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Agglomeration economies can bring about positive externalities, while excessive agglomeration backfires. However, existing literature on place‐based policies mainly focuses on policies that enhance agglomeration economies. Few studies discuss dispersion policies coping with the negative externality from excessive agglomeration. Owing to the unclear effects of dispersion policies, we conduct empirical research on the noncapital function relief (NCFR) policy, which is implemented to decrease the agglomeration in Beijing, the capital of China, and promote the development of surrounding areas. Exploiting the difference‐in‐difference model, we find that the NCFR policy implementation significantly facilitates the economic growth of the surrounding areas of Beijing. Changes in the distribution of new firm entry and population are two main channels, while no significant effect on the productivity is found. Furthermore, areas that are less‐developed could benefit more from the NCFR policy. Our findings may enlighten other developing countries in urban economic management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a politically and culturally important city cluster, the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region (BTH) has huge electricity and water consumption, while the local power generation capacity and water resources may not be sustainable long term according to the current power generation ratio. We introduced up-to-date strategic policies in China, carbon peaking and carbon neutrality (dual carbon goals), to assess their impact on environmental protection and economic development. Thus, we constructed a dynamic multi-regional computable general equilibrium model to simulate these changes in BTH. We designed four carbon reduction scenarios to explore the impact of policies including carbon taxes, investment, and renewable energy subsidies individually or combined. The findings reveal that implementing these policies together can increase the proportion of renewable energy in power generation to 17.2% (Beijing), 9.4% (Tianjin), and 33.2% (Hebei) by 2060. Under various policy scenarios, the Tax Scenario shows the largest water withdrawal savings, while the Investment Scenario shows the largest GDP growth by 2060. The combined implementation of these policies may minimize the negative impact on the economy while developing an environmentally friendly region. The results of the Combination Scenario are closest to carbon neutrality, narrowing the gap to 10.71%, 9.98%, and 9.85%, respectively. Conservation (water and electricity) and carbon reduction can provide significant support for carbon neutrality and sustainable development strategies. This study contributes to the evaluation of mitigation policies in BTH and provides a concrete policy option to achieve carbon neutrality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The university–industry collaboration is an essential engine of the regional innovation system and can significantly drive regional economic growth. The realization of intellectual collaboration, especially for firms absorbing academic knowledge, is heavily dependent on the transmission of tacit knowledge through face-to-face contact. Though economic geographers have long emphasized the importance of face-to-face contact, its effect is rarely measured directly. This paper contributes to this end by utilizing the mobile signaling data and tries to estimate and explain the marginal effect of face-to-face contact on the co-patenting behavior between firms and universities in Beijing. We conclude that face-to-face contact indeed increases the productivity of university–industry collaboration, specifically in the idea-formation period. In addition, we detect the ambiguity of geographical proximity in explaining university–industry collaboration. For policy consideration, we contend that innovation policy should pay enough attention to reinforcing the university–industry nexus. The removal of interaction barriers between firms and universities is crucial, and it can be achieved either by forming direct contact channels or leveraging the spatial spillover effect of personal interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beijing in this reporting period moderated often shrill rhetoric of the past two years criticizing Joseph Biden administration advances and regional governments cooperating with the US. Emphasizing China's positive contributions to regional economic growth, Beijing stressed its flexibility, said to be different from Washington in not pressing regional states to choose between the US and China, even as it demonstrated ambitions to develop a new regional and global order favorable to itself. Nevertheless, glaring exceptions included egregious pressures to compel deference to China's claims in the South China Sea, harsh criticism of the Philippines and Japan cooperating closely with the United States, as well as authoritative foreign policy statements giving regional governments little choice between two paths forward: cooperation with an avowedly beneficial China or America's purported exploitative, divisive and destructive initiatives. Regarding the Philippines, an unprecedented show of support by the US for the territorial claims of its treaty ally resulted in an equally unprecedented pushback from Beijing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whether the place-based industrial policy promotes regional economic growth is a hot issue in the field of regional industrial economic practice. As a major national strategy in China, the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei industrial coordinated development policy has been implemented more than 8 years. Verifying its effect on regional economic growth and revealing the policy action path will help to further optimize the policy implementation process through feedback. In this paper, the policy effect and its differentiation are empirically studied from 'quality' and 'quantity' respectively by establishing a growth model using the Dual Differences method. The results show that the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei industrial coordinated development policy improves total factor productivity by 2.26% in terms of 'quality', and reduces GDP growth rate by 4.65% in terms of 'quantity'. For the different region, the GDP growth rate increased by 1.28%, while total factor productivity decreased by 2.63% in Beijing, the GDP growth rate decreased by 3.17% and total factor productivity increased by 0.87% in Tianjin, and the GDP growth rate increased by 2.56% and total factor productivity increased by 1.58% in Hebei. The policy is mainly realized by fixed asset investment, capital deepening degree and enterprise scale expansion, while the effect of labor input, R&D investment and enterprise number is not significant. The policy is to give full play to the driving role of fixed asset investment such as "new infrastructure", increase investment in labor and research and development in the region, strengthen the construction of a competitive market environment, and stabilize the 'quality' and 'quantity' to further release policy dividends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Ice and snow tourism has yielded considerable socioeconomic benefits, especially for the countries and regions that are rich in ice and snow resources. Boosted by the Beijing Winter Olympics, China's ice and snow tourism economy is likely to usher in a period of high-quality development. This study utilized Hailuogou Glacier Forest Park, a relatively well-developed glacier tourism area in China, as the study area. We used data on the regional GDP of Ganzi Prefecture and the comprehensive tourism revenue of Hailuogou scenic area from the period of 1990–2021 to quantitatively analyze the reciprocal feedback relationships between the regional economic growth of Ganzi Prefecture and the development of Hailuogou glacier tourism. The analyses were performed through the construction of a VAR model and through conducting robustness tests using the instrumental variable method. The results show that there is a long-term equilibrium cointegration relationship between regional economic growth in Ganzi Prefecture and tourism development in the Hailuogou scenic area, with each 1% increase in the former driving a corresponding growth of 2.01% in the latter. There is an asymmetric reciprocal feedback relationship between the economic growth of Ganzi Prefecture and the development of tourism in the Hailuogou scenic area. Economic growth in Ganzi Prefecture significantly contributes to the development of glacier tourism in Hailuogou over a longer period of time, with a contribution rate of 49%; meanwhile, the development of tourism in the Hailuogou scenic area has a limited effect on the quality and acceleration of economic development in Ganzi Prefecture, with a contribution rate of 16%. Based on the above results, relevant policy recommendations are proposed to provide a theoretical basis and decision-making reference for the high-quality development of the Hailuogou scenic area in the post-COVID-19 and post-Winter Olympics era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China's rapidly growing local government debt problem has long been recognized by foreign observers as a risk, but inside China, only recently was this problem called out as alarming. Why has local government debt been allowed to grow with little direct intervention from central authorities? We argue that it has much to do with a "grand bargain" between the central government and localities during the 1994 fiscal recentralization reform. While much scholarly attention has been paid to the consequences of the 1994 reform that left localities with a tremendous fiscal gap, our findings show that Beijing in fact gave localities the green light to create new backdoor financing institutions that counteracted the impact of fiscal recentralization. In essence, these institutions were the quid pro quo offered to localities to sustain their incentive for local state-led growth after 1994. The bargain worked, and growth continued. The drawback, however, was that China's economic growth has been accompanied by the accumulation of local government debt with little transparency and central control. When the global financial crisis slowed growth, and local deficits and debts spiked, Beijing began to shut down backdoor financing and opened front-door options that were transparent and under the control of national authorities—but with limited success. In the wake of COVID-19, the question is whether the pendulum will swing back toward more tolerance of local debt for the sake of economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malthusian population theory states that, when population growth exceeds the growth of the means of production, socioeconomic development will be hindered. This paper analyzes this issue from the perspective of uncoordinated urbanization. We used the data available for 262 cities at the prefecture level and above in China, for the years 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2015. We empirically investigated the relationship between uncoordinated urbanization and urban economic growth. We also examined how this relationship is affected by natural resource constraints. The research results show that there are temporal and spatial differences in the distribution of uncoordinated urbanization in China. From a temporal perspective, from 2000 to 2015, 45.61% of China's 262 cities show under‐urbanization, while 36.45% of cities show over‐urbanization. However, the number of cities with over‐urbanization is growing. From a spatial perspective, the number of cities in the northeastern region with over‐urbanization is declining. Conversely, the number of cities with over‐urbanization in Beijing in the central and southeastern coastal areas is increasing. Empirical research shows that uncoordinated urbanization and urban economic growth have an inverted U‐shaped relationship. Abundant natural resources can make the inverted U‐shaped curve of uncoordinated urbanization and economic growth flatter. The "resource curse" seems to occur only under high levels of uncoordinated urbanization (over‐urbanization). For some cities where there is under‐urbanization, abundant natural resources are conducive to urban economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Latecomer technology imitation and learning is an important driving force to enhance their competitiveness and total factor productivity (TFP). This paper constructs green TFP (GTFP) based on the SBM–Global–Luenberger index, using Chinese provincial panel data from 2003 to 2017. The marginal effects of foreign direct investment (FDI), outward foreign direct investment (OFDI), import and export, and intangible and total international technology spillovers (ITS) on GTFP were assessed. These effects were analysed under the influence of absorption capabilities such as research and development intensity, economic and financial, and openness. A spatial diffusion model based on three diffusion sources in China's first-tier cities, Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou, was constructed to describe the heterogeneous impacts of ITS on GTFP under the marketisation of diffusion sources. We found: (1) ITS based on exports and OFDI promote economic, imports and FDI are relatively small, independent technological innovation is the dominant source of economic growth. (2) Considering spatial diffusion, the contribution of Beijing's ITS is relatively weak, and Shanghai's contribution is stronger. Coastal areas have the largest marginal effect of ITS on GTFP, and ITS do not attenuate as geographic distances increase. (3) The market has a multiplier effect, modifying the relationship between ITS and GTFP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China faced a less forceful US posture in the South China Sea in this reporting period compared with earlier in 2020. Beijing took advantage of President Trump's failure to participate in the East Asian Summit (EAS) and other ASEAN-led meetings in November. Chinese leaders depicted the United States as disruptive and out of step with what Beijing saw as an overriding trend toward regional economic integration and cooperation. They highlighted the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) agreement and ASEAN's new prominence as China's top trading partner, forecasting stronger regional economic growth led by China's rapid rebound from the COVID-19 pandemic. Beijing remained on guard against US challenges, and it resorted to unprecedented trade retaliation and related diplomatic pressures to compel Canberra to change its recent moves to check Chinese interference in domestic Australian affairs, expansionism in the South China Sea, repression in Hong Kong and Xinjiang, and malfeasance in the initial handling of the COVID-19 outbreak in China. Some experts were optimistic that the Philippines and China were on the verge of agreeing on joint exploitation of oil and gas in South China Sea areas claimed by both countries, but others remained skeptical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the economic growth and massive industrialization, the air quality of China in general and industrial regions in specific has saturated with different health hazard pollutants. Among the pollutants, PM2.5 is posing some serious threats to the society. In this study we evaluated the correlation between PM2.5 concentration and 12 different meteorological, vegetation and topographical factors in Beijing, China. We used the Difference Index (DI) method and dark pixel method to retrieve the PM2.5 concentration of 30m and 1km spatial resolution. Spearman correlation analysis method was used to analyse the correlation between PM2.5 concentration and three types of 12 factors. The results showed that the forest land can play a major role in decreasing the PM2.5 concentration in the air, as in this study a significant drop of (18.78%) was observed in PM2.5 concentration in the regions having coniferous forest. Moreover, the PM2.5 reduction rate was positively correlated with forest vegetation coverage (FVC). Our results demonstrated that relative humidity, air pressure and water vapour pressure were positively correlated with PM2.5, while air temperature and wind speed were negatively correlated. The altitude and slope showed a weak negative correlation with PM2.5 concentration, while, aspect was very weakly correlated with the PM2.5 concentration. The findings of this study could help design the urban green space planning and air pollutioncontrol in the heavily populated urban ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cities play a major role in decoupling economic growth from carbon emission for their significant role in climate change mitigation from national level. This paper selects Beijing (economic center and leader of emission reduction in China) as a case to examine the decoupling process during the period 2000–2015 through a sectoral decomposition analysis. This paper proposes the decoupling of carbon emission from economic growth or sectoral output by defining the Tapio decoupling elasticity, and combined the decoupling elasticity with decomposition technique such as Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index approach. The results indicate that agriculture and industrial sectors presented strong decoupling state, and weak decoupling is detected in construction and other industrial sectors. Meanwhile, transport sector is in expansive negative decoupling while trade industry shows expansive coupling during the study period. Per-capita gross domestic product, industrial structure, and energy intensity are the most significant effects influencing the decoupling process. Agriculture and industry are conducive to decoupling of carbon emissions from economic output, while transport and trade are detrimental to the realization of strong decoupling target between 2000 and 2015. However, construction and other industrial sectors exerted relatively little minor impact on the whole decoupling process. Improving and promoting energy-saving technologies in transport sector and trade sector should be the key strategy adjustments for Beijing to reduce carbon emissions in the future. The study aims to provide effective policy adjustments for policy makers to accelerate the decoupling process in Beijing, which, furthermore, can lay a theoretical foundation for other cities to develop carbon emission mitigation polices more efficiently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increasing pressure from population growth and economic development, northern China (NC) faces a grand challenge of water scarcity, which can be further exacerbated by climatic and societal changes. The South‐to‐North Water Diversion (SNWD) project is designed to mitigate the water scarcity in NC. However, few studies have quantified the impact of the SNWD on water scarcity within the context of climatic and societal changes and its potential effects on economic and agricultural food in the region. We used water supply stress index (WaSSI) to quantify water scarcity within the context of environmental change in NC and developed a method to estimate the economic and agricultural impacts of the SNWD. Focuses were put on alleviating the water supply shortage and economic and agricultural benefits for the water‐receiving NC. We find that societal changes, especially economic growth, are the major contributors to water scarcity in NC during 2009–2099. To completely mitigate the water scarcity of NC, at least an additional water supply of 13 billion m3/year (comparable to the annual diversion water by SNWD Central Route) will be necessary. Although SNWD alone cannot provide the full solution to NC's water shortage in next few decades, it can significantly alleviate the water supply stress in NC (particularly Beijing), considerably increasing the agricultural production (more than 115 Tcal/year) and bringing economic benefits (more than 51 billion RMB/year) through supplying industrial and domestic water use. Additionally, the transfer project could have impacts on the ecological environment in the exporting regions. Key Points: Societal changes, especially economic growth, are the major contributors to water scarcity problem in northern China (NC) during 2009–2099Diverting water from Yangtze River can significantly reduce water scarcity in NC but cannot entirely solve the issue in next few decadesWater diversion can increase agricultural food (115 Tcal/year) and economic benefit (51 billion RMB/year) in NC under global warming of 1.5°C [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Night-time lights (NTLs) collected from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program's Operational Linescan System (DMSP-OLS) and the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) of the Suomi National Polar Partnership satellite have been widely used in multiple disciplines. However, the defects of DMSP and VIIRS data itself, and the inconsistency between them, hinder their applications in long-term finer studies. Despite some effective efforts, existing relevant researches are still limited by the shortcomings of data inaccessibility, data deficiency neglection, and spatial resolution degradation. To resolve these issues, a novel cross-sensor calibration method was developed in this article by considering three Chinese metropolises (Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou) as the study area. First, the original DMSP NTL images for 2000–2013 were calibrated through stepwise calibration, background noise removal and vegetation adjustment. Second, stable VIIRS annual composites for 2012–2019 were produced after seasonal noise removal, yearly aggregation, background noise removal, vegetation adjustment, and outliers correction. Third, a power regression model was applied to align pixel values of the processed DMSP and the processed VIIRS data for the overlapped years, and consistent NTLs for 2000–2019 were further generated using the regression results. The evaluations based on statistical coefficients, spatial patterns, profile curves, dynamic changes, and correlations with socioeconomic statistics, indicated the robustness and effectiveness of the proposed approach in filling the gaps between DMSP and VIIRS data. The consistent, continuous, and stable NTL time series could serve as input data for further applications, such as urban dynamics capture, economic growth estimation, and population distribution mapping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China has entered the new millennium with the goal of returning to the club of the great world powers and is running as the clearest candidate to dispute the hegemonic power of the United States. The "Chinese dream of revitalization of the great Chinese nation" and the "community of destiny" have become two of the main foreign policy purposes of the current president, Xi Jinping. In both concepts, the economic arena occupies a priority place. In this context, the economic statecraft, understood as the manipulation of international economic activities by a State to achieve strategic objectives (Norris, 2010) becomes a fundamental tool for Beijing in the framework of consolidation of its global power. It has also become an effective means to attract Latin American countries, rich in the natural resources that China needs to sustain its economic growth rates. In this regard, the Asian giant has established strategic partnerships aimed at strengthening ties with Beijing, which focus on trade, investment and finance (priority areas of action in the economic statecraft). This paper intends to analyze the economic statecraft that China deploys in Latin America and its link with the establishment of strategic associations in the region, in order to understand if they contribute to give an institutional framework to the economic policy of power that China deploys in the region. For this, we will take the case of the Argentina-China relationship at the beginning of the 21st century, analyzing its process of approach and evolution of bilateral political-diplomatic relations until the signing of the 2014 Comprehensive Strategic Partnership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much recent work has illuminated the growth, innovation, and prosperity of entire cities, but there is relatively less evidence concerning the growth and prosperity of individual neighborhoods. In this paper we show that diversity of amenities within a city neighborhood, computed from openly available points of interest on digital maps, accurately predicts human mobility ("flows") between city neighborhoods and that these flows accurately predict neighborhood economic productivity. Additionally, the diversity of consumption behaviour or the diversity of flows together with geographic centrality and population density accurately predicts neighborhood economic growth, even after controlling for standard factors such as population, etc. We develop our models using geo-located purchase data from Istanbul, and then validate the relationships using openly available data from Beijing and several U.S. cities. Our results suggest that the diversity of goods and services within a city neighborhood is the largest single factor driving both human mobility and economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beijing has suffered a series of poor air quality ("haze") episodes which have damaged human health and economic growth. Beijing's haze is generally driven by pollutant‐trapping meteorological conditions, but climate model projections differ on how these conditions will evolve under forcing. Such differences are driven in part by (1) disagreements over which meteorological conditions matter most and (2) an undersampling of internal variability in projections. To resolve these differences, we show that Beijing haze is associated with anticyclonic circulation, thereby linking multiple meteorological ingredients to a single process well simulated by models. We use this to inform our assessment of future haze risks in both a multimodel ensemble and a single‐model large ensemble, partitioning model uncertainty and internal variability. We estimate that forcing increases haze‐favorable conditions, but internal variability significantly affects these projections, emphasizing the importance of fully sampling sources of uncertainty to ensure accurate projections of haze risks. Plain Language Summary: Episodes of poor air quality ("haze") in Beijing, China have been linked to cardiovascular and respiratory disease, damage to crops, and decreases in economic growth. These episodes tend to occur when moist, still air lets pollutants accumulate. Human‐caused climate change may affect the weather conditions that cause haze, but that effect is uncertain due to how scientists characterize haze‐favorable weather, how such weather links to actual haze occurrence, and how those features change in climate model experiments that neither simulate pollutants explicitly nor represent the full distribution of climate variability ("internal variability"). Here we show that different weather conditions that promote haze in Beijing are linked to the same large‐scale wind patterns, putting those conditions in the context of a single physical process simulated by climate models. When evaluated against this observed benchmark, we can confidently use multiple climate model ensembles to estimate how climate change affects haze‐favorable conditions while also addressing uncertainties due to model choices and internal variability. We show that climate change will make haze‐favorable conditions over Beijing more frequent, but that internal variability can generate large uncertainties in these projections, demonstrating the importance of fully sampling climate variability to constrain the risks of climate‐induced health impacts. Key Points: Poor air quality in Beijing is linked to stagnant meteorology at the surface and anticyclonic circulation that promotes such conditionsClimate models project increases in atmospheric conditions favorable to pollutant accumulation throughout the 21st centuryInternal variability strongly affects such projections, implying that previous projections have undersampled initial‐condition uncertainty [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2019, a semblance of political stability prevailed in Vietnam even as the affairs of the Communist Party were beset by the uncertain health of its general secretary, corruption scandals, and the intensification of Beijing's encroachment on its continental shelf. Vietnam saw continued economic growth but an increasingly complex growth picture. Improvements in the quality of life masked the persistence of economic vulnerability and increasing inequality, while civil society was constrained by state repression. Ominously, Vietnam's ecological crisis intensified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With economic expansion having moderated to a "new normal" pace, supply structure of goods and competition state of logistics market has undergone major changes. In order to respond to these changes actively, China Railway Corporation has launched railway express freight block trains to meet with customers' demands. However, traditional operation conditions require every freight block train fully loaded to make best of transportation capacity. This has caused a series of problems to freight block trains, such as uncertain departure time, unstable running frequency and so on, which cannot meet with the customers' basic requirements for goods transport and logistics. So it is an urgent task to study the suitable cars' number and running frequency of railway express freight block trains so as to reduce customers' costs and increase China Railway Corporation's profits. Therefore, this paper analyzes the calculation method of customers' generalized transportation cost and profits of running a railway express freight block train. Then, an optimization model for cars' number and running frequency of freight block trains is proposed. The objective functions of this model are the minimum general transportation costs of customers and the maximum profits of China Railway Corporation. The model constraints are about transportation capacity, railway freight stations' operating capacity and so on. Taking railway express freight block trains operated between Beijing and Shanghai as an example, the cars' number and running frequency are calculated which can effectively reduce customers' cost and increase China Railway Corporation's profits. The results can prove the feasibility of the model proposed in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a growing interest in Chinese citizens' attitudes towards economic reform and development, but little attention has been paid to their views on the urban environment. Based on the results of our recent survey in Beijing, this paper discusses the public awareness of the current urban natural and social environment, of the relationship between economic development and environment protection, and of the relevant government policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Basin eco-compensation (BEC) helps balance development opportunities and ecological protection. With rising demand for water and severe ecological problems driven by rapid economic growth, an appropriate BEC standard is urgently needed for basins in China. The BEC standard should comprehensively cover ecosystem services flow and ecological protection cost. This study proposes a BEC valuation method developed by combining gross ecosystem product (GEP) accounting with total cost accounting (TCA). The method was applied to the cross-regional water transfer project involving Shanxi province, Beijing city, and Xiong'an new district, which requires a BEC mechanism to coordinate payers and acceptors. The results revealed that water-related ecosystem services (WESs) received a minor proportion (<3%) of the compensation, owing to deficiencies in the current WESs pricing standard, and that stakeholder interests may be infringed by the imperfect profit distribution system. Multi-agent joint bargaining, a BEC fund, and hydrological monitoring should be implemented to improve BEC valuations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the balance between the supply and demand of leisure services (LSs) in urban areas can benefit urban spatial planning and improve the quality of life of residents. In cities in developing countries, the pursuit of rapid economic growth has ignored residents' demand for LSs, thereby leading to a high demand for and short supply of these services. However, due to the lack of relevant research data, few studies have focused on the spatial mismatch in the supply and demand of LSs in urban areas. As typical representatives of multisource geographic data, social sensing data are readily available at various temporal and spatial scales, thus making social sensing data ideal for quantitative urban research. The objectives of this study are to use openly accessible datasets to explore the spatial pattern of the supply and demand of LSs in urban areas and then to depict the relationship between the supply and demand by using correlation analysis. Therefore, taking Beijing, China, as an example, the LS supply index (SI) and societal needs index (SNI) are proposed based on open data to reflect the supply and demand of LSs. The results show that the spatial distribution of the LS supply and demand in Beijing varies with a concentric pattern from the urban center to suburban areas. There is a strong correlation between the supply and demand of commercial and multifunctional services in Chaoyang, Fengtai, Haidian and Shijingshan, but there is no obvious correlation between the supply and demand of ecological and cultural services in Beijing. Especially in Dongcheng and Xicheng, there is no obvious correlation between the supply and demand of all services. The proposed approach provides an effective urban LS supply and demand evaluation method. In addition, the research results can provide a reference for the construction of "happy cities" in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A flexible and comprehensive assessment framework of ISID is proposed. • Two formulations of ISID – ISID regime and ISIDsdg9 regime are established. • MEA approach and RAM approach are utilized to measure ISID. • Current status and improving potentials of ISID for China's 30 provinces are evaluated. • Policy paths toward mainstreaming ISID for China's 30 provinces are put forward. Inclusive and sustainable industrial development (ISID) is a call for action to promote industrialization by minimizing the environmental footprint and enhancing social inclusion. This study proposes a new framework of an evaluation system to assess the ISID for 30 provinces in China (2011–2016). As there does not exist a generally accepted evaluation system of ISID, this study proposes a dual-formulation of ISID to rationalize the trade-offs among externalities brought by industrialization: (i) ISID represents the aspiration of countries to promote industrialization and consequently sustain economic growth by reducing the adverse environmental and social effects which manifest in the overall economy (ii) ISIDsdg9 considers the same aspects of ISID but limits the externalities within the industrial sector. This study applied two newly developed efficiency evaluation approaches, Multi-Directional Efficiency Analysis (MEA) and Range-Adjusted Measure (RAM), to evaluate and analyze the ISID for China. This study finds that: Among the 30 provinces, (i) Beijing and Tianjin are the benchmark provinces for promoting ISID and ISIDsdg9 regimes, respectively. (ii) Throughout the 2011–2016, the overall performance of China on ISID and ISIDsdg9 regimes has improved modestly. (iii) Based on the analysis of the barrel effect, SO 2 emission is the key binding constraint to achieving the frontier status of ISID and ISIDsd9 regimes (v) Under the evaluation of ISID and ISIDsdg9 regimes, the average annual growth potentials of industrial value added (IVA) is 280.52 billion CNY and 927.54 billion CNY, respectively. This present study recommends local government in China to advance their ISID performance by exploiting the policies targeting emission mitigation concerning fossil fuels while considering Beijing and Tianjin as the benchmark provinces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]