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WHO and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) annually review data on immunization coverage to estimate national coverage with routine service delivery of the following vaccines: bacille Calmette-Guérin; diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis, first and third doses; either oral polio vaccine or inactivated polio vaccine, third dose of either; hepatitis B, third dose; Haemophilus influenzae type b, third dose; and a measles virus-containing vaccine, either for measles alone or in the form of a combination vaccine, one dose. The estimates are based on government reports submitted to WHO and UNICEF and are supplemented by survey results from the published and grey literature. Local experts, primarily national immunization system managers and WHO/UNICEF regional and national staff, are consulted for additional information on the performance of specific immunization systems. Estimates are derived through a country-by-country review of available data informed and constrained by a set of heuristics; no statistical or mathematical models are used. Draft estimates are made, sent to national authorities for review and comment and modified in light of their feedback. While the final estimates may not differ from reported data, they constitute an independent technical assessment by WHO and UNICEF of the performance of national immunization systems. These country-specific estimates, available from 1980 onward, are updated annually.

In 2020, the World Health Assembly endorsed the Immunization Agenda 2030 (IA2030), the 2021-2030 global strategy for a world in which everyone, everywhere, at every age fully benefits from vaccines. This report reviews trends in WHO and United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) estimates of global, regional and national immunization coverage up to 2022 and documents progress in improving coverage to reduce the number of children who have not received the first dose of a diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis-containing vaccine (DTPcvl) (zero-dose children) worldwide by 50% and to increase coverage with 3 DTPcv doses (DTPcv3). Worldwide, coverage with [greater than or equal to]1 dose DTPcvl increased from 86% in 2021 to 89% in 2022, remaining below the 90% coverage achieved in 2019. Estimated DTPcv3 coverage increased from 81% in 2021 to 84% in 2022 but also remained below the 2019 coverage of 86%. Worldwide in 2022, 14.3 million children were not vaccinated with DTPcv1, a 21% decrease from 18.1 million in 2021 but an 11% increase from 12.9 million in 2019. Most children (84%) who did not receive DTPcv1 in 2022 lived in low- and lower-middle-income countries. Global immunization rates recovered from the reduced levels associated with the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in 2022, but progress was unevenly distributed, especially in low-income countries. Urgent action is needed to provide incompletely vaccinated children with catch-up vaccinations that were missed during the pandemic, restore national vaccination coverage to pre-pandemic levels, strengthen immunization programmes to build resilience to future unforeseen public health events, and further improve coverage to protect children from vaccine-preventable diseases. En 2020, l'Assemblee mondiale de la Sante a approuve le Programme de vaccination a l'horizon 2030 (IA2030), la strategie mondiale 2021-2030 pour un monde oU chaque individu, oU qu'il se trouve et quel que soit son age, beneficie pleinement des vaccins. Ce rapport examine l'evolution des estimations de l'OMS et du Fonds des Nations Unies pour l'enfance (UNICEF) de la couverture vaccinale mondiale, regionale et nationale jusqu'en 2022 et documente les progres accomplis dans l'amelioration de la couverture vaccinale visant a reduire de 50% le nombre d'enfants qui n'ont pas recu la premiere dose du vaccin antidiphterique-antitetanique-anticoquelucheux (DTC1) (enfants dits <>) dans le monde et a augmenter la couverture vaccinale par la troisieme dose de DTC (DTC3). A l'echelle mondiale, la couverture vaccinale par [greater than or equal to]1 dose de DTC a augmente, passant de 86% en 2021 a 89% en 2022, mais reste inferieure a la couverture de 90% atteinte en 2019. La couverture estimee par la DTC3 a egalement augmente, passant de 81% en 2021 a 84% en 2022, mais demeure inferieure a la couverture de 86% en 2019. En 2022, dans le monde, 14,3 millions d'enfants n'ont pas recu la DTC1, un chiffre en baisse de 21% par rapport aux 18,1 millions d'enfants en 2021, mais en augmentation de 11% par rapport aux 12,9 millions d'enfants en 2019. La plupart des enfants (84%) qui n'ont pas recu la DTC1 en 2022 vivaient dans des pays a revenu faible ou intermediaire de la tranche inferieure. Les taux de vaccination ont progresse a l'echelle mondiale, apres un recul associe a la pandemie de maladie a coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) en 2022, mais de maniere inegale, en particulier dans les pays a faible revenu. Il est urgent d'agir pour rattraper la vaccination des enfants incompletement vaccines parce qu'ils n'ont pas pu etre atteints lors de la pandemie, retablir la couverture vaccinale nationale aux niveaux d'avant la pandemie, renforcer les programmes de vaccination afin d'accroitre la resilience face a de futurs evenements de sante publique imprevus et ameliorer encore la couverture vaccinale pour proteger les enfants contre les maladies evitables par la vaccination., Introduction The Expanded Programme on Immunization was established by WHO in 1974 to ensure that every infant in the world receives vaccines against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, poliomyelitis, measles and tuberculosis. [...]

Following the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 in late 2019, transmission expanded globally and on 30 January 2020, COVID-19 was declared as a public health emergency of international concern. (1) Analysis of [...]

In 2012, the World Health Assembly (WHA) endorsed the Global Vaccine Action Plan (GVAP), (1) with the objective of eliminating measles (2) in 5 of the 6 WHO regions by [...]

In 2010, the World Health Assembly (WHA) set 3 milestones for measles control, to be achieved by 2015: 1) increase routine coverage with the first dose of measles-containing vaccine (MCV1) [...]

Data from the WHO and UNICEF Estimates of National Immunization Coverage (WUENIC) 2022 revision were analyzed to assess the status of routine immunization in the WHO African Region disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2022, coverage for the first and third doses of the diphtheria–tetanus–pertussis-containing vaccine (DTP1 and DTP3, respectively) and the first dose of the measles-containing vaccine (MCV1) in the region was estimated at 80%, 72% and 69%, respectively (all below the 2019 level). Only 13 of the 47 countries (28%) achieved the global target coverage of 90% or above with DTP3 in 2022. From 2019 to 2022, 28.7 million zero-dose children were recorded (19.0% of the target population). Ten countries in the region accounted for 80.3% of all zero-dose children, including the four most populated countries. Reported administrative coverage greater than WUENIC-reported coverage was found in 19 countries, highlighting routine immunization data quality issues. The WHO African Region has not yet recovered from COVID-19 disruptions to routine immunization. It is critical for governments to ensure that processes are in place to prioritize investments for restoring immunization services, catching up on the vaccination of zero-dose and under-vaccinated children and improving data quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2000, the UN General Assembly adopted the Millennium Development Goals (MDG), with MDG4 being a reduction of two thirds in child mortality by 2015, and with measles vaccination coverage [...]

The article presents a report from the World Health Organization (WHO) on COVID-19 mortality and progress toward vaccinating older adults from 2020-2022. Topics discussed include impact of COVID-19 during the period, reported and estimated excess COVID-19-associated deaths, and ratio of excess COVID-19 mortality estimates to aggregate number of reported deaths.

All six World Health Organization (WHO) regions have committed to eliminating measles.* The Immunization Agenda 2021-2030 (IA2030)† aims to achieve the regional targets as a core indicator of impact and positions measles as the tracer of a health system's ability to deliver essential childhood vaccines. IA2030 highlights the importance of ensuring rigorous measles surveillance systems to document immunity gaps and achieve 95% coverage with 2 timely doses of measles-containing vaccine (MCV) among children. This report describes progress toward measles elimination during 2000-2021 and updates a previous report (1). During 2000-2021, estimated global coverage with a first MCV dose (MCV1) increased from 72% to a peak of 86% in 2019, but decreased during the COVID-19 pandemic to 83% in 2020 and to 81% in 2021, the lowest MCV1 coverage recorded since 2008. All countries conducted measles surveillance, but only 47 (35%) of 135 countries reporting discarded cases§ achieved the sensitivity indicator target of two or more discarded cases per 100,000 population in 2021, indicating surveillance system underperformance in certain countries. Annual reported measles incidence decreased 88% during 2000-2016, from 145 to 18 cases per 1 million population, then rebounded to 120 in 2019 during a global resurgence (2), before declining to 21 in 2020 and to 17 in 2021. Large and disruptive outbreaks were reported in 22 countries. During 2000-2021, the annual number of estimated measles deaths decreased 83%, from 761,000 to 128,000; an estimated 56 million measles deaths were averted by vaccination. To regain progress and achieve regional measles elimination targets during and after the COVID-19 pandemic, accelerating targeted efforts is necessary to reach all children with 2 MCV doses while implementing robust surveillance and identifying and closing immunity gaps to prevent cases and outbreaks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Measles incidence and mortality rates have significantly decreased since vaccine introduction. Despite this progress, however, there has been a global resurgence of measles. To understand the current global epidemiology, we analyzed measles surveillance data.Methods: We analyzed data on measles cases from 2013-2018 reported to the World Health Organization. Univariate analysis was undertaken based on age, vaccination history, onset year, World Health Organization region, and World Bank income status for the country where the case was reported, and a surrogate indicator of the historical strength of the country's immunization program. Annual incidence and a 2013-2018 mean country incidence per million were calculated.Results: From 2013 through 2018, there were 899 800 reported measles cases, of which 57% occurred unvaccinated or undervaccinated persons, with an unknown vaccination history in another 30%. Lower-middle-income countries accounted for 66% of cases, 23% occurred in persons ≥15 years of age. In countries with stronger historical vaccination programs and higher country income, case patients had higher median ages.Conclusions: Although most measles case patients are <15 years of age, an age shift is seen in countries with a higher income or a stronger historical vaccination program. Countries must strengthen immunization programs to achieve high vaccination coverage; some must undertake strategies to reach persons ≥15 years of age and close immunity gaps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article looks at the global progress in the control and elimination of rubella and congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) from 2000 to 2012. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 68 percent of member states had introduced rubella-containing vaccine (RCV) into national routine immunization schedules. Other topics discussed include the evaluation of the disease burden, surveillance for rubella infections and dosages of RCV.

In most developing countries, rubella vaccine has not been included in the Expanded Programme on Immunization because of lack of information on the burden of disease caused by rubella virus, increased cost associated with adding rubella vaccine, and the concern that if high vaccine coverage cannot be achieved and maintained, the risk of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) may increase. Data for 2009 reported by countries to the World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations Children's Fund through the annual Joint Reporting Form were used to indicate patterns in the worldwide use of rubella vaccines, describe the number of reported rubella and CRS cases by WHO Region, and explore factors associated with decisions by countries to introduce rubella vaccine in their national childhood immunization programs. The number of WHO Member States using rubella-containing vaccine (RCV) in their national childhood immunization schedule increased from 83 (43%) in 1996 to 130 (67%) in 2009. Although scheduled ages for rubella vaccination vary across countries and regions, most countries have a 2-dose schedule using a combined measles-mumps-rubella vaccine. Among 130 countries using RCV in 2009, median coverage with the first dose of measles-containing vaccine (MCV1) was 95% (interquartile range [IQR], 90%-98%), compared with a median MCV1 coverage of 76% (IQR, 64%-88%) in countries not using RCV. The median per capita gross national income among 130 countries using RCV was US $6300 (IQR, $3227-$20 916), compared with $635 (IQR, $337-$1027) for 63 countries not using RCV. In 2009, 121 344 rubella cases from 167 countries were reported to WHO. However, only 165 CRS cases were reported globally, of which 67 were in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. Further improvements in surveillance are needed to better document the burden of CRS, and new financing mechanisms will be required to catalyze the introduction of rubella vaccine in developing countries that currently meet the coverage criteria for introduction of rubella vaccine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • All countries were asked how they conducted measles, rubella, and congenital rubella syndrome surveillance. • 86% of countries reported conducting measles surveillance in line with global recommendations. • 77% of countries reported conducting rubella surveillance in line with global recommendations. • 77% of countries report conducting congenital rubella syndrome surveillance. Abstract Background All six World Health Organization (WHO) regions have committed to eliminate measles, and three WHO regions have committed to eliminate rubella. One of the key tenets of measles and rubella elimination is to have a strong surveillance system in place. The presence of a case-based measles and rubella surveillance system that is national, population-based, provides laboratory confirmation, and directs action, is one of the requirements for elimination-standard surveillance. Methods In order to understand the global landscape for measles and rubella surveillance, a questionnaire was sent to all 194 WHO member states (herein referred to as countries) requesting information on how surveillance was conducted for measles, rubella, and congenital rubella syndrome. Data were supplemented with information provided to WHO through other reporting mechanisms and by national policy documents available to the public. Frequencies and percentages were calculated. Results Data were available to review from 164 (85%) countries, although not every country responded to every question. Case-based, population-based, national surveillance with laboratory confirmation was reported to be conducted in 136 (86%) of 158 countries for measles and 122 (77%) of 158 countries for rubella. Congenital rubella syndrome surveillance was reported to be conducted by 126 (77%) of 163 countries. Gaps were noted in the quality of measles-rubella surveillance conducted, and 26 (16%) of 158 countries reported not including all healthcare providers as mandatory reporters. Conclusions Many countries reported having some of the essential components in place to conduct elimination-standard surveillance for measles and rubella; however, in order to achieve elimination, the quality of surveillance needs to improve to detect all cases. In those countries without these essential components of elimination-standard surveillance, the first step is to implement these components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The majority of industrialized and some developing countries have established technical advisory bodies to guide and formulate national immunization policies and strategies. These are referred to as National Immunization Technical Advisory Groups (NITAGs), WHO and its partners have placed a high priority on assisting in the establishment or strengthening of functional, sustainable, and independent NITAGs. To enable systematic global monitoring of the existence and functionality of NITAGs, in 2010, WHO and UNICEF included related questions in the WHO–UNICEF Joint Reporting Form (JRF) that provides an official means for WHO and UNICEF to collect indicators of immunization programme performance. This paper presents the status of NITAGs based on the analysis of the 2010 JRF. Although 115 countries (64% of responders) reported having a NITAG in 2010, only 50% of countries reported the existence of a NITAG with a formal administrative or legislative basis. Despite limitations in the ability to compare 2010 JRF data with that from a 2008 global survey, it appears that substantial progress has been achieved globally over with 43 committees reporting affirmatively about six NITAG process indicators, compared with 23 in the 2008 survey. Impressive progress has been observed in the proportion of countries reporting NITAGs with formal terms of reference (24% increase), a legislative or administrative basis (10% increase), and a requirement for members to disclose their interests (14% increase). Some of the poorest developing countries now enjoy support from a NITAG which meet all six process indicators. These may serve as examples for other countries. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]