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Three complementary models of how peer relationship problems (exclusion and victimization) and aggressive behaviors relate to prospective levels of internalizing problems are examined. The additive risks model proposes that peer problems and aggression cumulatively increase risks for internalizing problems. The reciprocal risks model hypothesizes that peer problems and aggression transact over time and mediate the effects of each other on prospective internalizing problems. Last, the internalizing risks model proposes that, in addition to aggressive behaviors, prior internalizing problems also provoke peer problems that, in turn, further elevate risks for prospective internalizing problems. Data came from a sample of 453 low-income, ethnically diverse children in kindergarten to Grade 3 who were assessed 3 times over 1 school term (in January, March and June). Findings supported the internalizing risks model. Four key pathways were found to increase risks for internalizing problems by the end of the school year; 2 of these routes were rooted in aggressive behaviors, and 3 paths operated indirectly via levels of peer problems in the spring. Children who were initially aggressive became excluded by peers by the spring, whereas children who initially showed more symptoms of depression and anxiety became victimized by peers by the spring. In turn, both peer exclusion and victimization increased prospective levels of internalizing problems by the end of the school year.

The emerging literature on embodied cognition highlights the role that the body plays in cognitive and affective processes. We investigated whether different body postures, specifically leaning postures thought to reflect different states of cognitive focus, can impact cognitive focus and task performance. In three experiments we confirmed that different postures are perceived reliably by others to convey distinct and different states of cognitive focus. However, the individuals who actually adopted the postures did not experience any subjective change in cognitive focus nor demonstrate any influence of leaning posture on performance across a range of tasks that varied in their naturalness and complexity. Only by instructing participants to adopt a posture associated with a focused or unfocused cognitive state did an association between performance and posture emerge. These data indicate that changes in one's body do not necessarily yield a reliable change in one's cognitive state, even when (a) those changes in body are reliably perceived by others as inducing a change in cognitive state, and (b) changes in cognitive state lead to robust changes in the body. In light of these findings, we propose two related accounts that point to leaning behavior as being the result of one's increasing need to focus. Thus, rather than influencing cognitive state, leaning behavior may instead reflect the embodiment of one's cognitive state of focus. (Contains 2 figures and 3 footnotes.)

While Aboriginal youth mentoring has been used as a teaching process for thousands of years and the tradition continues, little attention has been paid to documenting what elements make learning experiences transformational. As part of the evaluation of the Aldara Yenara mentoring program, this Aboriginal-led scoping review examined literature about transformational mentoring programs from Canada, Australia and Aotearoa New Zealand to understand their key elements and provide guidance for future research and practice. The use of relational mapping was applied in an attempt to locate literature written by Aboriginal scholars including grey literature. Twenty-seven documents were reviewed including 20 from the peer-reviewed literature and seven acquired through the relational mapping. A total of 13 met the inclusion criteria, predominantly written by non-Aboriginal authors. Four distinct themes emerged and informed our narrative synthesis. Absent in this material, largely neither led nor owned by Aboriginal people, was any reference to connection to Country as central to Aboriginal transformational healing programs. Without Aboriginal leadership, communication and processes in these programs, there was a failure to draw on Aboriginal understandings of healing spaces. From here on in, research and practice in this area must be Aboriginal-led to ensure deeper, Aboriginal-informed understandings for First Nations transformational mentoring programs. IMPLICATIONS Existing youth mentoring literature is dominated by western understandings and perceptions. Thus, it often fails to offer the nuanced benefits of Aboriginal youth holding or growing their relationship to Country for their wellbeing and personal development Mentoring programs that are culturally strong from First Nations worldviews are key to providing transformational experiences: that is, cultural connectedness encourages, motivates, and creates healing spaces for Aboriginal youth While social work has facilitated normative western narratives for youth and their wellbeing, future Aboriginal mentoring program need to be both led and evaluated by First Nations people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Accounting Perspectives is the property of Canadian Academic Accounting Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Assessed attachment/indiscriminate friendliness in children who spent at least eight months in Romanian orphanages (RO); a nonadopted, never-institutionalized Canadian group; and an early-adopted Romanian group. Found that RO children showed more insecure attachment and indiscriminate friendliness than others. Insecure RO children had more behavior problems, lower intelligence, and parents with more parenting stress than securely attached RO children. (Author/KB)

Wood ash amendment to forest soils contributes to the sustainability of the growing bioenergy industry, not only through decreased wood ash waste disposal in landfills but also by increasing soil/site productivity and tree growth. However, tree growth studies to date have reported variable responses to wood ash, highlighting the need to identify proper application rates under various soil/site conditions to maximize their benefits. We explored the influence of tree species, wood ash nutrient application rates, time since application, stand development stage, and initial (i.e., before wood ash application) soil pH and N on short‐term tree growth response to wood ash amendment across eight unique study sites spanning five Canadian Provinces. Jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb) had the most positive response to wood ash amendment compared to white (Picea glauca Moench), hybrid (Picea engelmannii x glauca Parry), and black spruce (Picea mariana Miller), where increasing nutrient application rates increased height growth response. In comparison, black spruce had the most negative response to wood ash amendment, where increasing nutrient application rates slightly decreased height growth response. Site as a random effect explained additional variation, highlighting the importance of other unidentified site characteristics. By examining trends in short‐term growth response across multiple studies with variable site characteristics, we found growth response differed by tree species and nutrient application rates, and that jack pine is a promising candidate for wood ash amendment. These results contribute to our knowledge of optimal wood ash amendment practices and environmentally sustainable bioenergy production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Responses of Canadian university students, faculty, and townspeople to a questionnaire regarding perceptions toward multiculturalism revealed much variability in ethnic self-descriptions, suggesting that the language-identity link may not be essential for continuing identity. (Author/CB)

We provide an overview of the regulatory framework, pathways and underlying regulatory authority for cell, gene and tissue-engineered therapies in Canada. Canada's regulatory approach uses three sets of regulations, namely, the Cells, Tissues and Organs Regulations, the Food and Drug Regulations and the Medical Devices Regulations. We provide an overview of each these sets of regulations as they apply to clinical investigation to post-market product lifecycle stages. Information is provided on the current sources of relevant Health Canada guidance documents. We highlight several regional success stories including Prochymal, a cell therapy product that achieved Canadian regulatory approval using the conditional marketing approval system. We also examine the perceived gaps in the Canadian regulations and how those gaps are being addressed by interactions between the government, stakeholders and international bodies. We conclude that the risk-benefit approach used by Health Canada for regulatory approval processes is sufficiently flexible to enable to development of novel cell and gene therapy products in Canada, yet stringent enough to protect patient safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Demands for mental health services in post‐secondary institutions are increasing. This paper describes key features of a response to these needs: ACCESS Open Minds University of Alberta (ACCESS OM UA) is focused on improving mental health services for first‐year students, as youth transition to university and adulthood. Methods: The core transformation activities at ACCESS OM UA are described, including early case identification, rapid access, appropriate and timely connections to follow‐up care and engagement of students and families/carers. In addition, we depict local experiences of transforming existing services around these objectives. Results: The ACCESS OM UA Network has brought together staff with diverse backgrounds in order to address the unique needs of students. Together with the addition of ACCESS Clinicians these elements represent a systematic effort to support not just mental health, but the student as a whole. Key learnings include the importance of community mapping to developing networks and partnerships, and engaging stakeholders from design through to implementation for transformation to be sustainable. Conclusions: Service transformation grounded in principles of community‐based research allows for incorporation of local knowledge, expertise and opportunities. This approach requires ample time to consult, develop rapport between staff and stakeholders across diverse units and develop processes in keeping with local opportunities and constraints. Ongoing efforts will continue to monitor changing student needs and to evaluate and adapt the transformations outlined in this paper to reflect those needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Youth mental health is of paramount significance to society globally. Given early onset of mental disorders and the inadequate access to appropriate services, a meaningful service transformation, based on globally recognized principles, is necessary. The aim of this paper is to describe a national Canadian project designed to achieve transformation of mental health services and to evaluate the impact of such transformation on individual and system related outcomes. Method: We describe a model for transformation of services for youth with mental health and substance abuse problems across 14 geographically, linguistically and culturally diverse sites, including large and small urban, rural, First Nations and Inuit communities as well as homeless youth and a post‐secondary educational setting. The principles guiding service transformation and objectives are identical across all sites but the method to achieve them varies depending on prevailing resources, culture, geography and the population to be served and how each community can best utilize the extra resources for transformation. Results: Each site is engaged in community mapping of services followed by training, active stakeholder engagement with youth and families, early case identification initiatives, providing rapid access (within 72 hours) to an assessment of the presenting problems, facilitating connection to an appropriate service within 30 days (if required) with no transition based on age within the 11 to 25 age group and a structured evaluation to track outcomes over the period of the study. Conclusions: Service transformation that is likely to achieve substantial change involves very detailed and carefully orchestrated processes guided by a set of values, principles, clear objectives, training and evaluation. The evidence gathered from this project can form the basis for scaling up youth mental health services in Canada across a variety of environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses how young mothers in London, a mid-size city in Canada, utilize a drop-in centre service while attending an alternative programme to acquire secondary school credits. The central arguments made here are informed by key concepts in the field of girlhood studies. With its attention to the interconnections between gender, age, and generation as well as other aspects of social identity, girlhood studies provides crucial insight into the lived experiences of young mothers who straddle the space between girlhood and adulthood. We interpret the experiences of the young mothers who participated in this study in light of shifting meanings and expectations of girls and girlhood in the neoliberal era. Drawing on the concept of the ideal neoliberal girl subject embodied in the 'can do' and 'at risk' girl, this paper highlights the tensions in accessing a drop-in centre, which functions as both a site of security and surveillance, for a group of young mothers receiving social services. The findings revealed how girls who are mothers struggle to live in the present to assert a legitimate maternal identity even as they are prepared for the future through neoliberal public policies and other disciplinary practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Bulletin of Medical History is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: To conduct a systematic review of studies of social media platforms used by young people to discuss and view deliberate self-harm. Study Design: 11 electronic databases were searched from January 2000 to January 2012 for primary research; in June 2014 an updated search of Medline was conducted. Grey literature sources were also searched. Search results were screened by two reviewers. Data were extracted by one reviewer and verified by another. Methodological quality was assessed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. Results: Due to heterogeneity in study objectives and outcomes, results were not pooled; a narrative analysis is presented. 26 studies were included. Most were conducted in Canada or the UK (30.8% each), used qualitative designs (42.3%), and evaluated discussion forums (73.1%). Participants were most often aged 19–21 years (69.2%), female (mean 68.6%), and 19.2% had a documented history of depression. The social media platforms evaluated were commonly supportive and provided a sense of community among users. Support included suggestions for formal treatment, advice on stopping self-harming behavior, and encouragement. Harms included normalizing and accepting self-harming behavior; discussion of motivation or triggers, concealment, suicidal ideation or plans; and live depictions of self-harm acts. Conclusions: Although this evidence is limited by its descriptive nature, studies identify beneficial and detrimental effects for young people using social media to discuss and view deliberate self-harm. The connections users make online may be valuable to explore for therapeutic benefit. Prospective, longitudinal investigations are needed to identify short- and long-term potential harms associated with use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three complementary models of how peer relationship problems (exclusion and victimization) and aggressive behaviors relate to prospective levels of internalizing problems are examined. The additive risks model proposes that peer problems and aggression cumulatively increase risks for internalizing problems. The reciprocal risks model hypothesizes that peer problems and aggression transact over time and mediate the effects of each other on prospective internalizing problems. Last, the internalizing risks model proposes that, in addition to aggressive behaviors, prior internalizing problems also provoke peer problems that, in turn, further elevate risks for prospective internalizing problems. Data came from a sample of 453 low-income, ethnically diverse children in kindergarten to Grade 3 who were assessed 3 times over 1 school term (in January, March and June). Findings supported the internalizing risks model. Four key pathways were found to increase risks for internalizing problems by the end of the school year; 2 of these routes were rooted in aggressive behaviors, and 3 paths operated indirectly via levels of peer problems in the spring. Children who were initially aggressive became excluded by peers by the spring, whereas children who initially showed more symptoms of depression and anxiety became victimized by peers by the spring. In turn, both peer exclusion and victimization increased prospective levels of internalizing problems by the end of the school year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An extensive community of organisms inhabits the common periwinkle, Littorina littorea (L., 1758), along the wave-swept rocky shores of Canada's East coast. This community, which includes both facultative and obligate endosymbionts, comprises a diverse array of species from seven animal phyla, including Annelida, Arthropoda, Gnathostomulida, Nematoda, Nemertea, and Platyhelminthes, as well as ciliates and algae. The presence of larger numbers of endosymbionts was found to correlate with specific shell characteristics of the snail host, including a wider aperture and columella, suggesting that these individuals have a larger mantle cavity relative to snails housing a small community of endosymbionts. Snails with large communities of endosymbionts were usually encrusted with coralline algae and often had trematode infections. Although L. littorea has been extensively studied since the last century, the existence of this community of organisms has passed unnoticed. The large diversity of organisms in this community suggests that these snails may provide refugia for a wide range of smaller taxa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prenatal ultrasound images are gaining increasing salience in visual culture. Janelle Taylor (2002) suggests that fetal ultrasound images have a public life, due to their presence in advertisements, magazines and anti-abortion propaganda. In its early stages of use, the possibility for ultrasound technology to produce an image of the fetus meant that physicians were able to visualize and identify organ development and fetal anomalies. Receiving a print or copy of the ultrasound image quickly became standard practice for women in hospitals and clinics, acting as visual proof of the presence of the fetus. I submit that the allure of the fetal ultrasound image has since eclipsed its medical purpose in popular culture. Over the last decade, we have seen a shift in the use of ultrasound, from a medical diagnostic tool performed in hospital or medical clinic, to a means through which to obtain an image of the fetus. Private clinics have opened across Canada and the United States for the purpose of producing ultrasound images and video as a keepsake for the pregnant woman and her family. These images then continue their "public life" through sharing, both in person and online, through social networking websites and email. When produced for this purpose, the ultrasound image acts as "baby's first picture" (Mitchell and Georges, 1998). This paper interrogates the practice of producing ultrasound images for keepsake purposes and examines the impact of these images on interpersonal and social relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the seroprevalence data for feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) in various populations of cats in Canada. It presents some recommendations on the testing of FeLV and FIV including educating veterinarians and cat owners about its importance and reducing barriers. Furthermore, it stresses the need to enhance the diagnostics and vaccines for the said viruses to improve outcomes.

The article explores the significance of spiritual and holistic learning and teaching ideas that appear to hold a vital promise for enlightening and humanizing legal education and practice in Canada. It discusses several law courses that involves spirituality in the teaching such as the Hale and Dorr Course and the Reflective Lawyer Course. It stresses that the mentioned courses could be used to create a more caring and value-oriented legal environment in the country.

Objectives: This paper describes the experience and evaluation of a shared care project targeted at marginalized individuals living in the North End of Halifax, Nova Scotia. This population has high rates of psychiatric disorder, often comorbid with chronic medical conditions, and people have difficulty in obtaining the help they need. This primary care liaison service covers all ages and includes outreach to emergency shelters, transitional housing and drop-in centres. Collaborative care improved access, satisfaction and outcomes for marginalized individuals in urban settings. Primary care providers with access to the service reported greater comfort in dealing with mental health problems, and satisfaction with collaborative care, as well as mental health services in general. Results were significantly better than those of control practices when such data were available. The median wait time was 6 days in comparison with 39.5 days for the comparison site. Conclusions: This model can complement other initiatives to improve the health of marginalized populations, and may be relevant to Australia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the paper concerning the role of citizen in urban naturalization in Canada presented at the international symposium on "The Natural City" on June 23-25, 2004 in Toronto, Ontario. It is stated that across the country, volunteer-based community organizations aim to restore the degraded urban habitats are increasing. Here, the paper addresses the challenges that the municipalities face in terms of caring the sufficient supplies of urban natural green space to meet the ecological and social needs. It also highlights several partnership-based approaches to overcome various challenges.

With the constant quest for new sources of superfoods to supplement the largely nutrient deficient diet of the modern society, sea cucumbers are gaining increasing popularity. Three species of sea cucumbers, Cucumaria frondosa , Apostichopus californicus and Apostichopus japonicus were collected from three geographical regions, Atlantic and Pacific coast of Canada and Yellow sea/ East China sea in China, respectively. These organisms were sectioned into parts (body wall, tentacles, internal organ, skin and muscle) and analysed for total arsenic (As) by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and As species by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to ICP-MS. Normal and reversed sequential extractions were optimised to address As distribution between lipids (polar and non-polar) and water-extractable fractions. Two extraction methods for water-extractable As were compared in terms of the number and the amount of extracted species. The results revealed that total As concentration and As species distribution varies significantly between sea cucumbers species. Total As in studied body parts ranged between 2.8 ± 0.52 and 7.9 ± 1.2 mg kg−1, with an exception of the muscle tissue of A. californicus , where it reached to 36 ± 3.5 mg kg−1. Arsenobetaine (AsB) was the most abundant As species in A. californicus and A. japonicus , however, inorganic As represented over 70% of total recovered As in the body parts of C. frondosa. Arsenosugars-328 and 482 were found in all studied body parts whereas arsenosugar-408 was only found in the skin of A. californicus. This is the first time that such a variation in As species distribution between sea cucumber species has been shown. Image 1 • First study of As speciation in sea cucumber body parts. • Water-extractable As shown significant variation between sea cucumber species. • Arsenobetaine is dominant species in Apostichopus californicus and Apostichopus japonicas. • Main fraction of recovered As in Cucumaria frondosa is inorganic As. • Arsenic is not removed from sea cucumber during thermal preparation for consumption. Sea cucumbers accumulate appreciable quantities of As, with significant variation in the abundance of water-extractable As compounds between three studied sea cucumbers species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]