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This article aims to unpack discourses of 'race' and racializations associated with White Western foreign residents in China amid pandemic politics. China's proposal to loosen visa regulations for non‐citizens during the pandemic (February 2020) sparked many racist and nationalistic sentiments online. Since then, exposés of the 'special treatment' foreigners apparently demand during quarantine in China have met significant online backlash. Anti‐foreigner sentiments are at a new high and not only against African migrants, who have been the focus of extant studies. COVID‐19 hit the world at a time of vast international migration into China and China's growing power, and the revival of existing racializations and the ignition of new ones are intricately linked with these phenomena. This article proposes that understanding the conditioning contexts of Chinese postcoloniality and state‐led patriotism can enable valuable insights into the emerging racialization of White Westerners in pandemic‐era China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trade globalization pushes multinational corporations (MNCs) to conduct business in many geographic regions, and talent flow has emerged as one of the main avenues for building the competitive advantage of international organizations. The work performance of expatriates is crucial for MNCs, which will suffer significant financial losses due to the high failure rate of expatriates. Therefore, itis important to focus on determining what led to the abroad assignment failing and then improving the expatriate's work performance. Drawing on Black's theory of cross-cultural adjustment, this paper reviews past research on the impact of expatriate management practices on work performance with facets of cross-cultural adjustment as a mediating variable. This paper proposes a new dimension that affects the acculturation of expatriates in China, namely Guanxi, and introduces it into the research framework. This integration offers a more comprehensive framework for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

2 This article refers to "China" as the regime in mainland China, named the People's Republic of China, and "Taiwan" as the regime on the island of Taiwan, named the Republic of China. 129 "LüMei huaqiao he huayi Meiguo renshi relie huanyin ZhongMei jianjiao xiwang Taiwan fangmian yi guojia wei zhong zaori huigui zuguo [U.S.-based overseas Chinese and Americans of Chinese descent enthusiastically welcome U.S.-China normalization, hoping that Taiwan respects the nation and returns to the motherland soon]", I People's Daily i , December 19, 1978, 5. The new leader of China reiterated the message to Taiwan "compatriots": Beijing would "take into account the present realities in Taiwan, respect the opinions of the people in Taiwan, and adopt reasonable policies" in seeking to unify the island.[131] With a violent takeover unlikely, the new status quo in the Taiwan Strait, and the new relationship between Chinese Americans and China, seemed acceptable for all sides. In the fall of 1980, sinologist Wei Peh T'i revisited her hometowns in China, Nanjing and Chongqing, for the first time since she left for New York in 1947, at age sixteen. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Pixo: Revista de Arquitetura Cidade e Contemporaneidade is the property of Pixo Revista de Arquitetura Cidade e Contemporaneidade and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study examined the impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on Japanese expatriates living in China. The survey period was from March 30 to July 31, 2021; responses were received via an online survey. An online survey gathered responses from 236 participants about the impact of COVID-19 on their work and life. While 80% of the participants responded that COVID-19 had impacted their work and life, 60% said that it had a physical or mental impact. Kruskal–Wallis test and Mann–Whitney U test were conducted to compare the effects of COVID-19 on job performance, including personal attributes. The impact of COVID-19 was associated with gender (p =.007), age (p =.010), occupation (p =.005), job title (p =.009), and living arrangements with or without a partner (p =.005). The impact was also correlated with age (p =.030), job position (p =.014), number of times the respondent had lived in Japan (p =.003), and number of years in Japan (p =.015). The most significant effect on mental and physical health was correlated with job position (p =.016). Thus, Japanese expatriates living in China were substantially affected by the COVID-19 epidemic; although, 60% of them said their region was easy to live in. Further, despite the Chinese government's strict isolation orders, they found the thorough testing and use of the coronavirus tracking app reassuring. This suggests the importance of providing not only mental care for expatriates during the COVID-19 epidemic but also prompt decision-making based on an accurate understanding of the local situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between motivational cultural intelligence and cultural adjustment of expatriate talent through the lens of cultural distance. The rapid development of MNCs from emerging markets and the corresponding increase in the need for expatriates makes it imperative that scholars examine this subject from numerous critical angles. Drawing on data from 242 Chinese expatriates based in 25 different countries/regions, we employ multilevel analyses to test the research hypotheses related to expatriate talent management. The results of this exploratory study confirm that motivational cultural intelligence has a positive and significant effect on cultural adjustment: work adjustment, general adjustment and interaction adjustment respectively, and cultural distance has a negatively moderating role between motivational cultural intelligence and work adjustment of expatriate talent. This paper helps to expand our understanding of the field of global talent management and the importance of motivational cultural intelligence and cultural distance on expatriate talent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This comparative study investigates the role of non-state actors in China's external propaganda via YouTube and Twitter. We introduce the term "state endorsers" to characterize a group of foreign residents in China who do not have an open affiliation with the state but express views overwhelmingly in line with the official narrative. Our cross-platform analysis shows that Chinese officials promote the state endorsers on Twitter, thus creating the impression of diverse voices supporting China's policies. When comparing the reach of state endorsers with that of Chinese state media (altogether 153,932 videos and 5.41 million comments and replies), we find evidence that state endorsers extend China's public diplomacy to engage new audiences, amounting to a 48% increase on YouTube and 29% on Twitter. We argue in the conclusion that using the term state endorser provides better conceptual clarity and empirical operationalizability for understanding the roles of non-state actors in China's increasingly assertive digital diplomacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is impossible to understand China today without understanding the Cultural Revolution, writes Branigan, and yet "it is also impossible to fully understand the movement". Let's be more "dialectical" about China To quote again from Mao, "One Divides into Two": Marxists and non-Marxists alike should recognise the need for a more dialectical approach to our perception of China. [Extracted from the article]

Purpose: The relationship between cultural novelty and cross-cultural adjustment of expatriates is often assumed to be negative and linear, while the empirical results for the relationship has been demonstrated by researchers as either negative, positive or absent. Design/methodology/approach: The current research challenges the negative and linear assumption conceptually and empirically and tests a curvilinear relation between cultural novelty and general adjustment. The authors specifically propose and test a theoretical model whereby emotional stability moderates the curvilinear cultural novelty–general adjustment relationship such that the negative effect of cultural novelty on general adjustment is mitigated by emotional stability. Survey data are collected from expatriates recruited from two different host countries, India (N = 151) and China (N = 157). Findings: The findings provide support for the curvilinear relationship between cultural novelty and general adjustment and the moderating effect of expatriates' emotional stability on this relationship. Originality/value: This present study makes unique contributions to the expatriate management literature in at least two major ways: first, this study consolidates the otherwise contradictory findings and furthers the understanding on the nature of the effect of cultural novelty on expatriate adjustment. In addition, this research tests a cultural novelty–expatriate adjustment model using expatriate samples drawn from China and India, the two largest emerging markets that capture the demographic-profile changes pertaining to the newly emerging expatriation trends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The arena of education known as 'international schooling' has grown enormously, from a body of 2,500 schools in 2000 to almost 13,500 by 2022. By 2019, China had emerged as having the most schools delivering a non-national curriculum in English outside of an English-speaking nation. The arena continues to be dominated by British and North American educators. One enduring aspect of workplace reality is the short-term contract, normally of between two and three years. The field is acknowledged to be inherently precarious and insecure, with high levels of turnover, and a bleak 'negative' lens of imagination has always persisted. This paper focuses attention on the lived experiences of expatriate teachers among the growing body of 'non-traditional international schools' that might be best termed 'Chinese Internationalised Schools'. Through in-depth phenomenological interviewing of six expatriate teachers, the reality of 'short-termism' was examined. Whilst the findings highlighted, as expected, the negative aspects of short-term employment, the findings also identify many positive outcomes. These include opportunities for developing resilience, agency, and reinvention. This offers scope for a new vision, based upon the accumulation of 'resilience', which helps to explain the continuous growth of the arena despite the presence of precarity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Angewandte Linguistik is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

As an integral part of discourse system, external publicity frequently functions as a useful tool of information release and also an indispensable part effective communication. The existing studies on external publicity concentrate more on the information release of bilateral side, namely, on the side of information issuer, than on the side of information receiver, not to say, the perspective of the supply and demand deviation between media and audience. Based on the questionnaire and in-depth interviews, this paper has investigated the deviations between the information supply of Chinese Media and the information demand of the foreign residents in China, as well as the deviations of the information channels between Chinese Media and foreign residents in China. It is revealed that the factors of age, nationality, occupation, and the length of stay in China have exerted a significant influence on the preference of information needs and also the mode of their access to the information issued by Chinese media. Despite the fact that the current Chinese external publicity could meet the general needs of foreign residents, the awareness of targeted supply of information should be continuously improved. The influence of Chinese media on foreign residents is still limited, even though they undertake the responsibility of information dissemination in China and function as a bridge between China and western world. For this reason, there is still much room for the improvement in the scope of communication concept, communication methods, the media topics, as well as the effect of external publicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The urban evolution of Gulangyu, a historic international settlement in the city of Xiamen on China's southeast coast, has long attracted the attention of scholars working in the field of Chinese urban history. Until recently, however, few efforts have been made to theorize the spatial formation of Gulangyu. Drawing upon existing research on the island's development, particularly since the early 1840s, this study aims to offer a critical reading of the modern transformation of Gulangyu. By retracing the urban evolution of Gulangyu on the basis of historical maps and fieldtrip data, its spatial restructuring up to the early 1940s has been reviewed and analyzed. With GIS and CAD-based tools, conflated results are presented to explain the island's spatial mixity. The results show that from military fortification to village settlements, through the competition between local inhabitants and earlier imperialists, and then the coopetition of foreign residents and returned overseas Chinese, the making of Gulangyu as a historic international settlement was hardly a Western-dominant process. Instead, it should provide an entry point for a contextualized critique of current research on similar urban space in China's modern history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) project was signed between China and Pakistan in the year 2013. This mega project connects the two countries to enhance their economic ties and give them access to international markets. The initial investment for the project was $46 billion with a tentative duration of fifteen years. Being an extensive project in terms of cost and duration, many factors and risks affect its performance. This study aims to investigate the effects of political (PR), social safety (SR), and legal risks (LR) on the project performance (PP) of the CPEC. It further investigates the significance of the host country's attitude towards foreigners (HCA). A research framework consisting of PR, SR, and LR as independent variables, PP as the dependent variable, and HCA as moderator is formulated and tested in the current study. In this quantitative study, the Likert scale is used to measure the impact of the assessed risks. A questionnaire survey is used as a data collection tool to collect data and test the research framework and associated hypotheses. The partial least square structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) is used to perform the empirical test for validation of the study, with a dataset of 99 responses. The empirical investigation finds a negative relationship between PR, SR, LR, and PP. It is concluded that PR, SR, and LR negatively influence the PP of CPEC. Furthermore, HCA negatively moderates the PR, LR, and PP of CPEC. In contrast, the value of SR and PP is positive in the presence of the positive HCA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates Anglo expatriate managers' learning, knowledge acquisition, and adjustment to the host culture when working within Anglo multinational companies operating in China. A structural equation model based on data from 121 expatriate managers reveals that Anglo managers adjust more effectively when their learning styles are congruent with the demands of the host culture. Their levels of accumulated managerial tacit knowledge and adaptive flexibility were also associated with their learning styles, which in turn led to more effective adjustment to the host culture. Implications for theory, global manager development, and expatriate management are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the Japanese internment of Allied civilians in occupied China during the Second World War (WWII), with a focus on the period leading up to July 1943, by which point most Allied civilians had entered various internment sites throughout occupied China. This article mainly utilises the archives of the Japanese, the Allied governments and international mediators. The study argues that a provisional international mechanism for protecting enemy aliens was formulated shortly after the outbreak of war. It also finds that although Allied civilians did suffer physically and mentally during Japanese internment in occupied China, at least in the beginning, the Allied governments and the Japanese foreign affairs apparatus, based on this provisional international mechanism and the principle of 'reciprocity', intended to treat them fairly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the interaction of local communities with foreign workers in the Lebak Regency, especially in the Bayah District. Bayah was chosen as the locus of the study because it is the location of several large companies that employ foreigners. The implication is that diverse identities in the socio-political institutions coexist, namely residents and foreign workers. This research considers whether the relationships built are conducive to forming social integration or can trigger friction between communities so that the relationships are conflictual. To answer this, the concepts of plural society and multiculturalism and several conflict theories were used as analytical tools. The results showed that the interaction patterns of local communities and foreign workers exist exclusively for each other. It is difficult to create spaces for interaction between communities with different identities, so this can trigger conflict and negative sentiments towards foreign workers, the majority of whom are from China. The consequence is that the interactions that are formed show 'mixed but not combined' - to borrow the phrasing of J.S Furnivall, which is a condition of people with diverse identities living side by side but not blending into one socio-political unit, leading to the potential for conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores expatriates' ethical evaluations of and responses to guanxi in China through the lens of integrative social contracts theory. We conducted in-depth interviews with 14 expatriate managers who had spent, on average, 6.5 years working and living in China. Based on the content analysis of these interviews, we identified two different uses of guanxi: defensive and competitive. In general, the respondents found defensive guanxi moral in the Chinese context, while they considered competitive guanxi immoral. Based on our findings, we identified fair competition as the substantive hypernorm that governed most respondents' ethical evaluations of guanxi. The study has implications for all scholars who seek to utilize integrative social contracts theory to study the relationship between informal networks and corruption in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article traces the Chinese accommodation of foreigners in the lower section of the Pearl River delta during the Opium War to the region's social ecology in late imperial times. With a long tradition of living with foreign sojourners and their vessels, Chinese people in the delta congregated on an unprecedented scale at the outer anchorages within the present-day Hong Kong region in 1839–1841 to trade with Euro-American merchants and the British expedition. As mobile and violent provisioners and opium dealers, they flourished in the littoral borderland between the Qing and British empires. Their cross-shore ventures constituted an intensification of their prewar activities and an economic adaptive strategy in the competitive society of mid-Qing Guangdong. Centering on the socioeconomic lives of ordinary Chinese people, this article problematizes the usage of "Hanjian" and "collaboration" as nationalist and statist labels to summarize Chinese assistance to foreigners in times of external war in modern China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The number of self-initiated expatriates (SIEs) is growing, yet we know relatively little about their work experiences, especially how they react to stress. The purpose of this study is to examine whether challenge and hindrance stressors influence SIEs' intent to remain as well as the possible influence of emotional resilience and cultural novelty upon these relationships. Design/methodology/approach: Data were collected from 249 SIEs working in China. Findings: As hypothesized, hindrance stressors were negatively related to the SIEs' intent to remain. Contrary to expectations, challenge stressors were not associated with intent to remain. Hindrance (challenge) stressors were negatively (positively) related to emotional resilience, and resilience mediated the relationship between stressors and intent to remain. Cultural novelty failed to moderate the relationship between emotional resilience and intent to remain and did not moderate the mediated effects of challenge stressors on intent to remain via emotional resilience. Cultural novelty did moderate the mediated effects of hindrance stressors on intent to remain via emotional resilience, but not in the hypothesized direction. Research limitations/implications: This study was cross-sectional. It examined SIEs working in China, and its findings may not be generalizable to SIEs working in other countries. Originality/value: This is the first study to examine how emotional resilience may mediate the relationship between stressors and SIEs' intent to remain and also considered the possible moderating effects of cultural novelty. In addition, unlike most studies that focus only on the negative outcomes of hindrance stressors, this study tested the possible positive effects of challenge stressors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chinese expatriate workers in Africa remain an under-researched and poorly understood group despite their large numbers. Based on data collected through interviews and participant observations during 2013 and 2014 among Chinese expatriate construction workers employed by a large-scale Chinese state-owned construction enterprise in Zambia, this article offers an analysis of their migration experience as it relates to the context of China's growing economic involvement with Africa. This paper further argues that Chinese state-owned enterprises (SOEs) in Africa function as transnational social organizations to promote Chinese expatriate workers' migration to Africa and provide them social support and care when they experience difficulties during their sojourn. In this way, the patron–client relationship was formed between Chinese SOEs and Chinese expatriate workers, paralleling the existing employment relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This qualitative study examines an increasingly visible group of self‐initiated expatriates who, though foreign in nationality, share a common ancestry and ethnicity with most citizens of their host country. In particular, we explore the motivations behind the decision to seek employment in such countries and both work and non‐work adjustment. Drawing on interviews with 28 Malaysian self‐initiated expatriates of Chinese ethnicity currently working in China, the study suggests that, despite ancestral connections, these expatriates were motivated to work in China purely for financial and career‐related reasons. However, contrary to what some of the literature suggests, ancestral and cultural ties were hugely significant when it came to adjustment, with the expatriates' fluency in the national language and adherence to certain cultural traditions contributing to successful adjustment both in and outside the workplace. Based on our findings, we put forward three propositions and a conceptual model to guide future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As China continues to open its economy to the world, more and more expats migrate to Chinese cities for employment and business investment. Little research exists on their practices of everyday life and translocal connections. Echoing the emphasis on the intersection between expatriation and everydayness, this article focuses on Western expats and explores their daily experience of homemaking in Guangzhou, the third largest city in China. We develop the concept of 'temporary home' to examine how the global constellation of expatriation happens in a specific place and forges a delicate balance between dwelling and travelling. We argue that the making of temporary home exemplifies the ways in which Western expats undertake and experience a privileged mode of mobility. Temporary home reflects both fitting-in for familiarity between these expats and the host city of Guangzhou, and opting-out in order to navigate the global race for skilled professionals and to accumulate transnational experiences. They engage in the making of temporary home – a form of material and symbolic landscape that represents a privileged lifestyle of dwelling-in-travelling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Shanghai Museum, which was established by the primarily British and American expatriate-led North-China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society in 1874 and continued to operate until 1952, had a major influence on the popularization of natural history knowledge in China. It contributed to training the first generation of Chinese taxidermists, many descendants of whom continue even today to hold positions in academic institutions related to natural history in the country. Moreover, the Museum's habitat dioramas, in particular, played a significant role in raising public awareness about environmental issues among local and foreign residents of Shanghai. This paper traces the salient aspects of the Museum's history, focusing on the key individuals involved in its development and the contributions that it made to the production, dissemination and popularization of natural history knowledge and techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Expatriate sport coaches were a phenomenon of the export of sport talent during the Cold War and were a strategy of sport exchange in public diplomacy. The Republic of China (ROC) coach exchange plan in Latin America was influenced by the United States and the ROC's on-going opposition to the Chinese Communist Party. Analysis of archival documents regarding expatriate coaches focused on: requirements for table tennis coaches in Latin American partner nations; the programme's objectives and implementation process; and the appeal of sport coaches as agents of soft power. The ROC sport coaches exchange programme had three objectives. First, they promoted Latin American people's understanding of the nationality, culture and system of Free China to prevent the penetration of communist ideas. Second, they set up a channel of trust communication through the friendship between Taiwanese coaches with Latin American officials, interest groups and athletes to drive the ROC policies. Third, they developed diplomatic support for the ROC government. The personalities, values, words and deeds, professional knowledge and skills of Taiwanese coaches were turned into desirable outcomes by increasing the host country's sports participation and competition performance. However, the policy itself and the limitations of the ROC's hard power led to the undesirable outcomes of the coach exchange plan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Homogeneous ethnic labels, deriving from migrants' phenotypic and cultural distinctness, are frequently utilised to single them out as the Other during intercultural encounters. Nonetheless, the Othering enacted by ethnic labelling has not attracted enough attention from host-nationals who use these labels. In-depth interviews with 35 American expatriates revealed that laowai was perceived as a discourse of Othering, which first categorised Westerners under this label as the Other in mainland China for their noticeable non-Chinese physical appearance, and then exposed them to its Chinese users' diversely motivated stereotyping in such forms as exclusion, alienation and discrimination. However, Chinese people had not noticed laowai's nature of being a stereotype-laden discourse of Othering and conversely considered this label as a neutral and even friendly expression. Ultimately, these Americans experienced Chinese people's habitual use of laowai as a way to separate them as permanent outsiders who were subject to Occidentalism in mainland China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pursuing an international career in China can be risky particularly when there is a lack of informal relationships and knowledge of the socio-cultural environment of the country. Drawing from social capital theory of career success and intelligence theory, this study investigates the influence of expatriate manager-local subordinate guanxi on expatriate managers' career performance and the contingency role of cultural intelligence. Using multi-source data from a sample (N = 154) of expatriate managers in China, our results show that expatriate manager-local subordinate guanxi positively influences expatriate career performance, and that this relationship is positively moderated by expatriates' cultural intelligence. The broader theoretical and practical implications of the findings for international careers are fully discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai, Philologia is the property of Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study examined the link between listeners' perceptions of the quality of interpretation and their beliefs about the interpreter. Two groups of Mandarin-speaking participants were shown a video of a speech by President Obama being interpreted into Mandarin Chinese by a non-native Mandarin-speaking interpreter. The participants in one group were shown a photo of a Chinese-looking man alongside the video and those in the other group were shown a photo of a non-Chinese-looking man. The quantitative results showed that those who believed they were listening to a non-Chinese interpreter judged the interpretation more positively than those who believed they were listening to a Chinese interpreter. The qualitative results showed that the participants in the non-Chinese condition attributed the non-native features of the interpretation to the interpreter's being a foreigner, and that they naturally used the language competence of non-native speakers as the standard of comparison. In this case, the participants' perceptions of quality could also be explained by the interpreter's perceived association with a highly esteemed group in China, and his ability to interpret into Chinese generated a sense of national self-esteem among the participants. Overall, the findings show that factors other than the features identifiable in an interpretation can influence the perception of quality of interpretation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Human Sciences (19922876) is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Based on neo-institutional theory and knowledge spillover, we argue that the probability of a firm assigning an expatriate manager to a foreign subsidiary is influenced by a combination of mimicry and knowledge spillover from any existing expatriate community in the foreign location. The expatriate community's influence is hypothesized to be weaker when the firm's ownership share in its foreign subsidiary is greater but stronger when the cultural distance between a firm's home country and the foreign host country is greater. Data on 95,156 foreign-invested manufacturing ventures in China is used to test these predictions. The findings show an inverted U-shaped relationship between the assignment of expatriates and the number of expatriates previously sent to the same location by prior foreign investors. This relationship is shown to be moderated by subsidiary ownership, but not by the cultural distance between the investor's home country and the host country. Implications for research and practice are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study identifies two managerial styles of expatriates (authoritative and social), and analyzes their relationship with the turnover intention of host-country nationals (HCNs). Utilizing social capital theory, we examine the mediating effects of organizational goal clarity and managerial credibility. Analyzing a sample of 475 HCNs from 19 foreign multinational corporations (MNCs) operating in China, we find that the authoritative style is negatively associated with HCNs' perceptions of managerial credibility and positively associated with HCNs' turnover intention; conversely, the social style is positively associated with HCNs' perceptions of goal clarity and managerial credibility and negatively associated with turnover intention. Managerial implications of the test results are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Using a career lens, the purpose of this paper is to examine the psychological factors related to the career success (e.g. performance and adjustment) of self-initiated expatriates (SIEs). Design/methodology/approach: This research examines the previously unstudied relationship between career adaptability and career success. Data were collected by surveying 273 SIEs employed in professional jobs in China. Findings: As hypothesized, career adaptability was positively related to performance as well as to adjustment. Psychological availability mediated the relationships of career adaptability with performance and with adjustment. Contrary to expectations, supportive supervision did not moderate the relationship between career adaptability and either performance or adjustment. Research limitations/implications: Because the data were collected in a single, self-report survey, future studies should collect longitudinal data so that the effects of changes in career adaptability on adjustment and performance can be determined. In addition, as all of the participants were professionals, future research should examine SIEs employed in blue-collar jobs. Originality/value: As this is the first study to consider how career adaptability may influence SIEs' performance and adjustment, it offers unique insights into the work experiences of SIEs. Additionally, this study examines the theoretical underpinnings of career construction theory, namely, the previously hypothesized but untested relationship between career adaptability and adjustment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Expatriates' cross-cultural adjustment is one of the crucial factors for multi-national corporations' (MNCs') global success, which if neglected can lead to poor performance and increased turnover rates. On the other hand, cultural intelligence (CQ) is an important perspective for understanding international business success. Utilizing a relatively large sample of foreign professionals (n = 402) working in Mainland China, this study aims to test the effects of cultural intelligence on expatriates' cross-cultural adjustment and their turnover intentions. Design/methodology/approach: Data were collected via a cross-sectional survey, and the hierarchical multiple regression technique was used to test the hypotheses. The facets of cross-cultural adjustment were treated as potential predictors of turnover intentions and mediators in the relationship between CQ and turnover intentions. Findings: With the exception of CQ-behavioral, the other three dimensions of CQ had varying positive effects on the three facets of expatriates' cross-cultural adjustment. When the variable of turnover intentions was regressed on the four dimensions of CQ, the motivational dimension was the only predictor. Also, general and work adjustment facets had strong effects on turnover intentions, thus when they entered in the third step after CQ-motivational, they provided full mediation. Practical implications: Given the strong and positive effects of all CQ dimensions on all facets of cross-cultural adjustment, MNCs should assess and select individuals with high CQ levels for international assignments. Based on the correlations of the control variables, age and level of education, MNCs should keep an eye on those who are young and those with higher levels of education as they are more likely to leave their international assignments prematurely. Expatriates themselves should set long-term personal plans for acquiring the needed cultural knowledge. Originality/value: This research extends the relationship between CQ and cross-cultural adjustment to expatriates' turnover intentions, a very costly problem for MNCs, yet barely researched in the context of CQ. This study also extends the geographical validity of CQ to Mainland China, a very lucrative market for global MNCs, yet a challenge for Western expatriates in particular. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the early 2000s, Chinese metropolises have been emerging as hubs for the national and global economy. They attract increasing numbers of foreigners with diverse socio‐economic and educational backgrounds who tend to immigrate independently of the Chinese initiatives focused on "foreign talents". Our analysis contributes to the understanding of these migrants' integration into the labour market. Through a Bourdieusian capital lens, this article unpacks the access to the labour market and occupational positions of Swiss and Swedish migrant professionals in mainland China. Differentiated by how they can capitalize upon their educational, occupational, social and cultural resources in this specific context, the article distinguishes between three categories: corporarate expatriates, local hires and entrepreneurs and concludes with policy recommendations to stabilize their residence conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the potential boundary‐spanning roles of Japanese self‐initiated expatriates (SIEs) working at Japanese‐affiliated companies in China. We show that, compared to Japanese assigned expatriates (AEs), Japanese SIEs have longer living and working experience in China and better linguistic proficiency in Chinese, and build a relationship of trust with Japanese AEs, Chinese employees, and the headquarters in Japan. We also find human resource management (HRM) practices that emphasize normative integration will lead to the nurturing of trust (social capital) among the parties concerned, and the social capital will enhance the boundary‐spanning functions of Japanese SIEs. This research demonstrates the value of these SIEs as a new option to replace the dichotomy of AEs or host‐country nationals and the importance of practices for normative integration and social capital, which can be expected to facilitate the boundary‐spanning roles of Japanese SIEs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the second half of nineteenth century, a small transnational British and foreign community grew up in the treaty ports scattered along China’s coast, a community literally caught between the great inner Asian empire of the Manchu Qing and British-dominated informal empire in Asia. Although scholars often contend that few major developments occurred in the foreign sector of the treaty port world until the very end of the nineteenth century, this article joins recent revisionist scholarship seeking to better understand the growth of this transnational treaty port community through a study of the Shanghai Municipal Council’s local post office in the context of informal empire prior to the rise of muscular Chinese nationalism in the early twentieth century. As an institutional history of the virtually unknown local post office, this article is a study of the decades-long process by which the foreign settler community of Shanghai slowly built up the administrative capacity, trading networks and communications infrastructure of informal empire and semi-colonial order in the nineteenth-century treaty ports. The history of the local post office is largely unknown not because of its insignificance, but because we have not paid enough attention to the institutions that facilitated the emergence of transnational expatriate and settler communities throughout the world of British informal empire and the global and local influences that shaped them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose Cost of living is an important consideration for the decision-making of expatriates and investment decisions of businesses. As competition between cities for talent and capital becomes global instead of national, the need for timely and internationally comparable information on global cities’ cost of living increases. While commercial research houses frequently publish cost of living surveys, these reports can be lacking in terms of scientific rigour. In this context, this paper aims to contribute to the literature by formulating a comprehensive and rigorous methodology to compare the cost of living for expatriates in 103 world’s major cities.Design/methodology/approach A cost of living index for expatriates composed of the ten consumption categories is constructed. The results from the study covers a study period from 2005 to 2014 in 103 cities. More than 280 individual prices of 165 goods and services have been compiled for each city in the calculation of the cost of living index for expatriates. New York has been chosen as the base city for the study, with other cities being benchmarked against it. A larger cost of living index for expatriates implies that the city is more expensive for expatriates to live in and vice versa.Findings While the authors generate the cost of living rankings for expatriates for 103 cities worldwide, in this paper, the authors focus on five key cities, namely, London, Hong Kong, Singapore, Tokyo and Zurich, as they are global financial centres. In 2013, the latest year for which data are available, Zurich was the most expensive for expatriates among the five cities, followed by Singapore, Tokyo, London and Hong Kong. These results pertain to the cost of living for expatriates, and cities compare very differently in terms of cost of living for ordinary residents, as ordinary residents follow different consumption patterns from expatriates.Originality/value Cost of living in the destination city is a major consideration for professionals who look to relocate, and organisations factor such calculations in their decisions to post employees overseas and design commensurate compensation packages. This paper develops a comprehensive and rigorous methodology for measuring and comparing cost of living for expatriates around the world. The value-addition lies in the fact that the authors are able to differentiate between expatriates and ordinary residents, which has not been done in the existing literature. They use higher quality data and generate an index that is not sensitive to the choice of base city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite a growing body of research on the role of expatriates in subsidiary performance, the mechanisms through which expatriates affect subsidiary performance are still the subject of debate. Drawing on resource dependence theory, we examine the indirect effects of expatriates on subsidiary performance via subsidiary autonomy based on a sample of Chinese multinational enterprises. The findings show that an increase in expatriates reduces the level of subsidiary autonomy and thus negatively affects subsidiary performance. We also find that the institutional quality of host countries reinforces the negative impact of expatriates on subsidiary autonomy, but reduces the importance of the latter on subsidiary performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research examines Chinese expatriates working in Chinese multinational companies subsidiaries in the United Arab Emirates. We identify three salient social referents used by Chinese expatriates to assess distributive justice, i.e. employees working in mainland China, locals from the host country, and employees working in developed country multinational companies in the host country. For each referent, we explore the determinants of perceived distributive justice. The results show that equity and non‐monetary rewards are stable and influential factors for perceived distributive justice. Compensation disparity vis‐à‐vis employees working in mainland China and in international multinational companies has a significant effect on perceived distributive justice. However, compensation disparity is not used when it comes to assessing perceived distributive justice compared to locals in the host country. Finally, our findings suggest that only equity and non‐monetary rewards have significant effects on expatriation satisfaction, not perceived distributive justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]