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This study explores modern residential buildings in rural areas of Wuhan and Guangzhou to assess the feasibility of achieving net zero energy buildings (NZEBs) through the transformation of existing buildings in southern China's hot-summer–cold-winter and hot-summer–warm-winter regions. Energy simulations under various climatic scenarios identify effective energy-saving measures, such as the use of photovoltaic power generation. The results highlight substantial renovation potential, with energy reductions of approximately 85 kWh/m² (RCP2.6), 90 kWh/m² (RCP4.5), and 115 kWh/m² (RCP8.5). Living patterns significantly influence energy use, especially in buildings with more rooms, where the gaps in the energy demand with net zero standards can reach 560.56 kWh. At the monthly scale, different climate scenarios impact the feasibility of achieving NZEBs, particularly under RCP8.5, where eight rural housing types fail to meet the requirements, with six exceeding 200 kWh energy deficits and the largest energy deficit occurs in June 2090 in Guangzhou, reaching 592.53 kWh, while under RCP2.6, only two buildings with more rooms fail to meet NZE. In summary, in the hot-summer cold-winter region, the energy demand is higher but so is the solar yield. Therefore, under the most adverse RCP8.5 scenario, NZEBs are achievable for 9 months of the year, which is 2 months more compared to Guangzhou under similar conditions. Even after net zero transformation, new rural housing will face greater energy-saving challenges in future climatic conditions, especially under higher concentration pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Chinese solar greenhouse (CSG) is an agricultural facility type with Chinese characteristics. It can effectively utilize solar energy during low-temperature seasons in alpine regions. The low construction and operation costs make it a main facility for agricultural production in the northern regions of China. It plays an extremely important role in "Chinese vegetable basket projects". Energy is one of the important issues faced by CSGs. The better climate resources in the northern regions of China make it possible to apply solar energy as a green and sustainable energy source in the production of CSGs. Faced with the increasingly serious environmental problems of the new century, the Chinese government has made a decision and put it into practice to improve the rate and efficiency of solar energy utilization in agricultural facilities. In this paper, we summarize the research on the application of photovoltaic power generation and solar thermal technology in CSGs. The application of these advanced solar technologies has made great progress. With the further improvement of economic benefits and the establishment of relevant support policies and incentive mechanisms, the combination of CSG and solar energy technology will have certain application prospects and satisfy China's requirements for long-term sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy conservation and emission reduction in rural buildings is essential to China's response to climate change. Within the context of China's 'dual carbon' initiative and the overarching goal of a 'zero carbon countryside', the first rural carbon-neutral building in China—'Impression of Yucun' was established in Anji County, Zhejiang Province. Accordingly, this study investigates building carbon-neutral design, calculating and analyzing the carbon emissions and offsets facilitated by carbon neutrality technology throughout the buildings' life cycle. In addition, the comprehensive benefits of the buildings are evaluated from both technical and economic perspectives. The implementation pathway for rural carbon-neutral buildings is also explored. The results demonstrate that through the judicious application of carbon neutrality technology design, the inherent carbon emissions of the buildings amount to 120.91 t and the energy consumption during the operational phase of the building is 64,284.4 kWh/a, correlating to carbon emissions of 33.72 t. The case can theoretically reduce carbon emissions by 65.64 tCO2 annually by implementing carbon offset measures. Considering photovoltaic cell decay, the building can achieve a carbon-neutral state for the first time in the fifth year of operation, with a net carbon emission of −5.58 tCO2. Simultaneously, the investment in photovoltaic systems can be recouped between the seventh and ninth years of operation. This study can offer methodological reference and data support for designing and evaluating carbon-neutral buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under potent policy support, China's photovoltaic (PV) and wind power industries have scored remarkable achievements. However, the mechanism of how the policy remains controversial. Based on the data of 62 listed companies from 2007 to 2020, this study constructs fixed-effect models and PSM models to investigate the effect of government subsidies and tax incentives on the technical efficiency of China's PV and wind power companies, as well as the role of R&D investment and operation efficiency. The results indicate that government support policies have a different impact on the companies' technical efficiency. Subsidies have significant inhibitory effects on technical efficiency by squeezing out private R&D investment. Meanwhile, tax incentives boost technical efficiency and operation efficiency recur to a mediating role. Based on these results, some valuable suggestions for improving the government policy mechanism of the photovoltaic and wind power industry are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To meet the targets of carbon emission reductions and mitigate climate change, Chinese government actively supports the development of photovoltaic power (PV). Assessing the feasibility of development model and the possibility to achieve carbon emission targets should firstly address the relationship of PV development compared to coal-fired power (CFP), this study evaluated economic and environmental effects of PV and CFP from life-cycle perspective and further forecasted the optimal proportions of PV replacing CFP in 2030 and 2050, considering land resources and energy demand changes. First, the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) of PV and CFP is 0.55–0.80 CNY/kWh and 0.40 CNY/kWh, respectively, while the carbon emission of PV was 91.95 g/kWh, much less than that of CFP (775.86 g/kWh). Second, ever-increasing carbon emission and total cost indicates replacing CFP with PV possesses great advantages for both economy and environment, while land limitations suggested PV cannot completely replace CFP. Third, to resolve the contradiction among these factors and contribute to sustainable development, this study, using learning curve and results of calculation, further worked out optimal ratio for PV and CFP which is stable at 55.21% and 44.79% during present stage, but 69.86% and 30.14% are suggested in 2050, separately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The number of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in China is fast growing as the country's urbanization accelerates. WWTPs, part of the high-energy-consumption industry, must use a lot of energy in wastewater treatment. PV projects in WWTPs are viable solutions for energy conservation, but PV project investors, WWTP owners, and government authorities need to conduct rigorous economic and ecological assessments. This article examines the PV potential, financial feasibility, energy savings, and emission reduction effect of large-scale WWTPs in China using the cable-supported system. Furthermore, China's total PV power potential for urban WWTPs has been assessed at 5.6 GW for the first time. According to economic feasibility analysis, 26 of the 31 WWTP-PV projects in China's various regions are economically viable. Moreover, the WWTP-PV projects can assist WWTP in reducing carbon emissions by 10%–40%. Further sensitivity analysis reveals that practically all WWTP-PV projects will be viable in the future, assuming that certain solar resource requirements are met, and appropriate investment strategies are implemented. • China has a total PV power potential of 5.6 GW for urban WWTPs. • The economic feasibility analysis shows most WWTP-PV projects in China are viable. • The WWTP-PV project can help WWTP reduce carbon emissions by 10%–40%. • The PV potential of a WWTP is correlated with its planned wastewater treatment capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subsurface pipe drainage has been the main engineering measure for saline-alkali land improvement, due to the easily mechanized operation, better control of saline-alkali soil without occupying cultivated lands. Two- or multi-stage pipe drainage system has been also widely used for easy maintenance and management in recent years. A photovoltaic power generation can serve as the power supply source of pipe drainage pump stations, particularly for simple and cost-saving. However, the solar photovoltaic water pump cannot operate smoothly, when the outlet of pipe drainage is submerged by a high water level at night. The capacity of the system can be greatly limited even to a complete loss. In this study, an improved capacity of drainage system was proposed for the solar photovoltaic subsurface pipe system in Liuzhong Town, Pingluo County, Yinbei irrigation area, in China. The feasibility of siphon auxiliary drainage was analyzed to determine the drainage capacity of the current system using the formula of siphon flow. Some parameters were then monitored to verify the improvement of drainage capacity, including the regional drainage discharge, the water level in the sump and drainage ditch, and groundwater level. The results show that there was a limited drainage capacity of the previous solar photovoltaic subsurface pipe system, where the drainage rate was less than or equal to 0.49 mm/d, far less than the drainage rate of 1.5 mm/d required by the standard control of salinization. Since the water level rose in the manhole at night, while the outlet of the subsurface pipe was submerged, the water level in the sump was restored to close to the groundwater level and higher than the water level of the adjacent drainage ditch. The positive difference in the water level between sump and ditch was more than 0.3 m. Alternatively, the siphon was selected for the auxiliary drainage at night, so that the drainage efficiency was greatly increased in the improved system. Since the diameter of the siphon was about 0.09 m, the drainage discharge at night was equivalent to that of the solar photovoltaic pump in the daytime. A vacuum pump and a few siphon pipes were added, indicating the low investment cost and being easy to implement. A horizontal connecting pipe between the sump and the adjacent drainage ditch was also added to realize the gravity drainage at night during construction. The findings can provide technical support for the application of solar photovoltaic subsurface pipe drainage systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Installed solar photovoltaic generation is expanding fast in western China, with total capacity accounting for >15% of global photovoltaic capacity. However, severe aerosol pollution over western China has weakened the solar radiation reaching the panels. We assessed the impact of aerosol pollution on photovoltaic power generation at the city level in western China from 2014 to 2018. Over northwestern China, severe aerosol pollution regions, aerosols reduced annual average photovoltaic generation by 0.15–0.31 kWh/m2/day relative to clean air conditions, a decrease of 4.8–9.0%. The impact had significant seasonal variations. Aerosols can exert an influence even as important as clouds in winter in northwestern China, with the reduction of 11.2–17.4% in December. Photovoltaic generation can be benefited from the improvement of aerosol pollution and can further improve the air quality by providing clean power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar photovoltaic (PV) plays a crucial role in China's energy transition. However, air pollution diminishes solar radiation resources, thereby reducing PV power generation efficiency. This study aims to quantify the impacts of air pollution on PV capacity factors in China while emphasizing the geographically specific potential benefits of improved air quality for the future PV sector. Using a PV power generation evaluation model, this study estimated solar PV capacity factors from 1961 to 2016 under both all-sky and clear-sky scenarios. Also, the spatiotemporal patterns of air pollution-induced capacity factor changes were analyzed. The results indicate that the all-sky and clear-sky PV capacity factors showed consistent annual anomalies, suggesting that air pollution due to aerosol emissions drove PV capacity factor temporal evolutions and trends in China. From 1961 to 1990, the national average clear-sky PV capacity factors for fixed modules with optimal tilt angle showed a significant decreasing trend of −0.0053 per decade, whereas from 1990 to 2016, an upward trend of 0.0030 per decade was observed. Compared with fixed modules, tracking systems suffered from greater productivity losses due to air pollution. In comparison to 1961–1965 averages, the provincial PV capacity factors for 2012–2016 decreased by 0.48–13.54%, 1.15–11.40%, 1.06–14.83%, and 1.31–16.51% for fixed modules with optimal tilt angle, horizontal fixed, one-axis horizontal tracking, and two-axis tracking modules, respectively, with decreases of 7–17% in the central and southeast. Furthermore, according to the provincial PV installation targets projected in China's 14th Five-Year Plan, national solar PV power generation was expected to increase by 81.333 TWh to 1069.997 TWh in 2025 with average PV capacity factors for 1961–1965, compared to 2012–2016 averages. In a scenario of keeping grid parity, additional power generation would offer an economic benefit of approximately 30.102 billion CNY. • Quantifying the long-term impact of air pollution on PV capacity factors in China • PV capacity factors decreased until the late 1980s, followed by an upward trend • Tracking PV systems experienced more significant productivity losses than fixed modules • Additional PV production of 81.333 TWh could be realized in 2025 by air pollution control • Economic benefits from increased capacity factors amount to 30.102 billion CNY in 2025 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photovoltaic noise barriers (PVNBs) have the potential to contribute to sustainable urban development by increasing the supply of renewable energy to cities while decreasing traffic noise pollution. However, estimating the power generation of PVNBs at the city or national scale remains a challenge due to the complexities of the urban environment and the difficulties associated with collecting data on road noise barriers (RNBs) and radiation. This study used RNBs, 2.5-dimensional (2.5D) buildings, and hourly time resolution radiation data, to estimate the power generation of PVNBs in 52 of China's major cities. First, hourly building shadows were estimated for each day of the year, covering the period from sunrise to sunset, to identify areas of RNB that are shaded at any given time. Second, hourly clear-sky radiation data were collected and corrected using a radiation correction model to simulate real weather radiation. Finally, utilizing an inclined surface radiation estimation model, the photovoltaic (PV) potential both inside and outside RNBs affected by building shadows was assessed. Subsequently, the power generation of PVNB was estimated based on parameters of mainstream PV systems in the market. The results show that the RNB mileage in 52 selected cities represents 87.7% of China's total RNB mileage. Building shadows often result in a radiation loss of approximately 30% for RNBs reception. The installed capacity and annual power generation of PVNBs in all investigated cities are 2.04 GW and 690.74 GWh, respectively. This study estimates the comprehensive PV potential of potentially exploitable PVNBs in China, offering essential scientific insights to inform and facilitate the strategic development of PVNB projects at both the national and municipal levels. • A framework to assess the photovoltaic (PV) potential of noise barriers is developed. • Building shadows are considered when assessing the PV potential of photovoltaic noise barriers (PVNB). • The RNB mileage of each city is closely and positively related to the PV potential on RNBs. • The annual power generation of PVNBs in China's 52 cities was estimated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photovoltaic (PV) is recognized as one of the efficacious pathways toward carbon neutrality, and has been significantly advocated and implemented in China. However, the improper handling of PV waste may result in considerable resource wastage and potential environmental pollution. This study conducts a comparative analysis and validation of four methodologies in forecasting PV installations, and subsequently forecasts the volume of PV waste in China, projecting an estimated 6.24 million tons by 2050. Nevertheless, the nation still lacks a comprehensive system for recycling PV waste and the requisite management expertise. This article critically evaluates various technologies for PV recycling and examines their environmental and economic implications from a life cycle perspective. By establishing a comprehensive technical framework and offering pertinent recommendations, it aims to provide scholarly technique guidance to addressing impending challenges posed by PV waste in China. Finally, this article reviews advanced practices in PV recycling management, both domestically and internationally, emphasizing the necessity to focus on regulatory enhancements, economic incentives, and the establishment of robust recycling networks from a multifaceted perspective. • BPNN demonstrates superior accuracy in predicting PV installation capacity. • PV waste will reach 6.24 million tons by 2050 in China. • Full recovery faces economic challenges. Recycling Si wafers may be a solution. • Tailored PV recycling pathways are proposed for China. • Enhancements are needed in regulations, incentives, and networks for management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China has become the world's largest market for photovoltaic (PV). Effective management of end‐of‐life PV components is critical to the sustainable development of renewable energy. However, the scale of PV recycle industry is still small in China, and there is a lack of supporting policies and public attention. Issues and solutions regarding PV end‐of‐life management have not been well covered by the research community, and this article aimed at filling this gap. This article first examined the growing need for PV modules end‐of‐life management in China as a result of rapid PV installation expansion fueled by governments' policy promotion and fiscal incentives, especially with special programs such as the Photovoltaic Poverty Alleviation Initiative. Then, factors leading to the PV components recycling issues, policies adopted in other countries and regions to promote PV recycle, and various business modes that can be applied to enable PV recycle were reviewed. Finally, a more effective institutional hierarchy was presented for PV modules end‐of‐life management, with a set of specific recommendations on actions that can help strengthen PV end‐of‐life management. This article is categorized under:Photovoltaics > Economics and PolicyPhotovoltaics > Systems and Infrastructure [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To address the problems of low power generation efficiency and low security of solar photovoltaic cells, a novel and versatile PV panel cooling strategy was proposed; which employed an absorbent hydrogel evaporative (AHE) cooling with 3D porous copper foam (CF) composite structure as an effective cooling component. By comparing natural cooling, comprehensive indoor simulated and outdoor experimental studies were conducted to explore the feasibility of enhancing the electrical output performance of PV cells. The effects of solar irradiation, environment humidity, ambient temperature and wind speed on heat transfer performance and the generated electricity power efficiency of PV with CF-AHE cooling panel were comprehensively analyzed and discussed. Present research demonstrated that the CF-AHE cooling layer of three solar irradiations (0.8, 1.0 and 1.2 sun conditions) could remove 449∼713W/m2 of heat from a photovoltaic cell, which significantly out-performed that of general cooling methodology depending on wind or buoyancy driven ventilation. The results further indicated that CF-AHE significantly reduces the cell temperature, enhancing the temperature uniformity of PV cell modules, i.e., the PV cell temperature ranges from 43–46 °C, markedly lower than the 53–66 °C observed with natural cooling. Additionally, average electrical efficiencies were enhanced by 4.69 %, 8.53 % and 12.84 % compared with that of natural cooling method, respectively. Subsequently, in the field test conducted in Wuhan city of China , current results further showed that our proposed cooling unit has boosted the power generation of PV panels by 14.01 % and reduced PV surface temperature by no less than 10 °C, simultaneously. Therefore, CF-AHE cooling structure can furnish excellent heat transfer characteristics and efficient electrical generation performance of PV panel. This research will provide valuable guidance for design of photovoltaic-AHE cooling systems and verifies the feasibility of such systems. [Display omitted] • Nano structures of porous copper foam and absorbent hydrogel were firstly designed. • An absorbent hydrogel evaporative (AHE) cooling with 3D porous copper foam (CF) was proposed. • Power generation and thermal management of PVs could be simultaneously enhanced by CF-AHE. • Potentials on commercial PVs have been demonstrated both by on-site and lab experiments. • AHE-CF could be especially advantageous in the regions of high temperature and humidity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Technical-economic evaluation was conducted for various PV tracking systems. • Analysis was performed on six different latitude regions in China. • Several tracking systems have better economic viability than fixed-tilt systems. • Introduction of carbon trading increases investment viability of tracking systems. Renewable energy generation plays a crucial role in mitigating global climate change and achieving carbon peak and carbon neutrality targets. Photovoltaic (PV) power is an important component of renewable energy generation. With China's commitment to meet its dual carbon targets on time, the application of PV tracking systems, which significantly increase the amount of PV power generated, has become a trend for the future. However, the suitability of PV tracking systems varies significantly between regions. This paper aims to assess and compare the technical and economic performance of PV systems using different PV tracking systems in six different latitude regions in China under the consideration of carbon trading. By utilizing the PVsyst software, the monthly/yearly unit electricity generation of different tracking systems in each region is calculated. Furthermore, the technical and economic performance of these systems is assessed by computing the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE), net present value (NPV), and discounted payback period (DPP) with and without carbon benefits, taking into account sensitivity analyses. The results indicate that the dual-axis tracking (DAT) system achieves the highest electricity generation, providing a gain of 17.94 %–31.52 % compared to the fixed-tilt (FT) system. The horizontal axis tracking North-South (HATNS) system and the tilted-axis tracking (TAT) system are probably the most economically viable systems in areas with high radiation levels, with NPV values 2.02 %–25.55 % and 6.44 %–19.45 % higher, respectively, compared to the FT system. The introduction of carbon benefits significantly increases the economic viability of all tracking systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Addressing pressing issues such as global climate change, dwindling fossil fuel reserves, and energy structure transitions, there is a global consensus on harnessing photovoltaic (PV) technology. As PV projects burgeon, they intensify the demand for land resources. Given land's scarcity, its efficient use for PV becomes paramount. Delving into the interplay between PV and land unveils prospects for maximizing PV's potential and optimizing land use. Notably, in-depth studies spanning various land categories for PV applications remain limited. This research offers a comprehensive examination of China's land and water classification standards and policies, thoroughly investigating PV opportunities, its prevailing status, and challenges across diverse land types. It emphasizes PV application methodologies, commercial models, and specific case analyses, encompassing PV on agricultural land, construction land, inland and coastal waters, as well as sandy, saline, and mudflat regions. Results spotlight a surge in synergistic applications within agricultural photovoltaic complementary, fishery PV complementary, and forestry PV complementary models, which constitutes 76 % of all reviewed studies. Bolstered by supportive policies, rooftop PV research is also seeing a significant uptick. Conversely, studies on PV applications in deserted lands, unused terrains, and coastal waters are sparse, representing a mere 2 % of the total, pinpointing areas ripe for future exploration. Ultimately, this research furnishes invaluable insights into pioneering "PV + Land" strategies that promise both ecological and economic dividends, thereby facilitating cogent PV land-use planning, administration, and decision-making. [Display omitted] • Analyzed China's land classifications for PV opportunities and challenges. • Revealed restrictions on PV in cropland, wetlands and forest land. • Emphasis on waste land and coastal marine PV projects. • Exploring innovative 'PV + Land' approaches. • Comprehensive study of China's diverse PV land types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Owing to China's escalating demand for renewable energy and carbon emissions reduction, and given its prominent position as one of the fastest-growing nations in photovoltaic (PV) development, a comprehensive assessment of the potential of both centralized and distributed photovoltaic systems in China is crucial. However, current research on PV potential assessment presents several challenges. Therefore, this study presents a five-dimensional assessment model, encompassing geographical, technical, economic, CO 2 mitigation, and realizable potential, to systematically map China's centralized photovoltaic (CPV) and distributed photovoltaic (DPV) potential. The findings underscore the vast PV potential across the country, with areas of 3.11 million km2 and 252.72 thousand km2 deemed suitable for CPV and DPV development, respectively. This corresponds to a technical potential of 416,383.27 and 28,261.53 TWh/yr for CPV and DPV, respectively. Furthermore, this study explored the economic potential of CPV and DPV, revealing that the generation costs of both CPV and DPV in China are in proximity to the feed-in tariffs. With technological advancements and economies of scale, a broader PV potential is projected to be economically feasible by 2030. Full implementation of the current economic potential can yield an annual CO 2 mitigation of 54.20 and 8.39 gigatonnes (Gt) using CPV and DPV, respectively. Notably, China's PV potential exhibits distinct regional heterogeneity, with CPV potential concentrated primarily in the western region and DPV potential distributed predominantly across the eastern provinces. This study identified the most resource-intensive areas in the western region of Inner Mongolia for CPV and in the coastal regions of Guangdong and Shandong provinces for DPV. Considering policy imperatives and the development status, China's PV sector holds tremendous potential to significantly contribute to carbon reduction targets. Based on the findings, policy recommendations are proposed, emphasizing the imperative of jointly developing CPV and DPV systems, as well as implementing phased and planned growth strategies for PV growth. • A five-dimensional assessment estimated China's PV feasibility and CO 2 mitigation. • China has 416,383.27 TWh/yr CPV potential and 28,261.53 TWh/yr DPV potential. • China's CPV and DPV are at a critical point: the LCOE is close to the feed-in tariff. • Photovoltaic development can contribute to China's carbon reduction goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The photovoltaic (PV) market's expansion has increased PV waste exponentially. It is essential to conduct scientific research to determine the economics of recycling for the industry to grow sustainably. In this research, we proposes a multi-factor installed capacity prediction model based on bidirectional long short-term memory-grey relation analysis, which accurately predicts China's cumulative PV installed capacity in three growth scenarios from 2022 to 2050. With the Weibull distribution applied to predict the recovery potential of c-Si panels, the importance of recycling in balancing the supply and demand of raw materials is quantified. The results show that in the high-growth scenario, China's cumulative PV installed capacity will reach 2125 GW by 2050 while $400 to $700 million will be generated from the recycling. The study results demonstrate how crucial recycling is to close the loop of supply and demand for key raw materials in the PV industry. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Although new types of crystalline silicon solar modules were added to the market, the traditional p-type multi-crystalline silicon solar modules with aluminum back surface field (BSF), due to its low price, still account for 60% of market share. • In recent two years, technological innovations such as square wafers, 5BB (bus bar) have emerged in the factory production lines. • In addition, due to the pressure of cost management, the real technique details in factory is always under improvement. • So it is necessary to conduct new LCA assessments according to real factory fabrication BOM (bill of material). A completed "from cradle to grave" life cycle analysis was performed on p-multi-BSF module in China 2019, by dividing its life cycle to Production, Installation, Use and End-of-life. It considers cumulative energy demand (CED), energy payback time (EPBT) and Recipe 2016 midpoint (problem oriented) and endpoint (damage oriented) environmental impact categories. The CED of 1 kWp p-Multi-BSF solar module of 2019 was 1444.76 kWh, and the EPBT was 1.16 ~ 2.06 year due to different solar irradiance, which is further down from 2 ~ 6 years of 2014 technique level. In terms of environmental impact, the Production stage has the greatest impact on the environment, while the Use stage almost has no impact. Electricity consumption in solar cell and module fabrication, the production of multi-Si wafer contributed the most. Due to the long distance between the module fabrication factory site and the module installation site, the transportation phase cannot be ignored throughout the life cycle. Sensitivity analyses considered improvements of electrical performance and manufacturing processes. The total damage category value of the optimized model decreased to 0.92 mPt, and the EPBT can be further reduced to 0.75 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract A novel concept of energy harvesting method (PV-RC) based on the conventional photovoltaic (PV) panel, combining diurnal PV conversion and nocturnal radiative cooling (RC) method, was developed to generate electricity and obtain cooling energy. A PV-RC hybrid system was also designed, manufactured, and spectral characterized, which exhibit high solar absorption in PV conversion band (0.3–1.1 μm) and has strong thermal emission within thermal radiation band (4–25 μm). Experimental studies of the hybrid system were carried out in Hefei (117° E, 32° N), China. The measured results demonstrate that the hybrid system has an average electricity output of 75.7 W m−2 with an average electrical efficiency of 12.4% for diurnal PV conversion and exhibits an equilibrium temperature reduction of 12.7 °C below ambient temperature for nocturnal RC process. Parametric studies were also conducted by a validated simulation model, which discuss the effects of different meteorological parameters on the performance of the system. The simulated results imply that dry regions are more suitable for nocturnal RC mechanism. Highlights • PV panel based photovoltaic and radiative cooling (PV-RC) system was proposed. • A PV-RC hybrid system was designed, manufactured, and spectral characterized. • An average electricity output of 75.7 W m−2 was obtained at daytime PV mode. • An average temperature reduction of 12.7 °C was obtained at nighttime RC mode. • Thermal analysis was conducted by validated mathematical model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monascus pigments (MPs) as natural food pigments which have been extensively used in food industries, specifically in China, Japan, and other countries of southeastern Asian. The optoelectronic properties of the MPs with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) units have been investigated by using density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent (TDDFT) at B3LYP and the 6-31G(d) basis set. These properties include total energies, Fermi energy, work function, orbital distributions (HOMO, LUMO), the HOMO-LUMO gap, the maximum open circuit voltage, maximum wavelength absorption, electronic transition energies, and the oscillator strengths. These methods and calculation procedures not only encourage a profound understanding of the association between the optoelectronic properties and chemical structures of the molecules but also can be utilized to design new molecule structures. We investigated the influence of the PAHs into the MPs and studied the optoelectronic properties on all molecules. The results showed that the maximum absorption wavelengths for MPs-PAHs are within the visible light region. Therefore, these molecules provide good performance for the photovoltaic devices and solar cells applications. Our results showed that the total energy increase after addition of PAHs for MPs, this illustration that the molecules converted to more stability. The addition of PAHs can enhance HOMO, LUMO level which can upsurge reduce bandgap energy and also the faculty of electron injection. Where the bandgap energy lies in the range (2.242–3.012) eV. The λmax takes the values from 378.84 nm to 681.03 nm, where the lowest value for Ms. (S3) and highest for the Ms. (S1), where Ms. (S1) represents firsa t singlet excited state that is at about 681.03 nm but with a feeble absorption. We observed that the sturdy absorption peaks (Ms (S2), Ms-fluorene (S3), Ms-naphthalene (S3), and Ms-anthracene (S3)) are within the visible light region. These results of the dyes confirmation that these dyes are possible to be a perfect photosensitizer in solar cells. Unlabelled Image • The studying electronic and optical properties of Monascus pigments (MPs) as dye sensitive for using in solar cells and photovoltaic device. • Studying of the effective the addition of PAHs for Monascus pigments. • The addition of PAHs gives better performance. • Maximum wavelength lies in visible light region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Achieving a green, low-carbon economy necessitates clarifying the impacts of government photovoltaic (PV) subsidies on enterprise independent innovation in China. This study constructs a tripartite evolutionary game model among government, enterprises, and energy regulatory service centers (ERSC). It analyzes equilibriums' asymptotic stability and explores mechanisms affecting the system's evolution toward an ideal state. The results indicate that the strategic choices of the government, enterprises, and ERSC interplay with each other. Specifically, the primary influencing factors for enterprise innovation are costs, benefits, and penalties which promote innovation to an extent, while government subsidies have minimal effect. Under ERSC's policy guidance and services, enterprises controlling independent innovation costs given moderate punishment intensity enables system evolution toward sustainable innovation despite subsidy cancellation, achieving enterprises' ultimate carbon reduction goal in China. The originality in this study lies in the analysis of ERSC's influence on equilibrium, which models the impact of policies on enterprises, and ERSC plays an essential role in coordinating the government-enterprise information gap. Chinese government should strengthen regulatory system construction and increase financial support. This model can generate social benefits, reduce costs, and provide policymakers with an analytical framework and insights for policy formulation in China. • We build game model among government, enterprises and regulation center. • Chinese government's cancellation of subsidy does not affect independent innovation. • Increasing government penalty accelerates independent innovation. • Increasing investment cost of enterprises slows down independent innovation in China. • Operation of energy regulation and service center relies on Chinese government funds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integrating urban bus parking lots with photovoltaics is an important solution to promote carbon neutrality and net zero emissions in transportation systems. Except for the research on the integration of photovoltaics with car parking lots and bus roofs, not much attention has been paid to photovoltaic bus parking lots so far. We develop a new methodology for evaluating the potential of urban-scale photovoltaic bus parking lots. We use Google Earth, Baidu Panorama Map, Grasshopper, UAV, and PVSYST to evaluate the electrical generation potential of the bus parking lots integrated with photovoltaics in the central urban area of Tianjin. Considering the actual driving conditions of buses, the operating income and expenditure, and lifecycle energy demand, we evaluate the charging potential, economic feasibility, and environmental benefits of photovoltaic bus parking lots. The results show that the electrical generation of photovoltaic bus parking lot in the first year is 53971.96 MWh, which can meet the normal operation of 50% electric buses. When the self-use ratio of photovoltaic bus parking lot electrical generation is 40%, 80% and 100%, the system will reach the balance of payments in the 6.21st, 4.79th and 4.31st year respectively. The energy payback time of the photovoltaic bus parking system is 4.00 years. Our research demonstrates that photovoltaic bus parking lots have significant potential as one of the strategies for low-carbon and green transportation development in China. We also discuss policy measures that can promote their large-scale application. Finally, the method proposed in this study can help evaluate and understand the feasibility of charging electric buses by integrating photovoltaics in bus parking lots covering large-scale urban areas, thereby supporting decision-making and better planning of PV-integrated bus parking lot. • The first-year electricity generation of PV bus parking lots is 53,971.96MWh. • The first-year electricity generation meets the operation of 50% electric buses. • PV bus parking lots attain a break-even point in the early stage of the lifecycle. • PV bus parking lots reduce coal consumption and pollutant emissions. • PV bus parking lots should be included in urban planning and receive policy support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Examines photovoltaic (PV) power output influenced by various weather conditions in a subtropical region. • Identifies unique influential factors for PV power generation under varied weather scenarios: sunny, cloudy, and rainy. • Utilizing a backpropagation neural network (BPNN) model, PV power output predictions achieve high accuracy (R2 > 0.95). • Offers a BPNN model-informed pathway for optimal design and PV system implementation in similar climates. • Fills a research gap by exploring PV power output under complex subtropical weather patterns. This study examines the influence of weather conditions on the electricity production of photovoltaic (PV) panels in the Conghua district, a region in Southern China distinguished by its subtropical mountainous climate. The area's high humidity levels, high temperatures, and substantial rainfall often lead to predominantly cloudy skies, which alter solar irradiation patterns as a result. Utilizing the EnergyPlus simulation tool, the power generation of PV panels on rooftop application was simulated. A structured classification method is adopted to sort out weather conditions into categories of sunny, cloudy, and rainy. Through examining the influence of these varied weather scenarios on power generation, unique factors affecting electricity outputs are identified. As a result, this study illuminates the relationships between potential weather variables and PV power generation across each weather category. Subsequently, a back propagation neural network (BPNN) model is utilized to explore the relationship between weather categories and PV generation. The high coefficient of determination value (R2 > 0.95) from the comparison of simulated and predicted PV generation validates the model accuracy. This research enables the development of updated dataset and enriches the prediction of rooftop PV power generation. It equips designers and owners with a reliable, user-friendly, and real-time tool for PV power generation forecasting, and provides a working platform for PV performance evaluation during the design phase of PV projects. The insights derived from the BPNN model could guide the optimal design and implementation of PV systems in similar climates. Furthermore, these findings advance sustainable energy solutions in regions affected by complex weather patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The photovoltaic poverty alleviation (PVPA) project in China integrates clean energy production into poverty reduction, gaining significant academic interest. However, a systematic assessment of the spatial distribution and emission reduction performance of existing PVPA power plants at the site level remains deficient. Based on comprehensive data collection and spatial visualization of all PVPA plants, we revealed spatial distribution patterns and estimates potential environmental benefits for each plant. During 2013–2019, the construction of approximately 180-thansand PVPA plants in China had resulted in an overall installed capacity of 21.77 GW. The spatial layout showed a decreasing trend from east to west, with distinct clusters at the border areas of different provinces. The cumulative emission reduction benefits amounted to 636 million tons, with large-scale solar photovoltaics and the North China Grid contributing significantly. Emission reduction efficiency per unit of installed capacity in the north was higher than the south. This study provides an initial site-level assessment of the PVPA program in China and emphasizes the need for integrating economic feasibility and environmental benefits, along with developing complementary policies and exploring innovative "photovoltaic plus" channels tailored to local contexts in the future. • An accurate and complete dataset of China's official PVPA power plants was collected. • Spatial aggregation patterns existed with seven distinct clusters. • The maximum PV power generation potential of each plants was estimated. • The emission reduction efficiency in the north was much higher than southern China. • Large-scale photovoltaics accounted for the majority of emission reduction benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A new method for photovoltaic suitability is proposed, to avoid subjectivity. • Different site preferences between ground-mounted and floating PV are found. • The weighting results of different subjective and objective methods are compared. • The future scenarios of photovoltaic land optimization are designed. Land suitability evaluation is vital for large-scale photovoltaic (PV) plant construction. However, subjectivity in previous methods affects result reliability. We propose a new method using structural equation models to develop PV suitability indices, and demonstrate its validity in Zhejiang Province, China. By combining theoretic design with data mining technique, our method measures the structured paths between the overall index and evaluation indicators, exhibiting good model fit, flexible and objective weighting. Our results suggest that the spatial distribution of targeted PV plants based on suitability indices largely differs from that of observed ones. Most suitable areas for PV construction in Zhejiang Province are situated along the eastern coast, northern plain and river networks. The estimated PV technical potential for areas with and above moderate suitability is approximately 1,600 TWh/year, equivalent to 830 million tons/year of carbon emission reduction. Our study provides PV development strategies for similar areas in China and beyond. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A photovoltaic (PV) integrated energy system is an ideal alternative to meet the heavy power demand of air conditioners in summer in hot climate areas. This paper presents the practical operation of a grid-connected, photovoltaic-powered, central air conditioner for an office building in South China. Typical operation characteristics have been analyzed regarding three indices such as solar fraction (SF), net solar fraction (NSF) and surplus energy ratio (SER). Different weather patterns such as sunny, cloudy and overcast based on the percentage of cloud coverage have been considered in this study. It is found that the performance of the system was significantly influenced by the meteorological conditions and that the value of SF is in different ranges for the three weather patterns. Additionally, the NSF and SER show meaningful trends for the three weather patterns. In addition, the SF is high in April, September and October due to the low cooling load. The yearly average values of SF, NSF and SER are 51.62%, 104.5% and 52.72%, respectively. The study methods proposed in this paper might be useful to predict and design PV integrated air-conditioning systems in different areas. This paper is presented and recommended by 5th International Conference on Nuclear and Renewable Energy Resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To address climate change, the Chinese government has committed to achieving carbon peaking by 2030. Projecting the wind power and photovoltaic installed capacity is essential for China's low carbon transition as these renewables have been widely recognized as the major energy sources in future. This study proposes a long-term strategic planning approach for wind power and photovoltaic by simulating multiple policies and market scenarios for the national-level energy transitions and incorporating the feedback effects of market development on technology readiness level. The proposed approach simulates the national energy consumption and energy mix under various transition scenarios based on the Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning System (LEAP). The dynamics of market development, technology readiness level, and future renewable costs are further incorporated into a nonlinear optimization model to generate economically optimal planning solutions for wind power and photovoltaic under different policy and market scenarios. Valuable insights are obtained from three perspectives, i.e., (1) the economic and emission reduction co-benefits under different scenarios, (2) the evolution of the Levelized Cost of Energy, and (3) the impact on the transition of power sector. In particular, the simulation and optimization results reveal that appropriate acceleration of wind power and photovoltaic development can promote technology readiness level, reduce overall transition costs, and effectively reduce the peak value of emissions. The maximum peak reduction in carbon dioxide emissions is 16.06%, and the maximum cumulative reduction in carbon dioxide emissions is 14.54%. The total project cost can be reduced by a maximum of 3.23%. Thus, more active supporting policies for renewables can further enhance long-term economic and environmental co-benefits under current conditions. [Display omitted] • Quantify the market's dynamic feedback on renewable costs through learning curves. • Incorporate technology readiness level into energy long-term renewable planning. • Optimize long-term renewable planning for different policy and market conditions. • Active wind and solar power investments now offer larger co-benefits in future. • CO 2 peak down 16.06% and the cumulative CO 2 reduction 14.54%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China and the eu are important economies and among the greatest green-house gas emitters in the world. Therefore, strengthening cooperation between the eu and China in the renewable field is vital to prevent the earth from getting any warmer. However, the renewable field which include energy equipment, products manufacturing, and operating systems, is a huge market that is worth billions of dollars. Because of their different economic interest, a trade war (anti-dumping and countervailing investigation) broke out between China and eu in the pv industry which includes solar panels, solar glass and solar-grade polysilicon. Could there be cooperation between China and eu Member States in the photovoltaic fields instead of conflict? This paper illustrates the development of pv solar energy and the conflict between eu and China, discusses the main support policies in both the eu and China and their influence on cooperation and conflict, and compares the differences in strengths and weaknesses between the eu and China. This paper draws the conclusion that cooperation between China and the eu in the pv industry could be achieved, and industrial policies should be adjusted in order to avoid or alleviate the conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We offer new evidence on indigenous innovation and intellectual returnees by estimating the relationship between patenting activity by Chinese photovoltaic firms and the presence of corporate leaders with international experience. Our research approach combines data from three sources: the industrial census, international and domestic patent records, and leadership biographical information. Using non-linear methods, we find robust evidence that returnees positively influence patenting activity and promote neighbouring firm innovation. Our analysis suggests that market liberalisation and industry policy influence patent application counts. Controlling for R&D expenditures, we find that firms with returnees in leadership roles do more patenting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel photovoltaic (PV) system integrated with microchannel heat pipe (MCHP) array and thermoelectric generator (TEG) module, named PV-MCHP-TEG system, was proposed in this study. The PV and TEG module were used to generate electricity for the whole year. A three-way valve installed in the MCHP was used to switch the heat flow direction to improve the power efficiency of the system. The control strategy was determined to maximize the power efficiency of the PV-MCHP-TEG system. Energy and enviroeconomic performance were analyzed by Simulink and compared with traditional PV-TEG and PV systems in Wuhan (30.52°N, 114.32°E), China. The power efficiency of the PV-MCHP-TEG system, PV-TEG system and PV system was 18.75%, 16.91% and 15.80%, respectively. The annual carbon emission reduction of the PV-MCHP-TEG system, PV-TEG system and PV system was 260 kg, 234 kg and 228 kg, respectively. The enviroeconomic cost of the PV-MCHP-TEG system, PV-TEG system and PV system was ¥436.98, ¥394.02, and ¥383.55 per year, respectively. In addition, a simple payback period analysis was also carried out. It showed that the proposed PV-MCHP-TEG system performed better than traditional PV-TEG and PV system. • A novel PV-MCHP-TEG system was proposed. • A three-way valve enable the heat flow from the PV to be altered seasonally. • A solution to achieve the maximum energy efficiency of the system. • A target to the highest enviroeconomic cost in life cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emission reduction in buildings is essential to combat climate change. However, current strategies failed to balance development and emissions reduction goals. This paper selects a public building in China and simulates its initial energy consumption and carbon emissions. Then it establishes a multi-objective optimization model to explore cost-effective and emission-reduction strategies, considering photovoltaic and ground-source-heat-pump (GSHP) systems. Finally, NSGA-Ⅱ is used to solve, and sensitivity analysis is carried out. Results show that: (1) Energy consumed by the air conditioning system is the largest in January for heating and in July for cooling, validating the accuracy of the energy simulation model. (2) Economic efficiency and emission reduction effect are better when photovoltaic and GSHP systems are implemented simultaneously. (3) Electricity price, initial investment cost, annual solar peak hours, and the proportion of shallow geothermal energy significantly impact carbon emissions and cost. (4) The photovoltaic and power grid substitution ratio will exceed 8% every five years, and all substitutions will be completed in 2050. After adopting the GSHP system, the complete replacement will be advanced to 2045. Setting subsidies significantly shortens the payback period of investment and ensures firms' economic benefits. In summary, using photovoltaic and shallow geothermal energy is conducive to reducing emissions and saving costs in the long term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar energy has gradually become one of the priorities to sustainable energy supply, driven by the urgent need for energy security and the imminent threats of climate change. Diverse photovoltaic (PV) technologies can be applied and integrated with various industries to significantly increase the usage and output value of different assets, such as land appreciation within limited space. In order to quantitatively evaluate the overall performance of various integrated applications of PV, a comprehensive benefit evaluation index system, involving economy, environment, society, and land use, was proposed and applied to three selected PV projects, PV-JWZ, PV-NHPZ, and PV-DPBD, namely, in Tianjin, China. The results indicated that these projects all have great development potential due to their remarkable benefits of energy saving and emission reduction. Therein, the total income of PV-JWZ within 25 years is equal to 1441.9 million CNY, which is dominated by extra income from industrial convergence; PV-NHPZ can offset 231.8 t/(a·hm 2 ) CO 2 , attributed to its larger installed capacity; while PV-DPBD would acquire strong policy support for distributed PV to further promote the zero-carbon buildings, owing to lower land consumption of 1.4 hm 2 /MW. By revealing the effectiveness and feasibility of various PV projects, this study could provide a theoretical reference for the promoting and planning various integrated applications of PV in different areas, according to local conditions., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Photovoltaic (PV) development provides an excellent opportunity for China's energy transformation and carbon emission mitigation. However, there is still a lack of systematic evaluation of the economic and environmental benefits of PV penetration. This study explores the impact of PV growth on the power system and the macroeconomy, examines the abatement costs of PV based on the learning effect, and further discusses the economic feasibility range of PV development. The results indicate that: (1) From July 2011 to April 2022, for every 1% increase in the PV installed capacity, the cost will drop by 0.3238%. (2) The impact of PV development on the economy presents a "U shape". The high cost in the early stage of PV will inflict a negative impact on capital stock and GDP, and the low cost in the later can promote economic growth. (3) The CO 2 mitigation cost of PV adoption is marginally decreasing. During 2012-2020, the CO 2 mitigation cost of PV is as high as 894.21 CNY/kWh. But in the long run, an increase in PV penetration can bring both environmental and economic benefits. (4) Sufficient market capacity might be a prerequisite for PV to achieve economic viability, and countries' mutual opening of the PV market is a key path to realizing global carbon abatement. • PV's cost will drop by 0.3238% for every 1% increase in the installed capacity. • High penetration PV has lower emission abatement costs in the long term. • Sufficient market capacity is a prerequisite for PV to enter economic viability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photovoltaic water pumping (PVWP) and wind power water pumping (WPWP) systems for irrigation represent innovative solutions for the restoration of degraded grassland and the conservation of farmland in remote areas of China. The present work systematically compares the technical and economic suitability of such systems, providing a general approach for the design and selection of the suitable technology for irrigation purposes. The model calculates the PVWP and WPWP systems sizes based on irrigation water requirement (IWR), solar irradiation and wind speed. Based on the lowest PVWP and WPWP systems components costs, WPWP systems can compete with PVWP systems only at high wind speed and low solar irradiation values. Nevertheless, taking into account the average specific costs both for PVWP and WPWP systems, it can be concluded that the most cost-effective solution for irrigation is site specific. According to the dynamic simulations, it has also been found that the PVWP systems present better performances in terms of matching between IWR and water supply compared to the WPWP systems. The mismatch between IWR and pumped water resulted in a reduction of crop yield. Therefore, the dynamic simulations of the crop yield are essential for economic assessment and technology selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adoption of a solar photovoltaic (PV) distributed system is not only a technological advancement and economic trend, but also a cultural phenomenon. In addressing the following four perspectives: 1) the spread of sustainability concepts; 2) current Chinese architectural practices; 3) centralized vs. distributed energy structure; and, 4) the trade wars among several Western countries and China, this research bridges the gap between cultural discussions and technology adoption, especially in the solar PV field. Specifically, this paper demonstrates culturally driven practices in China and their implications for a solar PV distributed system adoption. This paper then applies Hofstede's six dimensions of national culture to further demonstrate the opportunities and challenges associated with the adoption of a solar PV rooftop system. Implications suggest that cultural factors are the enablers and disablers for PV adoption, an observation that policy makers should consider in order to develop better strategies when engaging in cross-cultural discourse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, energy development and utilisation are facing two problems in China: the energy crisis and the effects of global warming. An important means to solve the above problems effectively is to increase the intensity of the development and utilisation of photovoltaic system, which directly transforms the inexhaustible solar energy into the powerful green electrical energy. However, some problems plague the development of the photovoltaic industry. Due to these problems, the photovoltaic industry is seriously hindered in its efforts to develop sustainable. Therefore, accurately understanding the developing situation of the photovoltaic industry and analysing and solving the problems that occur during the development process of the photovoltaic industry in China are important topics of current research. This paper presents research results regarding these topics. First, this paper considers the present situation of the photovoltaic industry in China from three aspects: the power market, power generation industry policy and power generation technology level. Second, a discussion of the existing problems of the above three aspects is presented; in addition, based on the developing trends of renewable energy in China, development orientation of the photovoltaic industry are identified for years to come. Finally, strategies are proposed to promote the rapid development of the distributed photovoltaic industry in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Photovoltaic + energy storage" is considered as one of the effective means to improve the efficiency of clean energy utilization. In the era of energy sharing, the "photovoltaic - energy storage - utilization (PVESU)" model can create a more favorable market environment. However, the various uncertainties in the construction of the PVESU project have become the main obstacles to the development of the PVESU model. This paper aims to evaluate the risk level of China's PVESU projects through an improved Cloud-TODIM (Cloud-an acronym in Portuguese for Interative Multi-criteria Decision Making) method. First of all, 18 critical risk factors are identified using the constructed five-dimensional risk analysis model. Secondly, the improved method is used to calculate the weight of the comprehensive criteria and rank 14 PVESU alternatives. Finally, the accuracy and feasibility of the hybrid method are verified by sensitivity analysis tests concluding the loss decay coefficient adjustment and comparison analysis with the Cloud-TOPSIS(Cloud-Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) method. Meanwhile, in terms of energy storage, some suggestions are made for the future development of China's PVESU project. This study can also provide insightful enlightenment for PVESU project investors, risk management professionals and decision makers. • The highlights stated are as follows: • Construct an evaluation system of Photovoltaic - Energy storage - Utilization (PVESU) project risk assessment. • Contribute to adding five-dimensional risk analysis method to select critical risk factors. • Propose an improved Cloud-TODIM method to analyze the risk level of PVESU projects. • Extend the research on integrated projects on the field of clean energy and energy storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we conducted a life cycle assessment (LCA) for the Hydropower-Silicon-Photovoltaic (HSPV) industrial chain in China. The Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction Index in the 13th Five Year Plan of China (ECER-135) is calculated based on the software eBalancev4.7 (eB) and eFootprint (eF). The total environmental impact index of ECER-135 of the HSPV industrial chain is 2.61E-06. The uncertainty result of the comprehensive index is 15.21% and the uncertainty of the inventory data is no more than 30%. The Energy Payback Time (EPBT) of the HSPV industrial chain is calculated as 1.68 years, accounting for only 5.60% of the operating cycle of the PV station. There are 7 impact category indexes of ECER-135, which are Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Primary Energy Demand (PED), CO 2 , SO 2 , Ammonia Nitrogen Content (NH 3 –N), NO x and Industrial Water Use (IWU). Considering the contribution of characteristic indexes to ECER-135, the contribution of PED index accounts for 22.93% of ECER-135, which is the major factor to environmental impact, and it is followed by COD, which accounts for 18.40%. Considering the contribution of each stage to ECER-135, PV module manufacturing, BOS manufacturing and SoG-Si manufacturing stages have significantly contributed to ECER-135, in which the PV module manufacturing stage has the greatest contribution to ECER-135, accounting for 97.63%, which is the main stage of impact on the environment. The sensitivity analysis reveals that the highest sensitivity is copper wire consumption, which is 47.83%. It is followed by aluminum consumption during the BOS manufacturing and the PV module manufacturing, which are 41.70% and 29.75% respectively. Finally, compared the total environmental impact of the HSPV industrial chain and the Thermalpower-Silicon-Photovoltaic (TSPV) industrial chain, the results reveal that the HSPV industrial chain has the energy-saving and emission reduction benefits of 2.89E-06, whose comprehensive indexes account for 47.39% of that of the TSPV industrial chain, proving that the HSPV industrial chain has significant energy saving and emission reduction benefits in all indexes. The EPBT of the HSPV industrial chain is only 38.17% of that of the TSPV industrial chain. • Conducting a life cycle assessment of Hydropower-Silicon-Photovoltaic(HSPV). • The contribution, sensitivity and uncertainty analyses of HSPV were conducted. • Serving as to put forward corresponding improvement measures. • The results of Thermalpower-Silicon-Photovoltaic(TSPV) and HSPV were Compared. • The Energy Payback Time of HSPV is only 38.17% of that of TSPV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study tests the contention in the Asian business systems literature that interacting with global managers and increasing experience via international education are ways by which Asian firms enroll in global networks, thus potentially leading to changes in their broader network contingencies. Chinese solar PV firms are examined given the competitiveness of Chinese products in the global marketplace and the importance being placed on solar energy domestically as China confronts increasing pressure to protect its environment and control pollution while meeting mounting energy needs. Results indicate an emphasis on extra-firm institutional network relationships both within and outside of China for all firms, characteristic of a bourgeoning energy sector. A unique result is that buyer–supplier networks are spatially influenced by extra-local managerial education. Enrolling in wider networks also matters as firms with internationally educated managers have more non-mainland Chinese managers, which mitigates traditional management practices at home. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The intermittent property of a photovoltaic (PV) system requires supplementary energy such as the utility grid or batteries to meet load demand. However, when large scale PV systems are connected to the utility grid, they might affect the grid stability if the overall system is not properly designed. Hence, an accurate model for forecasting the PV system output would be useful in enhancing the system stability and reliability. The dynamic modelling of PV systems is thus crucial to the rapidly developing technologies and integrated sources in the smart grid application. This paper presents different approaches to model PV systems and identifies their pros and cons in modelling. The paper then explains the importance of a dynamic model, followed by the methodology in building up such a dynamic model. A three-vertex representation of a nearby building casting a shadow onto the PV array is also proposed as a novel approach in shadow analysis. The implementation of the dynamic model for PV systems was demonstrated in a case study in Hong Kong. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Photovoltaic (PV) is one of the promising solar energy applications. Measured data can give the realistic performance of PV systems under actual operating environments for product selection and system design. This paper studies a grid-connected PV system installed in an institutional building. Technical data including available solar radiation and output energy generated were systematically recorded and analyzed. The performance of the PV system is elaborated in terms of energy, environmental and financial aspects. Feed-in-tariff (FIT) schemes with high electricity selling price can encourage the deployment of PV system. The monetary payback period (MPBP) for the PV system was computed to be 72.4years when the electricity buying price is equal to the electricity selling price. If carbon trading was considered, the payback was shortened to 61.4years. The embodied energy payback period (EEPBP) was estimated to be 8.9years. The findings would be useful for planning grid-connected PV installations and applicable to other spaces with similar architectural layouts. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This research was a joint effort between the University of Hong Kong (HKU) and CLP, the electricity power generation and distribution service provider in Hong Kong. The objective of this research was to identify and verify the potential relationships between performance of the standalone PV power system, such as the state of charge of the battery and power output, and other environmental factors such as solar radiation, wind speed, and ambient temperature. The results could help academia and industry to enhance the knowledge on the performance of such standalone PV supply system under real operating conditions and help to improve similar designs in the future. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The exhaustion of fossil fuels and environmental degradation has aroused worldwide attention for renewable as alternative clean energy sources. Benefiting from the rapid development of photovoltaic (PV) technology, solar energy generation, as an important component of renewable energy exploitation, has been witnessing an exponential increase since the past decade. Based on the characteristics of energy distribution and electricity supply status in China, this paper summarizes the current development trends of PV implementations. The state-of-the-art PV technology, specifically the grid-connected photovoltaic system applications is discussed as well. Finally, future challenges and suggestions for PV industry are analyzed and presented [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The steady and maintainable electric power provides the development momentum of a country''s industrialization, which is indispensable to every country at present. It is well known that China is the largest developing country in the world. With the rapid development of economy and society, energy demand of Chinese society is increasing in an incredible speed, i.e., the annual accumulative total capacity of electric energy is about 0.1 billion kW, and the most of them is provided by the fossil fuel resource, and the share is about 90% in China. Certainly, it is a very inappropriate energy structure, so the sustainable development of country is impossible in future, the status must be improved in order to achieve sustainable development. Fortunately, China has large country area, and there are abundant solar resources. Development and application of solar energy have been regarded by the government and ordinary people, and they thought that solar energy can provide more and more electric energy in future, and more and more actual examples have been applied in the last decades, which are supported by central government and local governments. This paper discusses the distribution zone and current developmental situation of solar energy in China. Then, some application practice is described, such as solar energy greenhouse, solar energy hearth, solar water heater, solar lighting system, solar water pump, distributed generation (DG), grid-connect photovoltaic generation (GPG) and wind–solar hybrid system. The policies and law of China central government and local governments are described in the following paragraph. At the end, the developmental prospect of photovoltaic (PV) in future China and the development barriers and recommendations are introduced. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper reports the findings on the energy performance of “see-through” PV glazing as applied to a typical open-plan office environment of Hong Kong. An experimental system was first set up and the measurements were used to verify the theoretical models developed via the ESP-r simulation platform. The validated models were subsequently used to evaluate the annual variations in thermal loads and electricity generation for two PV glazing systems as compared to the common absorptive glazing provisions. The results indicate that the innovative natural-ventilated PV double-glazing technology could significantly cut down the air-conditioning power consumption by 28%, as compared to the conventional single absorptive glazing system. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In this experimental study, the performance of ventilated double-pane glazing integrated with semitransparent solar cells under the subtropical climate of Hong Kong has been investigated. The effects of a photovoltaic (PV) ventilated glazing system on the built environment - including heat and light transmission, thermal and visual comfort, and electricity generation - were analyzed and discussed. While the energy saving potential of PV glazing on air-conditioning demands was found promising, the same on daylight utilization was much inferior to the absorptive glazing applications. The purpose of the study was to gain experience on better use of the semi-transparent PV ventilated glazing technology, and on the energy/cost saving potential of some innovative arrangements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: PV ventilated glazing technology for application in warm climate provides energy saving opportunities through the reduction in air-conditioning load, the daylight utilization, and the green electric power generation. In a working environment, the use of semi-transparent a-Si glazing is deemed better than the one with non-transparent c-Si solar cells. This paper reports an evaluation of its integrated performance using a small office room in Hong Kong as an example. An energy model of a PV ventilated window system is first introduced. Based on this together with the TMY weather data of Hong Kong and the daylight simulation capability of the EnergyPlus program, the overall performance analysis have been executed for different window orientations. It was found that a solar cell transmittance in the range of 0.45–0.55 could achieve the best electricity saving. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• The PV potential of China's 239 civil airports was evaluated. • The airport PV in China is up to 2.5 GW with an annual output of 2.64 TWh. • The power generation potential highly matches the energy demand at airports. • Most airport PV systems can achieve a ROI of over 50% without any subsidy. • The meaning of airport PV is discussed in the context of transport electrification. The airport is one of the most fundamental infrastructures in our society, its terminal buildings and parking lots are ideal locations for photovoltaic (PV) installation. The future trend of the electrification of the aviation and automobile industries will increase the electricity demand at airports calls for the integration of PV systems with airport infrastructure. Understanding the benefits of airport PV systems is crucial for the stakeholders including investors, project developers and policymakers to promote PV sector development. Thus, evaluation of the PV potential and relevant economic performance of airports is essential. Combined with the geographic information system (GIS), the PV potential of the civil airports in China is investigated. The results show that potential PV capacity of China's 239 civil airports reaches up to 2.50 GW. The annual electricity demand of the aviation industry in 8 provinces can be self-satisfied via airport PV generation. Detailed economic analysis shows that all airport PV systems are profitable through appropriate investment and operation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]