35 results on '"Ceras"'
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2. Tratamentos para prolongar a vida pós-colheita de Heliconia wagneriana Petersen
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Josafhat Salinas-Ruiz, Maria de Lourdes Arévalo-Galarza, Gisela Carrera-Alvarado, G. H. De-La-Cruz-Guzman, Obdulia Baltazar-Bernal, and Joel Velasco-Velasco
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Heliconia ,enzymatic activity ,ceras ,Plant Science ,Horticulture ,Shelf life ,Polyphenol oxidase ,SB1-1110 ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,absorção ,vida de vaso ,vase life ,waxes ,solution uptake ,Bract ,Wax ,biology ,Chemistry ,Vase life ,Heliconia wagneriana ,Plant culture ,atividade enzimática ,biology.organism_classification ,visual_art ,Postharvest ,visual_art.visual_art_medium ,Salicylic acid ,heliconia wagneriana, solution uptake, enzymatic activity, waxes, vase life - Abstract
Tropical flowers have a growing market due to their exotic appearance and thus postharvest techniques are necessary to prolong their shelf life. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of wax and salicylic acid (1 mM) in reducing chilling injury and increase the vase life in stems of Heliconia wagneriana stored at low temperature. For that, 120 stems were harvested in a commercial area. From these, 60 stems were waxed and air-dried; while 60 unwaxed stems served as controls. Then 2 groups of 48 stems from both treated and control were cold-stored at 13 °C and 84 % RH for 5 and 10 days. After storage, the stems were placed either in salicylic acid solution (1 mM) or tap water. The remaining stems (12 waxed and 12 control) were kept at room temperature. The variables evaluated were anatomical characteristics, fresh weight loss, solution uptake, vase life, enzymatic activity (polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase), and membrane integrity. The wax coating maintained the fresh weight and extended the vase life of the stored stems under room temperature for up to 2 more days. The vase life of the cold-stored stems of 5 and 10 days was extended by 3 and 2 more days respectively, as compared to the control. No significant effect was observed for the use of salicylic acid (1 mM). The bracts tissue of the waxed stems showed lower enzymatic activity, reflected in lower oxidative stress compared to the control. Tropical species as heliconia present a very low water absorption, then the use of wax coating is recommended to preserve the turgidity and shelf life of the stems. Resumo As flores tropicais têm um mercado crescente, devido ao seu aspecto exótico, sendo necessárias técnicas para prolongar a sua vida útil. Assim, este estudo buscou avaliar a eficácia do uso de cera e ácido salicílico (1 mM) em hastes de Heliconia wagneriana armazenadas em baixa temperatura, a fim de reduzir as lesões por frio e prolongar a vida de vaso. Para isso, 120 hastes foram colhidas em uma área comercial. Destas, 60 hastes foram enceradas e secas ao ar; enquanto que 60 hastes não-enceradas serviram como controle. Em seguida, 2 grupos de 48 hastes, tanto enceradas quanto do controle, foram armazenadas a 13 °C e UR de 84% por 5 e 10 dias. Após o armazenamento, as hastes foram colocadas em solução de ácido salicílico (1 mM) ou água. As hastes restantes (12 enceradas e 12 controle) foram mantidas em temperatura ambiente. As variáveis avaliadas foram características anatômicas, perda de massa fresca, consumo de solução, vida de vaso, atividade enzimática (polifenol oxidase e peroxidase) e integridade de membrana. O enceramento manteve o peso fresco e prolongou a vida de vaso das hastes armazenadas em vaso em temperatura ambiente por até mais 2 dias. A vida de vaso das hastes refrigeradas de 5 e 10 dias estendeu-se por 3 e 2 dias a mais, respectivamente, em relação às hastes controle. Nenhum efeito significativo foi observado para o uso de ácido salicílico (1 mM). O tecido das hastes enceradas apresentou menor atividade enzimática, refletindo em menor estresse oxidativo em relação ao controle. Espécies tropicais como as helicônias apresentam baixa absorção de água, sendo recomendado o uso de recobrimento de cera para preservar a turgidez e a vida útil das hastes.
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- 2021
3. Histological and radiological changes in cranial bone in the presence of bone wax Alterações histológicas e radiológicas no osso craniano na presença de cera de osso
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Cassio Eduardo Raposo-Amaral, Ana Beatriz Albino de Almeida, Gustavo Paschoal, Daniela Franco Bueno, Luiz Carlos Vulcano, Maria Rita Passos-Bueno, and Nivaldo Alonso
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Ceras ,Crânio ,Hemostáticos ,Osteogênese ,Rats ,Waxes ,Skull ,Hemostatics ,Osteogenesis ,Surgery ,RD1-811 - Abstract
PURPOSE: To quantify the amount of bone formation in the calvarial region of Wistar rats after craniotomy using bone wax as a haemostatic agent. METHODS: Surgery to produce bilateral, symmetric, full-thickness cranial defects (area: 18 mm²) was performed in eight animals. The right side of the cranium remained open and the edges of the left side osseous defect was covered with bone wax. Calvaria were imaged immediately after surgery and 12 weeks postoperatively by computerized tomography. The areas of the bone defects were measured in three-dimensional images using Magics 13.0 (Materialise-Belgic, software CAD). RESULTS: The average amount of bone formation on the left and right side respectively was 4.85 mm² and 8.16 mm². Statistically significant differences between the amount of bone formation on the left and right sides were seen. CONCLUSIONS: Bone wax significantly diminishes the rate of bone formation in calvarial defects in a rat model.OBJETIVO: Quantificar a formação óssea da região da calvaria de ratos Wistar submetidos à craniotomia com a utilização de cera de osso como agente hemostático. MÉTODOS: Cirurgia para realizar um defeito ósseo craniano bilateral, simétrico (área: 18 mm²) e com espessura total foi realizado em oito animais. O lado direito do crânio permaneceu aberto e as extremidades do defeito ósseo do lado esquerdo foram recobertas com cera de osso. O crânio foi submetido à avaliação radiológica imediatamente após a cirurgia e 12 semanas após a cirurgia com a utilização de tomografia computadorizada. As áreas dos defeitos ósseos foram medidas através de imagens tridimensionais e utilizando o programa de computador Magics 13.0 (Materialise-Belgic, software CAD). RESULTADOS: A quantidade média de formação óssea no lado esquerdo e direito foi respectivamente de 4.85 mm² e 8.16 mm². Diferença estatisticamente significante foi observada entre o lado direito e esquerdo. CONCLUSÕES: A cera de osso diminuiu significativamente a formação óssea nos defeitos ósseos em modelo animal.
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- 2011
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4. Utilização dos componentes da cera das plantas, em especial os n-alcanos, em estudos de nutrição de ruminantes The utilization of plant wax components, especially n-alkanes, in ruminants nutrition studies
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Dimas Estrásulas de Oliveira and Ênio Rosa Prates
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ceras ,consumo ,digestibilidade ,hidrocarbonetos ,indicadores ,n-alcanos ,digestibility ,hydrocarbons ,intake ,markers ,n-alkanes ,waxes ,Agriculture ,Agriculture (General) ,S1-972 - Abstract
A utilização de métodos indiretos para estimar o consumo e a digestibilidade dos alimentos por ruminantes é bastante importante, porque pode representar uma economia de tempo, dinheiro e trabalho em relação aos experimentos convencionais e, também, por permitir tais estimativas sob condições extensivas de pastejo. Dentre esses métodos, sobressai-se o dos indicadores fecais. Várias substâncias têm sido utilizadas para esse fim. Este artigo é uma revisão de alguns aspectos sobre o uso de n-alcanos como indicadores em estudos de nutrição de ruminantes.The indirect methods used to estimate the intake and digestibility of feedstuffs by ruminants are very important because these methods represent an economy of time, money and work, in relation to conventional trials. Also, they permit estimates in grazing conditions. Among these methods, the faecal markers stand out and lots of substances have been used. This paper is a review about the use of n-alkanes as markers in ruminant nutrition studies.
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- 2000
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5. Process development for policosanol obtention from sugarcane peel wax
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Henriques, Julcelly Dayara de Oliveira, 1991, Martinez, Patrícia Fazzio Martins, 1978, Fregolente, Leonardo Vasconcelos, Garcia, Vera Lucia, Komesu, Andrea, Pinto, Glaucia Maria Ferreira, Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Faculdade de Engenharia Química, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Química, and UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS
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Ceras ,Waxes ,Agro-industrial waste ,Policosanol ,Cana-de-açúcar ,Chromatographic columns ,Cromatografia em coluna ,Sugarcane ,Resíduos agroindustriais ,Octacosanol - Abstract
Orientador: Patricia Fazzio Martins Martinez Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química Resumo: O policosanol é uma mistura de álcoois graxos de cadeia longa (C20-C34) que apresenta efeitos benéficos na promoção da saúde, devido as suas atividades antioxidantes, antiplaquetárias, anticolesterolêmicas, dentre outras. A principal fonte desta mistura são as ceras vegetais; entre elas, a cera da cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum officinarum L.), que tem grande destaque no Brasil devido ao expressivo número de hectares plantados no território nacional. Apesar disto, ainda não há produção de policosanol no Brasil. Neste sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver um processo para a obtenção de policosanol a partir da cera oriunda da casca proveniente da raspagem da cana-de-açúcar destinada aos garapeiros. O teor de policosanol foi monitorado a partir da quantificação de octacosanol (C28), que é o álcool graxo majoritário. Inicialmente, a cera foi extraída com hexano e purificada, apresentando 29,7% de octacosanol. Na sequência, a cera foi submetida a diferentes métodos de purificação, como reações de hidrólise, partição líquido-líquido e fracionamento por coluna cromatográfica (seca e flash), visando aumentar o teor de policosanol. A hidrólise dos ésteres foi realizada no intuito de promover a liberação dos álcoois graxos livres, contribuindo para aumentar a concentração destes constituinte na cera; entretanto, o alto teor de ácidos graxos livres induziu a ocorrência de reações paralelas, comprometendo o rendimento da reação e inviabilizando o seu uso nas etapas subsequentes. No intuito de utilizar a cromatografia contracorrente (HSCCC) para fracionar os constituintes da cera, foram realizados testes de partição líquido-líquido empregando diferentes solventes, no entanto, a baixa solubilidade da cera nos sistemas de solventes avaliados inviabilizou o uso desta tecnologia. A partir do fracionamento da cera por coluna cromatográfica seca, foram obtidas frações com teor de octacosanol variando de 11 a 44%, sendo observada também a retenção de parte dos ácidos junto aos álcoois graxos. A cromatografia flash em coluna com sílica gel impregnada com KOH foi empregada a fim de reter os componentes ácidos na coluna e possibilitou a obtenção de frações com teor de octacosanol superior a 50%, aproximando-se do produto comercial Lesstanol®. O presente trabalho conseguiu promover o reaproveitamento de um resíduo agroindustrial para a obtenção de um produto de maior valor agregado (policosanol), a partir de uma técnica de fracionamento simples, eficaz, rápida e de baixo custo, contribuindo assim para o avanço de pesquisas relacionadas à purificação do policosanol Abstract: Policosanol is a mixture of long-chain fatty alcohols (C20-C34) that has beneficial health-promoting effects due to its antioxidant, antiplatelet, anticholesterolemic activities, among others. The main source of this mixture is vegetable waxes; among them, sugarcane wax (Saccharum officinarum L.) has great prominence in Brazil due to the expressive number of planted hectares in the national territory. Despite this, there is still no production of policosanol in Brazil. In this sense, the objective of this work was to develop a process for the policosanol obtainment from the wax that comes from cane scraping for sugarcane juice production. The policosanol content was monitored through the quantification of octacosanol (C28), the predominant alcohol in the mixture. Firstly, the wax extraction by hexane and purification were performed, which presented 29.7% of octacosanol. Subsequently, the wax was subjected to different purification methods, such as hydrolysis reactions, liquid-liquid partition and fractionation by column chromatography (dry and flash), in order to increase the policosanol content. The hydrolysis of the esters was carried out in order to promote the free fatty alcohols release, contributing to increase the concentration of these constituents in the wax; however, the high content of free fatty acids induced the occurrence of parallel reactions, compromising the reaction yield and making unfeasible its use in subsequent steps. In order to use counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) to fractionate the wax constituents, liquid-liquid partition tests were carried out using different solvents; however, the wax low solubility in the evaluated solvent systems made the use of this technology unfeasible. From the wax fractionation by dry chromatographic column, fractions with octacosanol content ranging from 11 to 44% were obtained, being also observed the retention of acids with the fatty alcohols. Flash column chromatography with KOH impregnated silica was employed in order to retain the acidic components in the column and, made it possible to obtain fractions with an octacosanol content greater than 50%, approaching the commercial product Lesstanol®. Thus, the present work was able to promote the reuse of an agro-industrial waste to obtain a higher value-added product (policosanol), from a simple, effective, fast, and low-cost fractionation technique, contributing to the advancement of research related to the purification of policosanol Doutorado Engenharia Química Doutora em Engenharia Química CNPQ 140928/2017-0
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- 2021
6. Revestimentos na pós-colheita de frutos de banana-maçã
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Rafael Matias da Silva, Denise Rodrigues Conceição, Matheus Vinicius Abadia Ventura, Jorge Pereira de Melo, Antonio Carlos Pereira de Menezes Filho, Anderli Divina Ferreira Rios, and Ayure Gomes da Silva
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Moringa oleifera ,Musa spp ,Wax ,food.ingredient ,Aceites ,Coconut oil ,Ripening ,Orange (colour) ,Beeswax ,Moringa ,Horticulture ,food ,Ceras ,Waxes ,visual_art ,Bowdichia virgilioides ,visual_art.visual_art_medium ,Postharvest ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Óleos ,Oils ,Completely randomized design ,General Environmental Science ,Mathematics - Abstract
Banana is a fruit of great importance for Brazilian agribusiness, in terms of consumption by the Brazilian population, second only to orange. Correct handling after harvesting is decisive to favor the longevity of the fruits during marketing, reducing losses caused by mechanical damage and poor packaging. The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of seven post-harvest coatings on apple banana fruits. The experiment was carried out in a phytotechnic laboratory, using a completely randomized design with five replications. Each parcel consisted of a bouquet with three units of fruit. The treatments evaluated were: T1 = 28% sucupira extract solution; T2 = 57% sucupira extract solution; T3: 14% moringa extract solution; T4 = 9% grape oil solution, T5 = 14% coconut oil solution, T6 = 14% soy oil solution, T7 = 14% wax solution and T8 = Control (no coating applied). Beeswax provided the smallest losses in length, fruit diameter, and loss of fresh fruit mass during the storage period. The sucupira and moringa extracts provided the highest levels of soluble solids at the end of storage, and all coatings used in the post-harvest treatment of bananas reduced the ripening of the fruit. El banano es una fruta de gran importancia para la agroindustria brasileña, en términos de consumo por parte de la población brasileña, solo superada por la naranja. Un correcto manejo después de la cosecha es decisivo para favorecer la longevidad de los frutos durante la comercialización, reduciendo las pérdidas ocasionadas por daños mecánicos y mal empaquetado. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la influencia de siete recubrimientos poscosecha en frutos de banano manzana. El experimento se llevó a cabo en un laboratorio fitotécnico, utilizando un diseño completamente al azar con cinco repeticiones. Cada paquete constaba de un ramo con 3 unidades de fruta. Los tratamientos evaluados fueron: T1 = 28% de solución de extracto de sucupira; T2 = solución de extracto de sucupira al 57%; T3: solución de extracto de moringa al 14%; T4 = solución de aceite de uva al 9%, T5 = solución de aceite de coco al 14%, T6 = solución de aceite de soja al 14%, T7 = solución de cera al 14% y T8 = control (sin recubrimiento aplicado). La cera de abejas proporcionó las pérdidas más pequeñas en longitud, diámetro de la fruta y pérdida de masa de fruta fresca durante el período de almacenamiento. los extractos de sucupira y moringa proporcionaron los niveles más altos de sólidos solubles al final del almacenamiento y todos los recubrimientos utilizados en el tratamiento poscosecha de los bananos redujeron la maduración de la fruta. A banana é uma fruta de grande importância para o agronegócio brasileiro, em termos de consumo pela população brasileira, só perde para a laranja. O correto manejo após a colheita é decisivo para favorecer longevidade dos frutos durante a comercialização reduzindo as perdas geradas por danos mecânicos e mal acondicionamento. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a influência de sete revestimentos pós colheita em frutos de banana maçã. O experimento foi conduzido em laboratório de fitotecnia, utilizando-se delineamento inteiramente casualizado com cinco repetições. Cada parcela foi composta por um buquê com 3 unidades de frutas. Os tratamentos avaliados foram: T1 = solução de extrato de sucupira 28%; T2 = solução de extrato de sucupira 57%; T3: solução de extrato de moringa 14%; T4 = solução de óleo de uva 9%, T5 = solução de óleo de coco 14%, T6 = solução de óleo de soja 14%, T7 = solução de cera 14% e T8 = Testemunha (sem aplicação de revestimento). A cera de abelha propiciou as menores perdas de comprimento, diâmetro dos frutos e perda de massa fresca dos frutos durante o período de armazenamento. os extratos de sucupira e moringa propiciaram os maiores teores de sólidos solúveis no final do armazenamento e todos os revestimentos utilizados no tratamento pós colheita da banana diminuíram o amadurecimento do fruto.
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- 2021
7. POBLACIONES E IDENTIFICACIÓN DE LOS HONGOS CAUSANTES DE MOHOS POSCOSECHA EN EL PEDÚNCULO DE LA PIÑA, EN DOS ZONAS DE COSTA RICA.
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Chinchilla, Johanny Castro and Rojas, Gerardina Umaña
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Pineapple peduncle mold is an important postharvest problem in Costa Rica and it causes fruit rejection. The objective of this study was to identify and quantify the most important fungi in different postharvest phases. Monthly samplings were performed during one production year in 2 regions of Costa Rica. The main genera of fungi were identified and characterized at the molecular level. The colony forming units (CFU) were determined in disinfection water, wax, cooling rooms air and in the peel and peduncle of fruits before (NP) and after (P) processing with the common postharvest treatments of the farms. Fruits were stored in cooling rooms during 22 days and at the end incidence and severity of peduncle molds were evaluated. During the year, changes in fungi populations were observed in all postharvest phases and in the fruits, with higher populations in wax than in disinfection water.Fungi population and molds were higher in the peduncle of NP fruits as compared with P fruits, coincident with larger mold populations at the end of storage. Fungi recovered in the cooling rooms air could also be a source for peduncle molds development. Penicillium purpureogenum, P. diversum and Penicllium sp., were the main fungi identified, with an in vitro high sporulation rate and growing in the peduncle. Moreover, different commercial practices, such as waxing and cooling, where spores were captured, can enhance the peduncle molds development, so it is considered important the cleaning of cooling rooms, as well as developing mechanisms to avoid accumulation in wax of important populations of microorganisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
8. Minor components in oils obtained from Amazonian palm fruits.
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Santos, M. F. G., Alves, R. E., and Ruíz-Méndez, M. V.
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LIPIDS , *ORGANIC compounds , *STEROLS , *PALM oil , *VEGETABLE oils , *VEGETABLE oil analysis - Abstract
This study deals with the characterization of minor compounds in oils obtained from the mesocarp of fruits of the main palm species from the State of Amapá, Brazil, i.e. bacaba (Oenocarpus bacaba), buriti (Mauritia flexuosa), inajá (Maximiliana maripa), pupunha (Bactris gasipaes) and tucumá (Astrocaryum vulgare). The concentration of minor glyceridic compounds, i.e. dimeric triacylglycerols (TAG), the oxidized TAG and diacylglycerols (DAG) related to oil quality, and the compounds of unsaponifiable matter, i.e. hydrocarbons, aliphatic alcohols, sterols and tocopherols have been determined. The results indicate that the extracted oils had good initial quality, with DAG as the major glyceridic compound. The contents of hydrocarbons (50-734 mg-kg-1) and aliphatic alcohols (80-490 mg-kg-1) were highly variable with Inajá oil containing the highest contents. In the case of tocopherols, buriti (1567 mg-kg-1) and tucumá (483 mg-kg-1) oils had the highest contents and the presence of significant amounts of tocotrienols was only detected in inajá oil. Finally, high concentrations of sterols were found in all the samples, particularly in the oils from pupunha (4456 mg-kg-1) and tucumá (2708 mg-kg-1), with (^-sitosterol being the major sterol in all the samples with percentages between 65 and 83%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
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9. Influencia de la temperatura en el hidrotratamiento de aceite crudo de palma usando catalizadores comerciales tipo NiMo/ɣ-Al2O3.
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Castillo, Mónica Guzmán, Kafarov, Viatcheslav, Guzmán, Alexander, and Garzón, Laura
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BIMETALLIC catalysts ,TEMPERATURE effect ,OIL palm ,PETROLEUM industry ,ALUMINUM oxide ,PILOT plants ,MELTING points - Abstract
Copyright of Revista ION is the property of Universidad Industrial de Santander and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2013
10. Comportamiento de mezclas asfálticas fabricadas con asfaltos modificados con ceras.
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Reyes Ortíz, Oscar Javier, Fuentes Pumarejo, Luis Guillermo, and Moreno-Torres, Oscar Hernando
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ASPHALT , *WAXES , *TEMPERATURE effect , *DYNAMICAL systems , *ENERGY consumption , *GREENHOUSE gases , *TENSILE tests , *MECHANICAL behavior of materials - Abstract
The main purposeof the research was to modify Colombian asphalts with natural waxes to produce warm asphalt mixes and establish its mechanical and dynamic behavior. The studied mixtures correspond to the curves sieved curves called md-10 and md-12 according to the classification of the Instituto de Desarrollo Urbano (IDU). The studystarted characteriz-ingthe used materials(granular aggregate, asphalt andnatural waxes), and following by determining the optimum percentagesofwaxandasphalt con-tentadded to prepare mixes.Subsequently, it was prepared and compacted warm asphaltic mixes using temperatures at 110,130 and 150 °C to evaluate the effect ofmodifiedasphaltin its mechanical and dynamicbehavior. The used tests to measure the asphalt mixtures propertieswereindirecttensile strength, preserve strength and resilientmoduliresistant. The results of the analysis presents that the used natural waxes reduce the viscosity of the asphalts and as a result of this the temperature of preparation and compaction of the mixes drops which highly decrease the energy consumption during the preparation process. Therefore the generated greenhouse effect gases are also reduced. Moreover, other observation reveals that the mechanical and dynamic properties in asphalts mixes are similar to the conventional mixes which allow very good chances for its practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
11. Composición química de aceites de las variedades Arbequina y Empeltre cultivadas en regadío.
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Gracia, Ma Soledad, Royo, Antonio, and Guillén, Mónica
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OLIVE oil , *FATTY acids , *STEROLS , *ALIPHATIC compounds , *PEROXIDES , *STEARIC acid - Abstract
This study examines the composition of oils extracted from young olive trees of the Arbequina and Empeltre varieties grown with irrigation in the same farm throughout a period of three seasons. Quality parameters, Fatty acid composition, sterols, waxes and aliphatic alcohols were analyzed. Although the quality of oils of both varieties was that of extra virgin, varietal differences were found. The peroxide value and the content of total polyphenols were much higher in Empeltre, whereas stability was higher in Arbequina. The monounsaturated acids were higher in Arbequina containing more stearic, oleic, arachidic and behenic acids than Empeltre, while this variety surpassed Arbequina in palmitic, margaroleic, linoleic, linolenic, gadoleic and lignoceric acids. The sterol composition was also different in the two varieties with higher contents of 24-methylencholesterol, campesterol and, especially, Δ-5 avenasterol in Arbequina, and campestanol, Δ-7 stigmastenol, Δ-7 Avenasterol in Empeltre. The contents of both waxes and aliphatic alcohols were higher in Arbequina. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2009
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12. Obtención y determinación de ácidos grasos de muy elevada masa molecular.
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Delange, David Marrero
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GAS chromatography , *FATTY acids , *LIPIDS , *WAXES , *LIQUID chromatography , *SUPERCRITICAL fluid extraction - Abstract
Very long chain fatty acids (VLCFA) are the principal component of lipids where they exist. Their diversity in terms of chain length, the degree of unsaturation, geometry, and position of double bonds, as well as the presence of other functionalities, define their characteristics and possible applications. An overview and some important considerations about classic and modern methods of extraction and purification of VLCFA for both, the analytic and the industrial scale such as: solvent, soxhlet, batch, ultrasonic, microwave and supercritical fluid extractions was presented. The employment of natural waxes, mainly the vegetables, as a source for obtaining those acids was reported. In that sense, the isolation of a reproducible batch to batch mixture of VLCFA (C24:0 to C36:0) from sugar cane wax, called D003, for the first time used as a potential drug for managing atherotrombothic diseases was exemplified. This review also summarizes the chromatographic methods that are available for obtaining VLCFA profiles and the specific applications that have been reported for them. These substances are currently more frequently determined by capillary gas liquid chromatography (GC) of the methyl esters which are prepared by a variety of methods, including the acid- and base-catalyzed reactions. The more recently development on-column or pyrolytic and other derivatization methods as well as their limitations and advantages were also pointed out. It appears that the majority of these methods function quite well when care is taken to use them properly. The most common weaknesses in GC analysis of these acids were discussed, in the opinion of the author, are: preparation, injection, separation and quantification steps, which must be optimized in order to get precise and exact results. Now a day, the combination of GC with FTIR, NMR ¹H and 13C spectroscopy and mass spectrometry and computer analysis of the resultant data, has become an indispensable tool for the identification of VLCFA. Finally, validation of manufacture process and analytical methodologies must be carried out to guarantee the quality of products that has been obtained from them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
13. Olive oil and pomace olive oil processing.
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Antonopoulos, Kostas, Valet, Nick, Spiratos, Dimos, and Siragakis, George
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OLIVE oil , *EDIBLE fats & oils , *VEGETABLE oils , *POLYPHENOLS , *VITAMIN E , *POLYCYCLIC aromatic hydrocarbons - Abstract
Olive oil processing is introduced in food industry at the end of the nineteenth century and a lot of improvements have been initialized since. The steps for refining are, settling, neutralizing, bleaching and deodorizing. Monitoring of effective refining and the use of processes that remove less minor components of olive oil, like polyphenols and tocopherols are some issues for the process. The stringent environmental requirements and the target of industry for continuous improvements and cost savings, forcing equipment manufacturers to innovations and new products. The complete removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during pomace oil process and the utilization of distillates are also important areas for research and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2006
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14. Caracterizatión de las ceras obtenidas del propóleos de la región de Manzanillo para su posible utilización en formulaciones farmacéuticas y Cosméticas.
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Pavón H., S., Cuéllar C., A., Bilbao R., O., and Agüeros A., J.
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BEESWAX , *WAXES , *COSMETICS , *BEE products , *CHROMATOGRAPHIC analysis - Abstract
This paper is focused on the caracterization of the waxes obtained from propolis (Manzanillo's region). As a reference, was taking the waxes of the bee with pharmaceutical quality (USP XXIII). The quality indexs obtained showed that the waxes could be use in cosmetics and therapeutics formulation. The fatty acids and alcoholes of the waxes of propolis without clarifying were analizated by the technique of Gas Chromatography attached to Especthrometric of Mass. Some of them were identified and they presented low acidity and good quality. It was demostrated that the waxes has antimicrobian effectiveness againt Gram (+) stumps of the waxes of propolis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2000
15. Fit of Cobalt-Chromium alloy copings fabricated with two casting techniques on two termination lines
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Pantoja Borja, Pedro Estephano, Geldres EcheverrÃa, Graciela MarÃa Dolores, Castillo Andamayo, Diana Esmeralda, and Quintana del Solar, MartÃn Gilberto
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chromium alloys ,Adaptación ,ceras ,Adaptation ,waxes ,aleaciones de cromo - Abstract
Las técnicas de cera perdida colado por centrifugación convencional, son técnicas vigentes para obtener cofias de Cobalto-Cromo (Co-Cr) para coronas metalcerámica. Objetivo: Evaluar in vitro, la adaptación marginal e interna de cofias unitarias de aleación Co-Cr, realizadas sobre dos lÃneas de terminación: chamfer y bisel, fabricadas con las técnicas de cera perdida colada por centrifugación convencional (CPCC) y por inducción (CPCI). Materiales y métodos: Se evaluó la adaptación marginal e interna de 13 cofias unitarias de aleacion Co-Cr para cada tecnica y lÃnea de terminación, usando la técnica de replica de silicona. Las muestras fueron divididas en sentido vestÃbulo-palatino y en sentido mesio-distal, observadas en un estéreomicroscopio a un aumento de 40X y se evaluó la zona cervical, axial y oclusal. Resultados: Los analisis estadisticos incluyeron la prueba t de Student y U Mann-Whitney, previamente se evaluo los supuestos de normalidad con la prueba de Shapiro-Wilk para analizar diferencias estadisticamente significativas entre los grupos (p
- Published
- 2019
16. Diseño e implantación de un plan de mantenimiento preventivo en la empresa química productos Citrosol
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Camarena Espinós, Didac
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Postcosecha de cítricos ,Ceras ,Waxes ,INGENIERIA MECANICA ,Citrus postharvest ,Mantenimiento Preventivo ,Preventive maintenance ,Grado en Ingeniería Mecánica-Grau en Enginyeria Mecànica - Abstract
[ES] El presente Trabajo de Final de Grado tiene el objetivo de realizar un plan de mantenimiento preventivo para la empresa "PRODUCTOS CITROSOL S.A.", dedicada a la elaboración e investigación de productos para el tratamiento hortofrutícola. Anteriormente la empresa priorizaba el mantenimiento correctivo por encima del preventivo a la hora de mantener sus equipos de planta en funcionamiento. Debido a que el coste siempre es superior si se espera a llegar al final de la vida útil de los componentes, se propuso realizar una programación de mantenimiento preventivo para la fabricación de ceras y fungicidas de la planta ubicada en la población de Potries (València). Este plan de mantenimiento está centrado en la parte de fabricación de los productos que se elaboran en la empresa. Debido a que es una instalación reciente, no había un plan adecuado a las nuevas necesidades de la planta; por lo tanto, se elabora un calendario de tareas programadas para intentar conseguir que el mantenimiento a realizar sea lo menos intrusivo posible y, por lo tanto, conseguir un mejor desarrollo en la producción. Se ha estandarizado toda la documentación para facilitar los trabajos a los operarios de mantenimiento y de fabricación. Se han creado partes de trabajo, gamas de mantenimiento, históricos de reparaciones y finalmente se ha obtenido el listado de tareas con la programación temporal. También se han realizado ideas de mejora para optimizar la producción como la nueva numeración de los elementos de fabricación. También se añade valoración económica del proyecto., [EN] The present Final Degree Project has the objective of carrying out a preventive maintenance plan for the company "PRODUCTOS CITROSOL S.A.", dedicated to the elaboration and investigation of products for the horticultural treatment. Previously, the company prioritized the corrective maintenance over the preventive maintenance of its plant operation equipment. Because the cost is always higher if it is expected to reach the end of the useful life of the components, it was proposed to carry out a schedule of preventive maintenance for the manufacture of waxes and fungicides of the plant located in the town of Potries (València). This maintenance plan is focused on the manufacturing part of the products that are produced in the company. Because it is a recent installation, there was not an adequate plan for the new needs of the plant; therefore, a calendar of scheduled tasks is prepared to try to ensure that the maintenance to be carried out is as non-intrusive as possible and, therefore, achieve a better development in production. All the documents has been standardized to facilitate the work to the maintenance and manufacturing workers. Work parts, maintenance ranges, historical repairs have been created and finally the list of tasks has been obtained with the temporary programming. Ideas for improvement have also been made to optimize production as the new coding of the manufacturing elements. An economic valuation of the project is also added.
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- 2019
17. Effect of adding industrial emulsifiers in soybean oil organogels with candelilla wax
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Mandu, Camila Cordeiro, 1990, Santana, Maria Helena Andrade, 1951, Fernandes, Gabriel Deschamps, 1988, Ribeiro, Ana Paula Badan, Santos, Valéria da Silva, Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Faculdade de Engenharia Química, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Química, and UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS
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Ceras ,Fat ,Ácidos graxos saturados ,Waxes ,Lipids - Structure ,Emulsifiers ,Organogelificante ,Structuring Agent ,Saturated fat acis ,Emulsificantes ,Gordura ,Lipídeos - Estrutura - Abstract
Orientadores: Maria Helena Andrade Santana, Gabriel Deschamps Fernandes Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química Resumo: Lipídios são ingredientes fundamentais na dieta humana. Porem devido a necessidade de adequação tecnológica via modificação desses lipídios na indústria de alimentos, a quantidade de gordura trans e saturada tem aumentado substancialmente em produtos industrializados nas últimas décadas. Ao mesmo tempo, vem aumentando o número de estudos que comprovam os efeitos maléficos desses alimentos na saúde humana. Neste contexto, os organogéis surgem como uma alternativa promissora na substituição de gordura trans e saturada em alimentos processados. Entre os principais desafios de se preparar um organogel, está a dificuldade de encontrar estruturantes compatíveis e viáveis para a indústria de alimentos. As ceras vêm sendo estudadas para este fim e se encontram entre os estruturantes mais promissores. A cera de candelilla é muito conhecida devido ao seu poder de estruturação de óleos vegetais. Entretanto, algumas dificuldades como custo e disponibilidade podem limitar sua aplicação em nível industrial. Devido a isso, o principal objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o efeito da substituição total e parcial da cera de candelilla como estruturante para óleo de soja por emulsificantes industriais compostos basicamente de mono, di e triacilgliceróis. Dependendo do tipo e da combinação de estruturantes empregados, os mesmos podem ter efeito sinérgico ou antagônico, podendo prejudicar ou estimular o efeito do outro. O conteúdo de sólidos convencionalmente aplicado pela indústria de óleos e gorduras não tem relação direta com a dureza e consistência do organogel, e por mais que um gel possua alto teor de sólidos não necessariamente seja o mais estruturado e resistente. Por outro lado, a forma e organização das partículas sólidas e cristais formados no organogel estão entre os fatores mais determinantes em relação à dureza e consistência do organogel, e por isso devem ser cautelosamente estudados e avaliados antes da aplicação em cada formulação Abstract: Lipids are key ingredients in the human diet. However, due to the requirements for technological adaptation through modification of these lipids in the food industry, the amount of trans and saturated fatty acids have increased substantially in industrialized products in the last decades. At the same time, the number of studies showing the harmful effects of these foods on human health has increased. In this context, organogels appear to be a promising alternative in the substitution of trans and saturated fat in processed foods. Among the main challenges of preparing an organogel is the difficulty of finding compatible and viable structures in the food industry. Waxes have been studied for this purpose and are among the most promising structuring agents. Candelilla wax is well known due to its power of structuring vegetable oils. However, some difficulties such as cost and availability may limit its industrial application. In this context, the main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the total and partial substitution of candelilla wax as structuring agent for soybean oil by industrial emulsifiers basically composed of mono, di and triacylglycerols. Depending on the type and the combination of structurers employed, they may have a synergistic or antagonistic effect, one of which may impair or stimulate the effect of the other. The solid fat content, conventionally applied by the oils and fats industry is not directly related to the hardness and consistency of the organogel, and even a gel presents a high solid fat content it is not necessarily the most structured and resistant one. On the other hand, the shape and organization of the solid particles and crystals formed in the organogel are among the most determinant factors with respect to the hardness and consistency of the organogel, and therefore should be carefully studied and evaluated before application in each formulation Mestrado Engenharia Química Mestra em Engenharia Química
- Published
- 2018
18. Role of lecithin in oleogel formation : effect of organic phase and study of hybrid systems
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Okuro, Paula Kiyomi, 1987, Cunha, Rosiane Lopes da, 1967, Vicente, António Augusto, 1971, Ribeiro, Ana Paula Badan, Chiu, Ming Chih, Masuchi, Monise Helen, Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Alimentos, and UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS
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Fitosteróis ,Estruturação de óleos ,Ceras ,Waxes ,Phytosterols ,Viscoelasticity ,Oil structuring ,Viscoelasticidade - Abstract
Orientadores: Rosiane Lopes da Cunha, António Augusto Vicente Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos Resumo: A problemática abordada consiste na proposta de vias alternativas para estruturação convencional de óleos, a qual envolve a formação de redes coloidais cristalinas com altos teores de ácidos graxos trans e/ou saturados. Os oleogéis emergem como alternativa, pois são capazes de promover gelificação de um solvente líquido pela formação de uma rede tridimensional. Para formação de oleogéis à base de fosfolipídios biológicos (lecitinas), em particular a fosfatidilcolina, o hexadecano e triacilgliceróis de cadeia média e longa foram avaliados. Dentre estes somente o hexadecano levou à formação de géis de lecitina. A caracterização da nano e microestrutura, bem como a reológica em condições isotérmicas e não isotérmicas foram investigadas. Os efeitos da concentração de lecitina e inclusão de água ou ácido cítrico (primers) para a modificação do sistema foram avaliados no intuito de melhorar a resposta da força-gel. O entendimento das variáveis envolvidas na formação do gel em sistema modelo foi buscado para que fosse possível a posterior produção de oleogéis com componentes de grau alimentício. Desta maneira, foram propostos sistemas híbridos na presença da lecitina. Foram avaliadas tanto a combinação com ß-sitosterol e 'gama'-orizanol como a interação deste fosfolipídio com diferentes ceras. A mistura lecitina com os fitoesteróis foi investigada por espalhamento de raios-X, microscopia, calorimetria diferencial de varredura, ensaios reológicos e de compressão uniaxial. As unidades estruturais foram se modificando em função da adição de lecitina bem como do tipo de solvente. Comportamentos térmico e mecânico também foram influenciados pela presença da lecitina, que levou à redução da temperatura de fusão, maior tempo necessário para cristalização e aparente redução da dureza do oleogel. Como hipótese propõe-se que a lecitina disputaria sítios de ligação envolvidos na formação dos complexos entre o ß-sitosterol e o 'gama'-orizanol, suprimindo a formação das típicas estruturas fibrilares. No entanto, ainda na busca por um sistema sinérgico envolvendo lecitina, uma varredura com diferentes tipos de cera foi realizada. A cera de frutas, que se destaca por sua singular composição (predominante em ácidos e álcoois graxos), mostrou-se promissora na estruturação de óleos juntamente com a lecitina. Novamente a presença da lecitina afetou o comportamento térmico promovendo um atraso tanto na cristalização da cera como aumentando o tempo requerido para gelificação, além da melhora das propriedades mecânicas (módulo elástico; tixotropia, capacidade de retenção de óleo), em determinadas razões entre os componentes. A lecitina mostrou-se ainda capaz de afetar o hábito cristalino (tamanho e forma) desta cera. Em suma, o trabalho teve inicialmente uma abordagem fundamental para entender a lecitina como agente estruturante, que adiante se corroborou com o estudo de sistemas mais complexos em combinação com outros componentes igualmente vinculados a questão de funcionalidade nutricional e tecnológica. Foram relatados comportamentos dissimilares deste fosfolipídio, ora conferindo maior elasticidade, ora contribuindo com a dureza, como resultado do específico balanço de solubilidade que conduz ao êxito ou não da formação de sistemas gelificados. Desvendar o papel da lecitina, seja como estruturante principal ou secundário, traz a perspectiva em se trabalhar com a engenharia de ingredientes de forma racional e sustentáve Abstract: The proposal of alternative routes for the conventional oil structuring represents an important topic, since conventional routes involve the formation of crystalline colloidal networks that usually are comprised of high levels of saturated and/or trans fatty acids. Oleogels are proposed as alternative because they promote gelation of liquid solvents through 3D network formation. Biological phospholipids (also called lecithins), in particular phosphatidylcholine, were evaluated with different solvents (hexadecane and medium and long chain triacylglycerol) to form oleogels. It was verified that among the studied solvents only hexadecane led to gel formation. The characterization of nano and microstructure and rheological (isothermal and non-isothermal conditions) were investigated. The effect of lecithin concentration and inclusion of water or citric acid (primers) to modify the system were also evaluated in order to optimize the mechanical properties of the gel. The understanding of the variables involved in oleogel formation in a model system was sought so that the production of oleogels with food grade components would be possible from this first stage. Therefore, hybrid systems in the presence of lecithin with other oleogelator(s) were proposed. The combination between lecithin and sterol(ester)s was investigated by small angle X-ray scattering, microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, rheological and uniaxial compression tests. At nanoscale it was possible to observe that the building blocks were modified according to the addition of lecithin as well as the solvent type. Thermal and mechanical behaviours were also influenced by the presence of lecithin which led to the reduction of the melting temperature, a longer time required for crystallization and the apparent reduction of gel hardness. From these results we hypothesized that lecithin would dispute binding sites involved in the formation of complexes between ß-sitosterol and 'gama'-oryzanol, suppressing the formation of the typical fibrillar structures. However, still in the search for a synergistic system involving lecithin, a scanning with different types of waxes was performed. Among the waxes tested, fruit wax, which stands out for its unique composition (fatty acids and alcohols), showed promising results in oil structuring in combination with lecithin. The presence of lecithin affected the thermal behavior promoting a delay in the crystallization and gelation. An improvement in the mechanical properties (higher elastic modulus, tixotropy and oil binding capacity) at certain ratios between the components was observed when compared with the systems formed only with the wax. Moreover, lecithin affected the crystalline habit (size and shape) of fruit wax. In summary, this study initially had a fundamental approach based on understanding of lecithin as a main oleogelator, and a further investigation of more complex systems focusing in lecithin combined with other components also linked to nutritional and technological functionalities. Dissimilar behaviours of phospholipid either conferring greater plasticity or contributing to the hardness were reported as a result of the specific solubility balance of the system that leads to the success or failure to form gel. Unravelling the role of lecithin as a main or co-oleogelator brings the perspective of working with the engineering of ingredients in a rational and sustainable way Doutorado Engenharia de Alimentos Doutora em Engenharia de Alimentos CNPQ 159180/2013-9 FAPESP 2015/24912-4, 2016/10277-8 CAPES
- Published
- 2018
19. Otenção e caracterização de organogéis de óleo de soja estruturado com ceras vegetais e gordura interesterificada obtidos sob condições controladas de cristalização
- Author
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Rocha, Julio Cesar Barbosa, 1982, Barrera Arellano, Daniel, 1953, Ribeiro, Ana Paula Badan, Cunha, Rosiane Lopes da, D'Arce, Marisa Aparecida B. Regitano, Garcia, Rita de Kassia de Almeida, Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Tecnologia de Alimentos, and UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS
- Subjects
Organogéis ,Ceras ,Fat ,Waxes ,Organogel ,Cristalização ,Crystallization ,Rheology ,Gordura ,Reologia - Abstract
Orientador: Daniel Barrera-Arellano Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos Resumo: Organogéis são misturas que apresentam características de gel, compostas por agentes estruturantes e uma fase imobilizada, formando uma rede termorreversível autosustentada, onde esta fase imobilizada é um composto orgânico, o que o difere de outros géis formados basicamente por compostos hidrossolúveis. Os principais agentes estruturantes já estudados para formação de organogéis são os diacilgliceróis, monoacilgliceróis, álcoois e ácidos graxos e suas misturas, ceras e ésteres de cera, fitosteróis e orizanol, lecitina e triestearato de sorbitana, entre outros. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi desenvolver e caracterizar organogéis elaborados a partir de óleo de soja, gordura vegetal e ceras vegetais (cera de cana-de-açúcar, cera de carnaúba e cera de candelila), e a partir dos resultados obtidos gerar uma base de conhecimento para estudos posteriores sobre aplicação destes organogéis em produtos alimentícios. Organogéis estruturados com até 4% de cera vegetal (candelila, carnaúba e cana-de-açúcar) e adição de gordura vegetal nos teores de 5, 15 e 25%, os organogéis foram feitos utilizando condições controladas de cristalização (taxa de resfriamento e cisalhamento), as amostras foram analisadas quanto à estabilidade, propriedades reológicas, comportamento térmico, conteúdo de gordura sólida, dureza e morfologia. Os organogéis desenvolvidos somente com óleo de soja foram desenvolvidos para as ceras de cana-de-açúcar e candelila usando apenas cristalização estática. As análises térmicas mostraram uma temperatura de cristalização para os organogéis variando entre 43,7 e 44,57°C para a cera de cana-de-açúcar, 42,95 e 42,92°C para cera de candelila e 56,23°C para a cera de carnaúba, todas em 4% (m/m). As análises reológicas com cristalização estática mostraram que os materiais apresentaram um comportamento típico de gel com início da mudança de comportamento reológico em condições de temperatura similares às observadas na análise térmica com valores de 43,1 e 42,1°C para os géis de cana-de-açúcar e candelila respectivamente, a mesma análise para o organogel de cera de carnaúba mostrou a mudança de comportamento reológio em temperatura de aproximadamente 61°C, todos os organogéis apresentaram o comporamento esperado na varredura de frequências com os valores de G' maiores que G". As mesmas medidas feitas usando cristalização com cisalhamento em 300s-1 até a temperatura de formação de gel seguido de cristalização estática. As amostras apresentaram comportamento similar à da cristalização estática, a inclusão de gordura interesterificada por sua vez aumentou os valores de G' para as amostras, porém na análise de varredura de frequência foi observado uma maior sensibilidade à variações de frequência. A dureza foi maior para os géis de candelila, seguido dos géis de cana-de-açúcar e por últimos os de carnaúba. Os tamanhos de cristais observados na microscopia foram maiores para os organogéis de carnaúba e para os géis de cera de cana-de-açúcar quando comparados com os da cera de candelila. A formação de organogéis permitiu um aumento na estabilidade oxidativa da fase lipídica contínua. De maneira geral os organogéis apresentaram baixa resistência mecânica que foi melhorada pela inclusão da gordura vegetal, permitindo que a modificação da fase contínua amplia as possibilidades de aplicação para organogéis em produtos alimentícios Abstract: Organogels are mixtures that present gel like characteristics, composed of a structuring agent and an immobilized phase, forming a self-sustained thermoreversible network, where this immobilized phase is an organic compound, which differs them from other gels basically formed by water-soluble compounds. The main structurant agents already studied for the formation of organogels are diacylglycerols, monoacylglycerols, alcohols, fatty acids and their mixtures, waxes and esters of wax, phytosterols and oryzanol, lecithin and sorbitan tristearate, among others. The objective of this research was to develop and characterize organogels made from soybean oil, vegetable fat and vegetable waxes (sugarcane wax, carnauba wax and candelilla wax), and from the obtained results generate a base of knowledge for further studies on the application of these organogels in food products. Organogels structured with up to 4% of vegetable wax (candelilla, carnauba and sugar cane) and addition of vegetable fat at levels of 5, 15 and 25%, the organogels were made using controlled conditions of crystallization (cooling rate And shear), the samples were analyzed for stability, rheological properties, thermal behavior, solid fat content, hardness and morphology. The organogels developed only with soybean oil were developed for sugar cane and candelilla wax using only static crystallization. Thermal analyzes showed a crystallization temperature for the organogels ranging from 43.7 to 44.57°C for sugar cane wax, 42.95 and 42.92°C for Candelilla wax and 56.23°C for carnauba wax, all at 4% (w/w). The rheological analyzes with static crystallization showed that the materials presented a typical behavior of gel with beginning of the change of rheological behavior in conditions of temperature similar to those observed in the thermal analysis with values of 43.1 and 42.1°C to The sugarcane and candelilla gels respectively, the same analysis for the carnauba wax organogel showed the change in rheological behavior at a temperature of approximately 61°C, all the organogels presented the expected behavior at the frequency sweep with values of G' greater than G". The same measurements were taken using shear crystallization in 300s-1 to the gel-forming temperature followed by static crystallization.The samples exhibited behavior similar to that of static crystallization, tha inclusion os interesterified fat increased the G' and the frequency sweep showed that it made the material more frequency sensible. The hardness was higher for the candelilla gels, followed by the sugarcane gels and the latter for the carnauba gels, the inclusion of interesterified fats increased mechanical resistance. The crystal sizes observed in the microscopy were higher for the carnauba organogens and for the sugarcane wax gels, Of sugarcane when compared to candelilla wax. The formation of organogels allowed an increase in the oxidative stability of the continuous lipid phase. All organogels presented low mechanical resistance that was improved by the inclusion of vegetable fat, allowing the modification of the continuous phase, increasing the possibilities of application for organogels in food products Doutorado Tecnologia de Alimentos Doutor em Tecnologia de Alimentos CNPQ 140517/2012-0
- Published
- 2017
20. Adaptación de cofias metálicas confeccionadas con dos técnicas: cera pérdida colado por centrifugación convencional e inducción
- Author
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Silvio Over Requena Cisneros, Yovana Elisa Flores Valverde, Martín Quintana del Solar, Diana Castillo Andamayo, Micarla Yanira Loarte Campos, and Cinthya Cecilia Zelada Ladrón de Guevara
- Subjects
internal fit ,Materials science ,chromium alloys ,adaptación interna ,marginal fit ,Adaptación ,ceras ,General Medicine ,adaptación marginal ,Adaptation ,waxes ,aleaciones de cromo - Abstract
Nuevas técnicas nos están permitiendo migrar de la técnica de cera perdida colado por centrifugado convencional (CPCC) a técnicas como la cera perdida colado por inducción (CPCI). Objetivos: Comparar la discrepancia marginal e interna de cofias unitarias de aleación Cobalto-Cromo (Co-Cr) sobre una línea de terminación chamfer, confeccionadas con dos técnicas: CPCC y CPCI, determinando cual técnica tuvo mejor adaptación marginal e interna. Material y Métodos: Se fabricaron13 cofias metálicas unitarias de aleación Co-Cr para cada técnica a evaluar. Se utilizó la réplica de silicona para evaluar las discrepancias marginales e internas, cada muestra fue seccionada en cruz en sentido vestíbulo-palatino y en sentido mesio-distal, luego con un estéreomicroscopio se evaluó la zona cervical, axial y oclusal. Resultados: Se evaluó los supuestos de normalidad con la prueba de Shapiro-Wilk. Los análisis estadísticos fueron la prueba t de Student y U Mann-Whitney. La CPCI obtuvo una menor discrepancia marginal e interna en comparación con la CPC pero no se encontró diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p>0,05) entre ambas técnicas. Conclusiones: Aunque en la mayoría de los puntos de evaluación las cofias realizadas mediante la CPCI presento mejores valores de adaptación marginal e interna en comparación con la CPCC estos resultados sólo son valores descriptivos que no fueron concluyentes, ya que en la mayoría de los puntos evaluados no existió diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p>0,05). Observamos que la mayoría de los valores de ambas técnicas se encuentran dentro del rango clínicamente aceptable. New techniques are allowing us to migrate from the technique of lost wax cast by conventional centrifugation (CPCC) to techniques such as lost wax cast by induction (CPCI). Objectives: To compare the marginal and internal discrepancy of cobalt-chromium (Co-Cr) alloy unit copes on a chamfer termination line, made with two techniques: CPCC and CPCI, determining which technique had better marginal and internal adaptation. Material and Methods: 13 Co-Cr alloy unit copings were fabricated for each technique to be evaluated. Silicon replication was used to evaluate the marginal and internal discrepancies. Each sample was cross-sectioned in the vestibular-palatine and mesio-distal directions, then the cervical, axial and occlusal zones were evaluated with a stereomicroscope. Results: 13 unitary Co-Cr alloy metal cops were manufactured for each technique to be evaluated. The silicone replica was used to evaluate the marginal and internal discrepancies, each sample was cross-sectioned in the vestibulo-palatal direction and in the mesio-distal sense, then with a stereomicroscope, the cervical, axial and occlusal areas were evaluated. Conclusions: The assumptions of normality were evaluated with the Shapiro-Wilk test. The statistical analyzes were Student s t test and U Mann-Whitney test. The CPCI obtained a lower marginal and internal discrepancy compared to the CPC, but no statistically significant differences were found (p >0.05) between both techniques. Conclusions: Although in most of the evaluation points the copings made by the CPCI presented better values of marginal and internal adaptation compared to the CPCC, these results are only descriptive values that were not conclusive, since in most of the evaluated points there was no statistically significant difference (p >0.05). We observed that most of the values of both techniques are within the clinically acceptable range.
- Published
- 2019
21. Evaluación del propóleos como material de partida para la preparación de partículas sólidas lipídicas
- Author
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Correa González, Yuly Ximena, Rojas Cardozo, Maritza Adelina (Thesis advisor), and Mora Huertas, Claudia Elizabeth
- Subjects
Emulsification-diffusion ,54 Química y ciencias afines / Chemistry ,Ceras ,Propóleos ,Waxes ,61 Ciencias médicas ,Medicina / Medicine and health ,Emulsificación-difusión ,Nanopartículas ,Nanoparticles ,Propolis - Abstract
El propóleos es elaborado por las abejas a partir de los exudados vegetales que recolectan y mezclan con sus secreciones. En el ámbito científico y comercial, su valor se ha medido por la presencia de moléculas con actividad biológica, representadas en parámetros tales como los extractables en etanol (resinas) o el contenido total de flavonoides. Por su parte, un elevado porcentaje de ceras lo convierte en un producto de la colmena de baja calidad. Sobre esta base, la presente investigación se encaminó hacia el aprovechamiento del material lipídico extraído del propóleos, al emplearlo en la elaboración de nanotransportadores lipídicos por el método de emulsificación-difusión. Dichos cargadores a escala nanométrica se aplican en el campo farmacéutico y cosmético, entre otras cualidades, por su capacidad para incorporar, proteger y modificar la liberación de moléculas activas. Con este propósito, se profundiza inicialmente en el control de calidad del propóleos; para luego extraer y caracterizar fisicoquímicamente el material lipídico, logrando una aproximación a los principales grupos funcionales. A su vez, éste se empleó en la preparación de cargadores lipídicos nanoestructurados, cuya formulación se optimizó a través de un diseño estadístico experimental de Plackett-Burman, alcanzando un tamaño de partícula promedio menor a los 300 nm y un potencial zeta negativo cercano a la neutralidad. Adicionalmente, la formulación identificada como viable se evaluó respecto a su estabilidad, citotoxicidad, capacidad para atrapar aceite del árbol de té y factibilidad para ser empleada en preparaciones tipo gel. Dentro de los resultados se destaca la obtención de partículas lipídicas estables, seguras en términos de irritación in vitro, promisorias para el atrapamiento de activos y sin influencia negativa sobre el comportamiento sensorial de la formulación gel de partida. En síntesis, es posible preparar partículas lipídicas a partir de ceras de propóleos y éstas tienen potencial para el desarrollo de productos innovadores de interés farmacéutico y cosmético. Abstract. Propolis is made by bees using vegetable exudates, which are collected and mixed with their secretions. Its value is scientifically and commercially measured in terms of biological active molecules, they are represented by parameters such as ethanol extractable (resins) or total content of flavonoids. On the other hand, a high percentage of waxes in the propolis composition will make it a substandard beekeeping product. Based on this fact, the present research was directed towards the harnessing of the extracted lipid material of propolis, which was used in the preparation of lipid nanocarriers by emulsification-diffusion method. The carries in the nanometric scale have application in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics because of their capacity for incorporating, protecting and modifying release of active molecules. To this end, firstly, the experimental work deepens in the quality control of propolis. Secondly, the lipid material was extracted and characterized, doing an approximation to their main functional groups. At the same time, it was used for the preparation of the nanostructured lipid carriers, whose formulation was optimized through a Plackett-Burman statistical experimental design. A particle size less than 300 nm and a negative zeta potential near to neutrality were achieved. In addition, the viable formulation was assessed regarding its stability, cytotoxicity, capacity for the entrapment of tea tree oil and the feasibility for being used in gel preparations. The results showed stable particles, safe in terms of in vitro irritation, promising for the entrapment of active molecules and without effect on the sensory behavior of the gel formulation. In summary, it is possible the preparation of lipid particles using waxes of propolis, having potential for the development of innovative products for the pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries. Maestría
- Published
- 2016
22. Populations and identification of fungi causing postharvest molds, on pineapple peduncles in two regions in Costa Rica
- Author
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Gerardina Umaña Rojas and Johanny Castro Chinchilla
- Subjects
Agriculture (General) ,Peduncle (anatomy) ,Microorganism ,Population ,ceras ,S1-972 ,Molds ,Botany ,fases poscosecha ,Post-harvest phases ,penicillium ,waxes ,education ,education.field_of_study ,Wax ,ananas comosus ,mohos ,biology ,Penicillium ,Waxing ,Agriculture ,General Medicine ,biology.organism_classification ,Spore ,Horticulture ,Fases poscosecha ,Ceras ,visual_art ,visual_art.visual_art_medium ,Postharvest ,Ananas comosus ,Mohos - Abstract
El desarrollo de mohos en el pedúnculo de la piña de Costa Rica, es uno de los problemas poscosecha más importantes que conlleva al rechazo de la fruta en el mercado destino. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar las poblaciones de los hongos causantes de mohos en el pedúnculo de la piña, en diferentes fases de procesamiento poscosecha, mediante muestreos mensuales durante un año de producción en 2 zonas. Además, se realizó la identificación morfológica y molecular de los hongos más frecuentes. Se cuantificó, in vitro, el número de unidades formadoras de colonias (UFC) en el agua de desinfección, la cera, el aire de las cámaras de almacenamiento y en el pedúnculo y la cáscara de la fruta, sin procesar (SP) y procesada (P) con los tratamientos comerciales de las fincas. Además, se evaluó la incidencia y severidad de moho en el pedúnculo. Hubo variaciones en las poblaciones de hongos en todas las fases de procesamiento y en la fruta, con valores más altos en la cera que en el agua de desinfección. En el pedúnculo de fruta SP se obtuvo poblaciones más altas que en fruta P, lo cual coincidió con mayores porcentajes de moho al finalizar el almacenamiento. En las cámaras de enfriamiento también se recuperó esporas de hongos, que podrían ser una fuente de inóculo para el desarrollo de moho. Los principales hongos identificados fueron Penicillium purpureogenum, P. diversum y Penicillium sp., los cuales presentaron alta esporulación in vitro y crecimiento en el pedúnculo. Además en diferentes puntos del proceso como el encerado y el enfriamiento, en los que se capturaron esporas, la fruta podría ser contaminada, por lo que se considera importante la adecuada limpieza de las cámaras de enfriamiento, así como evitar que la cera acumule poblaciones importantes de microorganismos. Pineapple peduncle mold is an important postharvest problem in Costa Rica and it causes fruit rejection. The objective of this study was to identify and quantify the most important fungi in different postharvest phases. Monthly samplings were performed during one production year in 2 regions of Costa Rica. The main genera of fungi were identified and characterized at the molecular level. The colony forming units (CFU) were determined in disinfection water, wax, cooling rooms air and in the peel and peduncle of fruits before (NP) and after (P) processing with the common postharvest treatments of the farms. Fruits were stored in cooling rooms during 22 days and at the end incidence and severity of peduncle molds were evaluated. During the year, changes in fungi populations were observed in all postharvest phases and in the fruits, with higher populations in wax than in disinfection water. Fungi population and molds were higher in the peduncle of NP fruits as compared with P fruits, coincident with larger mold populations at the end of storage. Fungi recovered in the cooling rooms air could also be a source for peduncle molds development. Penicillium purpureogenum, P. diversum and Penicllium sp., were the main fungi identified, with an in vitro high sporulation rate and growing in the peduncle. Moreover, different commercial practices, such as waxing and cooling, where spores were captured, can enhance the peduncle molds development, so it is considered important the cleaning of cooling rooms, as well as developing mechanisms to avoid accumulation in wax of important populations of microorganisms. UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Agroalimentarias::Centro de Investigaciones Agronómicas (CIA)
- Published
- 2015
23. Populations and identification of fungi causing postharvest molds, on pineapple peduncles in two regions in Costa Rica
- Author
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Johanny Castro Chinchilla and Gerardina Umaña Rojas
- Subjects
lcsh:Agriculture ,molds ,postharvest phases ,ananas comosus ,mohos ,lcsh:S ,Penicillium ,fases poscosecha ,ceras ,lcsh:Agriculture (General) ,waxes ,lcsh:S1-972 - Abstract
ResumenEl desarrollo de mohos en el pedúnculo de la piña de Costa Rica, es uno de los problemas poscosecha más importantes que conlleva al rechazo de la fruta en el mercado destino. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar las poblaciones de los hongos causantes de mohos en el pedúnculo de la piña, en diferentes fases de procesamiento poscosecha, mediante muestreos mensuales durante un año de producción en 2 zonas. Además, se realizó la identificación morfológica y molecular de los hongos más frecuentes. Se cuantificó, in vitro, el número de unidades formadoras de colonias (UFC) en el agua de desinfección, la cera, el aire de las cámaras de almacenamiento y en el pedúnculo y la cáscara de la fruta, sin procesar (SP) y procesada (P) con los tratamientos comerciales de las fincas. Además, se evaluó la incidencia y severidad de moho en el pedúnculo. Hubo variaciones en las poblaciones de hongos en todas las fases de procesamiento y en la fruta, con valores más altos en la cera que en el agua de desinfección. En el pedúnculo de fruta SP se obtuvo poblaciones más altas que en fruta P, lo cual coincidió con mayores porcentajes de moho al finalizar el almacenamiento. En las cámaras de enfriamiento también se recuperó esporas de hongos, que podrían ser una fuente de inóculo para el desarrollo de moho. Los principales hongos identificados fueron Penicillium purpureogenum, P. diversum y Penicillium sp., los cuales presentaron alta esporulación in vitro y crecimiento en el pedúnculo. Además en diferentes puntos del proceso como el encerado y el enfriamiento, en los que se capturaron esporas, la fruta podría ser contaminada, por lo que se considera importante la adecuada limpieza de las cámaras de enfriamiento, así como evitar que la cera acumule poblaciones importantes de microorganismos. AbstractPineapple peduncle mold is an important postharvest problem in Costa Rica and it causes fruit rejection. The objective of this study was to identify and quantify the most important fungi in different postharvest phases. Monthly samplings were performed during one production year in 2 regions of Costa Rica. The main genera of fungi were identified and characterized at the molecular level. The colony forming units (CFU) were determined in disinfection water, wax, cooling rooms air and in the peel and peduncle of fruits before (NP) and after (P) processing with the common postharvest treatments of the farms. Fruits were stored in cooling rooms during 22 days and at the end incidence and severity of peduncle molds were evaluated. During the year, changes in fungi populations were observed in all postharvest phases and in the fruits, with higher populations in wax than in disinfection water. Fungi population and molds were higher in the peduncle of NP fruits as compared with P fruits, coincident with larger mold populations at the end of storage. Fungi recovered in the cooling rooms air could also be a source for peduncle molds development. Penicillium purpureogenum, P. diversum and Penicllium sp., were the main fungi identified, with an in vitro high sporulation rate and growing in the peduncle. Moreover, different commercial practices, such as waxing and cooling, where spores were captured, can enhance the peduncle molds development, so it is considered important the cleaning of cooling rooms, as well as developing mechanisms to avoid accumulation in wax of important populations of microorganisms.
- Published
- 2015
24. Chemical composition of olive oils from Arbequina and Empeltre varieties grown in irrigation
- Author
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Mónica Guillén, Antonio Royo, María Soledad Gracia, and CSIC - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA)
- Subjects
2. Zero hunger ,0303 health sciences ,Quality parameters ,030309 nutrition & dietetics ,Organic Chemistry ,Esteroles ,Alcoholes alifáticos ,lcsh:TX341-641 ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,040401 food science ,03 medical and health sciences ,Sterols ,0404 agricultural biotechnology ,13. Climate action ,Ceras ,Waxes ,Parámetros de Calidad ,Aliphatic alcohols ,Fatty acids ,lcsh:Nutrition. Foods and food supply ,Ácidos grasos ,Food Science - Abstract
9 Pags.- 5 Tabls.- 2 Figs. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Spain (CC-by)., [ES] Este trabajo analiza la composición de aceites de árboles jóvenes de las variedades Arbequina y Empeltre cultivados en regadío en una misma finca. Durante tres campañas se estudiaron los parámetros de calidad, la composición en ácidos grasos, los esteroles, las ceras y los alcoholes alifáticos. Aunque la calidad de los aceites de las dos variedades fue la de virgen extra se encontraron diferencias varietales. El índice de peróxidos y los polifenoles totales tuvieron valores muy superiores en la variedad Empeltre, sin embargo la estabilidad fue mayor en Arbequina. El total de ácidos monoinsaturados fue mayor en Arbequina y el de poliinsaturados en Empeltre. Arbequina contenía más esteárico, oleico, araquídico y behénico que Empeltre, en tanto que en esta variedad era mayor en palmítico, margaroleico, linoleico, linolénico, gadoleico y lignocérico. La composición esterólica fue también diferente en las dos variedades, con mayores contenidos de 24-metilencolesterol, campesterol y, especialmente en ∆-5 Avenasterol en Arbequina, y de campestanol, ∆-7 Estigmastenol, ∆-7 Avenasterol en Empeltre. Tanto el contenido en ceras como el de alcoholes alifáticos fueron mayores en Arbequina., [EN] This study examines the composition of oils extracted from young olive trees of the Arbequina and Empeltre varieties grown with irrigation in the same farm throughout a period of three seasons. Quality parameters, Fatty acid composition, sterols, waxes and aliphatic alcohols were analyzed. Although the quality of oils of both varieties was that of extra virgin, varietal differences were found. The peroxide value and the content of total polyphenols were much higher in Empeltre, whereas stability was higher in Arbequina. The monounsaturated acids were higher in Arbequina containing more stearic, oleic, arachidic and behenic acids than Empeltre, while this variety surpassed Arbequina in palmitic, margaroleic, linoleic, linolenic, gadoleic and lignoceric acids. The sterol composition was also different in the two varieties with higher contents of 24-methylencholesterol, campesterol and, especially, ∆-5 avenasterol in Arbequina, and campestanol, ∆-7 stigmastenol, ∆-7 Avenasterol in Empeltre. The contents of both waxes and aliphatic alcohols were higher in Arbequina., Este trabajo fue financiado por INIA (Proyectos RTA01-001 y RTA04-050).
- Published
- 2009
25. Estudio toxicológico de un producto derivado de la caña de azúcar
- Author
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Carmen Luisa García Rivero, Viviana Bueno Pavón, Gastón García Simón, and Juana Tillán Capó
- Subjects
VAGINA ,WAXES ,lcsh:RM1-950 ,CERAS ,DRUG SCREENING ,SELECCION DE MEDICAMENTOS ,CONEJOS ,CONCJUNCTIVA ,RABBITS ,OINTMENTS ,RATS ,GRASSES ,RECTO ,lcsh:Therapeutics. Pharmacology ,CONJUNTIVA ,GRAMAS ,POMADAS ,RECTUM ,PIEL ,RATAS ,SKIN - Abstract
Se presentan los resultados obtenidos en la evaluación toxicológica preclínica de un principio activo formulado en crema con propiedades cicatrizantes y antifúngicas a partir de un producto natural derivado de la caña de azúcar, al cual se le determinó su inocuidad en animales de experimentación mediante la estimación de la dosis letal media en conejos F1 y ratas albinas Wistar, utilizando niveles de dosis elevados. También se estudió el potencial irritante sobre la piel, mucosa ocular, vaginal y rectal, así como su potencial como agente sensibilizante. De forma general los síntomas tóxicos observados no fueron significativos y desaparecieron en un período corto, no se presentó mortalidad y se comprobó la ausencia de efectos irritantes sobre la piel y mucosas evaluadas. Se demostró que el producto no es un agente sensibilizante. Los resultados obtenidos en el estudio realizado permiten clasificar al producto de una baja toxicidad.This paper reports on the results obtained from the preclinical toxicity assessment of an active ingredient formulated as a cream having healing and antifungal properties which was obtained from a natural product derived from sugar cane. The drug testing included the determination of its safety in experimental animals by the estimation of the mean lethal dose in rabbits F1 and albino Wistar rats using high dose levels. The potential irritancy on the skin, ophthalmic, vaginal and rectal mucosa was also studied, as well as the potential as a sensibilizing agent. Overall, the toxic symptoms observed were found to be no significant and they dissapeared within a short period of time. There was no mortality and the absence of irritant effects on the skin and mucosa was evidenced in the evaluation. It was proved that this product is not a sensibilizing agent. Results obtained from the study carried out allow to classify this product as having low toxicity levels.
- Published
- 1997
26. Influencia de la temperatura en el hidrotratamiento de aceite crudo de palma usando catalizadores comerciales tipo NiMo/γ-Al2O3
- Author
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Guzmán Castillo, Mónica, Viatcheslav, Kafarov, Guzmán, Alexander, and Garzón, Laura
- Subjects
triacylglicerols ,hidroprocesamiento ,ésteres cerosos ,ceras ,hydroprocessig ,waxes ,wax esters ,triglicéridos - Abstract
Catalizadores bimetálicos comerciales NiMo/γ-Al2O3 fueron utilizados para el hidroprocesamiento de aceite crudo de palma (ACP) en una unidad de planta piloto, a presión de 90MPa, velocidad espacial de 2h-1 y temperatura entre 413-533K. Los resultados experimentales muestran que la distribución de productos está fuertemente controlada por la temperatura de reacción mostrando que a una temperatura entre 473 y 533K, se incrementa la cantidad de ésteres cerosos presentes en el producto final, modificando propiedades tales como penetración y punto de fusión, las cuales también fueron evaluadas. Los rendimientos obtenidos y la variación en las propiedades del producto final se atribuyeron a la proporción de reacciones de saturación de triglicéridos (TG), hidrogenólisis de TG, saturación de ácidos grasos, saturación de alcoholes grasos y esterificación, entre otras. Bimetallic NiMo/γ-Al2O3 catalysts were used for crude palm oil (CPO) hydroprocessing in a pilot plant unit, at pressure 90MPa, LHSV 2h-1 and temperatures between 413-533K. Experimental results show the product distribution is strongly driven by temperature and at temperatures between 473 and 533K increasing the amount of wax esters in the final product, modifying properties such as penetration and melting point, which were also evaluated. Yields and properties of the final product were attributed to the ratio between reactions of trialcylglicelrols (TAG) saturation, TAG hydrogenolysis, fatty acid saturation, fatty alcohols saturation and esterification.
- Published
- 2013
27. Minor components in oils obtained from Amazonian palm fruits
- Author
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Ricardo Elesbao Alves, M. Victoria Ruiz-Méndez, and Mary de Fátima Santos
- Subjects
vegetable oils ,Frutos de palmeras ,Esteroles ,Tocopherols ,lcsh:TX341-641 ,sterols ,Aceites vegetables ,diglycerides ,oxidized triacylglycerols ,palm fruits ,Tocoferoles ,Diglycerides ,Amazonia ,amazonian ,Palm fruits ,TX341-641 ,Triglicéridos oxidados ,waxes ,Unsaponifiable matter ,unsaponifiable matter ,Nutrition. Foods and food supply ,Diglicéridos ,Organic Chemistry ,Amazonian ,Hidrocarburos ,Fracción insaponificable ,Sterols ,Ceras ,Waxes ,Oxidized triacylglycerols ,Vegetable oils ,lcsh:Nutrition. Foods and food supply ,tocopherols ,Food Science - Abstract
This study deals with the characterization of minor compounds in oils obtained from the mesocarp of fruits of the main palm species from the State of Amapá, Brazil, i.e. bacaba (Oenocarpus bacaba), buriti (Mauritia flexuosa), inajá (Maximiliana maripa), pupunha (Bactris gasipaes) and tucumã (Astrocaryum vulgare). The concentration of minor glyceridic compounds, i.e. dimeric triacylglycerols (TAG), the oxidized TAG and diacylglycerols (DAG) related to oil quality, and the compounds of unsaponifiable matter, i.e. hydrocarbons, aliphatic alcohols, sterols and tocopherols have been determined. The results indicate that the extracted oils had good initial quality, with DAG as the major glyceridic compound. The contents of hydrocarbons (50-734 mg·kg–1) and aliphatic alcohols (80-490 mg·kg–1) were highly variable with inajá oil containing the highest contents. In the case of tocopherols, buriti (1567 mg·kg–1) and tucumã (483 mg·kg–1) oils had the highest contents and the presence of significant amounts of tocotrienols was only detected in inajá oil. Finally, high concentrations of sterols were found in all the samples, particularly in the oils from pupunha (4456 mg·kg–1) and tucumã (2708 mg·kg–1), with β-sitosterol being the major sterol in all the samples with percentages between 65 and 83%.El objetivo de este estudio fue la caracterización de los componentes menores presentes en los aceites obtenidos del mesocarpio de frutos de especies de bacaba (Oenocarpus bacaba), buriti (Mauritia flexuosa), inajá (Maximiliana maripa), pupuña (Bactris gasipaes) y tucumá (Astrocaryum vulgare), de importante producción en el Estado de Amapá, Brasil. Se determinaron las dos principales fracciones presentes en los aceites. Por una parte, los compuestos menores derivados de los componentes mayoritarios o triglicéridos (TAG): dímeros de TAG, TAG oxidados y diglicéridos (DAG) relacionados con la calidad de los aceites y, por otra, los principales grupos presentes en la fracción insaponificable (hidrocarburos, alcoholes alifáticos, esteroles y tocoferoles) relacionados con la calidad de los aceites. Los resultados indicaron que todos los aceites extraídos tenían buena calidad inicial, siendo los DAG los mayoritarios entre los compuestos menores glicerídicos. La concentración de hidrocarburos (50-734 mg·kg–1) y de alcoholes alifáticos (80-490 mg·kg–1) fue muy variable correspondiendo al aceite de inajá el mayor contenido en hidrocarburos y en alcoholes. En el caso de los tocoferoles, las mayores cantidades correspondieron a los aceites de buriti (1567 mg·kg–1) y tucumá (483 mg·kg–1) y la presencia de cantidades significativas de tocotrienoles sólo se detectaron en aceite de inajá. Finalmente, se encontraron concentraciones elevadas de esteroles en todas las muestras, especialmente en los aceites de pupuña (4456 mg·kg–1) y tucumá (2708 mg·kg–1), siendo el β-sitosterol el esterol mayoritario con porcentajes entre 65 y 83%.
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Secondary metabolites of woody plants from arid lands: mechanisms involved, functions and uses
- Author
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Vilela, Alejandra E., González-Paleo, Luciana, and Ravetta, Damián A.
- Subjects
gomas ,terpenos ,rubber ,fenoles ,caucho ,ceras ,phenols ,waxes ,terpenes ,gums - Abstract
Este trabajo revisa la información disponible sobre el metabolismo secundario de plantas de zonas áridas. Se describen los grupos principales de metabolitos secundarios, su composición química, las familias y especies que los producen y sus usos. Se detalla la función de los metabolitos secundarios como mecanismo de defensa, de atracción de polinizadores, de inhibidores de crecimiento, de protección contra la radiación ultravioleta y en la economía del agua, en los niveles de planta y de comunidad. Se discuten las distintas teorías que explican el origen del metabolismo carbonado, entre ellas la Hipótesis de Balance de Crecimiento y Diferenciación y la Hipótesis del Balance Carbono-Nutrientes. En este trabajo también se presentan la producción y la persistencia de los metabolitos secundarios en el ecosistema, así como los principales mecanismos de llegada e incorporación al suelo y de descomposición. Por último, se describen los usos industriales, actuales o potenciales, de los metabolitos secundarios, con énfasis en aquellas sustancias producidas por plantas nativas de zonas áridas y comercializadas por Argentina. This paper reviews available information on secondary metabolites (SM) of plants from arid environments. We describe SM´s classiºcation, chemical composition, and prospective plant families for the production of each group of compounds, namely alkaloids, terpenes, latex, rubber and waxes. The role of SM as chemical defenses, allelochemicals and signal molecules to attract pollinators, as well as their contribution to UV-protection and in water economy, at plant and community levels are discussed. Theories explaining the origin of SM (Growth-Differentiation Balance and Carbon-Nutrient Balance Hypotheses) are depicted. Release mechanisms of MS in the environment, decomposition and incorporation of these compounds into the soil are described. In the last part, industrial uses of SM, present or potential, are summarized. This paper is focus on SM produced by plants native to arid and semiarid environments.
- Published
- 2011
29. Histological and radiological changes in cranial bone in the presence of bone wax
- Author
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Luiz Carlos Vulcano, Gustavo Paschoal, Daniela Franco Bueno, Ana de Almeida, Cassio Eduardo Raposo-Amaral, Maria Rita Passos-Bueno, Nivaldo Alonso, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Inst Craniofacial & Plast Surg, Ctr Tecnol Informação Renato Arsher, and Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
- Subjects
Male ,Photomicrography ,Time Factors ,Cephalometry ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Bone wax ,Palmitates ,Calvaria ,Hemostatics ,Crânio ,Osteogênese ,Osteogenesis ,medicine ,Animals ,Rats, Wistar ,Craniotomy ,Inflammation ,Wound Healing ,Wax ,business.industry ,Skull ,Anatomy ,Craniometry ,Hemostáticos ,Rats ,Disease Models, Animal ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Cranial bone ,Ceras ,visual_art ,Waxes ,MODELOS ANIMAIS ,visual_art.visual_art_medium ,Surgery ,Tomography, X-Ray Computed ,business - Abstract
Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-12T17:58:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-07-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T18:28:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-07-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T13:42:10Z No. of bitstreams: 0 Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T13:42:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-07-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) CEPID OBJETIVO: Quantificar a formação óssea da região da calvaria de ratos Wistar submetidos à craniotomia com a utilização de cera de osso como agente hemostático. MÉTODOS: Cirurgia para realizar um defeito ósseo craniano bilateral, simétrico (área: 18 mm2) e com espessura total foi realizado em oito animais. O lado direito do crânio permaneceu aberto e as extremidades do defeito ósseo do lado esquerdo foram recobertas com cera de osso. O crânio foi submetido à avaliação radiológica imediatamente após a cirurgia e 12 semanas após a cirurgia com a utilização de tomografia computadorizada. As áreas dos defeitos ósseos foram medidas através de imagens tridimensionais e utilizando o programa de computador Magics 13.0 (Materialise-Belgic, software CAD). RESULTADOS: A quantidade média de formação óssea no lado esquerdo e direito foi respectivamente de 4.85 mm2 e 8.16 mm2. Diferença estatisticamente significante foi observada entre o lado direito e esquerdo. CONCLUSÕES: A cera de osso diminuiu significativamente a formação óssea nos defeitos ósseos em modelo animal. Purpose: To quantify the amount of bone formation in the calvarial region of Wistar rats after craniotomy using bone wax as a haemostatic agent. Methods: Surgery to produce bilateral, symmetric, full-thickness cranial defects (area: 18 mm(2)) was performed in eight animals. The right side of the cranium remained open and the edges of the left side osseous defect was covered with bone wax. Calvaria were imaged immediately after surgery and 12 weeks postoperatively by computerized tomography. The areas of the bone defects were measured in three-dimensional images using Magics 13.0 (Materialise-Belgic, software CAD). Results: The average amount of bone formation on the left and right side respectively was 4.85 mm(2) and 8.16 mm(2). Statistically significant differences between the amount of bone formation on the left and right sides were seen. Conclusion: Bone wax significantly diminishes the rate of bone formation in calvarial defects in a rat model. Univ São Paulo, Dept Genet & Evolut Biol, Inst Biosci, São Paulo, Brazil Inst Craniofacial & Plast Surg, Campinas, SP, Brazil Ctr Tecnol Informação Renato Arsher, Campinas, SP, Brazil State Univ São Paulo UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil Univ São Paulo, Div Plast Surg, Dept Surg, BR-09500900 São Paulo, Brazil State Univ São Paulo UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
- Published
- 2011
30. Composición química de aceites de las variedades Arbequina y Empeltre cultivadas en regadío
- Author
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Mª Soledad Gracia, Antonio Royo, and Mónica Guillén
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Quality parameters ,Nutrition. Foods and food supply ,aliphatic alcohols ,Esteroles ,quality parameters ,Alcoholes alifáticos ,sterols ,fatty acids ,Sterols ,Ceras ,Waxes ,Parámetros de Calidad ,TX341-641 ,Aliphatic alcohols ,waxes ,Fatty acids ,Ácidos grasos - Abstract
This study examines the composition of oils extracted from young olive trees of the Arbequina and Empeltre varieties grown with irrigation in the same farm throughout a period of three seasons. Quality parameters, Fatty acid composition, sterols, waxes and aliphatic alcohols were analyzed. Although the quality of oils of both varieties was that of extra virgin, varietal differences were found. The peroxide value and the content of total polyphenols were much higher in Empeltre, whereas stability was higher in Arbequina. The monounsaturated acids were higher in Arbequina containing more stearic, oleic, arachidic and behenic acids than Empeltre, while this variety surpassed Arbequina in palmitic, margaroleic, linoleic, linolenic, gadoleic and lignoceric acids. The sterol composition was also different in the two varieties with higher contents of 24-methylencholesterol, campesterol and, especially, Δ-5 avenasterol in Arbequina, and campestanol, Δ-7 stigmastenol, Δ-7 Avenasterol in Empeltre. The contents of both waxes and aliphatic alcohols were higher in Arbequina. Este trabajo analiza la composición de aceites de árboles jóvenes de las variedades Arbequina y Empeltre cultivados en regadío en una misma finca. Durante tres campañas se estudiaron los parámetros de calidad, la composición en ácidos grasos, los esteroles, las ceras y los alcoholes alifáticos. Aunque la calidad de los aceites de las dos variedades fue la de virgen extra se encontraron diferencias varietales. El índice de peróxidos y los polifenoles totales tuvieron valores muy superiores en la variedad Empeltre, sin embargo la estabilidad fue mayor en Arbequina. El total de ácidos monoinsaturados fue mayor en Arbequina y el de poliinsaturados en Empeltre. Arbequina contenía más esteárico, oleico, araquídico y behénico que Empeltre, en tanto que en esta variedad era mayor en palmítico, margaroleico, linoleico, linolénico, gadoleico y lignocérico. La composición esterólica fue también diferente en las dos variedades, con mayores contenidos de 24-metilencolesterol, campesterol y, especialmente en Δ-5 Avenasterol en Arbequina, y de campestanol, Δ-7 Estigmastenol, Δ-7 Avenasterol en Empeltre. Tanto el contenido en ceras como el de alcoholes alifáticos fueron mayores en Arbequina.
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Evaluation of the effect of postharvest protectors in orange juice over the time
- Author
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Materano, Willian, Valera, Anne, Zambrano, Judith, Maffei, Miguel, and Torres, Claudia
- Subjects
PVC ,Citrus sinensis L ,carotenoides ,quality ,Primafresh® ,calidad ,carotenoids ,Naranja ,ceras ,waxes ,Orange - Abstract
El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto de la cera Primafresh® y cubierta de policloruro de polivinilo (PVC) de 32 micras de espesor en frutas de naranja (Valencia), Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck, almacenados bajo refrigeración, sobre el contenido de carotenoides (CC) y los parámetros de color (L., Croma y Hue) del zumo durante el período de comercialización. Un lote de frutos fue sumergido en Primafresh® a la concentración original 20% de sólidos y colocados en bandejas de anime. Otro lote colocado en bandejas de anime y recubierto con PVC. Posteriormente se almacenaron a 8 °C (±0,5 °C), 80-85% HR durante 21 días, realizándose evaluaciones a intervalos de 7 días. Frutos no tratados se utilizaron como control. Durante cada evaluación se determinó la pérdida de peso, CC totales y los parámetros de color. Los tratamientos con recubrimiento redujeron la pérdida de humedad, Primafresh® (1,22%) y cubierta de PVC (1,11%), dando lugar a menor pérdida de masa fresca de los frutos, en comparación con el grupo control (5,17%). Se encontró una razón de cambio de CC de 0,4426 mg l-1 día-1 para el control y para los frutos tratados con Primafresh® y PVC de 0,2605 mg l-1 día-1 y 0,1991 mg l-1 día-1, respectivamente. En cuanto al color se obtuvo una razón de 0,1085 unidades de Croma por día en el tratamiento control, en Primafresh® (0,0564 unid día-1) y PVC (0,0480 unid día-1). El estudio demostró que el uso de ceras Primafresh® y cubiertas PVC influyó en el cambio de color y en el CC. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the Primafresh® wax and cover with polyvinyl policloruro (PVC) of 32 microns of thickness in the content of total carotenoids and the parameters of color (L., Chroma and Hue) of the juice, during the period of commercialization, of 'Valencia' orange fruits, Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck, stored under refrigeration. A group of fruits was submerged in Primafresh® at the original concentration of 20% and placed in polypropylene trays. Another group was placed in polypropylene trays and covered with PVC. No treated fruits were used as a control. The fruits were stored at 8 °C (±0,5 C), 80-85% HR during 21 days, and the lost of weight, total carotenoids, and color were evaluated at intervals of 7 days. The treatments with covering reduced the lost of humidity (1.22 and 1.11% for Primafresh® and PVC respectively), and there was a lower lost of weight of the fruits, while in the control group there was lost of humidity of 5.17%. It was found a rate of change of carotenoid concentration of 0.4426 mg l-1 day-1 for the control, and of 0.2605 and 0,1991 mg l-1 day-1 for the tratments with Primafresh® and PVC respectively. Moreover, the rate of change of the color was 0.1085 units of Chroma by day-1 in the control treatment, and 0.0564 and 0.0480 units day-1 for the tratments with Primafresh® and PVC. The study shown that the use of Primafresh® wax and PVC covers influenced the changes of color and carotenoid content of the orange.
- Published
- 2007
32. Rapid casting and new technologies in investment casting
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Claudia Marcela Sánchez R and Carlos Julio Cortés Rodríguez
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microfundición (fundición de precisión) ,lcsh:TA1-2040 ,lost wax process (investment casting) ,General Engineering ,prototipado rápido ,ceras ,Building and Construction ,waxes ,lcsh:Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ,ABS ,rapid prototyping - Abstract
Siendo el prototipado rápido un método de fabricación diferente de los tradicionales en que no remueve o deforma material sino que lo agrega para obtener las piezas que se han diseñado, es utilizado no solamente en la fabricación de productos terminados sino también en la elaboración de herramientas para agilizar diferentes procesos de manufactura. Este artículo introduce el prototipado rápido como técnica de apoyo al proceso de microfundición. Se hace una descripción corta de las diferentes técnicas que se han implementado hasta el momento y los materiales que sirven para elaborar los artículos de las diversas etapas del proceso en las que prototipado rápido interviene. Rapid prototyping is a manufacturing process which is different to traditional methods as material is not removed or formed but added to obtain the designed pieces. It is not just used for manufacturing finished products but in manufacturing tooling for speeding up other manufacturing processes. This paper introduces rapid prototyping as a support technique for the lost wax process (investment casting). It gives a brief description of the different techniques implemented to date and materials used for making articles as part of the lost wax process.
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- 2006
33. Rapid casting y nuevas tecnologías en el proceso de microfundición
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Sánchez R, Claudia Marcela and Cortés Rodríguez, Carlos Julio
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microfundición (fundición de precisión) ,lost wax process (investment casting) ,prototipado rápido ,ceras ,waxes ,ABS ,rapid prototyping - Abstract
Siendo el prototipado rápido un método de fabricación diferente de los tradicionales en que no remueve o deforma material sino que lo agrega para obtener las piezas que se han diseñado, es utilizado no solamente en la fabricación de productos terminados sino también en la elaboración de herramientas para agilizar diferentes procesos de manufactura. Este artículo introduce el prototipado rápido como técnica de apoyo al proceso de microfundición. Se hace una descripción corta de las diferentes técnicas que se han implementado hasta el momento y los materiales que sirven para elaborar los artículos de las diversas etapas del proceso en las que prototipado rápido interviene. Rapid prototyping is a manufacturing process which is different to traditional methods as material is not removed or formed but added to obtain the designed pieces. It is not lust used for manufacturing finished products but in manufacturing tooling for speeding up other manufacturing processes. This paper introduces rapid prototyping as a support technique for the lost wax process (investment casting). It gives a brief description of the different techniques implemented to date and materials used for making articles as part of the lost wax process.
- Published
- 2006
34. Development of a process for obtaining policosanol from sugarcane wax (Saccharum officinarum)
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Claudia Helena Ribeiro do Rozario, Barrera Arellano, Daniel, 1953, Arellano, Daniel Barrera, 1953, Steel, Caroline Joy, Vieira, Thais Maria Ferreira de Souza, Esteves, Walter, Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Tecnologia de Alimentos, and UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS
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Fatty alcohols ,Filter cake ,Saponification ,Ceras ,Álcoois graxos ,Waxes ,Policosanol ,Cana-de-açúcar ,Sugarcane ,Saponificação ,Torta de filtração - Abstract
Orientador: Daniel Barrera Arellano Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos Resumo: A cera de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum officinarum), extraída da torta de filtração, um subproduto da indústria sucro-alcooleira, tem sido uma matéria de interesse não somente pela sua aplicação industrial como alternativa para as ceras de carnaúba, abelha e sintéticas, mas também pela sua composição química. A cera de cana-deaçúcar é uma fonte natural de álcoois alifáticos primários de cadeia longa, com 24 a 34 átomos de carbono, com predominância do octacosanol. Essa mistura de álcoois de alto peso molecular, denominada ¿policosanol¿, tem chamado a atenção pelas suas propriedades farmacológicas, sendo comercializada industrialmente como componente ativo em diversas formulações com efeitos anti-plaquetários, anti-trombóticos e redutores de colesterol. Neste trabalho, foram estudadas as etapas envolvidas no processo de obtenção de uma mistura de álcoois a partir de cera de cana-de-açúcar, compostas de (1) purificação da cera bruta de cana-de-açúcar pelo método do álcool a quente; (2) saponificação da cera purificada com NaOH, na presença de etanol como solvente; (3) separação da mistura de álcoois da cera saponificada, utilizando solução salina e etanol, para obtenção do produto denominado ¿policosanol 50¿ e, (4) purificação com acetona do produto obtido em (3), para obtenção do produto denominado ¿policosanol 90¿. Como a reação de saponificação pode interferir no rendimento do composto de interesse, foram aplicadas técnicas de planejamento experimental nesta etapa e, de acordo com os resultados obtidos, novos testes foram realizados para se determinar as condições mais favoráveis para a reação. A proporção cera:solução de NaOH foi mantida em 1:1 (p:v) e, com este parâmetro fixado, as condições determinadas para a reação de saponificação foram: concentração da solução alcoólica de NaOH de 2M, temperatura de 80ºC e tempo de 15 minutos. Nestas condições, o produto denominado ¿policosanol 50¿ apresentou um rendimento de 55% e uma pureza em álcoois de 50% e o produto denominado ¿policosanol 90¿ apresentou um rendimento de 25,7% e uma pureza em álcoois de 92,3% Abstract: Sugarcane wax (Saccharum officinarum), extracted from filter cake, a by-product of the sugar and alcohol industry, has been a material of interest, not only for its industrial application, as an alternative to ¿carnaúba¿ wax, bees wax and synthetic waxes, but also for its chemical composition. Sugarcane wax is a natural source of long-chain primary aliphatic alcohols, with 24 to 34 carbon atoms, with a predominance of octacosanol. This mixture of high molecular weight alcohols called policosanol, has been investigated due to its pharmacological properties, being industrially commercialized as an active component in various formulations, with anti-platelet, anti-trombotic and cholesterolreducing effects. In this work, the stages involved in the process of obtaining a mixture of alcohols from sugarcane wax, composed of (1) purification of the raw sugarcane wax by the hot alcohol method; (2) saponification of the purified wax with NaOH in the presence of ethanol as solvent; (3) separation of the mixture of alcohols in the saponified wax using a salt solution and ethanol to obtain the product called ¿policosanol 50¿; and, (4) purification with acetone of the product obtained in (3), to obtain the product called ¿policosanol 90¿, were studied. As the saponification reaction can interfere in the yield of the composite of interest, experimental planning techniques were applied in this stage and, in accordance with the results obtained, new tests were conducted to determine the most favorable reaction conditions. The proportion wax:NaOH solution was maintained at 1:1 (w:v) and, with this parameter fixed, the conditions for the saponification reaction were: concentration of the NaOH alcoholic solution of 2M, temperature of 80ºC and time of 15 minutes. Under these conditions, the product denominated ¿policosanol 50¿ presented a yield of 55% and a purity in alcohols of 50%, and the product called ¿policosanol 90¿ presented a yield of 25.7% and a purity in alcohols of 92.3% Mestrado Mestre em Tecnologia de Alimentos
- Published
- 2003
35. The utilization of plant wax components, especially n-alkanes, in ruminants nutrition studies
- Author
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Ênio Rosa Prates and Dimas Estrasulas de Oliveira
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Markers ,General Veterinary ,biology ,business.industry ,ceras ,indicadores ,biology.organism_classification ,Hydrocarbons ,Biotechnology ,Nalkanes ,Nutrição animal : Alimento para animal : Digestibilidade : Planta produtora de cera : consumo : Fezes : Método de pesquisa [Ruminante] ,Agricultural science ,Ruminant ,consumo ,hidrocarbonetos ,Digestibility ,Waxes ,Grazing ,Intake ,Animal Science and Zoology ,n-alcanos ,n-alkanes ,business ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,digestibilidade - Abstract
A utilização de métodos indiretos para estimar o consumo e a digestibilidade dos alimentos por ruminantes é bastante importante, porque pode representar uma economia de tempo, dinheiro e trabalho em relação aos experimentos convencionais e, também, por permitir tais estimativas sob condições extensivas de pastejo. Dentre esses métodos, sobressai-se o dos indicadores fecais. Várias substâncias têm sido utilizadas para esse fim. Este artigo é uma revisão de alguns aspectos sobre o uso de n-alcanos como indicadores em estudos de nutrição de ruminantes. The indirect methods used to estimate the intake and digestibility of feedstuffs by ruminants are very important because these methods represent an economy of time, money and work, in relation to conventional trials. Also, they permit estimates in grazing conditions. Among these methods, the faecal markers stand out and lots of substances have been used. This paper is a review about the use of n-alkanes as markers in ruminant nutrition studies.
- Published
- 2000
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