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The results and interpretations of published Canadian field studies on the reproductive status of fish in waters receiving pulp and paper mill effluent discharges were reviewed. Most of the information was obtained from indicator measurements such as gonad size, fecundity, and serum steroid levels in wild fish sampled at reference and effluent-exposed sites. Difficulties in selecting appropriate sampling sites, natural variability, and the ecological relevance of the indicator measurements were identified as major complicating factors for the interpretation of the field data. Consequently, it was not possible to conclude to what extent, if any, widespread effects on fish reproduction are being caused by pulp and paper mill effluents or that specific manufacturing processes are causing such effects. Further research on the normal variability and predictive capability of reproductive indicators, for example, using an integrated approach (i.e., laboratory testing, mesocosm studies, and field work), is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lake Diefenbaker Irrigation Canals in Canada are crucial in providing water for irrigation, preventing droughts and floods, and supporting the Saskatchewan agriculture industry and economy. Unfortunately, filamentous algal blooms occur every summer in Lake Diefenbaker Irrigation Canals. These algae are not toxic but a nuisance. They block farmers' pumps and reduce irrigation water flow rates. Currently, the Water Security Agency periodically adds the algaecide Magnacide H. to control the algal blooms, which is costly (i.e., one million dollars per year for the Lake Diefenbaker M1 Irrigation Canal only) and requires effort to dewater the canal to protect fish. Therefore, algae removal before the canal water enters farmer's pumps might be a cost-effective alternative, especially the removal of microalgae during the initial stages of growth in June of each year. This paper has summarized and evaluated algae removal technologies, considering their advantages, disadvantages, and potential solutions for addressing the challenges and limitations associated with these technologies. Five algae removal technologies were identified as promising, which are suspended air flotation (SAF), dissolved air flotation (DAF), hydrodynamic cavitation, spiral blade centrifuge, and coagulation. Among them, SAF seems the most suitable option, while DAF and hydrodynamic cavitation offer eco-friendly advantages. Further research and pilot testing are needed to determine the costeffective and feasible algae removal technology for Lake Diefenbaker Irrigation Canals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cold regions provide water resources for half the global population yet face rapid change. Their hydrology is dominated by snow, ice and frozen soils, and climate warming is having profound effects. Hydrological models have a key role in predicting changing water resources but are challenged in cold regions. Ground‐based data to quantify meteorological forcing and constrain model parameterization are limited, while hydrological processes are complex, often controlled by phase change energetics. River flows are impacted by poorly quantified human activities. This paper discusses the scientific and technical challenges of the large‐scale modelling of cold region systems and reports recent modelling developments, focussing on MESH, the Canadian community hydrological land surface scheme. New cold region process representations include improved blowing snow transport and sublimation, lateral land‐surface flow, prairie pothole pond storage dynamics, frozen ground infiltration and thermodynamics, and improved glacier modelling. New algorithms to represent water management include multistage reservoir operation. Parameterization has been supported by field observations and remotely sensed data; new methods for parameter identification have been used to evaluate model uncertainty and support regionalization. Additionally, MESH has been linked to broader decision‐support frameworks, including river ice simulation and hydrological forecasting. The paper also reports various applications to the Saskatchewan and Mackenzie River basins in western Canada (0.4 and 1.8 million km2). These basins arise in glaciated mountain headwaters, are partly underlain by permafrost, and include remote and incompletely understood forested, wetland, agricultural and tundra ecoregions. These illustrate the current capabilities and limitations of cold region modelling, and the extraordinary challenges to prediction, including the need to overcoming biases in forcing data sets, which can have disproportionate effects on the simulated hydrology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The implementation of school reforms to advance reconciliation with Indigenous peoples provides an opportunity to explore what Canadians think is important in framing their identities and values. This paper draws on data from a survey of public perspectives on education for reconciliation activities in two Canadian provinces, Alberta and Saskatchewan. We consider the broader community context within which schools are located. By examining public perspectives, we are able to assess how curricular initiatives related to reconciliation are understood by community members, both as a priority in itself and in relation to other key curricular areas. Informed by critical race theory, our findings suggest that reconciliation is restricted to activities that do not involve extensive change to existing curricular and ideational frameworks. These perspectives exist alongside extensive opposition to reconciliation justified by claims that Indigenous experiences and perspectives are receiving undue attention relative to more pressing educational priorities. Our findings suggest that aims to transform dominant understandings about Canadian history and identity remain far from being fulfilled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I examine the place of the Canadian Football League's (CFL) Saskatchewan Roughriders in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan's political history. Drawing on Canadian political economy and affect theory, I argue that political despair has been a defining feature of the Saskatchewan experience, an affective dimension of the province's place in the Canadian political economy. During difficult times, the historically mediocre Roughriders have served as a convenient metaphor—the scrappy underdog. In more recent years, however, a more prosperous Saskatchewan and more successful Roughriders team has led to the emergence of the "Rider Nation," a political identity based on a rejection of this despair. This identity, I argue, has been successfully captured by Premier Brad Wall and his conservative Saskatchewan Party, who have worked to locate themselves as the leaders of the Rider Nation and harbingers of "better times." Ultimately, however, I argue that the Rider Nation is an exclusionary identity, centred solely on the experience of white settler Saskatchewanians while erasing those experiences of Indigenous peoples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Collaboration among Indigenous Peoples and the Saskatchewan government in Canada has led to Indigenous K-12 education progress concerning First Nations and Métis peoples, the Indigenous populations whose traditional territories exist within Saskatchewan. Acknowledging such advancements, this paper is concerned with how white identified students continue to graduate with higher completion and achievement rates than Métis and First Nations students. Critical race theory (CRT) can assist with understanding how racialised statistics persist in spite of decades of government administered Indigenous education initiatives and mandates. Contributing to anti-racist informed Indigenous education scholarship, this study applies aspects of CRT scholar Cheryl Harris's whiteness as property theory to a qualitative critical race methodological analysis of 13 Métis teachers' K-12. stories of racism. When viewed from a CRT lens, the findings suggest Métis teachers' experiences with racism in K-12 schools can contribute to our understanding of how to ensure democratic and racially just practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of People & Nature is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Research has historically exploited Indigenous communities, particularly in the medical and health sciences, due to the dominance of discriminatory colonial systems. In many regions across Canada and worldwide, historical and continued injustices have worsened health among Indigenous Peoples. Global health crises such as climate change are most adversely impacting Indigenous communities, as their strong connection to the land means that even subtle changes in the environment can disproportionately affect local food and health systems. As we explore strategies for climate change preparedness and adaptation, Indigenous Peoples have a wealth of Traditional Knowledge to tackle specific climate and related health issues. If combined with digital citizen science, data collection by citizens within a community could provide relevant and timely information about specific jurisdictions. Digital devices such as smartphones, which have widespread ownership, can enable equitable participation in citizen science projects to obtain big data for mitigating and managing climate change impacts. Informed by a Two-Eyed Seeing approach, a decolonized lens to digital citizen science can advance climate change adaptation and preparedness efforts. This paper describes the 'Bridge Framework' for decolonizing digital citizen science using a case study with a subarctic Indigenous community in Saskatchewan, Canada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Battle of Little Big Puck is an annual event hosted in Maple Creek that challenges the way we think about how sport, history, heritage, and community intersect and play out in rural Canada. The event pits 'Cowboys against the Indians 'in a hockey game and symbolic performance of identity, culture, and community. For this paper, we used a participatory methodology to co-construct narratives of the event in order to explore how it is understood and communicated in and for the community. We drew from interviews, public accounts, and observations to discuss two components of the larger narrative of this event. We discuss a historical narrative of contact and collaboration between Nekaneet First Nation and local rodeo cowboys and a contemporary narrative of urban-rural difference and misunderstanding, which provides a platform for community culture, specifically the expression of 'the way we do things out here. 'Collectively, these narratives provide insights into local understandings of settler-Indigenous relations in one region of rural Saskatchewan and speak to the potential of sport and recreation as sites for contact, interaction, and the expression of distinct and collective aspects of culture and community in rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article criticizes the study conducted by Cote and associates on Saskatchewan adults with whiplash injuries in Canada. The authors concluded that the cause of the prolonged recovery is the treatment because patients who initially treat more frequently with chiropractors and general practitioners go on to have longer recoveries than those who treat less. It is considered scandalous that Cote twisted a common sense finding into a new paradigm of healthcare.

Access to safe drinking water remains a significant challenge for many Indigenous communities in Canada, particularly for remote communities. This stems from historic colonial practices of water governance that have relied on Western worldviews and excluded Indigenous Peoples. Using an Indigenist research framework and a Community-Based Participatory Research design, we, as Indigenous and non-Indigenous collaborative research team wanted to learn from remote Indigenous communities, including Star Blanket Cree First Nation and the Cumberland House Village at the Treaty 4 and 5 territories (known as Saskatchewan) that have not been adequately represented in water governance. Following this, we used storytelling and deep listening to engage seven Elders and knowledge-keepers from the two communities. The findings show Indigenous People have spiritual and historical worldviews and practices surrounding water and its governance. Promoting Indigenous worldviews in water governance is critical to enhancing access to safe drinking water within the two communities. Therefore, reviving and reconnecting Indigenous drinking water governance promotes community healing and water protection. Insights from this paper propose a meaningful bridge between Western and Indigenous perspectives and the capacity to govern water through deep and complex practices and meanings of water governance. • Remote Indigenous communities lack access to safe drinking water. • Understanding the spirituality of water is key to Indigenous water governance. • Reclaiming Indigenous water stories is key to water reconciliation. • Collaborative water governance enhances access to safe drinking water. • Collaborative water governance promotes sovereignty and self-governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Human Rights is the property of Canadian Journal of Human Rights and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper we present the results of interviews conducted with 14 First Nations in Saskatchewan on the ways in which they balance the need for economic development while meeting the social welfare needs of community members. Specific themes include (i) the separation between business and politics; (ii) the existence and role of boards of directors; (iii) strategic versus reactive decision-making; and (iv) the tension between revenue reinvestment and disbursement. Among the First Nations interviewed, three have put into place formal structures to separate business from politics, and have prioritized strategic and long-term investment over revenue dispersal. The remaining 11 First Nations use economic development as a vehicle to meet the social welfare needs of community members, including the funding of social program, Elders care, family allowances, and host of other social welfare services. This paper offers insight into the challenges First Nation governments encounter as they struggle to meet the diverse needs of their citizenry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Canada, new forage varieties need not undergo grazing trials before registration and sale. To evaluate the effect of grazing, six cool-season species including meadow bromegrass (Bromus riparius Rehmann), orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifoila Scop.), and three alfalfa varieties (Medicago sativa L.) were established in monocultures and grass–legume binary mixtures in Saskatchewan, Canada. Forage treatments were randomly established within each of three 3.5 ha paddock replicates. In Year 1, 69 Bos taurus crossbred steers, and in Year 2, 149 steers were homogenously allocated to the three paddocks for the grazing trials. Alfalfa monocultures had the greatest (p < 0.05) pre-graze forage yields and crude protein content. Leaf area index was greater in alfalfa monocultures than in all other treatments (p < 0.01). Etiolated growth differed (p < 0.05) among binary mixtures but not monocultures. Alfalfa monoculture stands were preferred over grass monocultures and most grass–legume mixtures, and sainfoin was avoided relative to alfalfa. Killarney orchardgrass was the least productive and least preferred among forages evaluated. In summary, alfalfa monocultures had greater (p < 0.05) forage yields and quality than sainfoin monocultures, grass–legume binary mixtures, or grass monocultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study adds to a small body of Canadian literature investigating the ways that newcomer women experience, and are impacted by, intimate partner violence (IPV). The study involved qualitative interviews with 15 newcomer women who migrated to Saskatchewan, Canada, from 12 different countries. These findings provide insight into participants' complex lived experiences and illustrate how women's status as newcomers intersected with their experiences of IPV. As well as abuse related to language ability and immigration status, participants in our study described their experiences of physical; sexual; emotional; psychological; economic; and legal abuse; as well as coercive control; isolation; surveillance, stalking, and harassment while in the relationship and after separation; challenges with shared parenting; and the imposition of patriarchal values. Perpetrators of IPV maintained control by intentionally isolating survivors, and participants were also isolated due to their status as a newcomer and their limited English-language ability and social connections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Social & Cultural Geography is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Various studies conducted over the past three decades have highlighted the social, political, and economic impact that women homesteaders had on the western prairie region. Their involvement on the family homestead, whether taking part in subsistence and domestic chores or as workers in the fields, was a necessary aspect of the development and success of family farming and an agriculture-based economy in Western Canada. This paper reveals details of another aspect of family labor that often fell on the shoulders of women, that is, the provision of medical care needed to ensure the health of themselves, their spouses, and their children. Given the labor-intensive nature of the frontier lifestyle, the associated physical hazards, the number of disease-susceptible children in the region, and the scarcity of medical institutions and personnel, women were often called upon by their families and neighbors to deal with outbreaks of disease, injuries, and health crises. Using survey data collected by the Saskatchewan Archives Board in 1955 to illustrate the nature of the work performed, this paper argues that women's health care labor efforts were vital to the preservation of homesteading families in the prairie region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Canada, over 300 heavy vehicles equipped with central tire inflation systems are being used in forestry, mining, and grain hauling. Since 1995, Saskatchewan Highways and Transportation has permitted truck fleets to operate with primary highway axle loads on secondary highways under a partnership program. This paper reports on the comparison of rutting progression on an accelerated field experiment utilizing standard and reduced tire pressures. The experiment was conducted by Saskatchewan Highways and Transportation in the Big Quill Lake area of southern Saskatchewan. The vehicles used in the experiment were nine-axle B trains, eight-axle B trains, and six-axle semi-trailers. The statistical analysis of rutting data presented in the paper shows that reduced tire pressures can effectively extend the pavement service life of gravel and thin membrane surfaced roads. On the thin membrane pavements, there was less rutting on the low-pressure lane until twice as many vehicles had trafficked the road, and rutting was no worse on the low-pressure lane even when 10 times as many vehicles had trafficked the road. On the gravel surface, rut depth was lower on the low-pressure lane until twice as many trucks had trafficked that lane.Key words: rutting, pavement, central tire inflation, tire pressure, low-volume roads, unsurfaced roads.Au Canada, plus de 300 véhicules lourds équipés de systèmes centraux de gonflement des pneus sont en usage dans les secteurs forestier et minier et pour le transport de grains. Depuis 1995, le département des autoroutes et des transports de la Saskatchewan (« Saskatchewan Highways and Transportation ») a permis aux flottes de camions d'opérer sur des autoroutes secondaires avec des charges aux essieux pour autoroutes primaires dans le cadre d'un programme de partenariat. Cet article se penche sur la comparaison de la progression de l'orniérage lors d'un essai accéléré sur le terrain en utilisant des pressions normales et réduites pour les pneus. L'essai a été conduit par le département des autoroutes et des transports de la Saskatchewan dans la région du lac Big Quill, dans le sud de la province. Les véhicules employés durant l'essai ont été des trains routiers de type B à neuf essieux, des trains routiers de type B à huit essieux et des semi-remorques à six essieux. Les analyses statistique des données sur l'orniérage présentées dans cet article montrent que des pressions réduites pour les pneus peuvent de fait étendre la durée de vie de la chaussée pour des routes de gravier et à membrane mince. Sur les chaussées à membrane mince, il y a moins d'orniérage sur la voie employée avec des pneus à pression réduite jusqu'à ce que le traffic de véhicules soit deux fois plus élevé, et l'orniérage n'est pas plus mauvais sur la voie dédiée pour les pneus à pression réduite même lorsque le traffic de véhicules est dix fois plus élevé. Sur la surface de gravier, la profondeur des ornières est plus basse sur la voie pour les pneus à pression réduite jusqu'à ce que le traffic de camions soit deux plus élevé.Mots clés : orniérage, chaussée, gonflement de pneus central, pression de pneus, routes à volume réduit, routes non-pavées.[Traduit par la Rédaction] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on the book "World Agriculture in a Post-GATT Environment: New Rules, New Strategies: Proceeding of a symposium in Organized by Saskatchewan Wheat Pool and the University of Saskatchewan held at Saskatoon, June 13 through 15, 1994," edited by Richard Gray, Tilman Becker and Andrew Schmitz. Here nineteen papers originally presented at a conference in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, in June 1994, analyze the implications of the GATT for agricultural trade and discuss the rules and strategies required to compete in the new GATT setting. Papers focus on implications of the Uruguay Round for agricultural policy; agricultural trade dispute settlement and the GATT; traffication in the Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture and its significance for Europe; an Australian perspective on world agriculture in a post-GATT environment: U.S. agriculture in a post-GATT world; the implications of GATT for agriculture in East Asia; the effects of GATT on Canadian environmental and farm policy; trade, agriculture, and the environment.

This investigation establishes an integrated method for rare earth elements (REE) exploration through a very promising and advanced exploration prospect in the Alces Lake area (SK, Canada) by assessing the integrated analysis of several multisource geophysical datasets. The resulting outcome provides important lithostructural information to the well-exposed, mineralized middle-to-lower crust at Alces Lake, comprising deep-seated poly-phase folds, ductile shear zones, and brittle faults. Geophysical–geological models of the Alces Lake property were constructed at different scales. The area of interest is located within the Beaverlodge Domain, about 28 km north of the Athabasca Basin's northern margin. It contains some of the highest-grade rare earth elements (REE) in the world with the REE hosted predominantly in monazites within quartzo-feldspathic granitic to biotite–garnet–monazite–zircon-rich restite-bearing/cumulate mush melt pegmatites of anatectic origin (abyssal). Geophysical magnetic, gravity, and radiometric data were used together with Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) images to facilitate the processing, modeling, and interpretation. Consequently, major structures were identified at different scales; however, the emphasis was given to studying those at the district/camp scale. The REE zones discovered to date occur within a large district-scale refolded synformal anticline. The eastern limb of this folded structure comprises a 30–40 km long, NW-trending shear zone/fault corridor with deep-seated structural crustal roots that may have served as the major pathway for ascending fluids/melts and facilitated the emplacement of mineralization. Thus, shear zones, faults, and folds in combination with lithological contacts/rheological contrasts appear to control residual/cumulate pegmatite emplacement and monazite deposition. Anomalies obtained from the airborne equivalent thorium survey data prove to be the most useful for REE pegmatite exploration. The results herein provide new interpretation and modeling perspectives leading to a better understanding of the distribution and lithostructural controls of REE on the property, and to new guidelines for future exploration programs at Alces Lake and elsewhere in northern Saskatchewan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose -- The purpose of this paper is to discuss the experiences of multiple forced migrations and resettlement among two refugee families in a mid-sized Canadian city. Design/methodology/approach -- Case studies are located within the contingencies of the participants' lives and the meanings they provide to the events. A postcolonial feminist perspective guided the data analysis to explore the micro-level of individual experiences that unfold within a raced, gendered, and classed reality. Open-ended interviews, participant observation, and field notes were used to collect participants' perspectives. Data were collected until saturation occurred. Findings -- An in-depth analysis of these two case studies revealed that lack of choice and lack of access to health and social services affect health through constant revival of traumatic past experiences prior to arrival to Canada. Three themes emerged from the data analysis: first, shared experiences of forced migrations; second, the past and present: construction of new identities; and third, resettlement challenges and opportunities. These themes overlap and intersect to shape the experiences of double forced migration. Research limitations/implications -- This research has limitations related to the sample size but provides data on a topic that deserves more attention in the field of immigrant and health studies. The authors argue that health and social professionals must resist "finalizing" refugees into disempowered identities that undermine human agency. Originality/value -- Research on resettlement experiences after forced migration is a burgeoning field in refugee studies. The originality lies in drawing on Bahktin to develop practical implications to guide health and social practice in this area marked by racialization and fundamentalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Water Resources Journal / Revue Canadienne des Ressources Hydriques is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The book Direct Action, Deliberation and Diffusion: Collective Action After the WTO Protests in Seattle argues that the process of diffusion is dependent on social processes in the receiving context. The most important in social movements is an egalitarian and reflexive deliberation among diverse actors. The book traces the direct action tactics associated with the Seattle protests against the World Trade Organization in 1999 and how these spread to activists in Toronto and New York City. It shows how the structure of the political field, racial and class inequalities, identity boundaries, and organizational and conversational dynamics limited deliberation among activists, and thus limited the diffusion of the Seattle tactics. By constraining the spread of the Seattle tactics, this slowed the global justice movement's wave of protest. In this paper, I explore the application of and implications of this model of protest tactic diffusion to the recent Idle No More mobilizations. Le livre Direct Action, Deliberation and Diffusion: Collective Action After the WTO Protests in Seattle fait valoir que le processus de diffusion dépend de processus sociaux dans le contexte de réception. Le plus important pour les movements sociaux est une délibération égalitaire et réflexive entre divers acteurs. Le livre retrace les tactiques d'action directe associés aux manifestations de Seattle contre l'Organisation Mondiale du Commerce en 1999 et comment ils se propagent à des militants de Toronto et de New York. Il montre comment la délibération de la structure des inégalités le domaine politique, raciales et de classe, les limites de l'identité et de la dynamique de l'organisation et de la conversation limitée parmi les militants, et donc limiter la diffusion de la tactique de Seattle. En limitant la propagation de la tactique de Seattle, ce ralentissement de la vague de protestation du mouvement altermondialiste. Dans cet article, j'explore l'application et implications de ce modèle de diffusion protestation de tactique pour les dernières Idle No More mobilisations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the perceptions of policy makers and rural agricultural producers in respect of policy framing and adaptation to climate change, social learning and stakeholder input (participation) surrounding two successful agri-environmental programmes in Saskatchewan, Canada. Given the record of success of these two programmes in reducing vulnerability to climate change, this study provides an opportunity to explore certain attributes of adaptive management, including: what attributes make policy and programmes responsive; how government can frame programmes facilitating adaptation to climate change; what types of mechanisms can or should be used to engage with producers; and perhaps most importantly, what producers expect of government, government policies and programmes in relation to adaptation to climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shelterbelts have been planted around the world for many reasons. Recently, due to increasing awareness of climate change risks, shelterbelt agroforestry systems have received special attention because of the environmental services they provide, including their greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation potential. This paper aims to discuss shelterbelt history in Canada, and the environmental benefits they provide, focusing on carbon sequestration potential, above- and below-ground. Shelterbelt establishment in Canada dates back to more than a century ago, when their main use was protecting the soil, farm infrastructure and livestock from the elements. As minimal-and no-till systems have become more prevalent among agricultural producers, soil has been less exposed and less vulnerable to wind erosion, so the practice of planting and maintaining shelterbelts has declined in recent decades. In addition, as farm equipment has grown in size to meet the demands of larger landowners, shelterbelts are being removed to increase efficiency and machine maneuverability in the field. This trend of shelterbelt removal prevents shelterbelt's climate change mitigation potential to be fully achieved. For example, in the last century, shelterbelts have sequestered 4.85 Tg C in Saskatchewan. To increase our understanding of carbon sequestration by shelterbelts, in 2013, the Government of Canada launched the Agricultural Greenhouse Gases Program (AGGP). In five years, 27 million dollars were spent supporting technologies and practices to mitigate GHG release on agricultural land, including understanding shelterbelt carbon sequestration and to encourage planting on farms. All these topics are further explained in this paper as an attempt to inform and promote shelterbelts as a climate change mitigation tool on agricultural lands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Public Policy is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bulletin of Engineering Geology & the Environment is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Stakeholder participation is a vital component of successful Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA). SEA, an evaluation of environmental and sustainability consequences of strategic initiatives prior to their implementation, seeks to ensure that various stakeholder perspectives are considered early in the strategic decision-making process. However, once the implementation decisions are taken, are the stakeholders consulted with, or involved in, strategy implementation and SEA follow-up? If so, how can participatory processes benefit delivery of strategies and follow-up? These questions remain largely unexplored due to the conventional focus on ex ante SEA and limited knowledge about SEA follow-up. This paper explores the role and potential of stakeholder participation processes in facilitating SEA follow-up in the case of a 20-year Pasquia-Porcupine Forest Management Plan (FMP), in Saskatchewan (Canada). It explores different forms of stakeholder participation in the FMP and SEA follow-up implementation and identifies the associated benefits for SEA follow-up. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Copyright of Canadian Bulletin of Medical History is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Between 1936 and 1940, the Lady Tweedsmuir Prairie Library Scheme sent approximately 40,000 books to readers in rural areas of the western Canadian provinces of Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta. Founded and directed by Susan Buchan, Lady Tweedsmuir, the wife of the Governor General of Canada, after visiting Depression-ravaged Prairie communities, the Scheme received the support of philanthropic foundations in Canada and the United States, the Women's Institute, women's service organizations, and individual donors of books. While the Scheme is mentioned in passing in biographies and local histories, little is known about the scope and scale of its activities or how it was organized or operated. Using primary and archival sources in Canada and the United States, this paper explores the history of the Scheme and its role in the distribution of books, the promotion of literacy, and the creation of libraries in the Canadian West during the Great Depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores changing roles in Canadian water management, by focusing on a case study of agriculture and water in Western Canada. Challenges in water management include unequal adaptive capacity, gaps in water and climate data, locally relevant options, short- and long-term planning, among others. This empirical study offers insight for improved water management decision-making for all regions. There is a need for improving and integrating water management with climate scenarios, collecting more and better water/climate data, improving water governance and long-term planning, and developing strong communication channels between governance organizations and local communities. Positive trends towards effective and adaptive water management include the incorporation of watershed groups, basin planning, and the use of multidisciplinary approaches to guide decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the methodological and organizational feasibility of conducting a water soft path study for Saskatchewan. Arguably, the methodology for soft path analysis is well developed and data availability for such a study in Saskatchewan is comparatively good. Given the many pressures on water resources in Saskatchewan, the timing is opportune for setting a different path for a water future in this prairie province that will enhance water security. A soft path for water may provide the means for such a future. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The aim of the current paper was to examine the equivalence of the Early Development Instrument (EDI), a teacher rating measure of school readiness, for Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children. The current study used an approach, which analyzes the structure and properties of the EDI at the subdomain level. Similar subdomain score distributions would suggest that the EDI measures subdomains similarly for both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal groups, whereas systematic variations in distributions would suggest the presence of bias at the subdomain level. The EDI was completed on a population of kindergarteners in 2003 in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. Results indicate that mean scores for all the domains and subdomains were significantly lower for Aboriginal children. However, the distributions of subdomains in which children were rated as 'challenges exist' were similar among both groups. The findings suggest an equivalent structure of the EDI at the subdomains level for Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children. The next step is to examine the specific correlates, beyond the structure of the EDI, that are associated with disparities in EDI subdomain scores, such as contextual factors and social conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

West Nile virus (WNV) infection in horses was first reported in Canada in 2001 and in the province of Saskatchewan in 2002. This paper outlines the surveillance results of WNV in Saskatchewan horses from 2003 to 2005 and describes the usefulness of its inclusion in an integrated surveillance program in Saskatchewan. The number of human and horse cases was highest in 2003, the epidemic year and then substaintially lower in 2004 and 2005. Horses provided additive information about WNV activity in rural areas with low human population, however, this required willingness and active participation by veterinarians and horse owners. Vaccination impedes the future use of horses in WNV surveillance for public health or veterinary purposes; however, for zoonoses where no vaccination is available, domestic animals would be useful components for surveillance. Integration of surveillance data from human and animal health provide the benefit of a more complex epidemiological picture that can be used to improve public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes single-date and multi-date land-cover classification accuracy results using segment-based, gap-filled Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper data compared with Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper data captured one day apart. Maximum likelihood and Decision tree classification algorithms were evaluated. The same training and verification sets of ground data were used for each classification evaluation. For the comparison with the single-date classification, an average decrease of 2.8% in the classification accuracy was obtained with the use of the gap-filled Landsat data. Area estimates for the mid-summer images differed, on average, from 0.6% to 1.9% for a four-class and eight-class classification, respectively. A multi-date land-cover classification was also completed with the addition of a late spring Landsat 5 image, resulting in an average decrease in classification accuracy of 1.8%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Agricultural analysts have suggested that the emergence of an alternative agriculture system represents more than changes in practices; it is also thought to represents shift in environmental beliefs, values, attitudes, and norma. This means that conventional and alternative systems of agriculture represent distinct paradigm which are informed by two contradictory worldviews. Insofar as this claim is correct, ir is possible to delineate, target, and promote one paradigm, depending on the system of agriculture that policy makers wish to encourage, In this paper we seek to clarify the practical application of the two agricultural paradigm by examining the practices, beliefs, values, norms, and attitudes of farmers in southwest Saskatchewan, part of the semi-arid section of the North American Great Plains. Findings support the view that different farming systems correspond to different worldviews. Strong confidence in the market, however, is not limited to conventional farmers, as suggested by the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Saskatchewan River Basin (SRB) of central Canada plays a crucial role in the Canadian Prairies. Yet, climate change and human action constitute a real threat to its hydrological processes. This study aims to evaluate and analyze groundwater spatial and temporal dynamics in the SRB. Groundwater information was derived and compared using two different approaches: (1) a mathematical modeling framework coupling the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) and the Modular hydrologic model (MODFLOW) and (2) gravimetric satellite observations from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission and its follow-on (GRACE-FO). Both methods show generalized groundwater depletion in the SRB that can reach −1 m during the study period (2002–2019). Maximum depletion appeared especially after 2011. The water balance simulated by SWAT-MODFLOW showed that SRB could be compartmented roughly into three main zones. The mountainous area in the extreme west of the basin is the first zone, which is the most dynamic zone in terms of recharge, reaching +0.5 m. The second zone is the central area, where agricultural and industrial activities predominate, as well as potable water supplies. This zone is the least rechargeable and most intensively exploited area, with depletion ranging from +0.2 to −0.4 m during the 2002 to 2011 period and up to −1 m from 2011 to 2019. Finally, the third zone is the northern area that is dominated by boreal forest. Here, exploitation is average, but the soil does not demonstrate significant storage power. Briefly, the main contribution of this research is the quantification of groundwater depletion in the large basin of the SRB using two different methods: process-oriented and satellite-oriented methods. The next step of this research work will focus on the development of artificial intelligence approaches to estimate groundwater depletion from a combination of GRACE/GRACE-FO and a set of multisource remote sensing data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concurrent occurrence of extreme events can significantly impact societies and infrastructure systems, especially when the instructions provided to the exposed communities demand conflicting responses. In this study, a probabilistic assessment of concurrent tornado and storm‐related flash flood (TORFF) events is performed across southern Canada. We quantify the interdependencies between tornadoes and flash floods (extreme precipitation as proxy) using ground‐based and reanalysis datasets. Windspeed values corresponding to tornado events, categorized based on the recorded Fujita rating, are derived through a resampling approach. The TORFF events are clustered and the corresponding bivariate probability distributions of the resampled windspeed and associated precipitation are characterized based on Copula framework. The individual and joint return periods of concurrent tornadoes and flash floods are then assessed under the AND (when both variables exceed predefined thresholds), OR (when either one of the two variables exceeds predefined thresholds), and conditional hazard scenarios across Canada. Results show positive strong dependencies between resampled windspeed and associated precipitation in Saskatchewan, and weaker dependencies followed by Alberta, Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec. The Saskatchewan region shows the highest risk underestimation considering the independence scenario compared to the other regions. Higher precipitation is also expected during extreme windspeed, as observed in the conditional assessment of precipitation given windspeed. This study provides insights for more robust recurrence interval estimation for tornadoes and flash floods to aid in emergency planning of evacuation decision‐making process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper assesses the implications of globalisation for the social and cultural processes of adult education. It argues that fundamental changes in the nature of space and time in postmodemity render problematic deeply held notions about the role and purpose of adult education. Throughout modernity, emancipatory adult educators strove to resist dominating social forces by contesting their control of the space and time of ordinary people. The advent of new technologies has drastically altered the ways in which domination is effected in postmodemity. Today's enterprises do not attempt to dominate place to ensure efficient production and consumption. Rather, technologies of speed permit them instantly to control the actions of labourers and consumers without regard for distance. Adult educators who continue to understand the world using the geographic categories of modernity will be ill prepared to deal with forms of domination consolidating in the global age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is argued that Saskatchewan Indian policy from 1944 to 1964 reflected the liberal values of equality, individualism and freedom. These values were the same as the values which were reflected in the Federal government's white paper on the "Statement of the Government of Canada on Indian Policy, 1969", which is said to have acquired near‐legendary status as a symbol of Canadian government insensitivity and ineptitude in the field of Indian policy. The liberal political philosophy underlying the white paper was not simply governmental, but was an idea which prevailed among the populace at the time. Saskatchewan policy in the area of the "Indian dilemma" is revealed to be reflective of the ideology and the proposed actions in dealing with the Aboriginal population. It was because the CCF relied on liberal principles of equality, which supported combating racial discrimination, that Indian policy ended up reflecting the Liberal federal programme's ideals. It is argued, however, that the CCF failed to realize that in order to fully bring about Aboriginal equal participation in society, they needed to recognize the national identity of the people and conduct relations on a nation to nation basis. This respect for autonomy in the pursuit of peaceful coexistence has become the new progressive orthodoxy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports the results of a survey completed by 565 human resource professionals in the Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. The major result suggests that individuals who are more dependent on their employing organizations are more likely to comply with organizational pressures to behave unethically. Factor analysis of our dependent measure of ethical organizational behavior suggested that two distinct constructs were being tapped; furthermore, different variables were found to predict each. The potential for conceptualizing unethical organizational behavior as multidimensional is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lagoons are the most common form of wastewater treatment in Canada. Climate and environmental conditions greatly influence the selection of lagoon type and design criteria. This paper reviews the design guidelines for lagoons adopted in the Province of Saskatchewan in Canada. The lagoon effluent data with respect to biochemical oxygen demand, suspended solids, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, total phosphorus and total coliforms were analysed to examine the performance of lagoons. Concerns related to construction, operation and maintenance of lagoon facilities in Saskatchewan are briefly discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to analyse empirically the behaviour and characteristics of retail drug firms subject to price deregulation. Specifically, we are interested in determining the consequences of scale and spatial monopoly characteristics for price responsiveness of firms subject to deregulation, and the length of time required for the market to adjust to new equilibrium levels. The data set used in the analysis is drawn from the province of Saskatchewan, Canada, which introduced a Pharmacare programme in 1975 to deregulate the price of dispensing services. A limited dependent variable model is specified, according to firm and market characteristics, and is used to predict the probable price response to deregulation by firms under different economic conditions.
The plan of the paper is as follows. In Section II a simple profit maximizing model is used to describe the consequences of price deregulation. This model affords an insight into the conditions necessary for deregulation to result in increased competition and efficiency. The empirical model, the data and the results are summarized in Section III. The final section is a conclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fish stranding is of global concern with increasing hydropower operations using hydropeaking to respond to fluctuating energy demand. Determining the effects hydropeaking has on fish communities is challenging because fish stranding is dependent on riverscape features, such as topography, bathymetry and substrate. By using a combination of physical habitat assessments, hydrodynamic modelling and empirical data on fish stranding, we estimated the number of fish stranding over a 5‐month period for three model years in a large Prairie river. More specifically, we modelled how many fish potentially stranded during the years 2019, 2020 and 2021 across a 16 km study reached downstream from E.B. Campbell Hydroelectric Station on the Saskatchewan River, Canada. Fish stranding densities calculated from data collected through remote photography and transect monitoring in 2021 were applied to the daily area subject to drying determined by the River2D hydrodynamic model. The cumulative area subject to change was 90.05, 53.02 and 80.74 km2 for years 2019, 2020 and 2021, respectively, from June to October. The highest number of stranded fish was estimated for the year 2021, where estimates ranged from 89,800 to 1,638,000 individuals based on remote photography and transect monitoring fish stranding densities, respectively, 157 to 2,856 fish stranded per hectare. Our approach of estimating fish stranding on a large scale allows for a greater understanding of the impact hydropeaking has on fish communities and can be applied to other riverscapes threatened by hydropeaking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three waste management system (WMS) efficiency indicators are adopted to systematically assess WMS efficiency in Canada from 1998 to 2016. The study objectives are to examine the temporal changes in waste diversion activities and rank the performance of the jurisdictions using a qualitative analytical framework. Increasing Waste Management Output Index (WMOI) trends were identified in all jurisdictions, and more government subsidiaries and incentive packages are recommended. With the exception of Nova Scotia, statistically significant decreasing diversion gross domestic product (DGDP) ratio trends are observed. It appears that the increases in GDP from Sector 562 were not contributing to waste diversion. On average, Canada spent about $225/tonne of waste handled during the study period. Current spending per tonne handled (CuPT) trends are decreasing, with S ranging from + 5.15 to + 7.67. It appears that WMSs in Saskatchewan and Alberta are more efficient. The results suggest that the use of diversion rate alone to evaluate WMS may be misleading. The findings help the waste community to better understand the trade-offs between various waste management alternatives. The proposed qualitative framework utilizing comparative rankings is applicable elsewhere and can be a useful decision support tool for policy-makers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]