooking oil fumes, may cause both oxidative DNA damage and lipid peroxidation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, the development and utilization of natural gas have been accelerated, natural gas to liquid oil (GTL) technology becomes an important way for high - quality use of natural gas. This article summarized the latest progress of natural gas to liquid oil technology abroad in recent years, it also introduced development of GTL technology in China, which an be a reference for GTL technology upgrading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emissions of cooking fumes across a wide range of settings were investigated for two commonly used fuels in Hong Kong – town gas and electricity. The effect of cooking process on the emissions of fumes was controlled by repeating cooking processes using these two fuels. The measurement results showed that the cooking process and energy source could have an effect on the concentrations of PM10 and total volatile organic compound (TVOC) in kitchens and the concentrations of extractable organic material in kitchen exhausts. Gas cooking produced higher concentrations of PM10, TVOC and extractable organic material than electric cooking for stir frying, pan frying and deep frying in the domestic kitchens but inclusive results were obtained for deep frying, griddle frying and char-broiling in the commercial kitchens. Paired-sample t-tests revealed that the concentrations of TVOC generated from gas cooking were significantly higher than those generated from electric cooking at the 5% level, but not for PM10 when measurements in the domestic and commercial environments were combined. Analyses of variance indicated that the emissions of extractable organic material depended significantly on the cooking fuel and the cooking process in domestic kitchens and commercial kitchens. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

With the national economic development, China's transportation infrastructure has also made great progress, particularly in the highway. How to reduce the accident consequence that occurred in the highway tunnel has been the tropical topic in China. The liquid Chlorine accidental leakage in highway tunnel was exemplified for the poisonous gas dispersion consequence analysis using computational fluid dynamics. First, the GAMBIT code was used to create geometrical models and generate meshes. Second, by using the FLUENT code, the Chlorine gas dispersion in the highway tunnel was simulated and the scenarios with different leak sources were discussed. Case study shows that the FLUENT code was useful on the simulation of gas dispersion in highway tunnel that serves the prerequisite for the further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Total gaseous mercury (TGM) and carbon monoxide (CO) were measured every 5min and hourly, respectively, in Seoul, Korea, from February 2005 through December 2006. The mean concentrations of TGM and CO were 3.44±2.13ngm−3 and 613±323ppbv, respectively. TGM and CO concentrations were highest during the winter and lowest during the summer. In total, 154 high TGM concentration events were identified: 86 were classified as long-range transport events and 68 were classified as local events. The TGM and CO concentrations were well correlated during all long-range transport events and were weakly correlated during local events. Five-day backward trajectory analysis for long-range transport events showed four potential source regions: China (79%), Japan (13%), the Yellow Sea (6%), and Russia (2%). Our results suggest that measured ΔTGM/ΔCO can be used to identify long-range transported mercury and to estimate mercury emissions from long-range transport. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The PM2.5 and other small particles produced by cooking oil fumes have contributed up to 25% to the urban atmospheric PM2.5, which has a bad impact on air quality and seriously threatens human health. Aiming at the pollution problem caused by catering oil fume, this article analyzes the threats of air pollution to human health based on the compositions and characteristics of catering oil fume, illustrates the development trend of China′s food and beverage lampblack control policy, and summarizes and points out the current situation and development trend of catering oil fume treatment. In order to provide ideas for the design of more efficient and energy-saving treatment processes in the future, the advantages and disadvantages were reviewed, and the improvement direction of the treatment technology was discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cooking fumes are an important carbonyl emission source, especially in a highly urbanized city, such as Hong Kong. Cooking exhaust from 15 commercial kitchens of a variety of cooking styles was sampled and analyzed for a suite of 13 carbonyl compounds. Carbonyl compositions were varied among the different cooking styles. Formaldehyde was generally the most abundant carbonyl, and its contribution to the total carbonyl amount on a molar basis ranged from 12 to 60%. Acrolein was also found to be an abundant carbonyl in the cooking exhaust. The highest contribution by acrolein to the total carbonyls was found to be 30% in the exhaust of a western-style steak restaurant. Long-chain saturated carbonyls, that is, heptanal, octanal, and nonanal, accounted for a significant fraction (>40%) of the total carbonyls in kitchens that always used heated cooking oils. Two dicarbonyls, glyoxal and methylglyoxal, had a various presence in the cooking emissions, ranging from negligible to 10%. The presence of benzaldehyde and tolualdehyde was mostly negligible in the sampled kitchen exhaust. Annual emission rates of both individual carbonyls and total carbonyls were estimated for various types of commercial kitchens. Local-style fast-food shops contributed the highest total carbonyl emissions per year mainly because of the large number of this kind of restaurant in Hong Kong. The citywide annual emission rates of the three most toxic carbonyls, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein, were estimated assuming that the limited number of sampled restaurants were representative of the average restaurants. Such estimates of carbonyl emission rates were comparable to the estimated carbonyl emissions from vehicular sources, suggesting the importance of commercial cooking as a source for carbonyls in Hong Kong. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cooking oil fumes (COF) is one of the primary sources of indoor air pollution in China, which is associated with respiratory diseases such as acute lung injury and lung cancer. However, evidence of COF toxic effect was few. The research was aimed to investigate the toxic effect and the underlying mechanisms induced by COF. The female Wistar rats were randomly divided into several groups, including control group, COF exposure group and VE protection group, and instilled intratracheally with different COF suspensions (0.2, 2, 20 mg/kg) or saline once every 3 days for 30 days. After 24 h of final exposure, all rat were anesthetic euthanasia to draw materials. The alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was for inflammatory cell count. The lung homogenate was to determine the biochemical indexes such as oxidative stress, apoptosis factors, carcinogenic toxicity and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. The left lung was made for immunohistochemical and histopathological analysis. The results showed that the levels of oxidative stress (ROS), apoptosis factors (NF-κB), carcinogenic toxicity (P53 and 8-OhdG), ER stress (IRE-1α and Caspase-12) in 2 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg COF exposure groups were significantly increased compared with the saline groups. The above pathological changes were improved after vitamin E (VE) supplementation. In addition, the immunohistochemical and histopathological analysis found the same trend. The COF had health risk of heredity and potential carcinogenicity. Besides, COFs can not only induce oxidative stress, but also induce ER stress in lung and airway epithelial cells of female rats through the unfolded protein reaction (UPR) pathway. It revealed that the oxidative stress and ER stress interacted in aggravating lung injury. VE could effectively alleviate the lung injury causing by COF exposure. [Display omitted] ● Indoor air pollution is more harmful to human health than outdoor, especially for women. ● The high concentration (20 mg/kg) of COF is more toxic to rat than COF 2 and COF 0.2. ● COFs can not only induce oxidative stress, but also induce ER stress in lung. ● The COF had health risk of heredity and potential carcinogenicity. ● Vitamin E can effectively prevent COF-induced toxicological effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Underground coal fires can increase surface temperature, cause surface cracks and collapse, and release poisonous and harmful gases, which significantly harm the ecological environment and humans. Traditional methods of extracting coal fires, such as global threshold, K-mean and active contour model, usually produce many false alarms. Therefore, this paper proposes an improved active contour model by introducing the distinguishing energies of coal fires and others into the traditional active contour model. Taking Urumqi, Xinjiang, China as the research area, coal fires are detected from Landsat-8 satellite and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) data. The results show that the proposed method can eliminate many false alarms compared with some traditional methods, and achieve detection of small-area coal fires by referring field survey data. More importantly, the results obtained from UAV data can help identify not only burning coal fires but also potential underground coal fires. This paper provides an efficient method for high-precision coal fire detection and strong technical support for reducing environmental pollution and coal energy use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Wuda Coalfield, Inner Mongolia suffers from serious coal fires for more than half a century. Fire-extinguishing projects have been carried out to suppress the coal fires since the last decade, but sporadic surface fires still occur and underground fires are more prevailing. Here, we used a real-time RA-915M Mercury Analyzer with modified inlet to monitor gaseous Hg concentrations in fumes emitted from boreholes that were designed to detect and control the underground coal fires. Meanwhile, offline methods were used to collect the fumes and analyze the contents of the gases including CO, CO 2 , CH 4 , C 2 H 6 , C 2 H 4 and C 2 H 2. The results showed that gaseous Hg concentrations in fumes from boreholes ranged from 6.42 ± 0.73 to 123.53 ± 34.66 ng m−3, with an average value of 49 ± 44 ng m−3. We suggest that the amounts of coal left for burning or smoldering mainly accounted for the large variation in fume Hg concentrations of underground coal fires. The gaseous Hg concentrations in near-surface air surrounding boreholes varied from 2.38 ± 0.28 to 13.10 ± 0.97 ng m−3, with a mean value of 6.68 ± 3.09 ng m−3. They were higher than the ambient air Hg concentrations measured at a background site near the Yellow River (<2 ng m−3), suggesting underground coal fires were one significant Hg pollution source. Importantly, we found that gaseous Hg concentrations in the boreholes had significantly positive correlations with temperatures and CO (a traditional coal-fire index gas) contents, implying that Hg has the potential to serve as an index gas to monitor the occurrences of underground coal fires in mining goafs. Image 1 • Gaseous Hg in underground fire fumes were measured by a RA-915M with modified inlet. • Gaseous Hg concentrations in fire fumes from the mining goaf were elevated. • Hg has the potential to monitor fire occurrence and intensity in coal mining goafs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the demonstrations of environmental protesters in Qidong, Jiangsu province in China pushing officials to scrap plans for a pipeline which carries toxic waste from a paper-manufacturing plant. Shifang, Sichuan province residents also protested the construction of a copper-molybdenum processing plant which could release toxic fumes into the air. Li Bo, Friends of Nature's director, says that the Chinese has regulatory avenues to express concern on environmental damage.