Search

We introduce a new family of mechanisms for one-sided matching markets, denoted pick-an-object (PAO) mechanisms. When implementing an allocation rule via PAO, agents are asked to pick an object from individualized menus. These choices may be rejected later on, and these agents are presented with new menus. When the procedure ends, agents are assigned the last object they picked. We characterize the allocation rules that can be sequentialized by PAO mechanisms and the ones that can be implemented in a robust truthful equilibrium. We justify the use of PAO as opposed to direct mechanisms by showing that its equilibrium behavior is closely related to the one in obviously strategy-proof (OSP) mechanisms, but implements commonly used rules, such as Gale-Shapley DA and top trading cycles, which are not OSP implementable. We run laboratory experiments comparing truthful behavior when using PAO, OSP, and direct mechanisms to implement different rules. These indicate that agents are more likely to behave in line with the theoretical prediction under PAO and OSP implementations than their direct counterparts. This paper was accepted by Yan Chen, behavioral economics and decision analysis. Funding: This research is funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China [Grant 72033006]. R. Hakimov was supported by the Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung [Project 100018_189152]. Supplemental Material: The data files are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2023.4908. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We develop a quantitative spatial equilibrium model with emissions regulation. • Counterfactual analyses of regional structural changes due to emissions regulation. • Emissions regulations impact regional GDP via regional-sectoral linkages. • Cross-regional impacts of emissions regulations have typical geographical characteristics. • Sectoral linkages widen variation in emissions regulations' impact on regional GDP. We develop and quantitatively evaluate a spatial general equilibrium model that incorporates carbon emission regulations. We study the impact of emission regulation on the economies of regions within a country under climate change mitigation goals, and how the impact of emission regulation in one region influences other regions through regional‒sectoral linkages. The model is calibrated using Chinese regional and sectoral data, and several counterfactual exercises are performed. The results indicate that undifferentiated increases in emission regulation across regions have resulted in inter-regional differences in real GDP changes; however, "equity-oriented" regionally differentiated emissions regulations reduce this imbalance. Regarding interactions between regions, negative impacts on the economy are characterized by geographical proximity, whereas positive impacts are not geographically constrained. Sectoral linkages exacerbate the negative economic impacts of emission regulations and widen regional disparities. Additionally, we demonstrate the extended application of our model through two case studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a global dynamic general equilibrium model with foreign direct investment (FDI) and technology capital, this paper finds that the EU–China Comprehensive Agreement on Investment (CAI) could bring modest but nonnegligible benefits to both sides. Under an illustrative scenario in which the CAI increases the degree of openness to bilateral FDI by 10%, the EU's FDI to China could rise by a factor of 3–4 and China's FDI to the EU by a factor of 3. These would generate a gain in the steady‐state gross national product (GNP) of 0.23% for China and 0.73% for the EU. The cumulative household welfare gain in the present value term is equivalent to 0.36% and 0.13% of GNP annually for China and the EU, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following China's formal application to join the Comprehensive and Progressive Trans‐Pacific Partnership (CPTPP), the US' intention to rejoin the trade agreement has obviously strengthened. This article develops a numerical general equilibrium model encompassing 29 countries, incorporating the concept of inside money and trade costs. The aim is to simulate and compare the impacts of China and the US participating in the CPTPP. Comparison results indicate that China entering the CPTPP would yield greater benefits for remember countries in terms of trade, GDP and manufacturing employment compared to the US. Moreover, China's participation can also positively impact GDP and manufacturing employment in most non‐member countries. Additionally, our simulation results unveil that the US would be more favoured among CPTPP members and globally concerning welfare considerations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The continuous upward trajectory observed in total grain production serves as a fundamental pillar for guaranteeing food security. Nevertheless, relying solely on the measurement of China's overall food security status through total grain output is inherently biased and neglects to capture the comprehensive nature of food security. This study adopts a food supply and demand balance perspective and constructs an evaluation indicator system for food security based on indicators such as grain yield per unit area, per capita grain possession, grain inventory, and inventory ratio. The weight of each indicator in the food security system is calculated using the entropy value method, and a comprehensive evaluation of China's food security level from 1980 to 2017 is conducted. The study revealed that China's food supply and demand exhibited a discernible upward trajectory in development. Notably, the food supply demonstrated greater volatility, whereas the food demand remained relatively stable but experienced incremental growth. Between approximately 1985 and 1993, China's food supply and demand subsystem briefly experienced a state of mild imbalance, followed by a state of moderate imbalance around 2003. These imbalances were primarily attributed to insufficient effective food supply. In terms of the equilibrium between supply and demand in the context of food security, China's food supply and demand exhibit a predominantly balanced condition with a slight surplus, wherein the adequacy of food supply significantly influences food security. Furthermore, the provision of policy support serves as a robust assurance for food security, and China's existing policy framework for food security demonstrates a constructive impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the perspective of supply and demand, in view of the unreasonable structure of logistics system and the inefficient use of logistics resources, a matching measurement method system of regional logistics system structure and logistics resources based on quantity, structure, space and time (QSST) equilibrium is proposed, mainly including the matching mechanism and process model, matching measurement model and matching discrimination analysis. It mainly includes the matching mechanism and process model, matching measurement model, and matching degree discriminant analysis. Combined with the coupled coordination degree model, an example analysis of the matching degree of logistics system structure and logistics resources in China is conducted using relevant panel data from 2011 to 2020, and the study confirms that structural mismatch is currently an important element affecting the sustainable development of China's logistics industry. This theory and method can better evaluate the matching state of logistics structure and resources, find the individual advantages of the matching relationship between the two in different stages, make a correct analysis and evaluation of the evolution trend of the matching relationship between the two, and then provide a basis for managers to plan the green, healthy and sustainable logistics structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Location-Routing Problem (LRP) becomes a more intricate subject when the limits of capacities of vehicles and warehouses are considered, which is an NP-hard problem. Moreover, as the number of vehicles increases, the solution to LRP is exacerbated because of the complexity of transportation and the combination of routes. To solve the problem, this paper proposed a Discrete Assembly Combination-Delivery (DACA) strategy based on, the Binary Equilibrium Optimizer (BiEO) algorithm, in addition, this paper also proposes a mixed-integer linear programming model for the problem of this paper. Our primary objective is to address both the route optimization problem and the assembly group sum problem concurrently. Our BiEO algorithm was designed as discrete in decision space to meet the requirements of the LRP represented by the DACA strategy catering to the multi-vehicle LRP scenario. The efficacy of the BiEO algorithm with the DACA strategy is demonstrated. through empirical analysis utilizing authentic data from Changchun City, China, Remarkably, the experiments reveal that the BiEO algorithm outperforms conventional methods, specifically GA, PSO, and DE algorithms, resulting in reduced costs. Notably, the results show the DACA strategy enables the simultaneous optimization of the LRP and the vehicle routing problem (VRP), ultimately leading to cost reduction. This innovative algorithm proficiently tackles both the assembly group sum and route optimization problems intrinsic to multi-level LRP instances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to end the AIDS epidemic by 2030 that was put forward by the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS in 2014, China needs to take more effective measures to achieve the three 90% goals (90-90-90). We establish a compartmental model to study the dynamics of HIV transmission with control strategies. The analytical results show the existence and stability of the disease-free equilibrium and endemic equilibrium. An optimal control model is constructed to evaluate the impacts of control measures. The simulation results show that the optimal control strategy proposed in this work can eradicate AIDS by 2030. The cost-effectiveness analysis indicates that the cost of the control strategy that combines screening for latent individuals and enhancing education for unaware infected individuals is the lowest. Our findings can provide guidance for public health authorities on effective mitigation strategies to achieve the goals proposed by the United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although it is widely reported that rail transit has the potential to encourage higher density development, it remains unclear whether rail transit leads to more mixed urban development across station areas. This article provides rare quantitative analysis of changes in land use mix around the rail transit system in Tianjin, China through an investigation into the spatial effects of a rail transit line which cuts across both highly developed and less developed areas. By using longitudinal data over a twelve-year period (2004–2016) and by comparing the entropy-based land-use mix index, the study shows that with the operation of rail transit, land use mix has increased in formerly low-mixed station catchments, but the change is not obvious for already highly diverse areas. It also shows that a more balanced development occurs in station areas with higher land use dominance, while the leading functions are intensified in station areas with lower land use dominance. By presenting a clear picture of the spatial distribution and patterns of land use mix changes over time, this article concludes that rail transit leads to more balanced development across different station areas in the context of China's rapid urbanization. The outcome provides a base for further exploring how the planning of rail transit stations may help tackle the differentiated development in cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coastal scientists and engineers are constantly trying to quantify the ideal bay shape using mathematical formulas. Since the 1980s, a large number of achievements have been accomplished and various empirical models have been obtained. This article is based on the theory of equilibrium coastal development in the headland–bay and takes an artificial beach forming part of Rizhao Port's "Return to Sea" project in Northern China as an example to explore the selection of beach protection schemes. The influence of different forms of plan layout on the shape of the equilibrium shoreline is compared, and the scheme is further validated using physical model testing methods. The following results are obtained: (1) a suitable protection scheme and its corresponding beach equilibrium shoreline shape are recommended, (2) a reasonable maintenance cycle is proposed, and (3) after 27 months of implementation of the artificial beach, the monitored sediment loss is less than 10% of the total amount, meeting the design purpose. This confirms the effectiveness of the research results in artificial beach protection engineering and equilibrium shoreline design, achieving good economic, social, and ecological environmental benefits, and with broad prospects for promotion and application. The results can also provide reference and guidance for subsequent coastal engineering evaluation, improvement, and construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the impacts of regional breakdowns or model dimensionality on the model's optimal solutions. Using the United States (USA) and China (CHN) as the experimental subject, we test the various solutions related to USA and CHN, such as the Cournot-Nash equilibrium and the Lindahl equilibrium, in the RICE2020 model under three regional breakdowns. Their solutions' invariance and variances across different model dimensionalities indicate that modeling dimensionality may play a role in the strategic interactions among the regions in GHG mitigation. The simulation results also point out the pitfalls of the model comparisons across IAMs for climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increased nitrogen fertilizer use has greatly boosted the agricultural production in China, however, imposed considerable environmental issues. Reducing nitrogen use in agriculture is inevitable for China to achieve the sustainable development goals. This paper established a partial equilibrium model to evaluate the reducing effects on nitrogen use under scenarios of nitrogen optimized utilization and nitrogen use efficiency improvement among seven crops and seven regions in China. Simulations revealed that: (1) nitrogen optimized utilization helps to reduce 7.73% agricultural nitrogen use in China, soybean turns to be the only exceptional crop that nitrogen use would be doubled; (2) nitrogen use could be continuously decreasing with the nitrogen use efficiency improvement, the reducing rates are 8.28% to 27.91% under 10% to 40% improvement scenarios; (3) among the crops, soybean and peanut have far greater reducing rates than other crops, maize is simulated as the least sensitive crop; (4) East, North and Central China, contribute over 60% of nitrogen use in China, while in Northeast China, nitrogen use performs the least sensitivity to the modelling scenarios. Therefore, this paper suggests that policies and incentives on nitrogen optimized utilization and nitrogen use efficiency improvement are necessary, and heterogeneities in both crops and regions indicate that flexible adjustment strategies of cropping structures in different regions should be taken into consideration towards less agricultural nitrogen use in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While institutions are said to be poor in China in cross-country comparison, recent research indicates that at the provincial level, institutional quality plays in fact an important role for the economic success of a province, municipality, or autonomous region in China. Our paper aims to add further arguments to this discussion by focusing on the concept of club convergence. In particular, we analyze whether institutional quality in low-income provincial level administrative divisions converges to the level experienced by relatively highly developed ones or whether there exist multiple institutional clubs over the period 1997–2007 by using the log t test proposed by Phillips and Sul (Econometrica 75(6):1771–1855, 2007). Our findings indicate that there exist multiple institutional clubs within China, three rather small clubs which follow an above-average high institutional quality path and two clubs which find themselves on a relatively low institutional quality path and which together account for the majority of provinces and autonomous regions. Using the same methodology, we find that various members of the poor institutional clubs are additionally caught in a low-income trap. In a next step, we analyze the causal relationship between poor institutional traps and low-income traps in China by using a recursive bivariate probit model. We find evidence that institutional traps are important determinants of income traps, giving rise to the recently identified phenomenon of a 'double trap'. Finally, our findings indicate that human capital and urbanization are additional important determinants of income traps, while globalization is decisive for avoiding poor institutional traps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Retaining Contractual Equilibrium through the Doctrine of Change of Circumstances: What Can Be Learned from Chinese Experiences? By carrying out a large-scale investigation of judicial decisions delivered from 2009 to April 2023, this article analyses and presents Chinese experiences in retaining contractual equilibrium through the doctrine of change of circumstances. They include the judiciary's three-step analytical framework based on the shared assumption theory and the contractual equilibrium theory, categorisation of the disrupted contractual equilibrium caused by a change of circumstance, and elaboration on the relationships between the three doctrines regarding unexpected circumstances (i.e. the doctrine of change of circumstances, the doctrine of frustration of the purpose of the contract and the doctrine of force majeure) under Chinese contract law. This article, for the first time, systemically elaborates on the Chinese judicial analytical approaches in applying the doctrine of change of circumstances through a large-scale investigation of judicial decisions and clearly shows the doctrine's distinct role in the context of unexpected circumstances. The discussions help to gain a deep understanding of the application of the Chinese doctrine of change of circumstances in real life and are of great value for nourishing the comparative law discourse of the rules of unexpected circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the theory of equilibrium water prices is constructed and practiced based on previous research on cooperative game technology and the water price system. The equilibrium water price utilized in this study emphasized solving the unbalanced and unsustainable water supply system, including the reclaimed water resources and the current water price used in numerous Chinese cities. Safety, affordability, and sustainability become the key factors of the equilibrium water price system, which is operated and analyzed in a typical city in southeastern China. The cooperative game model of equilibrium water price is solved by game technology, considering various factors such as the price strategy, the water supply quantity, and the local water demand. The practical application shows that the theoretical system can effectively solve the problem of water price formation mechanisms after the unified allocation of different types of water resources. It not only enhances the enthusiasm and initiative of the public in the utilization of reclaimed water, but also plays an important role in the rational utilization of multiple water resources for different purposes by introducing a reasonable water price ratio and local water resource allocation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nuclei of continents, manifested as cratons, are the most long-lived parts of Earth's lithosphere. However, ancient cratons in some areas can be substantially destroyed through mechanisms that are not fully understood. We used experimentally calibrated geobarometers to calculate the equilibrium pressures of mafic magmas in the North China craton, which directly constrain the evolving depth of the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary beneath the craton through time. We show that the lithospheric thickness of the eastern part of the craton decreased from ~200 km to ~35 km in the Early Cretaceous. This intense destruction took place within a short time interval of ~10 m.y., at least locally. Following this destruction, the lithosphere gradually rethickened and stabilized as the upwelling asthenosphere cooled and formed a juvenile lithosphere. We suggest that this catastrophic lithosphere thinning resulted from wholesale lithosphere delamination. As a consequence of this catastrophic loss of thick mantle roots, the eastern part of the North China craton may have undergone rapid crustal rebound and surface uplift, as recorded by the regional unconformities formed between 130 and 120 Ma in the destructed area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Electric Power Automation Equipment / Dianli Zidonghua Shebei is the property of Electric Power Automation Equipment Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study introduces a database for analyzing COVID-19's impacts on China's regional economies. This database contains various sectoral and regional economic outcomes at the weekly and monthly level. In the context of a general equilibrium trade model, we first formulate a mathematical representation of the Chinese regional economy and calibrate the model with China's multi-regional input-output table. We then utilize the monthly provincial and sectoral value-added and national trade series to estimate COVID-19's province-by-month labor-productivity impacts from February 2020 to September 2020. As a year-on-year comparison, relative to February 2019 levels, we find an average 39.5% decrease in labor productivity (equivalent to around 305 million jobs) and an average 25.9% decrease in welfare. Labor productivity and welfare quickly returned to the recent high-growth trends for China in the latter half of 2020. By September 2020, relative to September 2019, average labor productivity increased by 12.2% (equivalent to around 94 million jobs) and average welfare increased by 8.2%. Highlights: We quantify COVID-19's province-by-month labor productivity and welfare impacts on China's economies. The analysis is based on a new database and a computable general equilibrium (CGE) modeling approach. Labor productivity declined by 39.5% in February 2020 but quickly recovered since April 2020. The recovery patterns are heterogeneous across regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• In vivo SPME-based methods are developed to determine neonicotinoids in bananas. • The R s values depend on the sample matrix, sampling durations, and individuals. • Equilibrium calibration shows better stability, repeatability and sensitivity. • Equilibrium calibrated in vivo SPME is superior to the QuEChERS pretreatment. • It is a talented on-site strategy for detection of pesticides in undamaged samples. In vivo solid-phase microextraction (in vivo SPME) is an emerging fascinating sample pretreatment technique, but its quantitative correction method is different from the traditional correction methods, which has become a bottleneck limiting its development. At present, the sampling-rate calibration and equilibrium calibration are mainly used, however, their characteristics and applicability are not clear. In this study, the sampling-rate calibration and equilibrium calibration were evaluated in the case of the determination of neonicotinoids in bananas by in vivo SPME. The factors that affect the sampling rate (R s), such as the matrix states, sampling durations, and individual differences were studied, and they all had impacts on R s. Conversely, the equilibrium distribution coefficient (K fs) remained constant after extraction equilibrium and the individual differences were smaller. The highest accuracy and precision were achieved by equilibrium calibration, and the relative recoveries were in the range of 83.2 %-104.3 % with the relative standard deviations below 8.1 % compared to a standard QuEChERS-based method. The lower limits of quantification for 4 neonicotinoids in bananas were below 5 ng g−1, lower than the standard method and the maximum residue levels in China and the European Union. This work clarifies the characteristics, rules and performance of the sampling-rate calibration and equilibrium calibration, which is of crucial importance for the development and application of in vivo SPME. The developed method is convenient, sensitive, and accurate for the determination of pesticide residues, which is of great significance to guide the safe use of pesticides in the field and prevent products with excessive pesticide residues from entering the market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In China, the proportion of energy consumption and carbon emissions embodied in international trade in chemical industry is high. It is important to consider how international trade policy adjustments in chemical industry will affect the economy and environment so as to achieve the goal of carbon intensity. This study investigates the impact of international trade policy adjustments. We adopt a computable general equilibrium model to simulate the impacts of trade policy adjustment. The result shows all adjustment plans cause economic losses. All plans will promote energy structure toward cleaner. All plans reduce CO2 emissions and energy consumption but cannot realize the carbon intensity and energy intensity target. The adjustment of tariff policy in basic raw materials sector should be smaller than that of other sectors. Raising the export tariff is the best policy choice for achieving the carbon intensity target, but other low-carbon policies should be introduced. In particular, protection measures should be taken for the energy industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The utilization efficiency of China's rural collective resource assets has always been at a low level, and excessive energy consumption and input have become the main limiting factor, which seriously affects the overall improvement of agricultural modernization and rural people's livelihood. In this paper, time measure and space measurement are adopted alternatively, and spatiotemporal vertical-horizontal progressive deduction is built with the improved model, so as to set up a perfect spatiotemporal dynamic effect evaluation system: First of all, improve the U-HDM-GML index model, study on the improvement strategy for input redundancy and unexpected output redundancy in the utilization efficiency of rural collective resources assets in various provinces of China, as well as the equilibrium rupture relation between the two from the perspective of global space and time, and at the same time of fulfilment of time measurement and estimation, provide support for better expressing the spatial effect in terms of improving approach and strategy; secondly, measure the improvement strategy of the total factor productivity of research samples with the spatial expletory ESDA test method, and it is also applicable to global spatial effect evaluation system; finally, apply FE-SDM to further analyze the difference of spatial effect of total factor productivity in rural resource asset utilization. Through analysis of the significant difference characteristics of the research samples with different geographical and spatial characteristics, the strategy deficiency in terms of difference discrimination is made up. Conclusions. This paper carries out the time and spatial effect measurement of total factor productivity for the performance of pilot strategies in various provinces of China in the last ten years and puts forward a more beneficial improved strategy and mechanism, preferentially selected according to the direction indicated by good research indicators, gets the redevelopment strategy for improving the utilization efficiency of areas at a low level of resources utilization currently, and indicates the direction for tapping the full potential of existing rural resources according to the practical conditions at local places, in the hope of establishing the trans-provincial cooperation supply and demand system based on the new rural collective economic organizations (cooperatives) after the reform experimentation and optimizing the spatial spillovers of rural resources assets, so as to make a breakthrough in the barrier due to growth of technical efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water resources are indispensable to human society. High-quality development (HQD) is a multi-faceted, demanding, and sustainable pattern. High-quality development level (HQDL) is an indicator of regional development. Its quantitative calculation is helpful to intuitively understand the current regional development situation, and helps departments make timely adjustments. Spatial equilibrium degree (SED) reflects the development balance among regions. Understanding spatial equilibrium can clarify regional development differences, promote the sharing of successful experiences, and then achieve common progress. Considering the current development and utilization situation of China's water resources, this study established an improved evaluation index system for HQDL, under water resources constraints. Then, we applied the proposed "single index quantification and multiple index synthesis and poly-criteria integration (SMI-P)" method to quantitatively evaluate the HQDL of China's 31 provincial-level administrative regions (PLARs), from 2010 to 2019. Finally, the calculation method of SED was employed to assess the SED of indicators and HQD in Mainland China. Results show that: (1) the HQDL of 31 PLARs showed a steady upward trend from 2010 to 2019. There were decrease tendencies from the coast to inland, and southeast to northwest in terms of spatial distribution, which shows that China's HQD has achieved remarkable results in the past 10 years, and the development of coastal areas is better; (2) The SED of HQD displayed a slow upward trend, and it has remained relatively stable after 2015, indicating that the spatial difference of HQD continued to shrink before 2015 and was relatively stable after that; (3) Water resource constraints played a significant role in well-developed areas, while the economic and social level was still the main constraint in medium and poor level areas. In addition, the spatiotemporal variation of HQDL, SED of HQD and indicators, and constraint effects of water resources on regional HQD, were fully discussed. Our findings not only provide new ideas for future research on HQD, but also possess great significance to China's HQD in the new era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is based on analyzing the process of green innovation inspiration and green innovation compensation effect after the implementation of environmental regulations by the Chinese Government. This paper tests the hypothesis using the evolutionary game model and studies the underlying behavioral characteristics of the government, enterprises, and the relevant influencing factors. These influencing factors further aid in examining the evolution law applicable on both sides, which are aligned with the dynamic replication equation and evolutionary equilibrium states under different situations. The key variables used in this study include the concentration of government's environmental regulation, the cost of the regulations, economic penalties, enterprise's green innovation-related income, expenditures, and the enterprise's performance appraisal. Moreover, the results of this study reflect the system stability and equilibrium strategy on the proportion of retained earnings spent by enterprises on green innovation activities and the Government's strict environmental regulations. In the process of game strategy selection between the government and enterprises, the net income and weight of eco-efficiency indicators of the enterprises actively carrying out green innovation activities play a decisive role. Moreover, there should be reduced weight of economic benefits and increase the economic sanctions and innovation subsidies of enterprise pollution behaviors. Furthermore, reduced cost of regulations and innovation expenditures help guide enterprises to rationally allocate superior resources to enhance green enterprise innovation and take the level of innovation to the point that it achieves a win-win green sustainable development of economic performance and environmental performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world has entered a compound risk era with multiple crises, and the adverse impact of trade friction and extreme weather disasters on China's barley import has become increasingly prominent. In this context, this study uses superimposed epoch analysis and partial equilibrium model to evaluate the impact of extreme weather disasters in China's major barley-exporting countries on China's barley industry in the course of China–Australia trade friction. The results show that: (1) extreme weather disaster caused barley production in France and Canada to decrease by 7.95% and 18.36% respectively; (2) when the two external shocks occur at the same time, China's barley import volume tends to decline compared with the basic scenario, the import price rises sharply, there are certain trade-diverting effects in barley import, and China's imports from countries not affected by extreme weather disasters will increase to a certain extent; (3) China's barley production remains at a low rate of growth and is vulnerable to external shocks, facing certain import risks. This study provides important policy implications for preventing import risks and ensuring the sufficient supply of domestic barley. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Problem definition: We explore consumer equilibrium and efficiency in group buying events, in which the unit price for a good or service decreases with higher number of consumer sign-ups. Specifically, we study the following questions: (i) How does the dynamic consumer sign-up equilibrium evolve during these events? (ii) Is there empirical evidence that employing group buying increases demand? If so, by how much? (iii) Are there profit gains from employing this mechanism and how can they be improved? Academic/practical relevance: Group buying events are becoming increasingly popular in certain markets, especially in China. Our study contributes to better understanding of this innovative pricing mechanism and its effects on demand and profits, and can help with more effective implementation in practice. Methodology: We build a continuous-time dynamic game theoretical model to study consumer behavior and solve for its equilibrium. We then apply it to data obtained from group buying events employed by a large retailer and use structural regression methods and data clustering to estimate and evaluate demand and profit effects. Results: We demonstrate that our theoretical equilibrium is a good fit for the observed consumer behavior. We empirically show that group buying discounts are not very effective in boosting demand for very low and very high base demand levels but can significantly improve demand for intermediate levels. We estimate that employing group buying improved the retailer's product demand and profits by 16.6% and 11.1%, respectively, and with better price and discount selections, it can improve profits by more than 30% on average. Managerial implications: Our theoretical model provides insights into dynamic consumer behavior during group buying events and can be a basis for researchers and practitioners in studying and designing these events. Our findings provide concrete support for managers on benefits of employing the mechanism, and our data-based method and analysis provide guidance for improving performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Investigación Económica is the property of Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Facultad de Economia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Treasury futures, important tools in interest risk management, need to maintain price equilibrium between different varieties. In this paper, we conduct research on ten-, five-, and two-year Treasury futures in China's futures market. The auto-regression model is used to fit and predict the spot yield, the CTD (cheapest to deliver) price is used in valuing Treasury futures, and the transaction cost and market friction are considered in building the arbitrage-free spread interval. By comparing the amount of deviation and the equilibrium reversion speed, we analyse the inter-variety price equilibrium between Treasury futures. We find that there are many arbitrage opportunities among the three varieties, and the market is not fully efficient. Through further analysis of the pairwise spread relationship of the futures, we conclude that longer operation of the Treasury futures market will lead to higher market efficiency, shorter duration of arbitrage opportunities, and a faster return to equilibrium. The existing literature mainly focuses on the equilibrium relationship between two Treasury futures in statistical terms, but this paper examines the equilibrium relationship between all existing varieties of Treasury futures in China's market based on pricing, which expands the subject and methods of research on inter-variety equilibrium in Treasury futures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mismatch between water resource conditions and economic and social layout leads to spatial imbalance of water resources, which restricts China's socio-economic development. To quantitatively study the spatial equilibrium of water resources in China, this article proposed a three-stage hybrid model comprising regional assessment, spatiotemporal pattern analysis, and source apportionment. By adopting this approach, the study calculated the SEIWR (Spatial equilibrium index of water resources) and a comprehensive evaluation of the spatial balance level of water resources in China can be conducted. The results showed that (1) from 2008 to 2021, the SEIWR in mainland China had improved as a whole, but the level in Liaoning, Chongqing and other provinces and cities had declined; (2) in China, the SEIWR exhibited a distinct geographic pattern with high levels observed in the eastern and southern regions, while low levels were observed in the western and northern regions. The gap between the east and the west gradually narrowed during the study period. (3) There were zones with obvious differences, showing a certain spatial positive correlation aggregation effect. The central and eastern regions showed a large area of high-high cluster spatial patterns. (4) The SEIWR in East China, South China, and North China was greatly influenced by economic and social indicators. The SEIWR in Northeast and Central China was strongly influenced by ecological environmental indicators, while the SEIWR in Southwest and Northwest China was more influenced by water system indicators. (5) In China, the ecological environment was strongly influenced by economic and social conditions. The above research results help decision-makers understand the SEIWR in different regions and the key factors that affect such level, which help them develop measures tailored to local conditions so that all regions can improve their SEIWR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The δ56Fe values exhibit a narrow variation in different skarn zones, particularly in garnet endoskarn and garnet exoskarn. • The δ56Fe values of garnet and garnet-diopside skarn are mainly controlled by mineralogy, with garnet skarn having higher δ56Fe values than garnet-diopside skarn. • Skarn garnet could record the δ56Fe values of hydrothermal fluids. To characterize the applicability of Fe isotopes to skarn petrogenesis and exploration, a robust understanding of their fractionation behavior during skarn alteration and mineralization is required. Here, we characterize the bulk-rock Fe isotope composition of endo- and exoskarn, magnetite ore, and the intrusive rocks that comprise the Yeshan Fe skarn deposit in Eastern China, aiming at better constraining the behavior of Fe isotopes during skarn formation and mineralization. The δ56Fe values of garnet and garnet–diopside skarn (–0.19 ‰ to 0.15 ‰, n = 15) are negatively correlated with bulk-rock MgO/Al 2 O 3 , suggesting that the variation in δ56Fe of these samples is mainly controlled by mineralogy. Garnet skarn is characterized by δ56Fe values (0.07 ‰ to 0.15 ‰, n = 11) that are similar to those of the spatially associated quartz monzonite pluton (0.12 ‰ to 0.16 ‰, n = 2), and it has systematically higher Fe 2 O 3 contents. Based on petrological observations and bulk-rock geochemistry (e.g., REE and P 2 O 5 contents), garnet, the main Fe-bearing mineral in the garnet skarn, is inferred to have achieved equilibrium (or near equilibrium) with the hydrothermal fluids that circulated throughout the mineralized system, implying that the δ56Fe values of garnet skarn can be used to trace the δ56Fe values of the fluids. Epidote skarn has a similar Fe 2 O 3 content as garnet skarn, but lower δ56Fe values (–0.07 ‰ to 0.01 ‰, n = 2). Epidote skarn was genetically associated with low temperature, FeCl 2 (H 2 O) 4 -dominated fluids, which are in contrast with that (high-temperature, [FeCl 4 ]2--dominated fluids) formed the garnet skarn. Iron in diopside skarn is mainly hosted by magnetite; the δ56Fe values of this lithology (0.00 ‰ to 0.12 ‰, n = 2) are, therefore, mainly controlled by magnetite. Taken together, the Fe isotopic signatures of various types of skarn at Yeshan could enhance our understanding of skarn deposits worldwide, especially those sharing geological features similar to the Yeshan Fe skarn deposit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural production, trade and environmental quality are interdependent. The US and China have been the world largest trade partners. However, trade tensions and interest in protectionist policies intensified in recent years. We use a price endogenous partial equilibrium model to systematically examine the impact of increased Chinese tariff on agricultural imports from the US on nitrogen (N) loss in China. The results show that a 25% tariff on US soybean imports increases the acreage of major crops in China by 1.37%. Although aggregate crop acreage increases, the impact on cumulative nitrogen fertilizer uses and the corresponding N loss from cropland is not significant as less N-intensive soybean acreage replaces some of the more N-intensive crops like wheat. However, our estimates show significant heterogeneity in N loss across Chinese provinces, ranging from 0.05% to 2.97% increase. These results identify provinces where remediation measures may be needed to effectively manage the potential increase in nitrogen loss associated with greater soybean production. • The tariff on soybean imports from the US increases soybean and corn production in China. • The tariff has a small but positive effect on N use and loss in China. • The increase in N loss varies across regions in China from 0.05 to 3%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Equilibrium capacity expansion is an effective tool to help regulators predict the generation evolution of power systems by analyzing the decision-making of generation companies (Gencos). With the development of carbon markets (CMs) and electricity markets (EMs), Gencos' decisions in these two markets (encompassing investment and bidding decisions related to carbon emission allowances and electricity) are deeply intertwined through market clearing results. However, existing studies mainly focus on equilibrium capacity expansion with fixed carbon prices and usually ignore the realistic clearing process of CMs, which cannot simulate Gencos' coupled decision-making and accurately predict generation evolution under the CMs and EMs. This paper proposes a two-level equilibrium capacity expansion model for power systems which considers the coupled decisions of Gencos between CMs and EMs. At the upper level, multiple Gencos' coupled decision models are proposed based on their interaction with market clearing results. At the lower levels, CMs and EMs are respectively cleared to determine the varying carbon and electricity prices. Furthermore, the developed equilibrium capacity expansion model is reformulated as an equilibrium problem with equilibrium constraints (EPEC), which is solved by a diagonalization-based solution procedure. Finally, a provincial power system of southeast China is used to validate the performance of the proposed framework. The results illustrate that under CMs and EMs, non-fossil energy would account for 81.3% of total capacity and 73.88% of total generation in 2050. Compared to the existing model using fixed carbon prices, the consideration of realistic carbon market clearing will promote the installation of renewable energies and improve social welfare. The proposed model can provide beneficial references for regulators to perceive the evolution of power systems in CMs and EMs. • A two-level equilibrium capacity expansion model for power systems is proposed. • A novel coupled decision model for Gencos in CMs and EMs is developed. • The proposed model is solved by a diagonalization based solution procedure. • The results can guide the transition of power systems under the CMs and EMs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To solve the imbalance problem of resource allocation of each link in the ground support process of transit flights, a support process equilibrium optimization model was proposed based on the systematic analysis of link business characteristics and equilibrium influencing elements. The link start time and resource usage were considered to constrain the priority and operation mode for good applicability. Based on the optimization objectives of minimizing the effective deviation, total operation time and comprehensive resource consumption of the links, a model objective function was established to measure the resource balance of each link in the support process. By NSGA-II algorithm with improved chaos and differential evolution, the optimization scheme of the constructed model was solved and designed with the actual operation data of a hub airport in central China. To verify the effectiveness of the model, the optimization scheme was evaluated based on the equilibrium evaluation index. The results show that the equilibrium optimization model is effective in terms of time utilization and resource allocation, and the total operating time is reduced by 10.6% with saving 30.3% of the total amount of idle resources. The evaluation shows that the equilibrium rate is increased by 10.7%, and the time loss coefficient and the resource smoothing coefficient are reduced by 65.7% and 54.7%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The introduction of peaking carbon dioxide emissions and achieving carbon neutrality marks a new stage in carbon emission reduction in China. Various carbon emission reduction policies are being pursued, such as national-level macro policies including sectoral policies in various industries. Therefore, it is of great academic and practical significance to analyze the effects of carbon reduction policies dynamically from the perspective of sectoral heterogeneity. This study developed a multi-sector dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model that included environmental externalities and carbon mitigation policies, to investigate the dynamic effects of sectoral technology shocks, tax policies and mitigation policy adjustment shocks on macroeconomic, environmental, and sectoral emissions under two policy scenarios: cap-and-trade and carbon tax. The results of the simulation showed that: under the cap-and-trade scenario, sectoral technology shocks had a clear structural effect, with an increase in abatement effort and a decrease in emissions for firms in the covered sectors, while emissions in the uncovered sectors rose with output, whereas under the carbon tax scenario, the difference was not significant. Government policies to reduce carbon emissions by targeting fluctuations in total emissions could be effective in reducing welfare losses from shocks, and increased attention to maintaining emission levels could reduce the corresponding welfare losses. It is recommended that the government effectively weigh the relationship between economic growth and environmental improvement, strengthen emission reduction policies, promote and expand the scope of carbon trading pilots, and introduce a national emission trading system as soon as possible. When designing carbon reduction policies, the government should consider the return mechanism of carbon reduction policy revenue, coupled with the fiscal policy of tax reduction to stimulate the economy and moderate the negative impact of the reduction policy. The government should also adjust the intensity of its carbon reduction policies in a pro-cyclical and dynamic manner according to the level of emissions and pay more attention to the appropriate maintenance of the level of emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lake restoration usually focuses on reducing external nutrient sources. However, when sediments contain nutrients accumulated over multiple years, internal nutrient release can delay restoration progress. In lake restoration and management, it is important to understand the dynamic relationship between nutrient concentrations in a lake and internal and external nutrient sources. In this study, we quantified external nutrient inputs through measurements and compared them with internal sediment release from simulation using the PCLake+ model. Additionally, we evaluated alterations in the internal nutrient release, lake nutrient concentrations, and algae biomass (chlorophyll-a) within the lake following varying degrees of reduction in external nutrient loads. The results demonstrate that the PCLake+ effectively simulated the lake's nutrient concentration and algae biomass. Based on the PCLake+ estimates, internal nutrient loads accounted for 51 % of the total nitrogen (N) and 80 % of the total phosphorus (P) loadings in Lake Erhai in 2019. In 2020, the total contributions were 43 % for TN and 72 % for TP. We simulated four scenarios where external nutrient inputs were reduced to 25 %, 50 %, 75 %, and 99.99 % of their original levels. The 40-year simulation showed that the lake's ecological system initially exhibited a fast internal response but reached equilibrium after eight years. P concentrations took longer to reach equilibrium compared to N concentrations, probably due to the stronger binding characteristics of P. To meet the water quality target in the future, it is necessary to reduce external N and P inputs into Lake Erhai by at least 23 % and 15 %, respectively, under current conditions. Although reducing external nutrient loads can indirectly lower internal nutrient loads, water management should address both external and internal loads simultaneously, as internal release cannot be effectively reduced by external reductions alone. Additionally, the lake's internal release may continue for several years, even with reductions in external inputs., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

In this study, we established a two-dimensional logistic differential equation model to study the number of visits in Chinese PHCIs and hospitals based on the behavior of patients. We determine the model's equilibrium points and analyze their stability and then use China medical services data to fit the unknown parameters of the model. Finally, the sensitivity of model parameters is evaluated to determine the parameters that are susceptible to influence the system. The results indicate that the system corresponds to the zero-equilibrium point, the boundary equilibrium point, and the positive equilibrium point under different parameter conditions. We found that, in order to substantially increase visits to PHCIs, efforts should be made to improve PHCI comprehensive capacity and maximum service capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An enterprise must be able to conduct in-depth analysis of the existing data as the information has certain grey characteristics, if it wants to occupy a dominant position in the fierce market competition. In this paper, a compound three-dimensional grey Lotka–Volterra model is developed to carry out the grey transformation of the original data, so that the data can have better simulation accuracy, and the observation noise of the original data can be reduced. The competitive situation analysis based on the three-dimensional grey Lotka–Volterra model can help enterprises better understand the market situation. This paper takes the luxury brand automobile market in mainland China as an example to conduct a competitive analysis and a balanced development simulation. It can be found that, based on Three Species System Analysis, there is a symbiotic relationship among automobile enterprises and that the three species model can be adopted in analyzing the competition and cooperation among enterprises. Through balanced development of a Symbiotic System Analysis, the results of symbiotic optimization under the achievable equilibrium state of three populations are obtained and they show that the proposed method can be used effectively to conduct the market competition analysis. It is thus of great importance to study the relationships among enterprises as it is helpful for enterprises to make strategic policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies have assumed that the volatility of exogenous shocks is constant, which can only measure the level effects of uncertain shocks. This article introduces the time-varying volatility model into a Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (D.S.G.E.) model and uses the third-order perturbation method to identify and decompose the level and volatility effects of uncertainty shocks. Based on the results of empirical research in China, the effect of volatility shocks is different from that of level shocks: the effect of level shocks is direct and positive, and its impact is larger, while the effect of volatility shocks is indirect and negative, and its impact is smaller. This article also finds that the impact of uncertainty shocks will lead to economic stagnation, inflation, and the stagflation effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The China model is increasingly viewed by developing countries as a viable alternative to democracy. China's allegedly merit‐based promotion system is lauded as a secret ingredient of the China model. However, once being promoted to the top, Chinese leaders are as unconstrained as other autocrats. If there are fundamental reasons why other autocrats cannot commit to such a promotion system, why are Chinese leaders any different? We provide a unified theory that accommodates both China and other autocracies by postulating that they coordinate on different equilibria. Both the presence and the absence of political career concerns can arise in equilibrium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, based on the transmission mechanism of echinococcosis in China, we propose a discrete-time dynamical model for the transmission of echinococcosis. The research results indicate that transmission dynamics of this discrete-time model are determined by basic reproduction number R0. It is shown that when R0 ≤ 1 then the disease-free equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable and when R0 > 1 then the model is permanent while the disease-free equilibrium is unstable. Finally, on the basis of the theoretical results established in this paper, we come up with some specific measures to control the transmission of echinococcosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The classical Lotka–Volterra model is mainly a two-dimensional configuration. The two-dimensional form limits the application scenarios of the Lotka–Volterra model. The research objective of this paper is to develop a feasible three population equilibrium model to analyze the industry competition. In order to expand the Lotka–Volterra model to empirical analysis, this paper proposes a symbiosis model of enterprise population based on a three-dimensional Lotka–Volterra model. This paper analyzes the symbiotic system from two aspects: the balanced development of three species and the competitive evolution of the three species, taking the sales volume of three local automobile enterprises in China as the sample for empirical analysis. The symbiotic optimization under the equilibrium state of three populations indicates that there is the possibility of equilibrium and reciprocity in the growth of three automobile product populations. The empirical analysis fully explains the feasibility of this research paradigm. The analysis of competition evolution shows that cooperative action is better than competitive strategy and that comprehensive cooperation is the ideal state of a three-population symbiotic system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigated export bias related to its long-run equilibrium. By using the autoregressive distributed lag method, a dynamic econometric model was built to isolate export bias from its equilibrium. Using China's dataset for 1982–2018, we found that export size deviated from its equilibrium level, and export bias accounted for a share of −22% to 35% of the equilibrium. Moreover, the results also confirmed that export size was cointegrated with the main explanatory variables, and export bias tended to fade in the long-run. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of economy, China faces a considerable challenge from environmental problems especially with the waste of gas pollution emitted by China's industry. To assess the environmental performance of China's industry, this paper proposes a new generalized equilibrium efficiency frontier data envelopment analysis (GEEFDEA) approach that considers waste gases as undesirable outputs. It is assumed that the total amount of waste gases that the industry is permitted to emit is limited (or fixed), that is, increasing air pollution of one area should reduce that of other areas for offset. Compared with the prior evaluation approaches, the proposed approach is the only one that satisfies the following conditions simultaneously. 1) The approach considers the property of the "fixed sum" of undesirable outputs. 2) The approach avoids the case in prior approaches (e.g., fixed sum output and zero sum gains DEA approaches) that an infeasible solution may occur when accessing decision making unites (DMUs) with fixed-sum undesirable outputs. 3) The proposed approach inherits all advantages of the GEEFDEA approach such as achieving an equilibrium state by only one step and obtaining a complete ranking order. Finally, the proposed approach is applied to evaluate the performance in China's industry from 2008 to 2013. Results show China's industry has significant regional characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transport of ice particles beneath a stable ice cover (referred to as cover load transport), and the processes leading to ice deposition and erosion are highly dynamic and complex. Based on the strong analogous relationship between bed load and cover load transport processes, knowledge from bed load transport research can be used when developing experiments for cover load transport processes. This paper presents a detailed experimental study of cover load transport rate in a laboratory flume with simulated ice particles and a simulated ice cover. The effect of the particle shape and size on cover load transport rate is quantified using the buoyant velocity and its velocity coefficient. The critical dimensionless flow strength is identified as an important parameter which determines the incipient motion of the under cover ice particles, and was calculated using hydraulic measurements obtained through laboratory experiments. A new cover load transport formula is introduced based on regression analysis of experimental data for a wide range of dimensionless flow strength conditions. The impact of incoming ice supply rate on the under cover ice transport rate was also investigated by altering the ice supply rate to the flume. A control volume analysis of ice discharge underneath the ice cover is used as the approach to quantify the dimensionless ice transport rate at different sections of the flume. The concept of equilibrium ice transport rate is introduced based on the experimental observations with variable incoming ice supply rates. The experimental observations on the impact of incoming ice supply were supported by an analysis of field data from Hequ Reach, China (Sun et al., 1986; Wang, 1992). The introduction of a cover load transport formula developed exclusively with simulated ice particles that have similar physical properties to ice forming in a natural environment, and the discussion on equilibrium ice transport rate are important contributions to advance the present understanding on under cover ice transport processes. • Cover load formula using simulated ice with similar properties as ice in the natural environment. • Equilibrium ice transport concept introduced based on variable ice supply rates. • Critical dimensionless flow strength determines the incipient motion. • Relevant to further studies related to numerical modeling of ice transport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sandy-muddy transitional beaches (SMT-Beaches) consisting of the upper sandy beach and lower mudflat can be found on coasts with weak wave conditions and sufficient sediment supply. Currently, such SMT-Beaches receive limited attention, and their morphological characteristics as well as the mechanisms of the formation of sand-mud transition (SMT) boundary are still not clear. Based on field surveys on SMT-Beaches at South China Coasts, traditional equilibrium functions are assessed on SMT-Beaches, and an equilibrium profile function for SMT-Beaches is parameterized with only inputs of the offshore distance of the SMT boundary, tidal ranges and offshore wave heights. The present function exhibits good performance on both mesotidal and macrotidal SMT-Beaches. It improves the accuracy of profile curvature of the upper beachface compared with the traditional power function and reduces uncertainties in determining coefficients. Sediment characteristics differ between both sides of the SMT boundary. Shoreward of the SMT boundary, the probability distribution of grain size is generally unimodal with a peak located at sand grains and turns to be bimodal or trimodal with a significant increase at clay-to-silt grains seaward of the SMT boundary. Based on the exceeded Shields parameter, the critical position for the deposition of mud generally corresponds well with the SMT boundary, indicating that wave-related oscillatory motions play a dominant role in the formation of the SMT boundary. • Traditional equilibrium beach profile functions are assessed on SMT-Beaches. • A new function for equilibrium configurations of SMT-Beaches is parameterized with only inputs of location of the SMT boundary and offshore wave heights. • The role of wave in the formation of SMT boundary is revealed based on the exceeded Shields parameter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration contributes significantly to carbon emissions, and has become a serious problem in China, which has seen an exponential rise in waste over the last twenty years due to rapid urbanization and the associated consumer economy growth. To tackle this issue, this paper develops a leader-follower optimized approach for economic and environmental equilibrium in incineration power plants that includes a carbon allowance allocation scheme (IPP-CAAS) under combustion and pollutant limitations. In the leader-follower (bi-level) game, the regional authority on the upper level determines the carbon allocations and environmental targets and the IPPs on the lower level develop schemes to maximize revenue under the upper-level restrictions. By employing uncertain parameters for the carbon and power conversion fluctuations, the approach is able to more accurately depict the industry characteristics of waste incineration process in this carbon-economy balance problem. The robustness and practicality of the proposed methodology was then validated through a case study. Scenario analysis under different political parameters indicates that the proposed methodology can assist the authorities to achieve carbon-economy trade-off and under serious carbon-control situations, encourage the IPPs to reduce their blended coal ratios, and invest in low-carbon incineration technology. Managerial insights on further industrial developments are also given for the authority and relevant practitioners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The life-history traits of a non-native population of Shimofuri goby (Tridentiger bifasciatus) were investigated in Nansi Lake, which is a storage lake on the East Route of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project, China. The results were analyzed in combination with data from other non-native populations of this species to reveal the life-history traits that caused its successful invasions. Mature gonads in April and May suggest that the species spawns in this period, and cohort tracking and age analysis revealed that individuals had a one-year lifespan. The relative fecundity was 2,825 ± 614 eggs/g. A short lifespan and high fecundity are opportunistic life-history traits that may enhance population establishment by promoting population increase. The male-biased sex ratio (except in April and May when the males guarding the nests) and sexual size dimorphism observed in this population may be important for males protecting nests and eggs, which is a typical equilibrium trait that facilitates establishment by increasing offspring survival. Non-native populations of this species in the San Francisco estuary system have been reported to batch spawn, have a lifespan of two years, and spawn during March and August, which in comparison with the population in Nansi Lake suggest that the species' life-history traits are phenotypically plastic. We propose that the combined equilibrium and opportunistic characteristics of the species' life-history traits and their plasticity facilitates successful invasions. Our results provide crucial information when evaluating the invasion risk of a species from its life-history traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is an imperceptible laxity in literature in finding socio economic effects of social capital by integrating role of religion. However, international surveys data on religiosity concentrating on religious belief and practices, reveal the religion dependent behaviors of individuals of a society. Therefore, we include trust i.e., social capital as a product of religious sector instigating from individual towards community and state, named it as religion dependent social capital (RDSC). This study proposes a model to investigate relation of RDSC with economic growth based on some key propositions: RDSC is linked with freedom of religion and rule of law provided by the Government. (a) If individuals of the society have high fraction of beliefs B along with optimum practicing with level of trust T in the period t, then the optimal level of economic benefits in the period t are achieved. (b) Disequilibrium in amount of belief and practice lead to delayed convergence in achieving economic incentives. These propositions are validated by employing Markov process. USA being a religious economy achieve convergence in fewer iterations showing a positive and significant influence of RDSC on economic growth. Contrary with that China lacking in RDSC achieve convergence after 5 times more iteration than USA. Accordingly, the economic benefits of RDSC are more visible in a religious economy as compared to non-religious economy. A policy implications regarding improvement in reducing convergence period of economic growth for a society having lowest level of religiosity are also suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Northeastern University (Social Science) / Dongbei Daxue Xuebao (Shehui Kexue Ban) is the property of Dongbei Daxue and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

• A hyperpath-based dynamic trucking equilibrium (DTE) assignment model is proposed. • The model predicts system-wide truck flows and identifies efficiency improvements. • A variational inequality problem (VIP) model is formulated and solved heuristically. • The model is validated by experiments constructed from data collected in China. • The DTE solutions generate diverse and fair routing/bidding strategies. This paper proposes a new hyperpath-based dynamic trucking equilibrium (DTE) assignment model. Unlike existing freight assignment models, we focus on the interactions between individual truck operators that solely compete for loads advertised on an online freight exchange. The competitors are assumed to follow optimal bidding and routing strategies – represented using a hyperpath – to maximize their expected profit. The proposed DTE model (1) predicts system-wide truck flows (including empty truck flows), (2) identifies efficiency improvements gained by network-wide visibility, and (3) lays the foundation for building a system optimal model. We rewrite the DTE conditions as a variational inequality problem (VIP) and discuss the analytical properties of the formulation, including solution existence. A heuristic solution algorithm is developed to solve the VIP, which consists of three modules: a dynamic network loading procedure for mapping hyperpath flows onto the freight network, a column generation scheme for creating hyperpaths as needed, and a method of successive average for equilibrating profits on existing hyperpaths. The model and the solution algorithm are validated by numerical experiments constructed from empirical data collected in China. The results show that the DTE solutions outperform with wide margin the benchmark solutions that either ignore inter-truck interactions or operate trucks according to suboptimal routing and bidding decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]