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This study examined the relationship among supervisor support, scientific research efficacy and anxiety of graduate students in the Chinese context. A quantitative survey method was applied, and seven hypothesized relationships were tested with a sample of 1,095 graduate students from China. The results showed that instrumental and emotional support from supervisors were significantly and positively related to scientific research efficacy of graduate students, and negatively correlated with their anxiety. The scientific research efficacy was significantly and negatively associated with anxiety among graduate students, and mediated the relationships between supervisor support and anxiety. The present study provides valuable theoretical implications for enriching the analytical framework of anxiety, and has practical implications for intervention of the mental health of graduate students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enhancing older workers' bridge employment intentions is critical in the current context of an aging workplace. Based on psychological contract and social exchange theories, this study explores the person-context transactions process in increasing bridge employment intentions. We conducted two sub-studies, Study 1 (N = 231) used two-wave time-lagged survey data to explore the mediating role of psychological contract types in the effect of three job crafting strategies on bridge employment intentions; Study 2 (N = 156) used a two-by-two (high emotional support/baseline × high/low compensation support) between-subjects experimental design to further explore the differences in the moderation of organizational resource support in the effect of psychological contract types on bridge employment intentions. Results in Study 1 found that accommodative and utilization crafting enhanced bridge employment intentions through shaping relational contract, and developmental crafting enhanced bridge employment intentions through shaping transactional contract. Results in Study 2 found that emotional support (perceived inclusive experience) boosted relationship-oriented older workers' intention to bridge employment, but compensation support (perceived) boosted transaction-oriented older workers' intention, and reduced relationship-oriented older workers' intention. The findings provide a new perspective on psychological contract types for research related to enhancing older workers' intention to bridge employment, and offers important implications for aging workforce management of organizations in China and elsewhere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to explore sex differences in the association between emotional support and self-rated health among the elderly. Design: This was a cross-sectional survey based on the sub-project of China's National Basic Public Health Service Project—Health Management Services for the Elderly. Setting: Participants were recruited from ten rural townships in Jingyuan County, Gansu Province, Northwestern China. Subjects: 1405 subjects aged 60 or above. Methods: Emotional support (consisting of 5 items) and self-rated health (evaluated by EQ-VAS) were investigated in this study. Multiple linear regression was conducted to consider the potential relationship. Results: The frequency of children visit and the number of providers of emotional support were positively associated with self-rated health among older women (β = 1.13, 95%CI = 0.25-2.02; β = 1.80, 95%CI = 1.01-2.58), whereas the number of close friends had a positive association with self-rated health among older men (β = 1.11, 95%CI = 0.20-2.01). The number of close relatives and the frequency of seeking emotional support were not found to be associated with self-rated health among both older men and older women. Conclusion: The study has found that the relationship between emotional support and self-rated health was differed by sex, calling attention to the need for sex-specific interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to investigate the influence of emotional support and frustration on the relationship between servant leadership and clinical nurses' work engagement. The survey sample consists of 1 127 clinical nurses from six hospitals in China (female = 1 081; average age = 32. 78 years, SD = 6. 40 years). The results indicate that servant leadership can predict higher clinical nurses' work engagement. Furthermore, emotional support and frustration mediated the relationship between servant leadership and clinical nurses' work engagement. Additionally, frustration mediated the relationship between emotional support and clinical nurses' work engagement. The research results provide evidence on the internal mechanism of the impact of servant leadership and clinical nurses' work engagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study delves into the significance of integrating small-scale aquaculturists. Through a unique linkage mechanism established between aquaculture cooperative societies and these small-scale practitioners, characterized by mutual risk-bearing and benefit-sharing, there is not only an incentive for the adoption of advanced aquaculture techniques but also an enhancement of the overall quality and safety standards of aquatic produce. Utilizing the ordered probit model, the research sheds light on the profound influence of organizational support in guiding the selection of optimal aquaculture practices. Organizational support is bifurcated into two primary dimensions: emotional support and instrumental support. The empirical results indicate that the dual facets of support provided by aquaculture cooperatives significantly bolster the propensity of aquaculturists to adopt best practices. Specifically, for each unit increase in organizational support, there are marked rises of 12.3%, 17.3%, 18.3%, and 17% in activities including seedling inspection, procurement of quality feed, management of fish diseases, and external fish inspection, respectively. Crucially, the effect of instrumental support surpasses that of emotional backing, positioning it as a more dominant factor in guiding aquaculturists toward embracing optimal practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some recent studies have focused on how social support explains the variability of entrepreneurs' venture goal commitment. These studies have exclusively featured solo entrepreneurs, however, examining the support available to individuals from external ties, while neglecting the social support shared among team members in new venture teams (NVTs). Using data on 81 NVTs and 335 individuals from the Haier Entrepreneurship Platform in China, we investigated the effects of the level of support, perceived heterogeneity of support, and balance between instrumental and emotional support in NVTs on their members' venture goal commitment. Overall, with variations for the two kinds of support, we found that all of these facets—the level and heterogeneity of the support, as well as the balance between instrumental and emotional support—affected venture goal commitment among NVT members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid development of information and communication technologies has demonstrated their potential to enable people with physical disabilities (PPD) to improve their livelihoods and reduce social exclusion in China. Only a few studies have been conducted to investigate how online social support boosts PPD's sense of belonging and to determine which type of social support they need. We followed the sense of belonging theory and social support theory to review the related literature and understand the mechanisms by which PPD may use mobile applications to receive support in the online environment. Both personal interviews and questionnaire surveys were conducted. We collected data from 337 PPD from the China Disabled Person's Federation. Results of the statistical analysis revealed that both emotional and informational support are significantly related to sense of belonging. Furthermore, sense of belonging affects social connection and social well-being. The results of the moderation analysis showed female and male PPD received different kinds of support. The findings offer insights for disability service institutions interested in better enablement of PPD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a driver of tourist-oriented citizenship behavior (TOCB), the effect of social support has not been thoroughly investigated. Grounded in a framework integrating the stimulus-organism-response model and self-determination theory, this study investigates how social support influences TOCB through the sense of self-determination. Structural equation modeling is used to analyze the survey data collected from 377 tourists in China. It is found that social support (information and emotional support) have a remarkably positive impact on the sense of self-determination (perceived autonomy, competence, and relatedness) which have an intermediary role in the relationship between social support and TOCB. This study provides empirical evidence for the marketing strategies of tourism destinations and enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Since negative emotions were identified as barriers to HIV self-testing (HIVST), offering emotional support may promote this behavior. This study examined whether the socio-affective and reappraisal components of emotional support messages differ in affecting one's attitude towards and intention to conduct HIVST via response efficacy and self-efficacy., Method: A between-subject online experiment was conducted with 309 Chinese men who have sex with men. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: no support, only reappraisal information, socio-affective and reappraisal information both provided., Results: Emotional support only worked for those completing HIVST in recent three months. The reappraisal information enhanced their response efficacy and self-efficacy, but only self-efficacy was positively related to one's attitude towards and intention to conduct HIVST. The message including socio-affective and reappraisal components directly improved their HIVST-related attitudes., Conclusion: Emotional support presents an approach to promoting HIVST. The socio-affective and reappraisal information function differently on their response efficacy, self-efficacy, attitude, and intention., Practice Implications: This study provides implications on how to design messages promoting HIVST for health campaigns and AI-based healthcare technologies. Reappraisal information should be offered to enhance one's response efficacy and self-efficacy. Messages should address both socio-affective and reappraisal needs of individuals., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest None., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Helicopter Parenting (HP) refers to parenting behaviors such as overinvolvement and developmentally inappropriate support during late adolescence and emerging adulthood. To date, this construct has mainly been examined in Western cultures. This research developed and validated a multi-dimensional HP measure for mothers and late-adolescent children in Mainland China. Study 1 explored initial factor structure of HP with an online sample of Mainland Chinese mothers (N = 433; Mage = 43.63 years). Study 2 confirmed this structure with a new online sample of mothers (N = 461; Mage = 44.39 years), and assessed construct invariance between mothers of high school and college students. Study 3 confirmed this HP structure with mother-adolescent dyads (N = 248; Mothers: Mage = 44.29 years; Adolescents: Mage = 17.37 years) and assessed construct invariance and construct validity between dyad members. Across the three studies, results suggested a 16-item measure with four factors (advice/affect management, anticipatory problem solving, information-seeking, and emphasis on academic performance), which also loaded on a higher-order HP factor. The measure had good internal consistencies (αs ≥ 0.844). Fits for mother-reported high school and college student measurement invariance model, and mother-adolescent invariance model were acceptable when constraining all factor loadings. Mother and adolescent HP reports were modestly positively correlated. Within-respondent correlations in Studies 2 and 3 showed that the total HP scores were positively correlated with behavioral control and emotional support. However, mother-reported HP was negatively correlated with adolescent-reported emotional support, suggesting discrepant views about which parenting behaviors are helpful vs. overbearing. Mother- and adolescent-reported HP scores were not related to adolescent-reported psychological control or self-efficacy. This study offers a concise, multidimensional Chinese HP measure which is useful to examine Chinese mother-adolescent reporter discrepancies, as well as associations between Chinese HP and youth's psychological functioning. Highlights: This research developed a 16-item measure of HP, with four factors, that was invariant between mothers' and adolescents' reports in Mainland China. Results suggested that Chinese mothers and their adolescent children differed in views of the extent to which parenting behaviors were supportive vs. overbearing. In contrast to Western studies, HP was not associated with youth perceptions of psychological control or self-efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As more and more evidence accrues in support of family-centered approaches to disability services, parents' experiences raising children with disabilities is receiving increasing attention internationally. The literature on parents of children with disabilities, however—whether intellectual disability (ID) or other chronic health conditions (OCHC)—tends to focus on mothers as the primary research subject. To address the paucity of research focused on fathers' experiences of raising a child with disabilities, I surveyed over 4500 fathers of children with disabilities in Mainland China. The surveys focused on fathers' perceptions of their children, their perceptions of family functioning, and their perceptions of their own needs for emotional support. Results derived from statistical analyses of the data suggest that fathers tend to believe their children with ID are harder to raise than other children, and that they more often do things that irritate them and make them feel angry. Fathers of children with ID also tend to perceive their family functioning as somewhat problematic. Generally, these fathers are disinclined to seek emotional support from outside their families, although fathers from the majority Han population and fathers who have greater than high school education are more likely to seek support than are fathers from minority ethnic groups and fathers with lower educational background. Comparisons are made with fathers of children with OCHC. Implications of the findings are identified and lines of further research suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Student engagement not only improves student achievement but also affects the dropout rate. Positive classroom interaction between teachers and students enhances student engagement. The interaction between teachers and students is bidirectional, and student engagement can also affect teachers' classroom teaching behavior. Both student engagement and classroom interaction are multidimensional structures, and each dimension is interrelated and mutually influenced. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between perceived mathematics classroom interaction and various dimensions of student engagement. In this study, we recruited 1298 students from grades three to five and seven to eight from 36 classes and 15 schools in China participating in a web‐based survey. The results show that cognitive engagement is positively related to behavioral engagement, and emotional support, classroom organization and instructional support play a mediating role between cognitive engagement and behavioral engagement; Emotional engagement is positively related to behavioral engagement, and emotional support and instructional support play a mediating role between emotional engagement and behavioral engagement. Highlights: This study studies the interaction mechanism between classroom interaction and student engagement from a new perspective, breaks through the previous theoretical limitations, and provides suggestions for better promoting student engagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine how entrepreneurship among migrants in urban China is affected by household composition. Using microdata from the 2016 Chinese Labor-force Dynamics Survey, we find that after controlling for observables and regional-fixed effects, the probability of entrepreneurship increases by 1.4 percentage points for a one-unit increase in the number of family members living together. Such percentage points indicate a 7.87% increase in entrepreneurship rate relative to the national average. Results are robust to several specifications. We also provide explanations for the positive effect of family on entrepreneurship through which family provides emotional support, enhances social capital, and facilitates pooling of labor power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entrepreneurial passion is seen as a valuable predictor of entrepreneurs' behavior and performance. We explored what makes entrepreneurs passionate by adopting a qualitative research method from a social support perspective. To test our hypotheses we conducted a survey with 287 young entrepreneurs in China. Using structural equation modeling we studied the impact of three types of support from the family on entrepreneurial passion. The results show that financial support and social capital support had a stronger influence on entrepreneurial passion than did emotional support. Further, psychological capital played a partial mediating role in the relationship between family support and entrepreneurial passion. This study enhances the integrity of previous research conclusions on entrepreneurial passion and, in particular, provides further insight into the development of nascent entrepreneurs and their new businesses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose Building on the Chinese guanxi perspective, the purpose of this paper is to develop a theoretical model that explains the indirect effects of social support from friends on social commerce intentions, as mediated through the relational aspects that potential buyers develop with sellers.Design/methodology/approach Hypotheses are tested with partial least squares (PLS)-graph applied to data collected via a survey of social media users (n=511). SPSS and PLS-graph are the statistical analysis tools used in this study.Findings Relationship exists in social commerce interactions and its quality can be captured by swift guanxi and trust. These swift relationships matter as they drive users’ behavioral intentions on social commerce sites. The informational and social support people receive from friends helps in improving the relationship quality and can indirectly influence user behaviors on these sites.Research limitations/implications This study has relied on a convenient sampling and this may limit the generalizability of the findings. Future research should employ broader and more random sampling techniques to re-validate and extend the findings.Originality/value The interpersonal aspect of relationship quality has received little attention in the social commerce literature. This study develops a theoretical model that explains consumers’ intention in social commerce. The findings reveal the mechanisms through which different types of social support indirectly influence social commerce intentions. They provide a unique glimpse into consumer behavior in Chinese settings, in which the guanxi aspect of relationship quality highly matters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Despite extensive studies about the direct effect of grandchild care on caregiver depression in China, understanding of its internal influencing mechanism has been limited. After controlling for socioeconomic factors, this study investigated whether the experience of caring for grandchildren had a long-term impact on the depression levels of grandparents, either directly or indirectly through generational support from adult children., Methods: The subjects of this study were a total of 9,219 adults over 45 who participated in the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Surveys in 2015 and 2018. We adopted a lag-behind variable to examine the impact of grandchild care on depressive symptoms of grandparents. The proposed mediation model was analyzed using bootstrap modeling, and the KHB method was conducted further to examine differences in the effects of generational support., Results: The experience of caring for grandchildren had a significant negative correlation with the depression level of Chinese grandparents. Moreover, children's support significantly mediated the impact of parenting experience on grandparents' depression. Significantly, instrumental support mediated the effect to the greatest extent, while emotional support from children contributed the least. The intermediary effect has urban-rural heterogeneity., Conclusion: These findings indicated that grandchild care significantly inhibited the depression level of Chinese grandparents through increased intergenerational support from adult children. The implications of the study's findings were discussed., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Hong, Xu and Zhao.)

China, a society long characterized by traditional Confucianism and the practice of filial piety, is undergoing dramatic socioeconomic development and erosion of traditions. In this rapidly changing context, the motives behind rural parental bequests have not been well studied. This paper draws on a survey conducted in rural Anhui province of China and uses hierarchical linear models to examine whether three kinds of support from children are associated with older parents' bequest motives. We find that while instrumental support accords with an exchange model of motivation, financial transfer is consistent with an altruistic motivation for parental bequest plans. Offspring gender is strongly associated with parental planning of bequests; family division is a strong correlate of parents' bequest plan and reflects exchange motivation. These findings have important implications for research on traditional culture and an evolving social security system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With China’s gender imbalance and increasingly severe male marriage squeeze, patterns of intergenerational support in rural areas are likely to undergo significant change. Using data from a survey of four towns from X county in Anhui province carried out in 2008, this article analyzes the effects of sons’ marital status on intergenerational support. Random-effect regression analysis shows that son’s marital status has strong effects on financial support to and coresidence with parents. Compared with married sons, older unmarried sons (so-called forced bachelors) tend to provide less financial support to their parents and are more likely to live with their parents. Parents’ support of sons, as well as the parents’ own needs and sons’ capabilities all affect the support provided by sons. These results show that both theories of exchange and altruism are simultaneously relevant in the context of the marriage squeeze of contemporary rural China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study assessed an integrated model of advice giving (Emotional support—Problem inquiry and analysis—Advice) with 572 participants from United States and 540 participants from mainland China. Participants read and responded to a hypothetical scenario in which they received advice from a friend. Advice that was offered following the moves of emotional support and problem inquiry and analysis was judged by both American and Chinese participants to be higher in quality and was more likely to be implemented than advice that did not follow this sequential pattern. Compared to Chinese participants, American participants evaluated advice offered with emotional support or problem inquiry and analysis as higher in quality. Participants with a higher independent self-construal also rated advice offered in conjunction with emotional support or problem inquiry and analysis as higher in quality than participants with a lower independent self-construal. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Filial piety (or xiao) is a unique Chinese culture that affects older adults' life satisfaction and loneliness. Guided by the dual filial piety model and socioemotional selectivity theory, this study explores how adult children's filial piety beliefs affect their parent's life satisfaction and loneliness. A total of 350 pairs of parent-child data were collected through a parent-child pair design. Results show that emotional support provided by adult children and emotional support perceived by parents (i.e., the transmission of emotional support) fully mediated the relationship between children's reciprocal filial piety belief and parents' life satisfaction and loneliness, and partially mediated the relationship between children's authoritarian filial piety belief and parents' life satisfaction and loneliness. However, instrumental support provided by adult children and instrumental support perceived by parents (i.e., the transmission of instrumental support) had no such mediating roles in the relationship between adult children's filial piety beliefs and parents' life satisfaction and loneliness. This finding suggests that to improve parental well-being, adult Chinese children should cultivate their filial piety and pay close attention to their parents' emotional needs., (© 2022 Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences and John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.)

This investigation examines how support from adult children is affected by their parents' involvement in grandchild care. Instead of focusing on dyadic interactions, we adopt a gendered extended family perspective to examine how financial and emotional support from children was influenced when their siblings received help with child care from their elder parents. The data were from a two-wave (2001, 2003) longitudinal study of 4,791 parent–child dyads with 1,162 parents, aged 60 and older, living in rural areas of Anhui Province, China. Random effects regression showed that emotional support from both sons and daughters was strengthened when parents provided more child care for their other adult children; in addition, daughters were more emotionally responsive than sons under this situation. Concerning dyadic parent–child relationships, daughter and sons increased their financial support, and sons increased their emotional support when they themselves received help with child care from parents. We suggest taking a gendered extended family perspective when studying intergenerational relationships in rural China. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Objectives: The elderly face multiple vulnerabilities such as health, economy and society, and are prone to catastrophic health expenditures. This study aims to analyze the impact of children's intergenerational economic support, emotional support, and illness on the catastrophic health expenditures of middle-aged and elderly families., Methods: Using China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS 2018) data to calculate the catastrophic health expenditure of Chinese households as the dependent variable. Taking children's intergenerational economic support, emotional support and multimorbidity as core independent variables, gender, age, marital status, medical insurance and other variables as control variables, and perform logistic regression analysis. According to the heterogeneity analysis of age and gender, the impact of intergenerational economic support, emotional support and multimorbidity on the catastrophic health expenditure of middle-aged and elderly families is explored., Results: When catastrophic health expenditures occur in middle-aged and elderly families, the children's intergenerational economic support will increase significantly, especially in families with members aged 60-74. Children's emotional support can effectively reduce the risk of catastrophic health expenditures for middle-aged and elderly families. Compared with children's intergenerational economic support and emotional support, the impact of multimorbidity on the catastrophic health expenditures of middle-aged and elderly families is the most significant. Suffering from multimorbidity can increase the risk of catastrophic health expenditures for middle-aged and elderly families, especially families with male members suffering from multiple diseases., Conclusions: It is recommended that we should do a good job in popularizing the knowledge of chronic diseases to minimize the occurrence of multimorbidity. The government should establish group medical insurance related to chronic disease diagnosis. According to the severity of the disease or the special circumstances of the patient, the level of medical insurance reimbursement is divided in detail, especially for chronic disease clinics and drug reimbursement. Children should be encouraged to strengthen the emotional connection and effective care of the elderly, focusing on the elderly 60-74 years old, in order to reduce their care pressure and maintain the physical and mental health of the elderly., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Tang, Yao, Li, Yang, Liu, Gong, Xu and Ye.)

Both family and school environments are considered important proximal microsystems for young children's social and behavioral development. Numerous studies have reported associations between child-caregiver interactions in both family and school and child outcomes. The benefits of quality child-caregiver interactions across home and classroom contexts to child development may be maximized when positive interactional experiences in the home and classrooms are mutually supportive. Recent research employed multilevel models to examine the association between maternal supportive parenting and preschool children's development of social skills and problem behaviors, as well as the cross-level moderating effects of teachers' emotional support. The study took place in Guangdong province, China. A total of 388 children (M age = 4.07, SD = 0.41) from 59 preschool classrooms and their mothers participated in this study. Results indicated that higher supportive parenting was associated with children's gains in social skills and decreases in problem behaviors; teachers' emotional support strengthened the effects of supportive parenting on children's development of social skills, but not for their problem behaviors. These findings revealed the importance of both providing young children supportive parenting at home and quality teacher-child interactions in classrooms, as family and schools work together to optimize children's social development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To date, few studies have assessed social relationships in patients with breast cancer during their chemotherapy process. This study aimed to explore profiles of instrumental, emotional, and informational support in Chinese breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy., Methods: In a cross-sectional study performed between September 2018 and September 2020 in China, 638 patients with breast cancer completed demographic information questionnaires, the PROMIS-Social Relationships Short Forms, the PROMIS-Anxiety Short Form, and the PROMIS-Depression Short Form. Analysis of variance and chi-square tests were performed to examine between-group differences in demographic characteristics, anxiety, and depression outcomes across the identified latent classes. Multinomial logistic regression was performed to identify the correlation of significant variables among the identified classes., Results: Three profiles of social relationships were identified: Class 1-low social relationships group (14.3%), Class 2-high instrumental support, medium emotional and informational support group (24.6%), and Class 3-high social relationships group (61.1%). The findings revealed the heterogeneity of instrumental, emotional, and informational support in Chinese breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy, which was significantly correlated with educational background, monthly family income, health insurance, and employment status. Additionally, patients with low instrumental, emotional, and informational support were more likely to report high levels of anxiety and depression., Conclusions: When conducting interventions to promote social relationships during the chemotherapy process, healthcare providers should consider the sociodemographic characteristics, anxiety levels, and depression symptoms of patients with breast cancer and identify high-risk patients for tailored interventions.

With the aging of the population and the upgrading of the consumption structure of national health demand in China, it has become a new trend for the public to actively seek health products and services on social networks. Based on the theory of reasoned behavior and the theory of expectancy confirmation, this study aims to analyze the cognitive factors and their effects on WeChat users' purchase intention in the process of health product consumption. Considering that safety is a key feature of health products that distinguishes them from other consumer products, the "satisfaction" concept in the expectancy confirmation model is replaced by "trust" in this study. Two hundred and two (202) valid samples were collected by a questionnaire survey to analyze their intentions to buy health products on WeChat. Theoretical models and corresponding research hypotheses were verified by structural equation modeling. The research results show that emotional price and emotional experience are positively correlated with trust and purchase intention. There is an obvious negative correlation between privacy invasion and trust. Expectation confirmation is positively associated with trust. Moreover, the intermediary test shows that trust has completely mediated between emotional price and purchase intention, and trust also has a full intermediary effect on expectation confirmation and purchase intention.

Life satisfaction of the rural elderly has increasingly become an important issue for society. Based on the social support theory and Cha Xu Ge Ju (pattern of difference sequence), this study investigates the underlying mechanisms and boundary conditions that explain the relationship between social communication and life satisfaction among the rural elderly. Specifically, it explores the mediating role of psychological well-being in the relationship between social communication and life satisfaction. In addition, it examines whether emotional support moderates the effect of social communication on psychological well-being. Data from 658 rural elderly in China were analyzed using structural equation modeling. Results show that psychological well-being mediates the relationship between social communication and life satisfaction. Additionally, the relationship between social communication on psychological well-being was negatively moderated by emotional support. Finally, implications for management theory and practice are discussed.

To effectively facilitate health information sharing and personal information protection in online health communities (OHCs), it is important to examine the factors influencing people's personal information disclosure behavior in OHCs. Five factors were supposed as the predictors of people's personal information disclosure behavior in OHCs. A total of 376 participants in a Chinese online cancer community were analyzed. The empirical results indicate that more participants give more attention to risk factors than motivating factors when they disclose information in OHCs. In a not so severe condition, participants post their personal information to only obtain needed information. In severe disease situations, participants disclose personal information to obtain both needed information and emotional support, and emotional support is prioritized; in addition, they even risk financial loss to seek more useful information or emotional support. OHC managers should make policies to protect people's personal information, and thus encourage them to share more health information in OHCs.