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A method of ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole / electrostatic field Orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry was developed for the determination of 16 organophosphate esters (OPEs) in water and sediment samples. The water samples were extracted by solid phase extraction (Oasis HLB column) while the sediment samples were ultrasonically extracted using 0.1% formic acid methanol and then purified using Sep-Pak PSA column. The treated samples were separated on a Hypersil Gold-C18 column (1.9 μmx2.1 mmx50 mm) and eluted with 0.2% aqueous formic acid solution and methanol. The detection and analysis were performed in electrospray ionization and dd-MS2 + confirmation, in positive mode. The analyzed 16 OPEs were quantitated by external standard method. The lowest detection limits were 3.10- 116.70 ng/L and the linear correlation coefficients were 0.940 7-0.999 8. The developed method was used to analyze the target compounds in water samples and sediment samples from Luoma Lake. In 21 water samples, the concentrations of ∑16OPEs were in the range of 2.99-1 113.09 ng/L, with a median concentration of 408.68 ng/L and an average concentration of 420.03 ng/L. In 6 sediment samples, the concentration of ∑16OPEs were in the range of 15.70-41.28 ng/g, with an median concentration of 27.06 ng/g and an average concentrations of 27.49 ng/g. Compared with the data reported from other water bodies in China or other countries, the concentrations of OPEs in Luoma Lake were at a median/low level. Ecological risk assessment showed that triphenyl phosphate (TPhP), tri-o-cresyl phosphate (o-TTP), tri-m-tolyl phosphate (m-TTP) and tri-p-tolyl phosphate (p-TTP) could pose medium or high risks to water and sediments in Luoma Lake at some sites [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are emerging pollutants. Currently, research on OPEs in tree rings is still limited. In this study, tree rings of five arbor species from Sichuan Province, China, were sampled to study the occurrence and distribution of six OPEs, which were quantitatively analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The total concentrations of OPEs in all samples ranged from 189.79 (Fir species) to 341.23 ng/g (Toona sinensis), with average concentration of 284.77 ± 46.66 ng/g. So, arbor could be used as good passive samplers for OPEs. The levels of OPEs among five arbor species showed no significant difference (p = 0.668 > 0.05), suggesting that the pollution status of OPEs in a region or country could be roughly assessed by any arbor tree species. In this study area, tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP) was the dominant OPEs followed by tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP). Tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP) and tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP) showed relatively stable concentrations in each arbor species, while the other four OPEs including TBEP, triphenyl phosphate (TPhP), tri(chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP) and TCEP had significantly different concentrations. Interestingly, the absorption and accumulation of OPEs by tree rings of arbor species were quite different from that of inorganic elements reported by other studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Laimao baijiu is a typical soy‐sauce aroma‐type baijiu in China. Amino acids are non‐volatile compounds in baijiu and are beneficial to human health. Aroma is one of the important indicators that are used to evaluate the quality of baijiu. The interaction between aroma‐active compounds and non‐volatile compounds can also affect the release of aroma compounds. In this study, we identified the active‐aroma compounds and amino acids in Laimao baijiu by stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE), gas chromatography‐olfactometry (GC‐O), gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), and ultra‐performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (UPLC‐MS). The interaction between amino acids and key esters was investigated by sensory analysis and partition coefficients. Results: A total of 63 aroma compounds and 21 amino acids were identified. Twenty‐one esters were identified from them as major aroma‐active ester compounds with odor activity values ≥ 1. Finally, sensory analysis revealed that l‐alanine had a significant effect on the strength of the aromas of esters, suggesting that low concentrations of amino acids were more likely to promote the release of esters and high concentrations were more likely to inhibit this. The partition coefficient can be a good explanation for this phenomenon. Conclusion: l‐Alanine can significantly affect the aroma intensity of key ester aroma compounds in Laimao baijiu, and the effects of different concentrations of amino acids are different. This work shows that amino acids, as non‐volatile compounds, have a regulatory effect on the release of aroma compounds in alcoholic beverages, which may provide new technical support for the aroma modulation of alcoholic beverages. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb. is a special tropical spice crop resource with broad development prospects. It is widely cultivated under a Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex A. Juss.) Muell. Arg. canopy to improve the comprehensive benefits to Hevea brasiliensis plantations in Hainan Provence, China. However, the effects of intercropping with Hevea brasiliensis on the component number and relative contents of volatile substances in different categories in the Pandanus amaryllifolius leaves are still unknown. Therefore, a Hevea brasiliensis and Pandanus amaryllifolius intercropping experiment was set up to clarify the differences between several cultivated patterns on volatile substances in the Pandanus amaryllifolius leaves, and the key regulatory factors of volatile substances. The results showed that the soil pH was significantly decreased, while soil bulk density, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen and available phosphorus contents were significantly increased under the intercropping pattern. The component numbers of esters in volatile substances were increased by 6.20%, while the component numbers of ketones were decreased by 4.26% under the intercropping pattern. Compared with the Pandanus amaryllifolius monoculture, the relative contents of pyrroles, esters and furanones were significantly increased by 8.83%, 2.30% and 8.27%, respectively, while the relative contents of ketones, furans and hydrocarbons were decreased by 1.01%, 10.55% and 9.16% under the intercropping pattern, respectively. The relative contents of pyrroles, esters, furanones, ketones, furans and hydrocarbons were associated with changes in soil pH, soil available phosphorus content and air temperature. The results indicated that the reduction in soil pH and enhancement in soil-available phosphorus may be the main reasons for promoting the relative content of pyrroles and reducing the relative content of hydrocarbons under an intercropping pattern. Overall, Hevea brasiliensis intercropping with Pandanus amaryllifolius could not only improve soil properties, but also significantly increase the relative contents of the main volatile substances in Pandanus amaryllifolius leaves, which could provide a theoretical basis for the application and promotion of high-quality production patterns of Pandanus amaryllifolius. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to assess the risk of 3-monochoropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) esters from edible oils for the Zhejiang population in China. Exposure assessment of 3-MCPD esters was evaluated by Monte Carlo simulation based on the concentrations of 3-MCPD esters in edible oils combined with survey data on the eating habits of Chinese residents classified by age group and gender. The simulation results indicated that the mean daily intakes (CDI) of 3-MCPD esters for children 7–10 years old were 2.154 µg (kg BW d)−1 for boys and 2.049 µg (kg BW d)−1 for girls, which are lower than the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (PMTDI) of 4 µg (kg BW d)−1 for 3-MCPD and 3-MCPD esters individually or in combination, set by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. The range of mean dietary intakes of 3-MCPD esters in different subpopulation groups ranged 1.242–1.672 µg (kg BW d)−1, which was lower than the PMTDI. However, the CDI values of 3-MCPD esters in high percentile exposure subgroups (95th, 99th) of males (7–49 years old) and females (7–10 and 50–75 years old) were all above 4µg (kg bw d)−1. Outside of the senior group (50–75 years old), males had more exposure to 3-MCPD than females. The average hazard indexes (HI) of 3-MCPD esters to male and female children were 1.257 and 1.024, respectively, indicating there was a risk, but no immediate measures are required to address this risk. The average HI of 3-MCPD esters to adolescent, adult, and seniors were all below 1, indicating risk for those age groups were at an acceptable level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concern over the influences of constant addition of emerging anthropogenic chemicals to the environment has become a public issue during the rapid urbanization. Here, we investigated the occurrence of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in soil and corresponding tree bark in a megacity, Western China. Our results showed levels of OPEs in tree bark (1250 ± 573 ng/g dry weight (dw)) were 1–2 orders of magnitude higher than those in soil (40.4 ± 30.8 ng/g dw). Rooster Mountain is a background mountain area, exhibiting significantly lower concentrations of OPEs in soil and tree bark than those in other sites with relatively high population density. This result highlights the effect of human activities on the distribution of OPEs in environmental matrices. Alkyl-OPEs were predominant compounds in soil, whereas halogenated- (Cl-) OPEs were characterized in tree bark. Furthermore, tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) positively correlated with tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP) in soil (r2 = 0.43, P < 0.05) while negatively correlated with TCIPP in tree bark (r2 = 0.31, P < 0.05). The ratios of logarithm concentrations of OPEs in tree bark to those in soil correlated well with logKOA values of OPEs from 6 to 10, indicating the equilibrium status was achieved between OPE partitioning in soil and in tree bark. Nevertheless, tris (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP) and tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP) with high values of logKOA deviated from this linear tendency, which was possibly due to the fact that they were subjected to the particle-bound deposition process, leading to partition into the soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The commercial active dry yeast strains used for cider production in China are far behind the requirements of the cider industry development in recent decades. In this study, eight yeasts, including Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Pichia bruneiensis, and Pichia kudriavzevii, were screened and assessed by growth performance, methanol production, aroma analysis, and their transcriptive characterization. Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains WFC-SC-071 and WFC-SC-072 were identified as promising alternatives for cider production. Strains WFC-SC-071 and WFC-SC-072 showed an excellent growth capacity characterized by 91.6 and 88.8% sugar utilization, respectively. Methanol production by both strains was below 200 mg/L. Key aroma compounds imparting cider appreciably characteristic aroma increased in cider fermented by strains WFC-SC-071 and WFC-SC-072. RT-qPCR analysis suggested that most genes associated with growth capacity, carbohydrate uptake, and aroma production were upregulated in WFCSC-071 and WFC-SC-072. Overall, two Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains are the optimal starters for cider production to enable the diversification of cider, satisfy the differences in consumer demand, and promote cider industry development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, E‐nose and GC‐MS combined with chemometric methods were used to analyze and identify the key aroma compounds of mutton during the electric roasting process. The results indicated that the mutton roasted for 0–20 min could be discriminated by E‐nose. A total of 47 volatile compounds were identified by GC‐MS, including 10 alcohols, 14 aldehydes, 6 ketones, 3 esters, 6 acids, 1 furan, and 7 other substances. Thirteen compounds were identified as the key aroma compounds by the odor activity values (OAVs). Significant increases in key aroma compositions and concentrations in samples roasted for 2–8 min were observed during the roasting process, in which hexanal and 1‐octen‐3‐ol had the highest concentration. In comparison with raw meat, the OAVs of eight key aroma compounds were maintained at high levels in mutton roasted for 12 min. Samples with different roasting time could not be discriminated by the concentration of the volatile compound except for roasting for 20 min. The linear model indicated that lower water content and water activity could contribute to the formation of hexanal and 1‐octen‐3‐ol in samples. Novelty Impact Statement: Tan sheep are raised in Ningxia of China, with a distinct flavor and silky texture. Thirteen key aroma compounds in roasted tan mutton such as hexanal and 1‐octen‐3‐ol were determined based on OAVs. Water content and water activity affected the formation of key aroma compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural ester insulating oil not only has a biodegradation rate of almost 100% but also meets the carbon emission requirements of China’s “Carbon Peak and Carbon Neutrality” and the “European Green Deal” proposed by the European Union. It is considered to be a good substitute for mineral insulating oil. However, due to its higher kinematic viscosity than traditional mineral oil in low-temperature environments, it limits the safety promotion and application of transformers in cold regions. First, we design an experiment to test the kinematic viscosity and density of natural ester insulating oil. Under extremely harsh experimental conditions, we measure key experimental data such as kinematic viscosity. Second, the structure of the four main triglyceride molecules is optimized, and the molecular dynamics (MD) simulation technology is used to establish an MD model that can predict the kinematic viscosity of natural ester insulating oil (−20 °C to 20 °C). Finally, the model is further simplified by the free volume theory to better predict the kinematic viscosity of natural ester insulating oil. This study makes up for the lack of laboratory low-temperature testing of the kinematic viscosity of natural ester insulating oil and provides a convenient and reliable tool for predicting the kinematic viscosity of natural ester insulating oil. It can not only predict the natural ester insulating oil mixed in various proportions but also predict the kinematic viscosity of a certain natural ester molecule. Furthermore, it also provides a guiding direction for the improvement of low-temperature kinematic viscosity of natural ester insulating oil, as well as a strong reference for predicting other properties of other substances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organophosphate esters (OPEs), substitutes of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, have been found in a variety of marine environmental matrices, whereas little is known about the feature and sources of seawater OPEs from the environments simultaneously affected by multiple anthropogenic activities. Jiaozhou Bay is one typical bay heavily disturbed by human activities, which was semi-enclosed and surrounded by large amounts of discharged rivers and catchments, various types of ports, and aquaculture farms. This study found that concentrations of Σ13OPEs ranged from 23.90 to 366.40 ng/L (median: 37.76 ng/L) in the seawater and from 90.15 to 1183.14 ng/L (median: 940.61 ng/L) in the inflowing river water. Tris (2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate, triethyl phosphate, and tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate were the predominant congener, with the percentage of 43.76%, 22.80%, and 14.01%, respectively, in the bay water and 52.47%, 11.31%, and 23.66% in the river water. The overall spatial distribution was characterized by a higher concentration of Σ13OPEs and halogenated-OPEs in the nearshore sites and in the inflowing rivers, which were surrounded by urbanized areas with dense anthropogenic activities, especially along the eastern coast. Effluent discharge and vehicular and marine traffic emissions were distinguished as two main plausible sources of OPEs to Jiaozhou Bay, based on the principal component analysis and Spearman correlations. Ecological risk analysis indicated that Σ13OPEs posed a low risk to aquatic organisms in the bay and low-to-medium risks in the inflowing rivers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are a class of environmental chemicals with endocrine-disrupting properties. Epidemiologic studies have demonstrated that prenatal OPEs exposure is associated with neurodevelopmental disorders in offspring. However, studies assessing the effects of prenatal OPEs exposure on the dynamic changes in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in preschoolers are scarce. Since vitamin D has been demonstrated to have a "neuroprotective" effect, the modifying effects of maternal vitamin D were estimated., Methods: The present study included 2410 pregnant women from the Ma'anshan Birth Cohort. The levels of OPEs in the mothers' urine were examined in the three trimesters. The Chinese version of the Conners Abbreviated Symptom Questionnaire was used to examine preschoolers' ADHD symptoms at 3, 5, and 6 years of age. ADHD symptom trajectories were fitted via group-based trajectory modeling. We used multinomial logistic regression, Bayesian kernel machine regression, quantile-based g-computation, and generalized linear models to assess individual and mixed relationships between OPEs during pregnancy and preschoolers' ADHD symptoms and trajectories., Results: Preschoolers' ADHD symptom scores were fitted to 3 trajectories, including the low-score, moderate-score, and high-score groups. First-trimester dibutyl phosphate (DBP), second-trimester bis(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (BBOEP), and third-trimester diphenyl phosphate (DPHP) were associated with an increased risk in the high-score group (p < 0.05). BBOEP in the third trimester was associated with decreased risk in the moderate-score group (OR = 0.89, 95% CI: 0.79, 1.00). For mothers with 25(OH)D deficiency, a positive relationship was observed between OPEs during pregnancy and symptom trajectories. Our results did not reveal any mixed effects of OPEs on ADHD symptom trajectories., Conclusion: Prenatal exposure to OPEs had heterogeneous associations with ADHD symptom trajectories in preschoolers. Additionally, the effect of individual OPEs on symptom trajectories was intensified by vitamin D deficiency., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Dermal contact with dust is commonly considered an important pathway of exposure to organophosphate esters (OPEs), but the importance of OPE uptake from diet is unclear. Herein, we used hand wipes to estimate OPE exposure from indoor dust and examined whether urinary OPE metabolite concentrations were influenced by sociodemographic characteristics, OPE amount in hand wipes, and dietary factors. OPEs were measured in urine and hand wipes from 6 to 18-year-old children and adolescents (n=929) in Liuzhou, China. Sociodemographic and dietary factors were obtained from questionnaire. Six OPE metabolites were detected in >70% of the urine samples, and seven OPEs were detected in >50% of the hand wipes. Estimated daily intakes (EDIs) were calculated using urinary OPE metabolites to investigate the total daily intake of OPEs, in which 0.36–10.1% of the total intake was attributed to the exposure from dermal absorption. In multivariate linear regression models, sex, age, and maternal education were significant predictors of urinary OPE metabolite concentrations. Urinary diphenyl phosphate (DPHP) is positively associated with its parent compounds 2-ethylhexyl-diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) in hand wipes. High versus low vegetable intake was associated with a 23.7% higher DPHP (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.51%, 52.1%). Barreled water drinking was associated with a 30.4% (95% CI: 11.8%, 52.0%) increase in bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) 1-hydroxy-2-propyl phosphate (BCIPHIPP) compared to tap water drinking. Our results suggested the widespread exposure to OPEs in children and adolescents. In addition to dermal absorption, dietary intake may be an important exposure source of certain OPEs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are ubiquitous in surface soil, and atmospheric deposition is considered to be the major pollution source. However, the research on the environmental transport behaviors of OPEs between atmospheric deposition and soil is very limited. In this study, we investigated the contamination levels and seasonal variations of OPEs in atmospheric deposition samples (n = 33) collected from an area of South China every month between February 2021 and January 2022, and evaluated the contribution of OPEs in atmospheric deposition to soil. The concentrations of ∑ 21 target-OPEs ranged from 3670 to 18,600 ng/g dry weight (dw), with a mean of 8200 ng/g dw (median: 7600 ng/g dw). ∑ 21 target-OPEs concentrations in all atmospheric deposition samples exhibited significant seasonal differences (p < 0.05) with higher concentrations observed in winter and lower concentrations in summer. Tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphate (TDTBPP) was the most dominant target OPE in atmospheric deposition (4870 ng/g dw), and its seasonal variation trend was consistent with ∑ 21 OPEs (p < 0.05). Simultaneously, in order to further explore the effect of atmospheric deposition on the levels of OPEs in soil of the study region, input fluxes and accumulation increments were estimated. Ten OPEs (including seven target OPEs and three suspect OPEs) exhibited high input flux means and accumulation increments, indicating that these compounds are prone to accumulate in soil via atmospheric deposition. It is noteworthy that the non-target phosphonate analyte bis(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) dibutyl ethane-1,2-diylbis(phosphonate) (BDTBPDEDBP) was detected at highest median concentration (8960 ng/g dw) in atmospheric deposition. Correspondingly, the average input flux and accumulation increment of BDTBPDEDBP were higher than those of all target and suspect OPEs. Collectively, this study quantifies the environmental transport behavior of OPEs between atmospheric deposition and soil, and provides new evidences for the fact that atmospheric deposition is the important pollution source of OPEs in soil. [Display omitted] • Atmospheric deposition and soil samples were analyzed for OPEs via a holistic screening strategy. • OPEs levels in all atmospheric deposition samples showed significant seasonal differences. • Compositions of target OPEs exhibited a clearly correlation between the two media. • Concentrations of non-target phosphonate compound were higher than those of all detected OPEs. • Ten OPEs were evaluated to be prone to accumulate in soil via atmospheric deposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent studies revealed the un-negligible impact of airborne organophosphate esters (OPEs) on phosphorus (P)-limited ecosystems. Subtropical forests, the global prevalence P-limited ecosystems, contain canopy structures that can effectively sequester OPEs from the atmosphere. However, little is known about the behavior and fate of OPEs in subtropical forest ecosystem, and the impact on the P cycling in this ecosystem. OPE concentrations in the understory air (at two heights), foliage, and litterfall were investigated in a subtropical forest in southern China. The median ∑OPE concentrations were 3149 and 2489 pg/m3 in the upper and bottom air, respectively. Foliage exhibited higher ∑OPE concentrations (median = 386 ng/g dry weight (dw)) compared to litter (median = 267 ng/g dw). The air OPE concentrations were ordered by broadleaved forest > mixed forest > coniferous forest, which corresponds to the results of canopy coverage or leaf area index. The spatial variation of OPEs in foliage and litter was likely caused by the leaf surface functional traits. Higher OPE concentrations were found in the wet season for understory air while in the dry season for foliage and litter, which were attributed to the changes in emission sources and meteorological conditions, respectively. The inverse temporal variation suggests the un-equilibrium partitioning of OPEs between leaf and air. The OPE concentrations during the litter-incubation presented similar temporal trends with those in foliage and litter, indicating the strong interaction of OPEs between the litter layer and the near-soil air, and the efficient buffer of litter layer played in the OPEs partitioning between soil and air. The median OPEs-associated P deposition fluxes through litterfall were 270, 186, and 249 μg P/m2·yr in the broadleaved, mixed, and coniferous forests, respectively. Although the fluxes accounted for approximately 0.2% of the total atmospheric P deposition, their significance to this P-limited ecosystem may not be negligible. [Display omitted] • Spatial patterns of ∑OPE levels in the foliage and litter are associated with the leaf surface functional traits. • Higher OPE air concentrations were observed in the wet season, while the inverse was documented in foliage and litter. • Forest litter is an efficient buffer for the OPE exchange between soil and air. • The importance of OPEs for the P cycling through litterfall in a subtropical forest ecosystem was suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

2-and 3-monochloropropanediol esters (2-/3-MCPDE) and glycidyl esters (GE) with high toxicity have drawn global concerns due to their widespread occurrence in refined vegetable oils and oil-based foods. In this study, we investigated the contamination level and human health risks of 2-MCPDE, 3-MCPDE and GE in refined vegetable oils marketed in Tianjin of China. Results showed that the concentrations of 2-MCPDE, 3-MCPDE and GE in the 137 vegetable oil samples were in the range of not detected (ND) −6.95 mg/kg, ND-8.39 mg/kg and ND-5.46 mg/kg, respectively. The mean, 50th percentile and 95th percentile concentrations of 3-MCPDE were higher than the corresponding concentration of 2-MCPDE and GE in different types of oils samples. Among the samples analyzed, 29 samples (21.2%) exceeded the maximum levels (2.5 mg/kg) for 3-MCPDE, while 25 samples (18.2%) exceeded the maximum levels (1.0 mg/kg) for GE. The estimated intakes of 3-MCPDE of high consumers of children (7–10 years), adolescents (11–13 years) exceeded the tolerated daily intake (TDI) value of 2 µg/kg bw per day established by EFSA, suggesting a potential concern. The Margin of Exposure (MoE) values for glycidol exposure via vegetable oils consumption in all age groups indicated there is a human health concern. [Display omitted] • Concentrations of 2-/3-MCPDE and GE in vegetable oils from China were investigated. • For both 2-MCPDE, 3-MCPDE and GE, the highest levels were observed in palm oil. • Mean concentrations of 3-MCPDE in vegetable oils studied were all below 2.5 mg/kg. • The margin of exposure results indicated there is a human health concern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several retrofillings have been performed by different utilities in China. However, there is still insufficient understanding of the retrofilling procedures for minimising residual mineral oil and on the effect of the temperature rise of transformers. Following new detailed procedures, an out‐of‐service S11‐M‐315/10 (10 kV 315 kVA) and a new S13‐M‐400/10 (10 kV 400 kVA) distribution transformers were selected to retrofill their mineral oil with FR3, a soybean‐based natural ester. A method was proposed to predict the residual mineral oil content, which uses the kinematic viscosity at 60°C. This method fills a gap in the testing of residual mineral oil content. The mass ratios of residual mineral oil were 1.24% for the S11‐M‐315/10 transformer and 2.05% for the S13‐M‐400/10 transformer, based on the procedures in this study. The fire point of the mixed oil after retrofilling was 352°C, which meets the K‐class less‐flammable requirements, indicating a proper control of residual mineral oil. After retrofilling, the time of reaching the limits of the 1.5 times rated load was 30% longer than that of the mineral oil transformer. Two retrofilled transformers have been operating in good conditions since November 2019 for the S11‐M‐315/10 transformer and December 2020 for the S13‐M‐400/10 transformer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) is one of the most cultivated and consumed herbs. The pharmaceutical properties and nutrition values of peppermint oil make it an important commercial product. This study aimed to explore the volatile compounds in the essential oil extracted from different peppermint genotypes commercially grown in China. Oil extraction using a steam distillation followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry resulted in the quantification of 53 volatile compounds from five major classes, including esters, alcohols, ketones, terpenes, and volatile compounds. The highest essential oil yields were observed in Golden mint, Silver mint, Scottish mint, and Banana mint. Moreover, three genotypes, viz., Milk fruit mint, Winter Mint, and Pineapple, were screened with the highest diversity of volatile compounds. Major volatiles identified were linalyl acetate, 1-octene-3-acetate, geranyl acetate, neryl acetate, menthol, linalool, menthone, and carvone. The phenotypic characterization coupled with the volatile profiling in this study provides the basis for selecting and improving the investigated peppermint genotypes for specific commercial uses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of large numbers of novel organophosphate esters (OPEs) alternatives, it is imperative to screen and identify those with high priority. In this study, surface water, biofilms, and freshwater snails were collected from the flow-in rivers of Taihu Lake Basin, China. Screened by target, suspect, and nontarget analysis, 11 traditional and 14 novel OPEs were identified, of which 5 OPEs were first discovered in Taihu Lake Basin. The OPE concentrations in surface water ranged from 196 to 2568 ng/L, with the primary homologue tris(2,4-di tert -butylphenyl) phosphate (TD t BPP) being newly identified, which was likely derived from the transformation of tris(2,4-di tert -butylphenyl) phosphite. The majority of the newly identified OPEs displayed substantially higher bioaccumulation and biomagnification potentials in the biofilm-snail food chain than the traditional ones. Quantitative structure-property relationship models revealed both hydrophobicity and polarity influenced the bioaccumulation and biomagnification of the OPEs, while electrostatic attraction also had a contribution to the bioaccumulation in the biofilm. TD t BPP was determined as the utmost priority by toxicological priority index scheme, which integrated concentration, bioaccumulation, biomagnification, acute toxicity, and endocrine disrupting potential of the identified OPEs. These findings provide novel insights into the behaviors of OPEs and scientific bases for better management of high-risk pollutants in aquatic ecosystem.

Background: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and phthalate acid esters (PAHs & PAEs), known as endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), widely exist in daily life and industrial production. Previous studies have suggested that PAHs & PAEs may modify the intrauterine homeostasis and have adverse effects on fetal development. However, epidemiological evidence on the associations between PAHs & PAEs and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is still limited., Objective: To investigate the effects of prenatal PAHs &PAEs exposure on the risk of GDM and hyperglycemia in pregnant women., Methods: The study population was a total of 725 pregnant women from a prospective birth cohort study conducted from December 2019 to December 2021. Blood glucose levels were collected by the hospital information system. Urinary PAHs & PAEs concentrations were determined by gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. The Poisson regression in a generalized linear model (GLM), multiple linear regression, quantile-based g-computation method (qgcomp), and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) were applied to explore and verify the individual and overall effects of PAHs & PAEs on glucose homeostasis. Potential confounders were adjusted in all statistical models., Results: A total of 179 (24.69%) women were diagnosed with GDM. The Poisson regression suggested that a ln-unit increment of 4-OHPHE (4-hydroxyphenanthrene) (adjusted Risk Ratio (aRR) = 1.13; 1.02-1.26) was associated with the increased GDM risk. Mixed-exposure models showed similar results. We additionally found that MBZP (mono-benzyl phthalate) (aRR = 1.19; 1.02-1.39) was positively related to GDM risk in qgcomp model. Although neither model demonstrated that 2-OHNAP (2-hydroxynaphthalene) and 9-OHFLU (9-hydroxyfluorene) increased the risk of GDM, 2-OHNAP and 9-OHFLU exposure significantly increased blood glucose levels. BKMR model further confirmed that overall effects of PAHs & PAEs were significantly associated with the gestational hyperglycemia and GDM risk., Conclusions: Our study presents that environmental exposure to PAHs & PAEs was positively associated with gestational glucose levels and the risks of developing GDM. In particular, 2-OHNAP, 9-OHFLU, 4-OHPHE and MBZP may serve as important surveillance markers to prevent the development of GDM., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no competing interests to disclose., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)

Erythrogram, despite its prevalent use in assessing red blood cell (RBC) disorders and can be utilized to evaluate various diseases, still lacks evidence supporting the effects of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and organophosphate esters (OPEs) on it. A cross-sectional study involving 467 adults from Shijiazhuang, China was conducted to assess the associations between 12 PFASs and 11 OPEs and the erythrogram (8 indicators related to RBC). Three models, including multiple linear regression (MLR), sparse partial least squares regression, and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) were employed to evaluate both the individual and joint effects of PFASs and OPEs on the erythrogram. Perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS) showed the strongest association with HGB (3.68%, 95% CI: 2.29%, 5.10%) when doubling among PFASs in MLR models. BKMR indicated that PFASs were more strongly associated with the erythrogram than OPEs, as evidenced by higher group posterior inclusion probabilities (PIPs) for PFASs. Within hemoglobin and hematocrit, PFHxS emerged as the most significant component (conditional PIP = 1.0 for both). Collectively, our study emphasizes the joint effect of PFASs and OPEs on the erythrogram and identified PFASs, particularly PFHxS, as the pivotal contributors to the erythrogram. Nonetheless, further investigations are warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Exposure to environmental contaminants and the development of hypertension and diabetes represent crucial risk factors for chronic kidney disease (CKD). Toxicological studies have revealed that organophosphate esters (OPEs) impair kidney function. However, the joint effects of OPE exposure on kidney injury and the interactions of OPE exposure with hypertension or diabetes on kidney injury remain unclear. Our study aimed to investigate the individual and joint effects of OPE exposure on renal injury, as well as the potential interaction between OPE exposure and hypertension or diabetes on kidney injury. The study enrolled 1938 participants from Wuhan, China. To explore the relationship between OPE exposure and renal injury, we conducted multivariate linear and logistic regression analysis. The results indicated that each unit increase in 4-hydroxyphenyl diphenyl phosphate (4-HO-DPHP), bis(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (BBOEP), and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) (1 μg/L-ln transformed) was associated with a decreased 0.57 mL/min/1.73 m 2 (95%CI: -1.05, -0.09), 0.85 mL/min/1.73 m 2 (95%CI: -1.52, -0.19) and 1.24 mL/min/1.73 m 2 (95%CI: -2.26, -0.23) of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), while each unit increase in 4-HO-DPHP and BBOEP (1 μg/L-ln transformed) was associated with 14% and 20% elevation of incident impaired renal function (IRF) risk. Notably the highest tertile of BCIPHIPP was positively associated with eGFR, although the p for trend ＞ 0.05. We employed Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) and quartile-based g-computation (qgcomp) models to explore the joint effects of OPE mixtures on eGFR and IRF. Both the results of BKMR and qgcomp model consistently demonstrated negative associations between OPE mixtures and eGFR, and TCEP and 4-HO-DPHP were major contributors. Furthermore, we observed multiplicative interactions of diphenyl phosphate (DPHP), BBOEP, di-ocresyl phosphate (DoCP) & di-p-cresyl phosphate (DpCP), 1-hydroxy-2-propyl bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BCIPHIPP) and hypertension or diabetes on kidney injury (all P＜0.05). Those with diabetes or hypertension and higher OPE metabolite concentrations had increased risk of kidney function impairment compared to those who did not have diabetes or hypertension. These findings suggest that specific OPE exposure may elevate the risk of renal injury, particularly among hypertensive and diabetic populations., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no competing interests in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)

Background: Organophosphate esters (OPEs) and Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are ubiquitous environmental contaminants with common exposure sources, leading to their widespread presence in human body. However, evidence on co-exposure to OPEs and PFAS and its impact on cardiovascular-kidney-liver-metabolic biomarkers remains limited., Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 467 adults were enrolled from January to May 2022 during physical visits in Shijiazhuang, Hebei province. Eleven types of OPEs and twelves types of PFAS were detected, among which eight OPEs and six PFAS contaminants were detected in more than 60% of plasma samples. Seventeen biomarkers were assessed to comprehensively evaluate the cardiovascular-kidney-liver-metabolic function. Multiple linear regression, multipollutant models with sparse partial least squares, and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) models were applied to examine the associations of individual OPEs and PFAS and their mixtures with organ function and metabolism, respectively., Results: Of the over 400 exposure-outcome associations tested when modelling, we observed robust results across three models that perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxS) was significantly positively associated with alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total bilirubin (TBIL), and indirect bilirubin (IBIL). Perfluorononanoic acid was significantly associated with decreased AST/ALT and increased very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Besides, perfluorodecanoic acid was correlated with increased high lipoprotein cholesterol and perfluoroundecanoic acid was consistently associated with lower glucose level. BKMR analysis showed that OPEs and PFAS mixtures were positively associated with IBIL and TBIL, among which PFHxS was the main toxic chemicals., Conclusions: Our findings suggest that exposure to OPEs and PFAS, especially PFHxS and PFNA, may disrupt organ function and metabolism in the general population, providing insight into the potential pathophysiological mechanisms of OPEs and PFAS co-exposure and chronic diseases., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

With increasing urbanization and rapid industrialization, more and more environmental problems have arisen. Phthalates (PAEs) are the foremost and most widespread plasticizers and are readily emitted from these manufactured products into the environment. PAEs act as endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and can have serious impacts on aquatic organisms as well as human health. In this study, the water quality criteria (WQC) of five PAEs (dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP) and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP)) for freshwater aquatic organisms were developed using a species sensitivity distribution (SSD) and a toxicity percentage ranking (TPR) approach. The results showed that long-term water quality criteria (LWQC) of PAEs using the SSD method could be 13.7, 11.1, 2.8, 7.8, and 0.53 μg/L, respectively. Criteria continuous concentrations (CCC) of PAEs were derived using the TPR method and determined to be 28.4, 13.1, 1.3, 2.5, and 1.6 μg/L, respectively. The five PAEs are commonly measured in China surface waters at concentrations between ng/L and μg/L. DBP, DEHP, and di-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP) were the most frequently detected PAEs, with occurrence rates ranging from 67% to 100%. The ecological risk assessment results of PAEs showed a decreasing order of risk at the national level, DEHP, DBP, DMP, DEP, DnOP. The results of this study will be of great benefit to China and other countries in revising water quality standards for the conservation of aquatic species., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Phthalate esters (PAEs), widely recognized as synthetic organic compounds with extensive production and utilization, are known to disrupt physiological processes in both animals and humans, even at low environmental concentrations. This study investigated the occurrence, distribution, and potential ecological risk of five representative PAEs (DMP, Dimethyl phthalate; DEP, Diethyl phthalate; DBP, Dibutyl phthalate; DiBP, Diisobutyl phthalate; DEHP, Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate) in a typical lake (Chaohu Lake, China). It was found that PAEs were detected in both the aqueous (1.09-6.402 µg/L) and solid phases (0.827-6.602 µg/g) of Chaohu Lake. Notably, DiBP and DBP were the predominant PAEs in the water, and DiBP and DEHP were the most prevalent in the sediments. The concentrations of PAEs exhibited significant seasonal variations in the aqueous phases, with total PAEs in summer being nearly twice those in winter. Toxicity assessments revealed that DEHP, DBP, and DiBP posed high risks to the survival of three indicator organisms (algae, Daphnia, and fish) in the aqueous phase. In the solid phase, the exceeding rate of DiBP was as high as 92.9%. On the other hand, DBP and DEHP generally presenting moderate risk, although some sites were identified as high-risk. This study's analysis of PAEs concentrations in Chaohu Lake reveals a discernible increasing trend when compared with historical data. These findings underscore the urgent need for interventions to mitigate the ecological threats posed by PAEs in Chaohu Lake., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Toxicologic studies reported that organophosphate esters (OPEs) may disrupt lipid metabolism, thus affecting serum lipid levels. However, epidemiological evidence regarding the association between OPEs and the risk of hyperlipidemia (HPL) as well as serum lipid levels is scarce. In the present study, our aim was to investigate the impact of individual and mixed OPE exposure on HPL. A total of 1981 Chinese adults were involved based on a cross-sectional design. Overall, we found a positive association between bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP) and the risk of HPL. Bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BCIPHIPP) showed a positive association with total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). BDCIPP, diphenyl phosphate (DPHP), di-ocresyl phosphate and di-p-cresyl phosphate (Docp&Dpcp), and 4-hydroxyphenyl-diphenyl phosphate (4-OH-DPHP) exhibited a negative association with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). In stratified analyses, BDCIPP and BCIPHIPP were significantly correlated with the increased risk of HPL in the age ≤ 45 group. Bis(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (BBOEP) was in relationship with an elevated risk of HPL in the subgroup of BMI < 24 kg/m 2 . BDCIPP was also positively associated with HPL in men. Quantile-based g computation (qgcomp) and generalized weighted quantile sum regression (gWQS) models demonstrated a negative association between OPEs mixed exposure and HDL-c in the total population, as well as a positive effect of them on HPL in the subgroup of age ≤ 45 years, which is consistent with the individual analyses. Furthermore, joint effect analyses revealed that participants with detected BDCIPP urinary levels and unhealthy lifestyles had the highest risk of HPL. Our findings offer evidence supporting the correlation between exposure to OPE and the risk of HPL, necessitating further prospective studies for validation., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

The contamination status of novel organophosphate esters (NOPEs) and their precursors organophosphite antioxidants (OPAs) and hydroxylated/diester transformation products (OH-OPEs/di-OPEs) in soils across a large-scale area in China were investigated. The total concentrations of the three test NOPEs in soil were 82.4-716 ng g -1 , which were considerably higher than those of traditional OPEs (4.50-430 ng g -1 ), OPAs (n.d.-30.8 ng g -1 ), OH-OPEs (n.d.-0.49 ng g -1 ), and di-OPEs (0.57-21.1 ng g -1 ). One NOPE compound, i.e., tris(2,4-di- tert -butylphenyl) phosphate (AO168 = O) contributed over 65% of the concentrations of the studied OPE-associated contaminants. A 30-day soil incubation experiment was performed to confirm the influence of AO168 = O on soil bacterial communities. Specific genera belonging to Proteobacteria, such as Lysobacter and Ensifer , were enriched in AO168 = O-contaminated soils. Moreover, the ecological function of methylotrophy was observed to be significantly enhanced ( t -test, p < 0.01) in soil treated with AO168 = O, while nitrogen fixation was significantly inhibited ( t -test, p < 0.01). These findings comprehensively revealed the contamination status of OPE-associated contaminants in the soil environment and provided the first evidence of the effects of NOPEs on soil microbial communities.

Organophosphate esters (OPEs) and phthalate acid esters (PAEs) are prevalent endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Humans are often exposed to OPEs and PAEs simultaneously through multiple routes. Given that fetal stage is a critical period for neurodevelopment, it is necessary to know whether gestational co-exposure to OPEs and PAEs affects fetal neurodevelopment. However, accessible epidemiological studies are limited. The present study included 2, 120 pregnant women from the Ma'anshan Birth Cohort (MABC) study. The concentrations of tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), 6 OPE metabolites and 7 PAE metabolites were measured in the first, second and third trimester using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Cognitive development of preschooler was assessed based on the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-Fourth Edition (WPPSI-IV) of the Chinese version. Generalized estimating equations (GEEs), restricted cubic spline (RCS) and generalized additive models (GAMs) were employed to explore the associations between individual OPE exposure and preschooler cognitive development. The quantile-based g-computation (QGC) method was used to estimate the joint effect of PAEs and OPEs exposure on cognitive development. GEEs revealed significant adverse associations between diphenyl phosphate (DPHP) (β: -0.58, 95% CI: -1.14, -0.01), bis (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate(BBOEP) (β: -0.44, 95% CI: -0.85, -0.02), bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BCIPP) (β: -0.81, 95%CI: -1.43, -0.20) and full-scale intelligence quotient (FSIQ) in the first trimester; additionally, TCEP and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (BEHP) in the second trimester, as well as DPHP in the third trimester, were negatively associated with cognitive development. Through the QGC analyses, mixture exposure in the first trimester was negatively associated with FSIQ scores (β: -1.70, 95% CI: -3.06, -0.34), mono-butyl phthalate (MBP), BCIPP, and DPHP might be the dominant contributors after controlling for other OPEs and PAEs congeners. Additionally, the effect of OPEs and PAEs mixture on cognitive development might be driven by vitamin D deficiency., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Concerns remain about the neurotoxic properties of the ubiquitous organophosphate esters (OPEs), the replacement of the toxicant polybrominated diphenyl ethers., Objectives: We examined the associations of prenatal exposure to OPEs and their mixtures with early-life neurodevelopment trajectories., Methods: Totally 1276 mother-child pairs were recruited from the Shanghai Maternal-Child Pairs Cohort. A high-performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometer was used to measure the levels of 7 OPEs in cord serum. Ages and Stages Questionnaires was used to examine children's neuropsychological development at 2, 6, 12, and 24 months of age. Group-based trajectory models were applied to derive the neurodevelopmental trajectories. Multiple linear regression and logistic regression model were performed to assess the relationships between OPEs exposure and neurodevelopment and trajectories. Mixtures for widely detected OPEs (n = 4) were investigated using quantile-based g-computation., Results: Tributyl phosphate (TBP), tris (2-butoxy ethyl) phosphate (TBEP), tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP), and 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP), had detection rates >50 %. TDCPP had the highest median concentration (1.02 μg/L) in cord serum. EHDPP concentrations were negatively associated with scores in most domains at 12 months of age, with effect values (β) ranging from -1.89 to -0.57. EHDPP could negatively affect the total ASQ (OR = 1.07, 95 % CI: 1, 1.15) and gross-motor (OR = 1.09, 95 % CI: 1.02, 1.17) trajectory in infancy. Joint exposure to OPEs was associated with decreased scores in the total ASQ, gross-motor, fine-motor and problem-solving domain of 12-month-old infants, with β ranging from -5.93 to -1.25. In addition, the qgcomp models indicated significant positive associations between the concentrations of OPEs mixtures and risks of the persistently low group of the total ASQ, gross-motor and fine-motor development in early childhood. The impact of OPEs was more pronounced in boys., Discussion: Our findings suggested OPEs, especially EHDPP, had a persistently negative effect on neurodevelopment during the first 2 years., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare they have nothing to disclose., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The presence of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) esters and 2-MCPD esters in infant formulas have raised a number of food safety concerns. Here, a dietary exposure assessment was conducted for 3-and 2-MCPD esters in infant formulas available for consumption in Chinese infant and toddlers aged 0–3 years old. This work presents the occurrence data for 3-and 2-MCPD ester in 874 infant formulas purchased in China between 2015 and 2017. The concentrations of 3-MCPD esters ranged from ND to 1.469 mg/kg, with concentrations of 2-MCPD esters ranging from ND to 0.218 mg/kg. The LODs of 3-and 2-MCPD esters were 0.027–0.074 mg/kg. The mean exposures of infants and toddlers to 3-MCPD esters from formulas were lower than the tolerable daily intake (TDI, 2 μg/kg bw/day, established by EFSA), while high exposures (95th percentile) to 3-MCPD esters ranged from 0.907 to 2.520 μg/kg bw/day. On the whole, the health risk of Chinese infant and toddlers exposed to 3-MCPD esters was low, but the health risk of some infants aged 0–6 months with high formula consumption (95th percentile) raises some concern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Six organophosphate esters (OPEs) with different octanol-air partition coefficient (KOA) were measured from gas and particle samples collected from an urban area of Central China between June 2018 and May 2019. The highest concentration of total OPEs (∑6OPEs) in total suspended particle (TSP) were found in winter, followed by spring, autumn, and summer. ∑6OPEs showed significant positive correlation with TSP concentration (p < 0.01), significant negative correlation with temperature (p < 0.01), weak negative linear correlations with relative humility (p < 0.05), and no significant correlations with wind speed (p > 0.05). Although OPEs were not detected in polyurethane foams (PUFs), the poly-parameter linear free energy relationship model (pp-LFER) estimated particle fractions of OPEs (fpart pp-LFERg/p) were below 2.73% for Tris (2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP), Tris (chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), and Tributyl phosphate (TnBP); 67.8% for Triphenyl phosphate (TPhP); and above 99.6% for TBOEP and TCrP. The concentrations of particle-bound TPhP, TCrP, and TBOEP estimated by pp-LFER (Cpart pp-LFERg/p) were 0.19, 0.09, and 0.05 ng/m3, which were in good agreement with measurements. However, the estimated Cpart pp-LFERg/p of TCEP, TCIPP, and TnBP showed obvious differences with measured data. According to filter-air partitioning estimated by pp-LFER, the strong adsorption of gaseous OPEs to glass fiber filter (GFF) may be responsible to the underestimation. Besides, the weak adsorption of gaseous OPEs to PUF is likely to be another important reason for the discrepancy between measured and modeled results. Therefore, the risk assessment of gaseous OPEs should be of concern in the further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Fu brick tea fermentation significantly alters the chemical composition of the tea. • Flavonoids, polyphenols, sugars, amino acids, & catechins reduce in fermented tea. • Free amino acids and polysaccharides increase in golden flowers (GF) • Higher levels of bitter-tasting compounds concentrated in the separated tea leaves. • Higher levels of floral and fungal aroma compounds concentrated in golden flowers. The differences in and distributions of the quality components of Fu brick tea before and after flowering (also called fungal fermentation and known as "Fahua" in China) remain unclear, and the standard of judging quality by the number of golden flowers (GFs; yellow closed capsules of Eurotium cristatum spores) by consumers lacks a scientific foundation. In this study, Fu brick tea (AFT) was obtained from pre-flower raw dark tea (BFT) through the traditional processing of Fu brick tea. The AFT was then hand-selected and divided into pure tea (SFT) and GFs. It was found that the flavonoid, tea polyphenol, free amino acid, aqueous extract, and ester-type catechin content in the AFT were all significantly lower than in the BFT (p < 0.05); the content of 34 types of volatile compound was significantly higher (26 alkanes, 4 alkenes, 2 alcohols, 1 ester, 1 aldehyde) (p < 0.05), and the content of 14 types of volatile compound was significantly lower (6 alkanes, 4 alcohols, 2 esters, 1 ketone, 1 alkene) than in the BFT (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the content of 39 types of nonvolatile substances, including four carboxylic acids, three flavonoids, and D-Arabitol, amino acids and their derivatives, was significantly higher in the AFT (p < 0.05). The content of flavonoids and their derivatives, including 24 types of saturated alkanes and seven types of aldehydes and esters of volatile compounds (3 alkenes, 2 alcohols, 1 ester, and 1 aldehyde) (p < 0.05), was significantly higher in the SFT than in the GFs (p < 0.05). The GFs had significantly higher content of water-soluble leachate, maltose, glycosylated flavonoids, D-salicylose, and amino acids and their derivatives than the SFT (p < 0.05). Widdrol, linalool, N-octanal, and 25 other volatile compounds (9 alkenes, 9alcohols, s aldehydes, 1 ester, 1 alkane, 1 ketone, 1 Naphthalene) were detected only in the GFs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data monitoring is a prerequisite for the occurrence of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in the soil environment in light of their potential toxicity, bioaccumulation, and environmental persistence. In this study, we determined the concentrations and profiles of OPEs in surface soils collected from Jinan City, East China. The soil concentrations of ΣOPE (sum of all OPEs) were in the range of 2.55–581 ng/g dry weight (dw), with an average value of 106 ng/g dw. Industrial soils (mean: 433 ng/g dw) had significantly higher levels of ΣOPE compared with those in urban (42.1 ng/g dw) and farmland soils (7.89 ng/g dw) (p < 0.01), suggesting that industrial activity is an important source of OPEs to ambient soil environment. Tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP), triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), and tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP) were the most abundant OPEs in industrial soils, contributing 30%, 25%, and 20% of ΣOPE, respectively. Principal component analysis revealed that TCIPP, TPHP, and TBOEP in soils derived from respective industrial activities. As compared with other cities within China, the surface soil of Jinan City was mildly contaminated by OPEs, and its human exposure and eco-toxicological risks were found to be negligible. Our study provides current contamination status of OPEs in soils across the multiple functional regions of Jinan, which could be used to support the authorities to make relevant regulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Edible oils and oil-containing foods have been regarded as the main source of 3-monochloropropane-1, 2-diol (3-MCPD) esters. A total of 3,847 individual food samples were collected in China to carry out 3-MCPD fatty acid esters analysis. The samples comprising edible oils, fried foods and bakery foods from 31 Chinese provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions were obtained from the national food contaminant information system during 2015–2017. The dietary exposure and potential risks associated with the consumption of 3-MPCD esters from edible oils and oil-containing foods were estimated using a semi-probabilistic assessment model. Concentrations of 3-MCPD fatty acid esters in food samples were detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The mean levels of 3-MCPD fatty acid esters in edible oils, fried foods and bakery foods were 0.862, 0.249 and 0.145 mg/kg, respectively. The range of mean dietary intakes of 3-MCPD esters in different subpopulation groups (classified by gender and age) was from 0.586 to 1.539 μg/kg bw/day, which were all lower than 2 μg/kg bw/day – the tolerable daily intake (TDI) established by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). The range of dietary intake of 3-MCPD esters in high consumers (95th percentile) in each group was from 1.511 to 4.027 μg/kg bw/day, which accounted for 75.6% to 201.4% of the TDI. The 3-MCPD esters exposure level of 3.5% of the total Chinese population exceeded the TDI. The findings indicate that the potential health risks caused by dietary 3-MCPD esters from edible oils and oil-containing foods were of low concern for most of the Chinese population. However, the exposure risk of the consumers with excessive edible oil consumption calls for attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite numerous data on organophosphate tri-esters (tri-OPEs) in the environment, literatures on organophosphate di-esters (di-OPEs) in field environment, especially marine sediments remain scarce. This study addresses this gap by analyzing 35 abyssal sediment samples from the middle Okinawa Trough in the East China Sea. A total of 25 tri-OPEs and 10 di-OPEs were determined, but 13 tri-OPEs and 2 di-OPEs were nondetectable in any of these sediment samples. The concentrations of ∑ 12 tri-OPE and ∑ 8 di-OPE were 0.108-32.2 ng/g (median 1.11 ng/g) and 0.548-15.0 ng/g (median 2.74 ng/g). Chlorinated (Cl) tri-OPEs were the dominant tri-esters, accounting for 47.5 % of total tri-OPEs on average, whereas chlorinated di-OPEs represented only 19.2 % of total di-OPEs. This discrepancy between the relatively higher percentage of Cl-tri-OPEs and lower abundance of Cl-di-OPEs may be ascribed to the stronger environmental persistence of chlorinated tri-OPEs. Source assessment suggested that di-OPEs were primarily originated from the degradation of tri-OPEs rather than industrial production. Long range waterborne transport facilitated by oceanic currents was an important input pathway for OPEs in sediments from the Okinawa Trough. These findings enhance the understanding of the sources and transport of OPEs in marine sediments, particularly in the Okinawa Trough., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Takeaway food has become a prominent component of the diet in urban areas of China, especially for young people. Although dietary intake is a major pathway to contaminants for human exposure, studies on emerging organophosphite antioxidants (OPAs) and organophosphate esters (OPEs) in food are scarce. Here, we investigated four OPAs and 19 OPEs in takeaway foods (n = 99) and paired takeaway food packaging (n = 50) in China. AO168=O (mean: 14.9 ng/g ww), TPPO (mean: 1.05 ng/g ww), and TCIPP (mean: 0.579 ng/g ww) were dominant in the takeaway food. Some OPEs had significant correlations in takeaway food. Emerging OPAs and OPEs in takeaway food varied significantly depending on the packaging materials and food types. AO168 and AO168=O were widespread in the paired takeaway food packaging. The migration efficiencies of emerging OPAs and OPEs were low in takeaway food packaged in aluminum foil. Although the actual contamination of emerging OPAs and OPEs in takeaway food significantly differed from those of in food simulants migrated from paired takeaway food packaging, the results imply that food itself and takeaway food packaging are potential contamination sources of emerging OPAs and OPEs in takeaway food. The average estimated dietary intakes of emerging OPAs and OPEs were 465 ng/kg body weight (bw)/day and 91.9 ng/kg bw/day, respectively. The exposure risk of emerging OPAs and OPEs through takeaway food intake is low in China., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Although traditional organophosphate esters (OPEs) in soils have attracted widespread interest, there is little information on novel OPEs (NOPEs), especially in facility agriculture soils. In this work, we surveyed 11 traditional OPEs, four NOPEs, and four corresponding organophosphite antioxidant precursors (OPAs) for the NOPEs in soil samples collected from facility greenhouses and open fields. The median summed concentrations of traditional OPEs and NOPEs were 14.1 μg/kg (range: 5.38-115 μg/kg) and 702 μg/kg (range: 348-1952 μg/kg), respectively, in film-mulched soils from greenhouses. These concentrations were much higher than those in soils without mulch films, which suggests that OPEs in soils are associated with plastic mulch films. Tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphate, which is a NOPE produced by oxidation of (2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphite, was the predominant congener in farmland soils, with concentrations several orders of magnitude greater than those of traditional OPEs. Comparisons of OPEs in different mulch films and the corresponding mulched soils revealed that degradable and black films caused more severe pollution than polyethylene and white films. Traditional OPEs, including tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate and tricresyl phosphate, exhibited moderate risks in farmland soils, especially in film-mulched soils. NOPEs, including trisnonylphenol phosphate, posed high ecological risks to the terrestrial ecosystem. Risk evaluations should be conducted for a broad range of NOPEs in the environment., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The massive usage of phthalate esters (PAEs) has caused serious pollution. Bacterial degradation is a potential strategy to remove PAE contamination. So far, an increasing number of PAE-degrading strains have been isolated, and the catabolism of PAEs has been extensively studied and reviewed. However, the investigation into the bacterial PAE uptake process has received limited attention and remains preliminary. PAEs can interact spontaneously with compounds like peptidoglycan, lipopolysaccharides, and lipids on the bacterial cell envelope to migrate inside. However, this process compromises the structural integrity of the cells and causes disruptions. Thus, membrane protein-facilitated transport seems to be the main assimilation strategy in bacteria. So far, only an ATP-binding-cassette transporter PatDABC was proven to transport PAEs across the cytomembrane in a Gram-positive bacterium Rhodococcus jostii RHA1. Other cytomembrane proteins like major facilitator superfamily (MFS) proteins and outer membrane proteins in cell walls like FadL family channels, TonB-dependent transporters, and OmpW family proteins were only reported to facilitate the transport of PAEs analogs such as monoaromatic and polyaromatic hydrocarbons. The functions of these proteins in the intracellular transport of PAEs in bacteria await characterization and it is a promising avenue for future research on enhancing bacterial degradation of PAEs. KEY POINTS: • Membrane proteins on the bacterial cell envelope may be PAE transporters. • Most potential transporters need experimental validation., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Phthalate esters (PAEs) have received widespread attentions due to their ubiquity in various kinds of matrices and potential biotoxicity. This study systematically compared the concentrations, bioaccumulation, trophodynamics and health risk of PAEs in 25 species (n = 225) collected from a marine (Bohai Bay, BHB) and freshwater environment (Songhua River, SHR), China. Results showed that di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and di-n-butyl phthalate were the predominant PAEs in the organisms from the two aquatic environments. The total concentrations of 6 PAEs in algae and fish from SHR were significantly higher than those from BHB. Two food webs were constructed in BHB and SHR based on the abundance of 15 N in the organisms. All the PAEs except dimethyl phthalate exhibited trophic dilution with the trophic magnification factors less than 1. Moreover, an obvious biodilution of PAEs was observed in marine food web compared to freshwater food web. A low health risk of PAEs was found in organisms from both BHB and SHR. However, di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate exhibited a potential carcinogenic risk by consumption of some benthos in BHB and fish in SHR. This study provides a valuable perspective for understanding the trophodynamics and health risk of PAEs in marine and freshwater environments., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Although growing evidences have proved the wide presence of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in marine environments, information on the tissue- and species-specific accumulation characteristics of these emerging pollutants in wild marine fish and the associated human exposure risks are currently lacking. Eleven OPEs were comprehensively investigated for their occurrence and tissue accumulation in 15 marine fish species and their living environment matrices (seawater and sediment) from the Beibu Gulf. The OPE concentrations were statistically higher in the liver (17.6-177 ng/g ww, mean 90.9 ± 52.1 ng/g ww) than those of muscle tissues (2.04-22.9 ng/g ww, mean 10.6 ± 5.6 ng/g ww). Tris (phenyl) phosphate (TPHP) was the most predominant OPE congeners in fish liver, and tris(2-chloropropyl) phosphate (TCIPP) and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) were dominant OPEs in the muscle. The results suggested different OPE profiles occurred between the tissues. The median logarithmic bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) of TPHP in the muscle and liver, and TCEP in muscle were higher than the regulatory benchmark value (BCF >3.7), indicating very strong bioaccumulation. Carnivorous benthic fish appear to potentially accumulate TPHP, while pelagic and omnivory fish tend to accumulate TCIPP and TCEP. Except for proteins and phospholipids, no significant relationships were found between OPE levels and other biological properties of the studied fish. The results implied that the species-specific accumulation of OPEs mainly attributed to habitat and feeding habit rather than the difference of biochemical composition among species. Metabolism may have a significant effect on the bioaccumulation of OPEs in marine fish. The dietary risks of OPEs for consumers in different age groups ranged from 2.02 × 10 -4 to 3.01 × 10 -3 , indicating relatively low human exposure risks from fish consumption., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Phthalate esters (PAEs), the most commonly produced and used plasticizers, are widely used in plastic products and agroecosystems, posing risks to agricultural products and human health. However, current research on PAE pollution characteristics in agricultural soils in China is not comprehensive; affecting factors and relationships with microplastics and plasticizer organophosphate esters have not been sufficiently considered. In this study, farmland soil samples were collected with field questionnaires on a national scale across mainland China. The results showed that the detection rate of PAEs was 100% and the Σ 16 PAEs concentrations were 23.5 - 903 μg/kg. The level of PAEs was highest in the greenhouse, and significantly higher than that in mulched farmland (p < 0.05). The PAE concentration in northwestern China was the lowest among different physical geographic zones. PAEs in farmlands posed a low cancer risk to Chinese people. PAE pollution in farmlands was significantly (p < 0.05) affected by agronomic measures (such as disposal method), environmental factors, and socioeconomic factors. Overall, PAEs were significantly and positively correlated (p < 0.05) with organophosphate esters but not with microplastics. This study aims to provide scientific data for relevant prevention and control policies, as well as actionable recommendations for pollution reduction., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Plasticizers such as phthalate esters (PAEs) are commonly used in various consumer and industrial products. This widespread use raises valid concerns regarding their ubiquity in the environment and potential negative impacts. The present study investigates the distribution of eight common plasticizers in the largest European lagoon (Curonian Lagoon) located in the SE Baltic Sea. The concentration levels of plasticizers in the water column, containing both the dissolved and particulate-bound phases, and in sediments were evaluated to reveal seasonal patterns in distribution and potential effects on the lagoon ecosystem. A total of 24 water samples and 48 sediment samples were collected across all four seasons from the two dominant sedimentary areas within the lagoon. The average concentration of total PAEs in the water column ranged from 1 to 21 μg L -1 , whereas sediment concentration varied from 5.0 to 250 ng g -1 . The distribution of plasticizers was influenced by the patterns in hydrodynamics and water circulation within the lagoon. The confined south-central area contained a higher amount of PAEs in sediments, accounting for most of the lagoon's plasticizer accumulation. More than 7 tons of plasticizers are stored in the 5 upper centimetres of sediment, with over 3 tons persisting for more than five years. Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), Diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP), and Dibutyl phthalate (DnBP) were the most abundant PAE congeners, with DEHP posing the highest risk quotient to algae, based on water column concentration. Several other congeners demonstrated medium to high-risk levels for organisms living in the lagoon., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Refined indigenous Saccharomyces cerevisiae can enhance refinement, sophistication, and subtlety of fruit wines by showcasing exceptional regional characteristics. In order to identify exceptional indigenous S. cerevisiae strains from Yunnan olive, this study isolated 60 yeast strains from wild Yunnan olive fermentation mash. The five S. cerevisiae strains were subjected to morphological and molecular biological identification, followed by evaluation of their fermentation performance, ethanol production capacity, ester production capacity, H 2 S production capacity, killing capacity, and tolerance. Strains LJM-4, LJM-10, and LJM-26 exhibited robust tolerance to 6% ethanol volume fraction, pH 2.8, sucrose concentration of 400 g/L, SO 2 concentration of 0.3 g/L, glucose concentration of 400 g/L at both 40 °C and 15 °C. Additionally, strain LJM-10 demonstrated a faster fermentation rate compared to the other strains. Among the tested S. cerevisiae strains evaluated in this study for olive wine fermentation process in Yunnan region; strain LJM-10 displayed superior abilities in terms of ester and ethanol production while exhibiting the lowest H 2 S production levels. These findings suggest that strain LJM-10 holds great potential as an excellent candidate for optimizing fruit wine S. cerevisiae fermentation processes in Yunnan olive fruit wine., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Although the Himalayas act as a natural barrier, studies have demonstrated that certain traditional persistent organic pollutants (POPs) can be transported into the Tibetan Plateau (TP) through the mountain valleys. Herein, we selected five mountain valleys in the Himalayas to investigate novel flame retardants (NFRs), as representative novel POPs, their concentration, distribution, transport behavior, potential sources and ecological risk. The results revealed that total concentrations of 7 novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) ranged from 4.89 to 2853 pg/g dry weight (dw) in soil and from not detected (ND) to 4232 pg/g dw in moss. Additionally, total concentrations of 10 organophosphate esters (OPEs) ranged from ND to 84798 pg/g dw in soil. Among the NFRs, decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) and tri-phenyl phosphate (TPhP) were the predominant compounds. NBFRs and OPEs concentrations were slightly higher than those in the polar regions. The correlation between different compounds and altitude varies in different areas, indicating that the NFRs distribution in the mountain valleys result from a combination of long-range transport and local sources. The ecological risk assessment using risk quotient (RQs) revealed that TPhP and tris (2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP) exhibited medium or high risks at some sites. This study sheds light on the transport pathways and environmental behaviors of the NFRs in the valleys and highlights the need for increased attention to the ecological risks posed by OPEs in the TP., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Organophosphate diesters (di-OPEs), as additives in industrial applications and/or transformation products of emerging environmental pollutants, such as organophosphate triesters (tri-OPEs), have been found in the environment and biological matrices. The metabolic fate of di-OPEs in biological media is of great significance for tracing the inherent and precursor toxicity variations. This is the first study to investigate the metabolism of a suite of di-OPEs by liver microsomes and to identify any metabolite of metabolizable di-OPEs in in vitro and in vivo samples. Of the 14 di-OPEs, 5 are significantly metabolizable, and their abundant metabolites with hydroxyl, carboxyl, dealkylated, carbonyl, and/or epoxide groups are tentatively identified. More than half of the di-OPEs are detectable in human serum and/or wild fish tissues, and dibenzyl phosphate (DBzP), bis(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate (BDBPP), and isopropyl diphenyl phosphate (ip-DPHP) are first reported at a detectable level in humans and wildlife. Using an in vitro assay and a known biotransformation rule-based integrated screening strategy, 2 and 10 suspected metabolite peaks of DEHP are found in human serum and wild fish samples, respectively, and are then identified as phase I and phase II metabolites of DEHP. This study provides a novel insight into fate and persistence of di-OPE and confirms the presence of di-OPE metabolites in humans and wildlife.

Despite the increasing health risks shown by the continuous detection of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in biota in recent years, information on the occurrence and potential risks of OPEs in marine mammals remains limited. This study conducted the first investigation into the body burdens and potential risks of 10 traditional OPEs (tOPEs) and five emerging OPEs (eOPEs) in 10 cetacean species ( n = 84) from the northern South China Sea (NSCS) during 2005-2021. All OPEs, except for 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPHP), were detected in these cetaceans, indicating their widespread occurrence in the NSCS. Although the levels of the ∑ 10 tOPEs in humpback dolphins remained stable from 2005 to 2021, the concentrations of the ∑ 5 eOPEs showed a significant increase, suggesting a growing demand for these new-generation OPEs in South China. Dolphins in proximity to urban regions generally exhibited higher OPE concentrations than those from rural areas, mirroring the environmental trends of OPEs occurring in this area. All OPE congeners, except for EHDPHP, in humpback dolphins exhibited a maternal transfer ratio >1, indicating that the dolphin placenta may not be an efficient barrier for OPEs. The observed significant correlations between levels of OPEs and hormones (triiodothyronine, thyroxine, and testosterone) in humpback dolphins indicated that OPE exposures might have endocrine disruption effects on the dolphin population.

Sediments provide habitat and food for benthos, and phthalates (PAEs) have been detected in numerous river and marine sediments as a widely used plastic additive. PAEs in sediments is not only toxic to benthos, but also poses a threat to pelagic fish and human health through the food chain, so it is essential to comprehensively assess the contamination of sediments with PAEs. This paper presents a critical evaluation of PAEs in sediments, which is embodied in the analysis of the sources of PAEs in sediments from multiple perspectives. Biological production is indispensable, while artificial synthesis is the most dominant, thus the focus was on analyzing the industrial and commercial sources of synthetic PAEs. In addition, since the content of PAEs in sediments varies, some factors affecting the content of PAEs in sediments are summarized, such as the properties of PAEs, the properties of plastics, and environmental factors (sediments properties and hydrodynamic conditions). As endocrine disruptors, PAEs can produce toxicity to its direct contacts. Therefore, the effects of PAEs on benthos immunity, endocrinology, reproduction, development, and metabolism were comprehensively analyzed. In addition, we found that reciprocal inhibition and activation of the systems lead to genotoxicity and apoptosis. Finally, the paper discusses the feasible measures to control PAEs in wastewater and leachate from the perspective of source control, and summarizes the in-situ treatment measures for PAEs contamination in sediments. This paper provides a comprehensive review of PAEs contamination in sediments, toxic effects and removal strategies, and provides an important reference for reducing the contamination and toxicity of PAEs to benthos., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)