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Vocabulary learning and teaching has been one of the main issues in ESL/EFL learning and teaching research. EFL teachers in China, in particular, are grappling with the effective vocabulary teaching methods. This paper is doing part of this job in a different way. It discusses three principles based on Cognitive Linguistics (CL), namely the study of categorization, prototype, and metaphor, and implications of these principles in formal vocabulary instruction in a Chinese context of English learning in South-western mainland China.

• The relation between industrial structure and eco-environment was explored. • Industrial investment structure and eco-environmental state had the greatest effect. • The comprehensive level of eco-environment surpassed that of industrial structure. • The coupling degree of two systems kept in the process of continuous optimization. • The scissors difference of two systems tended to be stable. Tremendous economic growth creates increasing pressure on the eco-environment, and the industrial structure has an important influence on the eco-environment. To explore the relation between the industrial structure and the eco-environment, we established a new evaluation index system for both the industrial structure and the eco-environment; then, using data on Beijing from 1992 to 2016, we applied an integrated approach involving the combination weight method, the coupling coordination degree model, the dynamic coupling coordination degree model and the scissors difference model with the following results. (1) The industrial investment structure and the eco-environment status account for the largest proportion of the industrial structure and the eco-environment index systems, respectively. (2) The comprehensive level of the industrial structure is initially higher than that of the industrial structure system and then gradually slows and lags behind. (3) The coupling coordination degree between the industrial structure and the eco-environment in Beijing shifts from "barely coordinated development" stage to "superior coordinated development" stage. (4) The dynamic coupling coordination degree of the whole system presents an S-shaped curve evolving from the "low-grade symbiosis" stage to the "harmonious development" stage and approaching the "utmost development" stage. (5) The scissors difference presents a V-shaped curve, and the gap in the development trend between the industrial structure and the eco-environment diminishes. This study discusses the relationship between the industrial structure and the eco-environment of Beijing from 1992 to 2016, which should be beneficial in promoting the coordinated development between the industrial structure and the eco-environment of Beijing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe a case of facial skin infection and sinusitis caused by Mycobacterium marseillense in an immunocompetent woman in China in 2018. The infection was cleared with clarithromycin, moxifloxacin, and amikacin. Antimicrobial drug treatments could not be predicted by genetic analyses; further genetic characterization would be required to do so. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Whether the AutoPulse automated chest compression device is worthy of clinical use for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) remains controversial. A prospective controlled study was conducted to evaluate the effect of AutoPulse versus manual chest compression for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) of OHCA patients in the northern district of Shanghai, China.Material and Methods: A total of 133 patients with OHCA who were treated at the Emergency Medical Center of the Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated with Tongji University between March 2011 and March 2012 were included. The patients were randomly assigned to the Manual CPR (n = 64) and AutoPulse CPR groups (n = 69) in accordance with the approach of chest compression received. The primary outcome measure was return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), and the secondary outcome measures included 24-h survival rate, hospital discharge rate, and neurological prognosis at hospital discharge.Results: The ROSC rate of patients with OHCA was significantly higher in the AutoPulse CPR group than in the Manual CPR group (44.9% vs. 23.4%; p = 0.009). The 24-h survival rate of OHCA patients was significantly higher in the AutoPulse CPR group than in the Manual CPR group (39.1% vs. 21.9%; p = 0.03). The hospital discharge rate of the patients with OHCA was significantly higher in the AutoPulse CPR group than in the Manual CPR group (18.8% vs. 6.3%; p = 0.03). The proportion of patients with OHCA and a cerebral performance category score of 1 or 2 points at hospital discharge was higher in the AutoPulse CPR group than in the Manual CPR group, but the difference was not statistically significant (16.2% vs. 13.4%, p = 1.00).Conclusions: Use of the AutoPulse increases CPR success and survival rates in patients with OHCA, but its ability to improve cerebral performance requires further evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mycobacterium gordonae is often regarded as a weak pathogen that only occasionally causes overt disease. We report a case of M. gordonae infection in the facial skin, nasal mucosa, and paranasal sinus in an immunocompetent patient and review previous cases. The T-SPOT.TB test might be useful in diagnosing such cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The loci (GTA)9, (AT)17, (AT)15, (TA)18, (TTC)21 and (TA)10 are more highly polymorphic than other loci. • The VNTR profile generated a low-density clustering pattern in the counties of Sichuan and Yunnan. • Clusters were observed from the isolates from Hunan and Guizhou provinces at the county levels. • The most predominantly reported SNP was 3K followed by SNP 1D. • We detected the novel SNP 3J that has not yet been reported in China. • Maximum genotype stability was observed in current and long-standing strains. Understanding the nature of Mycobacterium leprae transmission is vital to implement better control strategies for leprosy elimination. The present study expands the knowledge of county-level strain diversity, distribution, and transmission patterns of leprosy in endemic provinces of China. We genetically characterized 290 clinical isolates of M. leprae from four endemic provinces using variable number tandem repeats (VNTR) and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Attained genetic profiles and cluster consequences were contrasted with geographical and migration features of leprosy at county levels. Considering the allelic variability of 17 VNTR loci by the discriminatory index, (GTA)9, (AT)17, (AT)15, (TA)18, (TTC)21, and (TA)10 are reported to be more highly polymorphic than other loci. The VNTR profile generated the low-density clustering pattern in the counties of Sichuan and Yunnan, whereas clusters have been observed from the isolates from Huayuan (N = 6), Yongding (N = 3), Zixing (N = 3), Chenxi (N = 2) and Zhongfang (N = 2) counties of Hunan, and Zhijin (N = 3), Anlong (N = 2), Zhenning (N = 2), and Xixiu (N = 2) counties of Guizhou. In some clusters, people's social relations have been observed between villages. From the 290 clinical isolates, the most predominantly reported SNP was 3K (278, 95.8%), followed by SNP 1D (10, 3.4%), which are typically observed to be predominant in China. We also detected the novel SNP 3J (2, 0.8%), which has not yet been reported in China. The clustering pattern of M. leprae indicates the transmission of leprosy still persists at county levels, suggesting that there is a need to implement better approaches for tracing the close contacts of leprosy patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The purpose of our study was to analyze the association of blood pressure and blood pressure progression with heart disease and stroke among Chinese population., Method: We included a total of 10 122 adults aged 45 years and above free of heart disease or stroke at baseline from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study cohort. We used Cox proportional hazards models to analyze the relationship between cardiovascular risk and prehypertension in subjects with or without progression to hypertension., Result: During a mean follow-up of 6.5 years, 1972 subjects were either diagnosed with heart disease or had a stroke (composite outcome). Compared with individuals with normotension at baseline, the fully adjusted hazard ratio (HR) [95% confidence interval (CI)] was 1.25 (1.10-1.42) and 1.52 (1.34-1.74) for composite outcome in individuals with prehypertension and hypertension at baseline, respectively. The subjects who progressed to hypertension had higher risk of cardiovascular outcomes than those who remained at normal blood pressure or prehypertension in a fully adjusted model. The subjects who progressed from prehypertension to hypertension had 1.72 times higher risk [HR (95% CI): 1.72 (1.37-2.16)] of cardiovascular outcomes than those who remained at normal blood pressure or prehypertension in a fully adjusted model., Conclusion: The cardiovascular risk of subjects with prehypertension is higher than that of subjects with normal blood pressure. After a diagnosis of hypertension, subjects who progressed from normal blood pressure to hypertension had an increased risk of heart disease and stroke., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)

Objective: To develop and internally validate a prediction model for 6-year risk of stroke and its primary subtypes in middle-aged and elderly Chinese population., Design: This is a retrospective cohort study from a prospectively collected database., Participants: We included a total 3124 adults aged 45-80 years, free of stroke or myocardial infarction at baseline in the 2009-2015 cohort of China Health and Nutrition Survey., Primary and Secondary Outcome Measures: The outcome of the prediction model was stroke. Investigated predictors were: age, gender, body mass index (BMI), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), total cholesterol (TC), hypertension (HBP), drinking status, smoking status, diabetes and site. Stepwise multiple Cox regression was applied to identify independent predictors. A nomogram was constructed to predict 6-year risk of stroke based on the multiple analysis results. Bootstraps with 1000 resamples were applied to both C-index and calibration curve., Result: The overall incidence of overall stroke was 2.98%. Age, gender, HBP and TC were found as significant risk predictors for overall stroke; age, gender, HBP and LDL-C were found as significant risk predictors for ischaemic stroke; age, gender, HBP, BMI and HDL-C were found as significant risk predictors for haemorrhagic stroke. The nomogram was constructed using significant variables included in the model, with a C-index of 0.74 (95% CI: 0.72 to 0.76), 0.74 (95% CI: 0.71 to 0.77), and 0.81 (95% CI: 0.78 to 0.84) for overall stroke, ischaemic stroke, and haemorrhagic stroke model, respectively. The calibration curves demonstrated the good agreements between predicted and observed 6-year risk probability., Conclusion: Our nomogram could be convenient, easy to use and effective prognoses for predicting 6-year risk of stroke in middle-aged and elderly Chinese population., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2021. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

For the first time, a field survey was conducted to investigate the present situation, vertical distribution and ecological risks of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Mn, Cr, Pb and As) from 21 in-situ samples drilled out from Yeshan iron mine tailings in the Jiangsu Province of China. The heavy metal contents obtained for the tailing wastes in decreasing order were as follows: Mn > Cu > Zn > As > Cr > Pb. The contents of heavy metals varied with depth, and the variation trends were not completely consistent. Vertical distribution profiles showed that heavy metals accumulated in certain strata. Both the monomial potential ecological risk factor (E) and the risk quotient (RQ) showed a high ecological risk for Cu, Mn and As. The comprehensive ecological risk index (RI) also indicated that the wastes presented a high ecological risk level, to which Cu, Mn and As were the key contributors. Our study showed that the health of individuals, especially children, living in the mining-impacted areas could be affected by the potential noncarcinogenic risk of copper, manganese and the carcinogenic risk of arsenic., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

We describe a case of facial skin infection and sinusitis caused by Mycobacterium marseillense in an immunocompetent woman in China in 2018. The infection was cleared with clarithromycin, moxifloxacin, and amikacin. Antimicrobial drug treatments could not be predicted by genetic analyses; further genetic characterization would be required to do so.

Reports on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of Mycobacterium leprae, relationship with bacteriological index (BI), and transmission in China are limited. We investigated the emergence of AMR mutations, the relationship between BI and AMR in complete, moderate and lack of BI decline cases, and molecular epidemiological features of AMR cases by enrolling 290 leprosy cases from four endemic provinces. Seven (2.41%), one (0.34%), five (1.72%), one (0.34%), and one (0.34%) strains had single mutations in folP1 , rpoC , gyrA , gyrB , and 23S rRNA, respectively. Double mutations in folP1 and gyrA , rpoB and gyrA , and gyrA and 23S rRNA were observed in one (0.34%) strain each. Mutated strains occurred in three out of 81 (95% CI-0.005-0.079, p = 0.083) cases with complete BI decline, in seven out of 103 (95% CI 0.018-0.117, p = 0.008) cases with moderate BI decline, and in four out of 34 (95% CI 0.003-0.231, p = 0.044) cases with lack of BI decline. Most of these mutated strains were geographically separated and diverged genotypically. AMR mutations may not be the main cause of the lack of BI decline. The low transmission of AMR strains at the county level indicates an ongoing transmission at close contact levels.

Antituberculosis drug-induced adverse drug reactions (ATD-ADRs) are increasing globally, and it is key to identify candidate ATD-ADRs loci for clinical management. We prospectively enrolled 1,235 highly suspicious tuberculosis (TB) inpatients to investigate the profiles and genetic risk factors of ATD-ADRs in the liver, kidneys, and blood. Overall, 644 subjects were eligible and genotyped for seven polymorphisms in drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporter genes. Clinical follow-up and blood analysis were performed regularly. We found that a notable rate of ATD-ADRs (incidence: 16.5%, drug intervention rate: 10.4%), mainly involving hepatotoxicity (10.6%) and leukopenia (3.3%) in western China. CYP2D6 rs1135840 and NUDT15 rs116855232 increased the risks of hepatotoxicity and leukopenia with an odds ratio of 2.52 and 4.97, respectively. Both variants showed excellent negative predictive values (93.7% and 98.1%, respectively) but moderate sensitivities (72.7% and 52.4%, respectively). These data provide new insight into ATD-ADRs in the Chinese population and may offer future leads for diagnosis and treatment., (© 2017 The Authors. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics.)