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The illegal drug market is constantly evolving, with new drugs being created and existing ones being modified. Adulterants are often added to the mix, and the primary substance may be secretly replaced by a new one. Once‐known tablets can now be vastly different from what they are sold as, all due to the pursuit of profit and evasion of current drug regulations. These alterations in drug composition pose a threat to society, as their effects are still not well understood. Therefore, it is crucial for police intelligence and public health development to obtain the chemical profiles of illicit drugs. This study presents the chemical fingerprinting of ecstasy tablets seized in the state of Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) between 2012 and 2021. The tablet samples were weighed, extracted, diluted with methanol, and acidified before analysis using gas chromatography high‐resolution mass spectrometry and attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The major constituents found were MDMA and clobenzorex, with fewer occurrences of MDA, MDEA, and 2C‐B. The results also indicate that the occurrence of mega‐events in the study location impacted the chemical fingerprints of ecstasy. A total of 27 combinations of cutting agents, including caffeine, ephedrine, and anesthetics, were identified. Samples composed of clobenzorex were observed throughout the evaluated period in areas near highways, suggesting that this product is mainly used by truck drivers. These findings can help police intelligence units anticipate the behavior of the illicit market during major events, identify traffic routes, and support public health initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calea pinnatifida (R. Br.) Less. is a plant of Brazilian folk medicine. We evaluated the influence of environmental factors on the chemical profile of C. pinnatifida collected during the winter season. C. pinnatifida leaves, alongside soil samples, were collected from two sites of different altitude. Plant samples were sequentially extracted, while soil samples were subject to compositional analysis. Plant extracts were compared using HPTLC-UV, using chemometric analyses to compare samplings harvested at both altitudes. Two marker metabolites, calein A ( 1 ) and acetylportentol ( 2 ), were isolated from samples collected at the respective altitudes. The differing metabolic profiles observed may be a result of the influence of environmental factors.

Background: Traditional medicine has become part and parcel of the present era for the maintaining and preventing of ailments. Alternanthera brasiliana and Alternanthera paronychioides (Amaranthaceae) are widely used in traditional medicine. Ab is widely familiar as penicillin in Brazil. Ap is known to treat gout, hyperuricemia, rheumatic arthritis, nephritis etc. as folk medicine. The present study aims to compare standardization profiles for A. brasiliana and A. paronychioides. Materials and Methods: Sample Ab and Ap were collected and authenticated. Authenticated samples were subjected to powder microscopy, physico-chemical, phytochemical, HPTLC and HPLC fingerprint and PXRD analysis. Results: Powder microscopic investigations revealed the characteristic features for identification. Physico-chemical investigation revealed the slightly acidic nature of both plants. The phytochemical test showed the existence of phenol, terpenoids and steroids as major secondary metabolites in both species. Photo documentation, fingerprints and spectral comparison by HPTLC and fingerprints by HPLC validate the existence of similar compounds in both Ab and Ap. PXRD analysis revealed the variance of elements present in both species. Conclusion: Comparative physico-chemical, phytochemical and HPLC, HPTLC, and P-XRD instrumental analysis of A. brasiliana and A. paronychioides provides distinct features for identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional analytical methods determine the concentration of compounds used to estimate the presence of environmental contamination capable of posing risk to human and ecological receptors. While these target analytes help regulators and environmental professional identify and manage potentially harmful conditions, these compounds can be generated by many natural and anthropogenic (man-made) sources and conventional methods alone fail to compositionally differentiate subsurface sources of contamination in complex environments. This case study demonstrates the advantage of using both conventional and forensic testing methods to accurately identify the source(s) of volatile hydrocarbon contamination in soil vapor samples for the development of an accurate conceptual site model in a neighbourhood near industrial facilities in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. The goal of this study was to differentiate potential impacts from a local steelmaking plant from fugitive hydrocarbons associated with more generic human activity in urban settings. This case study demonstrated the advantage of constructing chemical fingerprints from conventional volatile organic compound (VOC) method TO 15 and a forensic volatile hydrocarbon method using an enhanced version of method TO 15 (PIANO). The chemical fingerprints of vapor samples collected from subsurface soil gas and sewers were analysed and compared to laboratory reference samples. These data determined that the VOCs detected in neighbourhood soil vapor samples were associated with fugitive petroleum products migrating in the sewer pipelines and not with the steelmaking wastes emplaced near the residential area. This article discusses the forensic data and chemical signatures that support these findings, and the use of environmental forensic techniques to evaluate environmental data associated with complex scenarios, involving multiple contamination sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Morro do Onça suite is a package of ultramafic rocks in the southern São Francisco Craton, Brazil. Owing to the complete alteration of primary silicate minerals, the Morro do Onça suite has been the subject of diverging interpretations, including: part of a retrogressed eclogite-facies Paleoproterozoic ophiolite/accretionary wedge or an Archean komatiite flow(s). In this paper, we utilize spinel-group mineral chemistry—alongside field mapping, petrography, silicate mineral chemistry and bulk-rock geochemistry—to decipher the magmatic and metamorphic evolution of the Morro do Onça suite. A komatiite origin is supported by the identification of spinifex-textured layers, as well as primary spinel-group mineral compositions (mean Cr-number = 79; mean TiO2 = 0.3 wt%) and chondrite-normalized bulk-rock rare-earth element values ([Sm–Lu]N = 1.2–5.1). Metamorphism reached mid/upper amphibolite-facies and was likely responsible for Al mobility on mineral and bulk-rock scales, demonstrating that the bulk-rock Al/Ti proxy commonly used to classify komatiites is susceptible to alteration. Thus, the Morro do Onça komatiites record variable bulk-rock Al/Ti values (17–47) that overlap with both Munro- (Al/Ti = 22) and Weltevreden-type (Al/Ti = 30) komatiites. Based on immobile trace-element ratios ([Gd/Lu]N = 0.6–2.0) and primary spinel-group mineral compositions, we classify the Morro do Onça komatiites as Weltevreden-type. Mesoarchean komatiites related to mantle plume-magmatism are now recognized throughout the southern São Francisco Craton, potentially suggesting that its precursor lithosphere was continuous during this Era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • UV–Vis spectral fingerprint of protected green canephora coffees from Brazil. • Rondônia Robusta Amazônico and Espírito Santo Conilon are discriminated. • Coffee geographical origin and botanical variety are identified. • VIP scores and box plot of PLS-DA identifies discriminant wavelengths. • Coffee traceability can be achieved even in coffee before roasting. Specialty green coffee beans have a higher commercial value and some of them have recently been classified in Brazil based on the indication of provenance and denomination of origin. In this context, the classification of the type of coffee bean is still a challenge, using traditional analytical techniques. Thus, alternative analytical techniques, such as ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), as non-target analysis can be applied as a quick and reliable method of coffee classification using data science, such as chemometric tools. In the present study, UV–Vis were evaluated as a new strategy for discrimination of green beans of Brazilian specialty canephora coffees with recognized geographical indications (Robusta Amazônico and Conilon from state of Espírito Santo), for the first time. Spectra obtained from the aqueous extract of 222 samples. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was performed and subsequently Partial Least Squares with Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) model developed. The PCA indicated tendency to group the samples in their respective classes, pointing to the similarities in the spectra of samples of the same origin. The PLS-DA model obtained showed figures of merit values starting at 89.3% in the test set. The VIP scores showed that the variables associated with chlorogenic acids, caffeine and chlorophyll are the most important for differentiating the studied coffees. The results obtained showed that UV–Vis fingerprint − non-targeted analysis associated with PLS-DA is appropriate for the discrimination of green beans of Brazilian specialty coffee from different origins, in a simple way, using common equipment in several laboratories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the most catastrophic oil spill event on the Brazilian coast (2019/2020), a new incident of unknown causes sent, in August of 2021, approximately 1.3 tons of plastics and oil to the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago (Brazil). The material was restricted to the area known as the windward coast, which receives the influence of the South Equatorial Current. On 18 August 2021, our research team collected samples from different oiled shoreline sites (Caieiras and Sueste beaches) to provide the chemical fingerprint of the spilled oil and to compare that with previous oil spill events and exploited oils. We combined δ13C data from whole oil, saturated and aromatic fractions with the chromatographic signature revealing the first fingerprint of the spilled oil. The biomarker signature in association with the isotopic composition of the oils (~−26.5 ‰) undoubtedly excludes the correlation with the most extensive oil spill registered in Brazil (2019/2020). Fingerprints from the spilled oil in Fernando de Noronha suggest a potential correlation with source rocks deposited in a lacustrine setting (e.g., the east coast of Brazil and the west coast of Africa). Regardless, the chromatographic signature coupled with the isotopic data excludes a direct correlation with any specific Brazilian or African oil. In the case of a new oil spill event, the reported fingerprint will be critical to verify whether the oil is coming from the same source or a different source. [Display omitted] • Fingerprint of the oil spilled in the archipelago of Fernando de Noronha (2021) • Lightly weathered oil from a lacustrine source rock • Genetically not correlated to the oil from the huge Brazilian oil spill event (2019) • Data did not allow a direct correlation with any specific Brazilian or other oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foliar epicuticular waxes of specimens of 13 Croton species native in Brazil were extracted. The fractions containing alkanes and primary alcohols were isolated by preparative thin layer chromatography. Derivatized n -primary alcohols were identified by gas chromatography (GC) coupled with mass spectrometry and n -alkanes by GC and comparison with known standards. Relative abundances were estimated by GC coupled with flame ionization detector. The distribution of constituents of both classes was analyzed by cluster analysis, using the UPGMA method and Euclidean distances. The chemical affinities among species were compared with published data of molecular phylogenetic relationships. The distribution of n -alkanes and primary alcohols were shown to be useful markers of Croton species. Primary alcohols were more consistent than n -alkanes for species fingerprinting. Image 1 • Affinities based on cuticular wax constituents have no phylogenetic basis in Croton. • n -Alkanes and n- primary alcohols may be useful for characterization of Croton species. • n -Primary alcohols are more consistent then n -alkanes for Croton species characterization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cerrado is a savanna ecosystem of central and southeastern Brazil. Many woody species of cerrado have thick layers of cork. The present work aimed to characterize, by GC/MS analysis, the constituents of n -hexane extracts from the cork of common species from cerrado. Cork samples from 31 individuals, corresponding to 14 species and six families, were analyzed. Similarities and differences were noticed between cork and cuticular waxes regarding profiles of lipophilic constituents. The distribution of cork constituents was analyzed using the UPGMA clustering method and DICE coefficient. All clusters in the dendrogram obtained comprise individuals from a same species, suggesting that the distribution of lipophilic cork constituents is useful for species characterization and possibly also for species identification, resembling results commonly obtained with molecular markers. Seven samples of Bignoniaceae, corresponding to two genera and seven species, emerged in a common cluster, in an arrangement in accordance with the recent segregation of Tabebuia species to a new genus Handroanthus. The markers analyzed were not efficient regarding characterization of other families. Image 1 • Cork analysis provides a high diversity of extractives taxonomically useful. • Species may be delimited and distinguished based on the distribution of cork extractives. • Cluster analysis of cork extractives may be viewed as an approach aiming to chemical barcoding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study applied the Pearson correlation coefficient and principal component analysis as tools for unsupervised qualitative petroleum system evaluation techniques. A total of 252 oil samples (32 features per sample) representative of two Brazilian sedimentary basins (Recôncavo and Potiguar) were used to classify them according to their respective degrees of maturation and origin. The large initial set of variables comprises data on δ13C composition, saturate, aromatic, polar compound fractions, and the techniques reduced biomarkers to the most important variables, maintaining the global pattern of variance. The results were efficient in discriminating different petroleum systems from lacustrine, marine, and mixing sources, as observed in the studied accumulations from the Lower Cretaceous sediments of the Recôncavo and Potiguar basins. The methodology proved to be very useful to vene better characterize the petroleum systems. This methodology can be applied to analyze a large amount of oil samples, using simple software and spending relatively less time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: A region can be registered as a geographical indication (GI) when its human or natural characteristics influence product attributes. However, GI registration is a complex process that can lead applicants to conflicts and resource waste. Since metabolomics can support product typicality, it can be an effective tool to evidence the place-product link, essential for GI registration. With the aim of increasing GI registration efficiency, this research aimed to map the Brazilian GI registration process from end to end, using business process model and notation (BPMN), and evaluate the application of metabolomics techniques as facilitator. Design/methodology/approach: A qualitative exploratory study was proposed, with the Brazilian GI registration process as unit of analysis. Primary data was obtained through twelve in-depth interviews with GI producers, members of supporting institutions and metabolomics experts. Based on the collected data, the complete GI registration map was designed with bpmn.io software. Findings: Results provided a clear view of the GI registration process. Interviewees considered the selection of the appropriate GI category, the establishment of GI common rules, product specification and the confirmation of the place-product link as the most demanding requirements. Since the last two involve specifying the influence of the origin on products, the use of metabolomics was suggested as a powerful tool to complete these stages. Research limitations/implications: The theoretical contribution is provided by the interweave of the three scientific fields mentioned (GI, business process management (BPM) and metabolomics) to contribute to the still small body of literature on GI-related processes. Additionally, other theoretical contributions are the presentation of a GI registration map associated to the use of "omics" techniques as process facilitator. Practical implications: The practical contribution of this work is the establishment of an end-to-end view of the entire GI registration process, which makes easier for applicants to engage, plan resources and achieve the GI label. Furthermore, metabolomics acts as a facilitator since its data can be used for different purposes on the way to GI registration. Social implications: Results can be used to facilitate GI registration, reducing resources demanded from applicants. GI labels provide product protection, better selling prices and competitive advantages for producers, which are positive outcomes in countries with a commodity-based economy like Brazil. Originality/value: The originality of the study lies in the approach used to map the GI registration process, as well as the suggestion of metabolomics as facilitator in some of its stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the distribution and origin of organic carbon (OC) and aliphatic hydrocarbons (AHs) in sand (≥ 63 μm) and mud (< 63 μm) fractions of the Pina Sound (NE Brazil). Sedimentary OC and AHs were characterized using elemental [(C/N)a ratio], isotopic (δ13C), and molecular (AHs diagnostic ratio) proxies. On a dry weight basis, the average proportions of OC and AH contents in the mud fraction were 88 and 96%, respectively. The distribution of OC in the mud fraction was regulated by inputs from aquatic sources, while in the sand fraction, the distribution was associated with sedimentary mud contents. This reflects the hydrodynamic control on the deposition of low-density suspended particles. The mud fraction contained OC derived from aquatic producers, bacteria, and sewage while plant fragments were prevalent in the sand fraction. Sewage is a major source of oil-derived AHs in the Pina Sound. The mud fraction exhibited a high (> 100 μg/g dw) concentration of the unresolved complex mixture and a high proportion (31%) of petrogenic n-alkanes. Mud-associated pollutants can be exported to adjacent continental shelf. Geochemical analyses in size-fractionated sediments of the Pina Sound proved to be a useful procedure for better understanding estuarine OC dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the determination of eight pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) by LC-MS/MS in honeys, pollen, and Senecio brasiliensis (Asteraceae) samples, all from Santa Catarina state, Brazil. In addition, the Box-Behnken design was used to perform an optimized sample preparation on pollens and S. brasiliensis parts. Senecionine and its N-oxide, besides retrorsine N-oxide, were determined in six of the seven honeys samples. Pollen from species of the Asteraceae, Fabaceae, and Boraginaceae families were found with greater predominance in three of the seven honeys samples. In these three honeys samples were also found the highest PAs levels. In beehive pollen, flower, and leaf of S. brasiliensis, the total levels of PAs and their N-oxides reached 221, 14.1 × 104, and 14.8 × 104 mg kg−1, respectively. In honeys, these compounds are chemical contaminants and therefore undesirable when the sum exceeds 71 µg kg−1, according to EFSA. On the other hand, although PAs are naturally present in plant and pollen of some species (Senecio, Crotalaria, Bacharis, Ecchium, Mimosa scabrella, Vernonia), it is important to monitor their levels in plants but also in honeys, and other beehive products since these compounds are transferred to the final product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of falsified and unregistered drugs is a worldwide public health problem. Because these global market products usually do not follow the Good Manufacturing Practices required by health legislation, its composition may be completely different from the original or may contain relevant concentrations of impurities and toxic contaminants. Since anabolic steroids are among the main irregular therapeutic classes seized in Brazil, here we propose a new methodology for analyzing these products, in tablets form, using Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared Microspectroscopy (µATR‐FTIR) mapping. Spectra were acquired from solid tablets by attenuated total reflection, through point mapping methodology. In data processing, a characteristic absorption band for each Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) was integrated and plotted to create its distribution map. This technique was applied in an unprecedented way for the forensic analysis of anabolic steroids and proved to be effective in distinguishing falsified products based on the detection of their APIs. It was possible to detect APIs in 26 out of 30 samples, five of which were classified as falsified only through µATR‐FTIR analysis. We were able to create distribution maps of the detected substances associating the microspectroscopic results with characteristic band integration method, which can be used to detect substances and to study samples' homogeneity. We concluded that this methodology is promising for the analysis of anabolic steroid tablets, and can be used in a complementary way with techniques already consolidated in forensic laboratory routine for a better classification of questioned samples between authentic and falsified ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Ocean decade (2021-2030) for sustainable development proclaimed in 2017 by the UN, seeks to promote and conserve the sustainable use of oceans, seas, and marine resources. For this, the distribution of n-alkanes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and biomarkers, in sediments from the Fortaleza coastal zone (Mucuripe harbor (MH) and Inner Continental shelf (ICS)) were used to assess the impacts of anthropogenic activities in the area. The concentrations of total n-alkanes (Σ16 n-alkanes) in MH and ICS sediments varied from 35.9 to 94.9 and 17.9 to 197.3 μg g -1 , respectively, while the isoprenoids phytane and pristane in MH and ICS sediments ranged from 0.1 to 1.69 ug g -1 and from 0.14 and 1.20 μg g -1 , respectively. Most of the sediment samples presented carbon preference index (CPI) values close to unity, indicating that the area is submitted to petroleum-related sources. The concentrations of Σ16 PAHs in MH and ICS sediments varied from 87.0 to 562.0 and 98 to 288.0 ng g -1 . This work presents the first investigation of the petroleum biomarkers hopanes and steranes in the Fortaleza coastal zone, in which ΣBiomarkers varied from 0.10 to 1.79 and 0.02 to 0.24 ug g -1 in MH and ICS sediments, respectively. The presence at stations of biomarkers also indicates petrogenic input. The diagnosis of the distribution of pollutants in the investigated zones of the Fortaleza coast suggests contamination from urban areas and oil spills and vessel traffic., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

This study aimed to investigate the leaf epicuticular wax and the presence of heavy metals in leaves of Avicennia shaueriana, a halophyte found in Brazilian mangroves. We evaluated plants collected in mangroves located around Sepetiba Bay, Rio de Janeiro State. Heavy metals were analyzed by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS or EDX) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Chemical analysis of epicuticular wax was made by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). We also evaluated the micromorphology of leaf surface using scanning electronic and light microscopy. The leaves from each mangrove presented alterations in wax layer. Fagarasterol (lupeol) in high quantity was the main triterpene identified in the leaf wax from plants collected in all mangroves: Coroa Grande (76.43%), Pedra de Guaratiba (38.91%), and Marambaia (62.56%). Al, Fe, Mn, and Zn were the main heavy metals detected in leaves from the three mangroves by ICP-OES. Thus, we show that that plants able to survive in the mangrove swamp can adapt to the exposure of heavy metals, accumulate them in their leaves, and be used in coastal area recovery projects as a phytoremediator.

The article deals with the controversy in the trade of various types of Paraiba tourmaline elbaite. The author states that some miners argued that the name Paraiba should be restricted to stones found within the state of Paraiba in Brazil. There are also some who believed that the term should be used for all blue and blue-green to green elbaite whose color can be attributed to copper, irrespective of where it was found.

Copper- and Mn-bearing elbaitic tourmaline ("Paraíba tourmaline") sometimes contains significant amounts of Pb and Bi. Their position in the tourmaline crystal structure was studied with correlation analysis and bond valence calculations. Correlations between the F content and the X-site charge allow predicting the X-site occupancy. Three sets of tourmaline analyses were studied: (1) Pb-rich tourmalines from the Minh Tien pegmatite, Vietnam; (2) Cu-, Pb- and Bi-bearing tourmalines from the Mulungu mine, Brazil; (3) Cu- and Bi-bearing tourmalines from the Alto dos Quintos mine, Brazil. Two correlations were plotted: (1) the charge by considering only Na1+, Ca2+ and K1+; (2) the charge by adding Pb2+ and Bi3+ to the X-site charge. When plotting correlations for the Minh Tien tourmalines, the correlation significantly improves by adding Pb2+ to the X site. For the Alto dos Quintos tourmalines, only a slight increase of the correlation coefficient is observed, while such a correlation for tourmalines from Mulungu interestingly shows a slight decrease of the correlation coefficient. Bond valence calculations revealed that Bi3+ and Pb2+ can indeed occupy the X site via BiLi(NaAl)−1, PbLi(NaCu)−1 and possibly PbCu(NaAl)−1 substitutions as seen in the investigated tourmaline samples. At the Y site, Pb4+ can be substituted via PbLi(AlCu)−1, and PbVO(AlVOH)−1, while Bi5+ does not have any stable arrangement in Cu-bearing fluor-elbaite. The occurrence of Pb4+ at the Y site could be one explanation for the results of the correlations of the Mulungu tourmalines. Another explanation could be that during the tourmaline crystallization some additional Bi and Pb came into the pegmatitic system and hence disturbed the correlation between the average X-site charge and the F content. Further plots of such correlations in "Paraíba tourmaline" samples might also help to distinguish between the worldwide localities of these rare and sought-after tourmalines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although emerald deposits are relatively rare, they can be formed in several different, but specific geologic settings and the classification systems and models currently used to describe emerald precipitation and predict its occurrence are too restrictive, leading to confusion as to the exact mode of formation for some emerald deposits. Generally speaking, emerald is beryl with sufficient concentrations of the chromophores, chromium and vanadium, to result in green and sometimes bluish green or yellowish green crystals. The limiting factor in the formation of emerald is geological conditions resulting in an environment rich in both beryllium and chromium or vanadium. Historically, emerald deposits have been classified into three broad types. The first and most abundant deposit type, in terms of production, is the desilicated pegmatite related type that formed via the interaction of metasomatic fluids with beryllium-rich pegmatites, or similar granitic bodies, that intruded into chromium- or vanadium-rich rocks, such as ultramafic and volcanic rocks, or shales derived from those rocks. A second deposit type, accounting for most of the emerald of gem quality, is the sedimentary type, which generally involves the interaction, along faults and fractures, of upper level crustal brines rich in Be from evaporite interaction with shales and other Cr- and/or V-bearing sedimentary rocks. The third, and comparatively most rare, deposit type is the metamorphic-metasomatic deposit. In this deposit model, deeper crustal fluids circulate along faults or shear zones and interact with metamorphosed shales, carbonates, and ultramafic rocks, and Be and Cr (±V) may either be transported to the deposition site via the fluids or already be present in the host metamorphic rocks intersected by the faults or shear zones. All three emerald deposit models require some level of tectonic activity and often continued tectonic activity can result in the metamorphism of an existing sedimentary or magmatic type deposit. In the extreme, at deeper crustal levels, high-grade metamorphism can result in the partial melting of metamorphic rocks, blurring the distinction between metamorphic and magmatic deposit types. In the present paper, we propose an enhanced classification for emerald deposits based on the geological environment, i.e., magmatic or metamorphic; host-rocks type, i.e., mafic-ultramafic rocks, sedimentary rocks, and granitoids; degree of metamorphism; styles of minerlization, i.e., veins, pods, metasomatites, shear zone; type of fluids and their temperature, pressure, composition. The new classification accounts for multi-stage formation of the deposits and ages of formation, as well as probable remobilization of previous beryllium mineralization, such as pegmatite intrusions in mafic-ultramafic rocks. Such new considerations use the concept of genetic models based on studies employing chemical, geochemical, radiogenic, and stable isotope, and fluid and solid inclusion fingerprints. The emerald occurrences and deposits are classified into two main types: (Type I) Tectonic magmatic-related with sub-types hosted in: (IA) Mafic-ultramafic rocks (Brazil, Zambia, Russia, and others); (IB) Sedimentary rocks (China, Canada, Norway, Kazakhstan, Australia); (IC) Granitic rocks (Nigeria). (Type II) Tectonic metamorphic-related with sub-types hosted in: (IIA) Mafic-ultramafic rocks (Brazil, Austria); (IIB) Sedimentary rocks-black shale (Colombia, Canada, USA); (IIC) Metamorphic rocks (China, Afghanistan, USA); (IID) Metamorphosed and remobilized either type I deposits or hidden granitic intrusion-related (Austria, Egypt, Australia, Pakistan), and some unclassified deposits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]