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Ensuring the safety and operational efficiency of hydraulic infrastructures is paramount, considering the widespread consequences that damages can inflict on people, communities, and the environment. To mitigate risks and prevent significant losses, continuous surveillance is vital. While some damages might appear minor, they can jeopardize the complete operational reliability of dams, leading to substantial economic losses, especially in energy production and related activities. The rapid growth in 20th-century infrastructure development globally has made security monitoring a necessity for numerous civil structures. Rigorous inspection programs, particularly for reservoir dams, are essential for safeguarding citizens and their properties. However, individually monitoring each dam is often impractical due to the associated costs and time constraints, potentially posing safety risks. Fortunately, satellite-based differential radar interferometry (DInSAR) offers an effective and cost-efficient remote sensing solution. Multi-temporal Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (MT-InSAR) techniques, particularly utilizing Persistent Scatterers, have proven successful in monitoring various infrastructures, natural phenomena, and geological activities. MT-InSAR provides precise measurements without the need for fieldwork, utilizing historical SAR image archives dating back to the 1990s. Technological advancements, such as the Sentinel-1 C-band with a six-day revisit time until the end of 2021, have enhanced monitoring capabilities. Additionally, commercial radar images in the X-band and the development of multi-interferometric InSAR techniques have opened new avenues for monitoring. This study showcases the adaptation and application of MT-InSAR for monitoring dams and large ponds constructed with loose materials. By assessing vertical displacements and consolidation rates, the technique identifies potential issues, aiding in further field investigations. Case studies involving dams and large reservoirs in Andalusia illustrate the effectiveness of satellite radar interferometry in monitoring their structural stability from space as a routine practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a study on the `Permanent Seminar' in Andalusia, Spain. Instrument for the development of teachers; Description of permanent seminars; Details on the learning acquired by teachers.

Abstract: In this paper, part of a wider study on goat milk in Andalusia, the total nitrogen and the main protein fractions in commercial brands of Andalusian semi-skimmed cow milk and goat milk were measured and compared to the results for raw goat milk from the farms of a major Andalusian goat milk cooperative. Mean total protein content was significantly higher in the untreated raw goat milk (3.67g/100g) than in the commercial goat milk (3.27g/100g) or cow milk (3.14g/100g). Mean non-casein content was 0.138g/100g in raw goat milk and 0.118g/100g in commercial cow milk, and mean non-protein nitrogen was significantly higher in raw goat milk (0.040g/100g) than in commercial cow milk (0.027g/100g) Nitrogen from casein peptides and from globulin was also determined. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]