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Objectives] The paper was to establish the quality standard of Shenqi Qiangjing granules and to conduct routine inspection of granular dosage forms. [Methods] The particle size, moisture, loss on drying, dissolubility, content uniformity and microbial limit of Shenqi Qiangjing granules were detected. Radix Astragali, Herba Epimedii, Radix Dipsaci and Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis were qualitatively identified by thin layer chromatography (TLC). [Results] The particle size, moisture, loss on drying, dissolubility, content uniformity and microbial limit of Shenqi Qiangjing granules were all in line with the relevant regulations of Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China (2020 edition). Radix Astragali, Herba Epimedii, Radix Dipsaci and Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis had clear fluorescent spots in TLC assay, and no such spots were found in negative control. [Conclusions] The method has the advantages of simple operation, accurate and reliable results, strong specificity and good repeatability, and can effectively control the quality of Shenqi Qiangjing granules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives] To establish the quality standard of Fuyang Wenshen Granules and carry out the routine examination of granule type. [Methods] The particle size, water content, solubility, loading difference and microbial limit of Fuyang Wenshen Granules were examined, and TLC was used for qualitative identification of Astmgali Radix and Notoginseng Radix Et Rhizoma. [Results] The particle size, water content, solubility, loading difference, and microbial limit of Fuyang Wenshen Granules complied with the relevant provisions of the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China (2020). The TLC spots of Astmgali Radix and Notoginseng Radix Et Rhizoma were clearly colored, and negative had no interference. [Conclusions] The method was simple, accurate, reliable, specific and reproducible, and can effectively control the quality of Fuyang Wenshen Granules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forestry is an effective strategy for climate change mitigation. However, forestry activities not only sequester carbon but also release CO2. It is therefore important to formulate carbon subsidy and carbon taxation policies on the basis of the price of carbon. In this study, a forestry-based Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model was built by using input-output data of China in 2014 to construct a Social Accounting Matrix (SAM). The model simulates different carbon price scenarios and was used to explore the effects of carbon subsidy and carbon taxation policies on the forestry economy. The main results can be summarized as follows: When the carbon price is low, the implementation of the policy increases forestry output and causes forest product prices to rise. When the carbon price is high, the carbon tax will produce an inhibitory effect, and output and prices will decline. With the constant rise of the carbon price, value addition will decrease, with flow to other industries. For the carbon sequestration policy, there is a reasonable carbon price range bound. In light of these results, relevant policies are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To determine risk for avian influenza virus infection, we conducted serologic surveillance for H5 and H9 subtypes among poultry workers in Beijing, China, 2009-2010, and assessed workers' understanding of avian influenza. We found that poultry workers had considerable risk for infection with H9 subtypes. Increasing their knowledge could prevent future infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper constructed land use sustainable forecast model, which was based on spatial ecological footprint and econometrics model, to find an effective approach and technique for land use sustainable forecast. What''s the spatial ecological footprint(S-EF)? The paper firstly answered the question, namely the improved and expanded EF based on GIS. Then S-EF and econometrics model, such as GM(1,1), regression model were integrated to build the forecast model. As follows, the Shandong''s land use sustainable was forecasted by the above model, and the future will not be optimistic. The conflict between supply and demand of fossil energy land becomes more evident based on the time and spatial information diagram. In general, this model can be used to forecast the land use sustainable from time to space and was tested effectively; the forecast result may offer datum which are beneficial for land administrators to make land use planning and land administration. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

To investigate molecular epidemiology of dengue viruses (DENV) in southern China, a total of 14 dengue isolates were collected in southern China during each epidemic year between 1978 and 2006 and their full-length genome sequences were obtained by using RT-PCR method. The E gene sequences from additional 6 dengue fever patients in Guangzhou in 2006 were also obtained by using RT-PCR method. Combined with DENVs sequences published in GenBank, phylogenetic analysis and recombination analysis were performed. One hundred and twenty-five E gene sequences and 60 complete genome sequences published in the GenBank were also involved. Phylogenetic analysis showed that there was a wide genetic diversity of DENVs isolated in southern China. DENV-1 strains exist in almost all of the clades of genotype I and IV except the Asia 1 clade of genotype I; DENV-2 stains are grouped into four of the five genotypes except American genotype. DENV-4 strains are grouped into 2 genotypes (I and II). Phylogenetic analysis also showed that all DENV-4 isolates and two DENV-2 isolates were closely related to the prior isolates from neighboring Southeast Asia countries. The DENV-1 strain isolated during the 2006 epidemic is highly homologous to the strains isolated during the 2001 epidemic. Recombination analysis showed no inter-serotype recombination, but 22 intra-serotype recombination events were found across the 32 complete genomes of all Chinese isolates. The study suggested that dengue fever epidemic in Southern China over the past 30 years presented two important modes, 1) imported-cases-induced endemic prevalence; 2) endogenous epidemic outbreak with natural epidemic focus. Recombination may play an important role in dengue virus evolution and adaptation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During swine influenza virus surveillance in pigs in China during 2006-2009, we isolated subtypes H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2 and found novel reassortment between contemporary swine and avian panzootic viruses. These reassortment events raise concern about generation of novel viruses in pigs, which could have pandemic potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Segment reassortment and base mutagenesis of influenza A viruses are the primary routes to the rapid evolution of high-fitness virus genotypes. We recently described a predominant G57 genotype of avian H9N2 viruses that caused countrywide outbreaks in chickens in China during 2010 to 2013, which led to the zoonotic emergence of H7N9 viruses. One of the key features of the G57 genotype is the replacement of the earlier A/chicken/Beijing/1/1994 (BJ/94)-like M gene with the A/quail/Hong Kong/G1/1997 (G1)-like M gene of quail origin. We report here the functional significance of the G1-like M gene in H9N2 viruses in conferring increased infection severity and infectivity in primary chicken embryonic fibroblasts and chickens. H9N2 virus housing the G1-like M gene, in place of the BJ/94-like M gene, showed an early surge in viral mRNA and viral RNA (vRNA) transcription that was associated with enhanced viral protein production and with an early elevated release of progeny virus comprising largely spherical rather than filamentous virions. Importantly, H9N2 virus with the G1-like M gene conferred extrapulmonary virus spread in chickens. Five highly represented signature amino acid residues (37A, 95K, 224N, and 242N in the M1 protein and 21G in the M2 protein) encoded by the prevalent G1-like M gene were demonstrated to be prime contributors to enhanced infectivity. Therefore, the genetic evolution of the M gene in H9N2 virus increases reproductive virus fitness, indicating its contribution to the rising virus prevalence in chickens in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An avian-origin human-infecting influenza (H7N9) virus was recently identified in China. We have evaluated the viral hemagglutinin (HA) receptor-binding properties of two human H7N9 isolates, A/Shanghai/1/2013 (SH-H7N9) (containing the avian-signature residue Gln226) and A/Anhui/1/2013 (AH-H7N9) (containing the mammalian-signature residue Leu226). We found that SH-H7N9 HA preferentially binds the avian receptor analog, whereas AH-H7N9 HA binds both avian and human receptor analogs. Furthermore, an AH-H7N9 mutant HA (Leu226 → Gln) was found to exhibit dual receptor-binding property, indicating that other amino acid substitutions contribute to the receptor-binding switch. The structures of SH-H7N9 HA, AH-H7N9 HA, and its mutant in complex with either avian or human receptor analogs show how AH-H7N9 can bind human receptors while still retaining the avian receptor-binding property. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]