24 results on '"Evans, Robert"'
Search Results
2. Caging Small-Bodied Fish as an Alternative Method for Environmental Effects Monitoring (EEM).
- Author
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Palace, Vince P., Doebel, Cecilia, Baron, Chris L., Evans, Robert E., Wautier, Kerry G., Klaverkamp, Jack F., Werner, Jeffrey, and Kollar, Suzanne
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INDUSTRIAL wastes ,ENVIRONMENTAL engineering ,ENVIRONMENTAL monitoring ,ECOLOGICAL surveys ,FISHES - Abstract
The utility of using fish held in cages for investigating the potential effects of industrial and municipal effluents has been demonstrated. These types of exposures are able to control the influence of some confounding factors and also provide a measure of certainty with regard to exposure. However, Canada's current Environmental Effects Monitoring (EEM) Program for metal mines does not accept caged fish as a viable alternative for use in place of wild fish surveys. Concerns appear to be focused on the confounding influences of confinement stress op typical EEM endpoints. Confinement stress may be reduced in smaller-bodied fish relative to larger fish, increasing the relevance of their use for EEM. A standardized technique for deploying small-bodied fish in cages that may be useful for EEM programs is described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2005
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3. Beneath the calm surface: the changing of physician-service use in British Columbia, 1985/86 versus 1996/97.
- Author
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Barer, Morris L., Evans, Robert G., McGrail, Kimberlyn M., Green, Bo, Hertzman, Clyde, and Sheps, Samuel B.
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MEDICAL care costs , *PHYSICIAN services utilization , *MEDICAL care , *PUBLIC health - Abstract
Background: Although expenditures on health care are continually increasing and often said to be unsustainable, few studies have examined these trends at the level of services delivered to individual patients. We analyzed trends in the various components that contributed to changes in overall expenditures for physician services in British Columbia from 1985/86 to 1996/97. Methods: We obtained data on all fee-for-service payments to physicians in each study year using the British Columbia Linked Health Data set and analyzed these at the level of individual patients. We disaggregated overall billing levels by year into the following components: number of physicians seen by each patient, number of visits per physician, number of services rendered on each visit and average price of those services. We removed the effect of inflation on fees by adjusting to those in 1988. We used direct age-standardization to isolate and measure the effect of demographic changes. We used the Consumer Price Index to determine the effects of inflation. Results: Total payments to fee-for-service physicians in British Columbia rose 86.3% over the study period. The increase was entirely accounted for by the combined effects of population growth (28.9%), aging (2.1%) and general inflation (41.4%). Service use per capita rose 10.5%; this increase was offset by a... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Conspicuous consumption: characterizing high users of physician services in one Canadian province.
- Author
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Reid, Robert, Evans, Robert, Barer, Morris, Sheps, Samuel, Kerluke, Kerry, McGrail, Kimberlyn, Hertzman, Clyde, and Pagliccia, Nino
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PHYSICIANS , *MEDICAL care costs , *DISEASES , *SOCIAL status , *HEALTH planning - Abstract
Objectives: To examine medical care use and costs, patterns of morbidity and co-morbidity, and other patient characteristics of high users of physician services in British Columbia. Methods: This population-based study uses physician claims, hospital discharge summaries and vital statistics data linked at the level of the individual to compare characteristics of high users, other users and non-users of physician services in the Province of British Columbia, Canada. The study included all enrolled adults in the universal health care plan during fiscal year 1996/97. High users were defined as the most costly 5% of users of fee-reimbursed services. Key variables included age, sex, an ecological socio-economic status indicator and a comprehensive set of morbidity indicators, derived from the diagnoses recorded on the utilization records. Results: The top 5% of users consumed a disproportionate 30% of spending on physician services. High users were overwhelmingly characterized by a significant burden of morbidity. Over 80% had at least six different types of morbidity during the study year compared with fewer than 20% of other users. High users were also much more likely to have major diagnoses that were both acute and chronic in nature. Co-morbidity involving psychosocial and chronic medical conditions was also very common. Conclusions: High users of physician services are overwhelmingly characterized by multiple and complex health problems. Policy tools based on a philosophy of deterrence such as cost-sharing are unlikely to have much impact on their costs and will likely do considerable harm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2003
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- View/download PDF
5. Do Canadian Civil Servants Care About the Health of Populations.
- Author
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Lavis, John N., Ross, Suzanne E., Stoddart, Gregory L., Hohenadel, Joanne M., McLeod, Christopher B., and Evans, Robert G.
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HEALTH ,POPULATION ,FINANCE ,LABOR ,RESEARCH - Abstract
Objectives. This article describes Canadian civil servants' awareness of, attitudes toward, and self-reported use of ideas about the determinants of health. Methods. Federal and provincial civil servants in departments of finance, labor, social services, and health were surveyed. Results. With civil servants in finance departments a notable exception, most Canadian civil servants see the health of populations as a relevant outcome for their sectors. Many (65%) report that ideas about the determinants of health have already influenced policymaking in their sector, but most (83%) say they need more information about the health consequences of the policy alternatives their departments face. Conclusions. Civil servants should consider developing accountability structures for health and researchers should consider producing and transferring more policy-relevant research. (Am J Public Health. 2003;93:658-663) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2003
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6. Induction of Vitellogenin and Histological Effects in Wild Fathead Minnows from a Lake Experimentally Treated with the Synthetic Estrogen, Ethynylestradiol.
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Palace, Vince P., Evans, Robert E., Wautier, Kerry, Baron, Christopher, Vandenbyllardt, Lenore, Vandersteen, Wendy, and Kidd, Karen
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FATHEAD minnow ,WATER pollution ,ETHINYL estradiol - Abstract
Studies the potential effects of exposure to contaminants with estrogenic activity on wild fathead minnows from a lake experimentally treated with the synthetic estrogen ethynylestradiol (EE2). Addition of EE2 to Lake 260 in the Experimental Lakes Area, Ontario from May to October 2001; Range of EE2 concentrations in epilimnetic waters; Presence of widespread fibrosis and inhibition of testicular development in winnows.
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- 2002
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7. Canada.
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Evans, Robert G.
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HEALTH care reform , *HEALTH maintenance organizations - Abstract
Reports on the modernization of health care system in Canada. Principles and basic structural features of health care organizations; Details of the health care finance system; Changes in the relationship between the federal and provincial governments.
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- 2000
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8. Hospital downsizing and trends in health care use among elderly people in British Columbia.
- Author
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Sheps, Samuel B., Reid, Robert J., Barer, Morris L., Krueger, Hans, McGrail, Kimberlyn M., Green, Bo, Evans, Robert G., and Hertzman, Clyde
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MEDICAL care ,DOWNSIZING of organizations ,MEDICAL care for older people - Abstract
Background: There has been considerable downsizing of acute care services in British Columbia over the past 2 decades. In this population-based study we examined changes in the proportion of elderly people who used acute care, long-term care and home care services between 1986-1988 and 1993-1995 to explore whether the downsizing has influenced use. Changes in death rates were also examined.Methods: The British Columbia Linked Health Database was used to select all British Columbia residents aged 65 years, 75-76 years, 85-87 years or 90-93 years as of Jan.1, 1986 (cohort 1), and Jan.1, 1993 (cohort 2). Each person was assigned to 1 of 6 mutually exclusive categories of health care use reflecting different intensities of use (i.e., hospital, long-term or home care). The proportions of people within each category were compared between the 2 periods, as were the age-standardized death rates.Results: There were 79175 people in cohort 1 and 92 320 in cohort 2. Overall, the relative proportion of people in each use category was similar between the 2 study periods. The most substantial changes were an increase of 2 percentage points in the proportion of people who received no facility or home care services and a decrease of 2 to 3 percentage points in the proportion who received some acute care but no facility-based continuing care. The age-adjusted all-cause death rates for the earlier and later cohorts were virtually identical (15.7% and 15.8% respectively), although the rate increased from 63.6% to 70.1% among those in the "full-time facility with acute care" group.Interpretation: Overall changes in health care use were small, which suggests that the repercussions of the decline in acute care services for elderly people have been minimal. The higher age-adjusted death rates in the later cohort in full-time care suggests that long-term stays are becoming reserved for a sicker group of elderly people than in the past. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2000
9. 'We'll Take Care of It for You' Health Care in the Canadian Community.
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Evans, Robert G.
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PUBLIC health administration ,HEALTH services administration ,HUMAN services ,HEALTH policy ,MEDICAL care - Abstract
Assesses public health services in Canada. Features of the country's health care system; Comparison between the health care financing policies of Canada and the United States; Ways by which the financing system in the country has influenced system behavior and organization; Sources of funds for financing the nation's health care system; Role of the provincial government in making decisions related to health care; Rules governing patients' private payment for medical or hospital care; Historical origins of the Canadian health care funding system; Laws governing public health insurance in the country.
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- 1988
10. Coming of age.
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Evans, Robert and Turner, Virginia
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BUSINESS schools , *BUSINESS education - Abstract
Examines the role of business schools in development of values and spirituality among students in Canada. Significance of fundamental values; Criticism on the programs offered by the business schools; Formation of leadership skills; Suggestions for the improvement of the business education curricula.
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- 1998
11. "Breakthough" drugs and growth in expenditure on prescription drugs in Canada.
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Morgan, Steven G., Bassett, Kenneth L., Wright, James M., Evans, Robert G., Barer, Morris L., Caetano, Patricia A., and Black, Charlyn D.
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DRUG prescribing ,MARKETING of new products ,VALUE engineering ,PHARMACEUTICAL policy ,ECONOMICS - Abstract
Discusses the rapid growth in expenditures on prescription drugs in Canada. Factors contributing to shifts from old to new products; Criteria for "breakthrough," "me-too," and "vintage generic" drugs; Methods used in the study which took data from the annual reports by the Canadian Patented Medicine Prices Review Board to explain the 80% increase in drug expenditure in British Columbia between 1996 and 2003; Finding that increased spending is on new drugs introduced in established chemical subclasses.
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- 2005
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12. Don't believe claims Medicare is becoming unaffordable.
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Evans, Robert G.
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MEDICARE financing , *PUBLIC spending , *TAX cuts , *PRIVATIZATION policy - Abstract
The article presents the author's insights on the growth of expenditures in the Medicare system of Canada. The author says that the government spending will affect the sustainability of Medicare for the public. He states that spending for non-related health programs like tax cuts has impact on the over-all costs of Medicare which are not availed by individuals who need it most. He mentions the motives for financial sustainability such as tax-funded Medicare and privatization by the government.
- Published
- 2010
13. False hope for Canadians who study medicine abroad.
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Barer, Morris L., Evans, Robert G., and Hedden, Lindsay
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MEDICAL education , *FOREIGN study , *CANADIAN students in foreign countries , *MEDICAL schools ,STUDY & teaching of medicine - Abstract
The article discusses the challenges facing Canadians who study medicine abroad. Topics discussed include majority of Canadians who study medicine abroad were unsuccessful applicants to medical schools in Canada, the requirement for those with a foreign medical degree to complete the Medical Council of Canada Evaluating and Qualifying Examinations (MCCQE), a two-year Canadian residency training and policies limiting the number of postgraduate training opportunities for Canadians.
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- 2014
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14. DEVELOPMENTAL EFFECTS OF BIOACCUMULATED SELENIUM IN EGGS AND LARVAE OF TWO SALMONID SPECIES.
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Holm, Jodi, Palace, Vince, Siwik, Paula, Sterling, George, Evans, Robert, Baron, Christopher, Werner, Julieta, and Wautier, Kerry
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SELENIUM ,SALMON ,WATER pollution ,COAL mine waste - Abstract
Elevated concentrations of Se have been detected in cold, flowing water habitats near uranium and coal mines in Canada. Fish from these systems have concentrations of Se in their tissues that exceed toxic effect thresholds that have been established for warm-water fishes. However, the applicability of toxic effect thresholds and guidelines to cold water, lotic habitats is a matter of contention in the literature since most cases of Se toxicosis have been documented in standing, warm-water systems. To examine the possibility of impaired reproduction in wild rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) near coal mining activity in the northeastern slopes region of Alberta, Canada, spawn from both species were collected from exposure and reference sites. Gametes were fertilized in the laboratory, reared to the swim-up stage, and examined for deformities. A significant relationship was observed for rainbow trout between the amount of Se in eggs and the incidence of developmental abnormalities, specifically craniofacial defects, skeletal deformities, and edema. These associations approximate exponential functions with probabilities that 15% of the population would be affected occurring between 8.8 and 10.5 µg Se per gram of wet egg weight, based on probit analysis. These relationships are similar to those described for centrarchids inhabiting a seleniferous warm-water lake. No such relationships were established for brook trout. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
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15. Phantoms In The Snow: Canadians' Use Of Health Care Services In The United States.
- Author
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Katz, Steven J., Cardiff, Karen, Pascali, Marina, Barer, Morris L., and Evans, Robert G.
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MEDICAL care , *CANADIANS , *HEALTH surveys - Abstract
To examine the extent to which Canadian residents seek medical care across the border, we collected data about Canadians' use of services from ambulatory care facilities and hospitals located in Michigan, New York State, and Washington State during 1994-1998. We also collected information from several Canadian sources, including the 1996 National Population Health Survey, the provincial Ministries of Health, and the Canadian Life and Health Insurance Association. Results from these sources do not support the widespread perception that Canadian residents seek care extensively in the United States. Indeed, the numbers found are so small as to be barely detectible relative to the use of care by Canadians at home. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2002
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16. Two wings and a prayer: should Canada make it easier for Canadian doctors trained abroad to enter practice here?
- Author
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Barer ML, Evans RG, and Hedden L
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- Accreditation organization & administration, Accreditation standards, Canada, Foreign Medical Graduates organization & administration, Health Policy, Humans, Internship and Residency organization & administration, Physicians supply & distribution, Foreign Medical Graduates standards
- Abstract
About 3,600 Canadians are currently studying medicine abroad (CSMAs). Most hope to return to practise in Canada. But the road back is not easy. These graduates must complete postgraduate residency training in Canada and alas, there are less openings than there are aspirants. One might have thought, amid the endless rhetoric of "physician shortages," that an obvious solution would be to increase the number of residency positions. But provincial governments are well aware, even if the media are not, that Canada is in the early stages of a dramatic expansion in physician supply fuelled by increased domestic training capacity. Last time the physician supply outpaced population growth, as it is doing today, governments choked off the entry of international graduates. It could happen again., (Copyright © 2014 Longwoods Publishing.)
- Published
- 2014
17. "It doesn't have to be this way".
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Evans RG
- Subjects
- Canada, Economics, Medical history, Health Policy history, Health Services Research history, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century
- Abstract
Clyde Hertzman's sudden and untimely death was a terrible blow to those who knew him. It was also a major loss to health research and policy in canada and well beyond. He was an outstanding public academic, at the top of his intellectual game. here i attempt a highly selective and personal account of how he developed the conceptual framework that he called "the whole enchilada," of the social context influencing both biological and behavioural development from earliest infancy. From these roots spring our life trajectories, evolving social gradients of more--or less--successful experience at each life stage. the international performance of a society reflects the sum of these trajectories. Canada could do much better, but not in Harperland., (Copyright © 2013 Longwoods Publishing.)
- Published
- 2013
18. Stumbling over iron rice bowls: the quest for integrated continuing care for the elderly.
- Author
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Evans RG
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- Adult, Aged, Canada epidemiology, Delivery of Health Care, Integrated economics, Evidence-Based Practice, Forecasting, Health Care Costs, Health Services Needs and Demand, Health Services for the Aged economics, Health Services for the Aged supply & distribution, Healthy People Programs economics, Healthy People Programs organization & administration, Humans, Middle Aged, Politics, Delivery of Health Care, Integrated organization & administration, Health Policy, Health Services for the Aged organization & administration, Resource Allocation
- Abstract
Chappell and Hollander "offer an evidence-based policy prescription to meet the challenges …[of] an aging society." The fallacies of apocalyptic demography are briskly dismissed; their message is that decades of solid evidence support the critical importance of an integrated system of continuing care for the chronically ill elderly, both health services and home support. But the paper loses focus with discussions of "ageism", the compression of morbidity, and healthy communities. The authors might have explored why (as they argue) public policy has retreated from their prescription in recent decades. That prescription would require either a re-allocation of resources (incomes) away from politically well-entrenched interests, or simply more money. Neither appears currently promising.
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- 2011
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19. Why are some books important (and others not)?
- Author
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Evans RG, Barer ML, Hertzman C, Roos NP, and Wolfson M
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- Canada, Humans, Health Status Disparities, Social Class, Social Environment, Sociology, Medical
- Abstract
The book Why Are Some People Healthy and Others Not? The Determinants of Health of Populations represented a milestone in our evolving understanding of the determinants of population health. Building on Marc Lalonde's earlier A New Perspective on the Health of Canadians, it created a theoretical framework that could incorporate emerging evidence from a wide range of disciplines. Central to its authors' approach was the observation of heterogeneity, of the systematic differences in health observed when populations are partitioned on characteristics such as income, education, geographic region, etc. The universal observation of a social gradient, of a strong correlation between socio-economic class and health, led to a focus on how the social environment might influence health. Social position strongly influences both the stresses to which individuals are subject, and the resources available to cope with them. Furthermore, healthy and unhealthy responses to stress become "embedded", learned or conditioned both behaviourally and biologically, thus influencing health over the whole life course. The book's impact has been remarkable, not merely in academic citations but through its authors' subsequent work and strategic positions in Canadian health research organizations. The concept of "Population Health" has become part of our shared intellectual heritage.
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- 2010
20. A randomized comparison of continuous vs. intermittent infliximab maintenance regimens over 1 year in the treatment of moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis.
- Author
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Menter A, Feldman SR, Weinstein GD, Papp K, Evans R, Guzzo C, Li S, Dooley LT, Arnold C, and Gottlieb AB
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- Adult, Antibodies, Monoclonal adverse effects, Antibodies, Monoclonal immunology, Antibodies, Monoclonal pharmacokinetics, Antibodies, Monoclonal therapeutic use, Arthritis, Psoriatic drug therapy, Canada, Cross-Over Studies, Double-Blind Method, Drug Administration Schedule, Europe, Female, Humans, Immunosuppressive Agents adverse effects, Immunosuppressive Agents immunology, Immunosuppressive Agents pharmacokinetics, Immunosuppressive Agents therapeutic use, Infliximab, Infusions, Intravenous, Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic chemically induced, Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic epidemiology, Male, Middle Aged, Neoplasms epidemiology, Neoplasms etiology, Patients psychology, Psoriasis psychology, Quality of Life, Severity of Illness Index, Surveys and Questionnaires, Treatment Outcome, Tuberculosis epidemiology, Tuberculosis etiology, United States, Antibodies, Monoclonal administration & dosage, Immunosuppressive Agents administration & dosage, Psoriasis drug therapy
- Abstract
Background: Previous studies of infliximab in psoriasis have demonstrated rapid improvement with induction therapy and sustained response with regularly administered maintenance therapy., Objective: The efficacy and safety of continuous (every-8-week) and intermittent (as-needed) maintenance regimens were compared., Methods: Patients with moderate-to-severe psoriasis (n = 835) were randomized to induction therapy (weeks 0, 2, and 6) with infliximab 3 mg/kg or 5 mg/kg or placebo. Infliximab-treated patients were randomized again at week 14 to continuous or intermittent maintenance regimens at their induction dose., Results: At week 10, 75.5% and 70.3% of patients in the infliximab 5 mg/kg and 3 mg/kg groups, respectively, achieved PASI 75; 45.2% and 37.1% achieved PASI 90 (vs 1.9% [PASI 75] and 0.5% [PASI 90] for placebo; P < .001). Through week 50, PASI responses were better maintained with continuous compared with intermittent therapy within each dose, and with 5 mg/kg compared with 3 mg/kg continuous therapy., Limitations: Longer term (>1 year) maintenance therapy and further study of infliximab serum concentrations over this period, in both PASI 75 responders and non-responders, would be preferable., Conclusions: Through week 50, response was best maintained with continuous infliximab therapy. Infliximab was generally well-tolerated in most patients.
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
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21. Fat zombies, pleistocene tastes, autophilia and the "obesity epidemic".
- Author
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Evans RG
- Subjects
- Canada epidemiology, Dietary Fats adverse effects, Female, Humans, Male, Obesity etiology, Obesity epidemiology
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- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. The impact of deficit reduction on the nursing labour market in Canada: unintended consequences of fiscal reform.
- Author
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Vujicic M and Evans RG
- Subjects
- Adult, Canada, Cost Control, Empirical Research, Employment trends, Humans, Middle Aged, Personnel Downsizing, National Health Programs economics, Nurses supply & distribution
- Abstract
Introduction: Beginning in 1992, governments throughout Canada began reducing expenditures in an effort to eliminate fiscal deficits and reduce their alarmingly high debt burden. As part of this deficit-fighting era, governments reduced hospital expenditure levels quite dramatically. Some of the current problems in the Canadian healthcare system - the recent unrest in the nursing labour market in particular - are often attributed to this hospital downsizing era., Methods: This article examines trends in the labour market for registered nurses in Canada during the hospital downsizing period. Of particular interest is the effect of hospital spending reforms on nurse employment levels in hospitals and on the age structure of the nursing workforce. After identifying the trends, the main factors driving the trends are discussed., Results: Results indicate that a decrease in the demand for nursing labour resulted in large staff layoffs during the restructuring period, particularly among the youngest age groups., Discussion/conclusion: The evidence does not support the claim that deteriorating wages and working conditions in hospitals led nurses to quit their jobs during the hospital downsizing period.
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
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23. Consuming research, producing policy?
- Author
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Evans RG and Stoddart GL
- Subjects
- Canada, Delivery of Health Care economics, Health Policy, Health Services Research, Humans, Information Dissemination, Interdisciplinary Communication, Mortality, Public Health Informatics, Public Health Practice, United States, Delivery of Health Care organization & administration, Health Status, Health Status Indicators, Models, Theoretical, Socioeconomic Factors
- Abstract
The authors' 1990 article "Producing Health, Consuming Health Care" presented a conceptual framework for synthesizing a rapidly growing body of findings on the nonmedical determinants of health. The article received a very positive response, and here the authors reflect on what lessons might be learned from that response about the style or content of effective interdisciplinary communication. Much substantive knowledge has been accumulated since 1990, and a number of different frameworks have been developed before and since. The authors situate theirs within this literature and consider how they might have modified it if they "knew then what they know now." They ask what impact this article, and the much broader stream of research on the determinants of health, has had on public policy?
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Influence of direct to consumer pharmaceutical advertising and patients' requests on prescribing decisions: two site cross sectional survey.
- Author
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Mintzes B, Barer ML, Kravitz RL, Kazanjian A, Bassett K, Lexchin J, Evans RG, Pan R, and Marion SA
- Subjects
- Adult, Canada, Cross-Sectional Studies, Health Care Surveys, Humans, United States, Advertising, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Pharmaceutical Preparations, Practice Patterns, Physicians'
- Published
- 2002
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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