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LED spectrophotometry is a robust technique for the indirect characterization of wastewater pollutant load through correlation modeling. To tackle this issue, a dataset with 1300 samples was collected, from both raw and treated wastewater from 45 wastewater treatment plants in Spain and Chile collected over 4 years. The type of regressor, scaling, and dimensionality reduction technique and nature of the data play crucial roles in the performance of the processing pipeline. Eighty-four pipelines were tested through exhaustive experimentation resulting from the combination of 7 regression techniques, 3 scaling methods, and 4 possible dimensional reductions. Those combinations were tested on the prediction of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total suspended solids (TSS). Each pipeline underwent a tenfold cross-validation on 15 sub-datasets derived from the original dataset, accounting for variations in plants and wastewater types. The results point to the normalization of the data followed by a conversion through the PCA to finally apply a Random Forest Regressor as the combination which stood out These results highlight the importance of modeling strategies in wastewater management using techniques such as LED spectrophotometry., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Particulate matter (PM), which may serve as a vector of pollutants in both natural and human-impacted waters, is of primary interest in water quality studies, particularly for those conducted in urban areas. Separating solids from the liquid phase is one of the main goals of water treatment practices. Above all, the settling process is the most commonly used for this purpose. Generally, settling column tests are used in the laboratory to assess the total PM removal. Besides the traditional graphical method used for the interpretation of the laboratory results, other mathematical methods were developed - with the goal of simplifying the settling efficiency evaluation procedure and making it less subjective. To make a contribution in that direction, a study based on the comparison of four different mathematical methods for estimating PM removal efficiencies was conducted. The analysis was carried out on 15 samples of wastewater and showed that only two methods gave satisfactory results, and only one of them was physically based. Consequently, it is recommended to assess the overall PM removal, E tot , by a monoparametric exponential function, depending on the settling time (t) and on the first-order decay coefficient (k).

This study examined sand filtration as a component of a potato farm wastewater treatment system. Two different sand filter designs, saturated flow and unsaturated flow, were evaluated at three different loading rates: 34, 68, and 136 L m(-2) d(-1). Filter design had a significant effect, with unsaturated flow sand filters having significantly (p < .05) better total suspended solids (TSS) removal (89%) than saturated flow sand filters did (79%). Loading rate also had a significant (p < .05) effect, given that the lowest loading rate had higher mass removal for TSS than the higher loading rates did. Overall, all sand filters removed TSS, 5-d biochemical oxygen demand, and total phosphorus well (62-99%). Total nitrogen removal was twice as high in unsaturated flow filters (53%) than in saturated flow filters (27%), because of the recurring cycle of aerobic and anaerobic conditions during sand saturation and drying in unsaturated flow sand filters.

Sludge production in microbial bioelectrochemical systems (BES) was assessed in conjunction with anaerobic and aerobic control reactors. Effluent after primary settling tank (EAPS) and depleted EAPS spiked with acetate were treated. The reactors were loaded with total suspended solids (TSS) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) at average loading rates of 22 mg TSS d(-1)L(-1) and 86 mg COD d(-1)L(-1), respectively. Carbon cloth anode equipped BES reactors delivered the highest performance. They achieved on average a COD removal of 80%, a Coulomb efficiency of 77% for EAPS, a maximum current density of 39 μA cm(-)(3)/175 μA cm(-)(2) for EAPS and a TSS removal of 59%, yielding a sludge production of only 80 mg TSS per g ΔCOD. This study provides further evidence that BES can improve the economics of wastewater treatment via lower sludge production as well as providing a framework for understanding sludge production in BES., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Biochar (BC) is a viable wastewater treatment agent. Water lettuce (Pistia spp.) an invasive aquatic plant in Sri Lanka has been used in this study to produce BC by pyrolysis. Industrial water was filtered through activated and non-activated BC samples having 65-125 mm and 125-250 mm particle sizes. Filter with sand and gravel served as standard for comparison. The filter unit containing activated BC showed higher treatment efficiency. pH was reduced from 8.72 ± 0.01 to 6.87 ± 0.01; biological oxygen demand (BOD5) from 57 ± 1.73 to 15.67 ± 1.15 ppm; chemical oxygen demand (COD) from 512 to 128 ppm, total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) from 158.67 ± 2.89 ppm to 33 ppm, ammoniacal nitrogen from 22.63 to 3.13 ± 0.01 ppm; chromium from 0.0625 to 0.0245 ppm, and zinc from 0.9886 to 0.2105 ppm. Optimization study revealed that the BC integrated filter units could be used to treat wastewater in three cycles. Thereafter their efficiency is reduced. The BCs with small particle size (65-125 mm) recorded the highest treatment efficiency. This particle size showed 99.72% turbidity reduction. Reduction of total phosphate, ammoniacal nitrogen, total suspended solids, COD, nitrate, BOD5 and TKN was recorded as 97.82%, 91.49%, 88.38%, 88.18%, 87.44%, 84.38% and 84.38% respectively. BC derived from Pistia spp. has proven to be promising adsorbent for wastewater treatment. Findings of the study show a long-term green wastewater treatment method that makes effective use of an invasive aquatic plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research explores the enhancement of polyethersulfone (PES) membranes through the incorporation of chitosan derived from the lignicolous fungus Ganoderma sp. Utilizing wet phase inversion and solution casting techniques, chitosan was successfully integrated into the PES matrix, as confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), which indicated a high deacetylation degree of 75.7%. The incorporation of chitosan significantly increased the membrane hydrophilicity, as evidenced by a reduction in the water contact angle and a substantial improvement in pure water permeability, from 17.9 L m-2 h-1 bar-1 to 27.3 L m-2 h-1 bar-1. The membrane anti-fouling properties were also notably enhanced, with the Flux Recovery Ratio (FRR) increasing from approximately 60–80%. Moreover, the chitosan-modified PES/CS membrane, particularly at a 5% chitosan concentration, demonstrated exceptional efficacy in pollutant removal, achieving over 90% elimination of total suspended solids, cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb), alongside a 79% reduction in color during the treatment of textile wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A low-cost carwash wastewater reclamation unit comprising a lamella settler and filtration unit was designed and fabricated in the laboratory. A newly designed lamella settler, Reflux Lamella Settler (RLS), consisting of two inclined sections, was incorporated for the first time in the reclamation unit with the objective of enhancing the sedimentation process. Furthermore, organoclay was employed as a component of the filtration unit to remove oil contents. The analysis of the reclaimed water demonstrated a notable reduction in the Total Suspended Solids (TSS), from 821 mg/L to 98 mg/L, in turbidity from 253 Nephelometric Turbidity units (NTU) to 2.70 NTU, and in the oil content from 26 mg/L to zero. This implies a substantial removal of the above substances of 88%, 98.9%, and 100%, respectively. Similarly, the concentration of hardness was reduced by 62.8%, from 321.6 to 120 mg/L, that of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) by 65.3%, from 274 mg/L to 95 mg/L, that of total solids by 65%, from 1590 mg/L to 543 mg/L, and that of total dissolved solids by 47.9%, from 769 mg/L to 400 mg/L. These results indicate that the reclaimed water was suitable for car washing. Moreover, a study on the RLS demonstrated a reduction in turbidity from 253 NTU to 175 NTU, 150 NTU, 130 NTU, and 10 NTU, respectively, after 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 24 hours. The RLS is an effective method for the removal of solid particles/sludge as a primary treatment step in carwash reclamation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The majority of existing industries in Ethiopia discharge untreated effluents into nearby water bodies, streams and open land. The wastewater generated by Gondar malt factory (GMF) was disposed freely and join a natural wetland implemented for the treatment of the wastewater. The objective of the study was to analyze and characterize wastewater from GMF and to evaluate the effectiveness of the wetland for the treatment purpose. Methods: Different Physicochemical quality indicators (color, turbidity pH, temperature, Total Dissolved solids, Total Suspended solids, total solid, conductivity, alkalinity, hardness, nitrate, phosphate, sulfate, free chlorides, heavy metals-(Cd, Cr, Fe, Mn, and Pb)and Biological Oxygen Demand were measured according to the standard procedures. Data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS-25). Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to find whether significant differences existed in the different sampling stations for the parameters studied. P value less than 0.05 was considered to show significant difference. Results: The results of this study revealed that most of the quality indicators were improved in value after the water passed through the wetland except for alkalinity M, sulfite, Mn, temperature and pH. From ANOVA result, it was noted that there was a significant mean difference between the stations except for chromium, manganese and lead. The result showed that the wetland plays a great role in the removal of pollutants where the best performance was obtained at removal efficiency of 96.188% PO4HR,75.63% Nitrate,>99% Cl2, ammonia and nitrite 99.99%, 92.77% sulfate,84.36% Total hardness,87.43% color, and for others it is ranged between 30 and 60%. Conclusion: the study concluded that GMF wetland was almost effective and had potential in treatment of the wastewater from the discharging facilities (especially for nutrients, alkalinity P, hardness, color and chloride). It is recommended that wetlands should be conserved and used as wastewater treatment facility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The obsolete efficiencies in conventional centralized wastewater treatment systems call for implementation of source separation and treatment of wastewater. Approximately 60–75% of domestic wastewater is attributed to greywater, which could be reused to combat freshwater crisis. The present study investigates qualitative and quantitative attributes of greywater from different sources in High-Income Countries (HICs) and Low-Income Countries (LICs). The quantity of greywater generation is positively correlated with country's per capita income, but feebly negatively correlated with temperature. Kitchen source is the highest contributor of total suspended solids (134–1300 mg/l), whereas in case of turbidity, laundry is the major contributor (39–444 NTU). Also, kitchen greywater is characterized by comparatively high biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of 100–1850 mg/l, low pH of 5.6–8, and elevated total nitrogen (TN) of about 1.5–48 mg/l. The high pH (7.3–10) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) levels (58–2497 mg/l) in laundry greywater are due to usage of sodium hydroxide-based soaps, while usage of wash detergents containing phosphates like sodium tripolyphosphate contribute to high total phosphorus (TP) (0.062–57 mg/l). The qualitative characteristics of greywater in HICs are perceived to be superior compared to LICs. Furthermore, the most widely used physicochemical, biological, and advanced oxidation treatment technologies for greywater are outlined briefly. It can be observed that economical treatment systems like phytoremediation or biological technologies combined with sand filtration systems can be implemented to treat greywater with high organic content in LICs, whereas in HICs where greywater is generated in large quantities, electro-coagulation combined with advanced oxidation technologies can be used to treat its higher COD levels. Highlights: Assessment of variations in qualitative and quantitative characteristics of greywater from various sources and in HICs and LICs. The quantity of greywater generation is positively correlated with the per capita income, but feebly negatively correlated with the temperature aspect of the country. Kitchen is the major source of BOD5 and TN, while laundry is the major contributor of COD and TP in the greywater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spirulina is extensively studied among cyanobacteria. It has been used as a source of protein since ancient times. The present investigation addressed the cultivation of Spirulina in kitchen wastewater with the aim of water remediation. Water quality parameters were evaluated by analysing physicochemical parameters both before and after the growth of Spirulina. The microscopic inspection revealed the presence of Spirulina exhibiting spiral and helical shapes. Water quality parameters, including total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, chlorides, sulfates, phosphate, total hardness, and total alkalinity, were found to be high in the wastewater before the cultivation of Spirulina. In addition, it had very acidic conditions with a pH range of 4.5 to 6.0. The cultivation of Spirulina resulted in favourable changes in various chemical parameters. Specifically, the total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, chlorides, sulfates, phosphate, total hardness, and total alkalinity decreased while the sodium level increased. Further, it increased the pH level to the neutral range. According to the findings of this study, it can be inferred that cultivating Spirulina in wastewater positively altered the physicochemical characteristics of the wastewater and resulted in an increased yield of Spirulina. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biochar (BC) is a well-established physical treatment method. The high-cost BC limits their use as adsorbents in wastewater. Thus, deriving BC from cheap and locally available waste materials is needed to develop a feasible waste removal technology. Nowadays, BC technology makes it possible to envision a new strategy to manage invasive plants by converting them into value-added products like BC. Hence, the present study was designed to evaluate the potential utilization of BC as an efficient filter medium made by invasive aquatic plants, Salvinia spp., and Eichhornia spp. A mass of 50 g of prepared activated and nonactivated BC was incorporated in a sand and gravel filter to treat rubber-manufactured wastewater. Wastewater was passed through the filter, and both raw and treated water samples were analyzed for pH, Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD5), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN), Ammoniacal- Nitrogen (NH3-N), Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Phosphates (TP), Nitrate (NO3-N), turbidity and heavy metals (Zinc, Chromium). The control filter was developed only with sand and gravel, excluding BC. Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to analyze BC's chemical and physical characteristics. A brine shrimp lethality assay was carried out for toxicological evaluation. OH stretching (3,550-3,200 cm-1), C=C aromatic stretching (1400-1660 cm-1), and Phenol-O-H bending (1,300-1,400 cm-1) were recorded in all BC samples that involved the adsorption mechanism. Observed images indicated differences in surface morphology of both activated and nonactivated BC were observed under SEM observation. The study concludes that the filter unit incorporated with activated Eichhornia spp. Gave the best treatment efficiency when compared to filter units incorporated with other activated and nonactivated BC. The toxicity assay revealed 100% mortality in the control setup and raw wastewater but only 60-70% in the nonactivated BC integrated filters. Activated BCincorporated filters showed no mortalities. Hence, the study's outcomes suggest a green approach using invasive aquatic plants for sustainable wastewater treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is aimed at assessing the effectiveness of hospital's wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in removing nutrients, pathogenic bacteria, and addressing antibiotic resistance using a case study of a tertiary hospital in Ibadan, Nigeria. During the dry and wet seasons in the month of July and December, respectively, samples were collected, and analyzed using standard guidelines to examine significant physicochemical parameters of the WTTP; to evaluate the removal efficiency of biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD), and to examine the prevalence of pathogenic and antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The results of this study showed that during the dry season, certain parameters exceeded acceptable limits, including temperature, total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), phosphate, and nitrate. Although there were reductions in BOD (1555 mg/L to 482 mg/L) and COD levels (3160 mg/L to 972 mg/L), they remained above acceptable limits by World Health Organization. In the wet season, the level of COD (20 mg/L) in the effluent was within acceptable limit, while the BOD (160 mg/L) was above the acceptable limit. The WWTP effectively removed nutrients and reduced the microbial load, as evident from the absence of fecal coliforms in the effluent in both seasons. In respect to BOD removal efficiency, the level of purification of wastewater by the WWTP was 69% during the dry season, while the removal efficiency of COD was 83.54% which showed the efficiency of the WWTP at the removal of COD. However, antibiotic resistance was still present. The study concludes that while the WWTP effectively addressed nutrients and microbial load, additional measures such as tertiary treatment methods like chlorination and UV radiation are necessary to tackle antibiotic resistance. This is crucial to prevent the release of antibiotic-resistant bacteria into the environment, safeguarding human health, animals, plants, and overall environmental well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Polypyrrole (PPy) is widely regarded as a useful electrode material because it has the advantages of low cost, high electrical conductivity, and thermal stability. This study aimed to synthesize PPy membranes using polyphenol oxidase (PPO) isolated from white oyster mushrooms as a biocatalyst for processing textile wastewater. The membranes were produced through the electropolymerization of pyrrole (Py) using the electrodeposition method. The raw materials comprised 0.05 M Py and crude PPO white oyster mushroom extract at 35% v/v in citrate buffer pH = 6.8. The electrolysis process was performed at 6.00 V and 1.063-1.142 A using 16.57-48.97% immobilized PPO in PPy, PPO activity of 1.640-4.160 U, and 0.35 mM phenol as a substrate. The results showed that the use of the membrane in textile wastewater with a discontinuous flow caused a decrease of pH by 14.86%, phenol by 6.80%, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) by 81.30%, Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) by 78.25%, and Total Suspended Solids (TSS) by 20.65%. Meanwhile, using the sample with a continuous flow caused a decrease of pH by 23.97%, phenol by 26.09%, COD by 88.50%, BOD by 78.00%, and TSS by 65.70%. The physical performance of membrane application to textile wastewater with discontinuous (flow rate = 48.19-51.50 L/h, flux = 3191.6-3387.5 L.m-2.h-1, and permeability = 319.2-338.7 Lm-2.h-1.bar) and continuous flow (flow rate = 48.19 L/h, flux = 3191.6 Lm-2.h-1, and permeability = 319.2 Lm-2.h-1.bar) was also assessed in this study. The Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) image was used to assess the morphology of the membrane before and after its application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research for alternative sources for producing renewable energy is rising exponentially, and consequently, microbial fuel cells (MFCs) can be seen as a promising approach for sustainable energy production and wastewater purification. In recent years, MFC is widely utilized for wastewater treatment in which the removal efficiency of heavy metal ranges from 75–95%. They are considered as green and sustainable technology that contributes to environmental safety by reducing the demand for fossil fuels, diminishes carbon emissions, and reverses the trend of global warming. Moreover, significant reduction potential can be seen for other parameters such as total carbon oxygen demand (TCOD), soluble carbon oxygen demand (SCOD), total suspended solids (TSS), and total nitrogen (TN). Furthermore, certain problems like economic aspects, model and design of MFCs, type of electrode material, electrode cost, and concept of electro-microbiology limit the commercialization of MFC technology. As a result, MFC has never been accepted as an appreciable competitor in the area of treating wastewater or renewable energy. Therefore, more efforts are still required to develop a useful model for generating safe, clean, and CO2 emission-free renewable energy along with wastewater treatment. The purpose of this review is to provide a deep understanding of the working mechanism and design of MFC technology responsible for the removal of different pollutants from wastewater and generate power density. Existing studies related to the implementation of MFC technology in the wastewater treatment process along with the factors affecting its functioning and power outcomes have also been highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water contamination has become more pronounced as a result of human economic growth all over the world. This study investigated the physicochemical properties and bioflocculating activity of the polar residue of partitioned extract (PRPE) of Telfairia occidentalis leaf. The bioflocculating activity of the extract was evaluated for optimum dosage, pH, temperature, and metal ion using Kaolin clay suspension; the optimum activities obtained were used in wastewater treatment. The optimum flocculating activity of the PRPE was obtained at the dose of 1 mg/mL, pH of 4, the temperature of 50°C, and divalent cation (Ca2+). The physicochemical characteristics of removal of turbidity, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS) and heavy metals were determined before and after treatment. Upon treatment of two different domestic wastewaters (DW1 & DW2), the physicochemical parameters were reduced except for nitrate and turbidity, which increased for DW2. The bioflocculant displayed the highest activity in DW1 with turbidity removal of 74%, TSS removal of 48%, nitrate removal of 24%, BOD and COD removal of 87.5% and 50% respectively. Heavy metals were also removed effectively in DW1 compared to DW2. The FTIR characterization revealed the presence of primary amine (N-H), cyclic alkene (C=C), phenol (O-H), sulfoxide (S=O) and, halo compound (C-Br) groups present in the bioflocculant which are essential as they promote the flocculation process. The findings from this study attest to the ability of PRPE of Telfairia occidentalis to act as a flocculant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A composite cellulose acetate (CA) carbon-based aluminium hydroxide (CACG) hydrogel membrane was prepared for water purification and real leachate wastewater treatment. The composite CACG hydrogel structure was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Initially, the study investigated the efficiency of the composite CACG hydrogel membrane in removing divalent ions such as Cu2+, Pb2+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ at 10 mg/L and 1000 mg/L concentrations from synthetic feed solutions. The results revealed that metal ions removal efficiency was higher at 10 mg/L feed concentration. The composite CACG hydrogel membrane demonstrated high selectivity for Cu2+ and Pb2+ ions, with more than 99% removal from the solution. The performance of the CACG hydrogel was evaluated in four cycles with a constant metal ions removal efficiency of over 98%. These findings suggest composite hydrogel could be a promising adsorbent material for removing metal ions from synthetic water and wastewater. The total suspended solids (TDS) were reduced by 58%. Additionally, the concentrations of arsenic (As3+), lead (Pb2+), zinc (Zn2+), copper (Cu2+), nickel (Ni2+), Manganese (Mn2+), Magnesium (Mg2+), Potassium (K+), Calcium (Ca2+), and Sodium (Na+) saw reductions of 99.9%, 98.3%, 96%, 96%, 99.6%, 93%, 74.75%, 73.6, 60%, and 14.9% respectively. [Display omitted] • CA/AC-aluminium hydroxide hydrogel was prepared and characterized for wastewater treatment. • The hydrogel pure water flux was 30 L/m2h and heavy metals rejection was between 95% and 99%. • The hydrogel rejection of copper was constant at 99% in 4 consecutive filtration cycles. • The order of ions removal was found to be As3+ > Ni2+ > Pb2+ > Zn2+ > Cu2+ > Mn2+> Mg2+ > K+ > Ca2+ > Na+. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The occurrence of pharmaceutical compounds in water is a rising issue in the environment. These drugs in the waste may be toxic to aquatic organisms and humans as they disrupt the endocrine system, cause genotoxicity, etc. Several techniques were used for the treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater, such as physical, chemical, physiochemical, and biological processes like adsorption, chemical coagulation, and activated sludge processes, but these techniques possess several merits and demerits, such as higher installation and operation costs. This technique is used to remove color and turbidity; reduce biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and total suspended solids (TSS) to permissible limits for reuse of effluent; and prevent diseases caused by pharmaceutical wastewater. This review focuses on the treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater containing drugs like antibiotics, depressants, and hormones, with the activated sludge process having several advantages like good quality effluent and low installation costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effectiveness of a horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland (HSFCW) for treating domestic wastewater (DWW) effluent was investigated over a six-month period under a variety of operational conditions, including vegetation (planted or unplanted "canna indica and Typha letifolia," media type (various types of soil, sand, and aggregate), and mode of wastewater feeding (continuous and submerged). All contaminants, with the exception of phosphorus, were significantly affected by plants (P< 0.05) in terms of removal effectiveness and mass removal rate. The average maximum removal efficiencies for total suspended solids (TSS), biological oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), and total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) were 96.1%, 75.4%, 59.0%, 64.7%, and 49.4%, respectively, for planted beds versus 89.1%, 69.2%, 55.9%, 65.2%, and 42.4%, respectively, for unplanted beds under both conditions. On the removal efficiency of COD and BOD5, neither the media type nor the feeding mode system had a significant impact. When compared to gravel, soil media considerably (P <0.05) improved the wetland's ability to remove SRP, especially in the planted beds. Comparing the continuous mode (HRT 0.5 days) to the submerged mode (HRT 02 days), the continuous mode was more efficient at removing SRP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Millions of cubic meters of water are polluted every day as a result of industrialization and other human activities. The contribution of the Wastewater Treatment Plant, which was built to prevent this pollution, to the water cycle was examined through water footprint indicators in this study. In the study, the wastewater treatment plant was evaluated for treated and non-treated cases, and the contribution of the plant to the grey water footprint was determined from the difference between the two cases. Wastewater Treatment Plants not only save the volume of water in the receiving environment but also protect the water quality. This study revealed that as a result of the treatment of industrial and domestic mixed wastewater with a pollution load of 396.297 mg biochemical oxygen demand L-1, 924.245 mg chemical oxygen demand L-1, 26.139 mg total nitrogen L-1 2.76 mg total phosphorus L-1, and 426.861 mg total suspended solids L-1, in the Wastewater Treatment Plant, it recovered an average of 14,375,243 m3 of freshwater per month in the water cycle by protecting the Class III (medium) water quality of receiving environment. The calculations made in the study are based on the Water Footprint Assessment Manual. The volume of recovered water is 19 ± 14 times larger than the inlet flow of wastewater treatment. On the other hand, the total amount of freshwater consumed directly and indirectly in the wastewater treatment is 3696 m3 month-1. ⁓97.093% of the indirect blue water footprint is used for the generation of electrical energy. This study reveals all aspects of the Wastewater Treatment Plants contribution to the sustainable environment with the natural water cycle and the protection of the receiving water quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a natural biological treatment unit. Red soil was used as structural support to the plants materials of four different Arka varieties in the treatment unit. The study also sought to ascertain the efficiency of the treatment facility in lowering various contaminants such as heavy metals- chromium, nickel, zinc, and nutrients like nitrate and phosphate as well as Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand COD etc. Analytical results of the study demonstrated that the wastewater treatment was highly perceptible with an average efficiency of 98% for COD and 96.5% for BOD, displaying the ability of natural materials to break down organic matter in the wastewater. TSS was significantly reduced by the treatment as well, with an efficiency of 75%, while TDS and TS were showed less than 50% efficiency. In addition, 67% and 60% efficiency was observed for nitrates and phosphates respectively that are known to contribute eutrophication in aquatic ecosystem. Apart from this biological treatment unit was successful in lowering chromium metal concentration with an efficiency of up to 90%. The obtained result findings of our study, plainly signposted that the natural biological treatment of wastewater is a workable and sustainable alternative to conventional treatment. The natural biological treatment could be ideal for sparsely populated rural areas with limited access to conventional wastewater treatment facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to improve the performance of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) simulated with Benchmark Model No. 2 (BSM2). To achieve this objective, three control strategies were implemented and tested. The first control strategy aimed to maintain the concentration of nitrate and nitrite nitrogen (SNO) by controlling the external carbon flowrate (strategy A1), and the second control strategy aimed to maintain the ammonia and ammonium nitrogen (SNH) at a desired level with the use of a cascade controller (strategy A2). The third strategy was applied to control the total suspended solids (TSS) (strategy A3). Combinations of these strategies were considered (B1, B2, and B3 strategies), as well as the use of all three together (strategy C1). The control strategies presented in this paper were compared to the default control strategy of BSM2 to validate and identify the one that provided the best performance. The results revealed that the B1 strategy was the most environmentally friendly, while C1 obtained the highest overall performance. Several Monte Carlo simulations were performed for the validated control strategies, to identify the optimal setpoint values. For the C1 strategy, a second method of optimization regarding polynomial interpolation was considered. The applied optimization methods provided the optimal reference values for the PI (proportional integral) controllers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ceramic membranes are considered more effective for wastewater treatment applications than polymeric membranes because of their excellent resistance to thermal and chemical environments and possess high durability. To avoid the high cost of commercial ceramic membranes, recently, a significant improvement has been accomplished in developing them using low-cost alternative materials and their application in wastewater treatment. This study investigated the performance of an innovative ceramic microfiltration (MF) membrane fabricated with inexpensive Fuller's earth clay in treating the natural raw rubber (ribbed smoked sheet)-processing wastewater. The flat sheet low-cost membrane used in this study was prepared by uniaxial dry pressing route, followed by sintering at 850 °C, and it possessed 39% porosity with 0.176 µm pore size. The wastewater was treated in dead-end filtration mode at different pressures varying from 0.35 to 2 bar and observed the percentage removal of COD, turbidity, and total suspended solids (TSS). Untreated wastewater had a turbidity of 150 NTU, 1200 mg/L TSS, and 10,800 mg/L COD. At a low operating pressure of 0.35 bar, 94% removal of turbidity and total suspended solids was obtained. Also, significant COD removal of 70.4% from wastewater was obtained using the prepared low-cost MF membrane. Finally, the fouling phenomenon during the wastewater treatment was analyzed and it was concluded that it followed the cake filtration model. For future work, cross-flow filtration of wastewater using fabricated Fuller's earth clay ceramic membrane is recommended as it could pave the way forward towards commercialization and wide-scale industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, the modification of different polyester structures (fabrics and knits) by the biopolymer chitosan was studied to evaluate the effects of the polyester structure and treatments on the particulate pollution of wastewater. The pristine polyester and the chitosan-polyester fabric and polyester knit composites were washed cyclically with standard ECE A detergent at 60 °C. The laser diffraction technique was used to characterize the particle size of the washing wastewaters from the 1–5, 6–10 and 1–10 wash cycles. In addition, the total solids (TS), total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), turbidity and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were also determined, according to standard procedures. The obtained results show the influence of the polyester fabrics and polyester knit structures and chitosan-polyester composites on the particle size distribution (PSD) in the washing wastewater. Differences in the values of the characteristic parameters, especially the span value and shape factor (k) of the individual curves, are visible, indicating the release of particles during the washing process. The experimental results show that the laser diffraction technique is suitable for characterizing the particle dimensions of the washing wastewater for different pristine polyester structures and chitosan-polyester composites. Modification with chitosan has been shown to provide potential protection against the release of microplastic particles into the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Reclaimed wastewater is a potential source for irrigation, although its effect on seed germination and plant growth has not been widely investigated. The present study focused on treating wastewater by vermifiltration and investigating the effect on seed germination and seedling development of Zea mays, Triticum aestivum and Sorghum bicolor and their morphological, physiological and biochemical developments. A filter bed was constructed using indigenous and improved materials. The constituents used to develop the filter bed consist of matrix of garden soil, lateritic hardpan gravels and coconut coir inoculated with Eisenia fetida. RESULTS: The wastewater was obtained from a public septic tank toilet facility and contained 35–40% dry matter with high concentrations of total dissolve solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total nitrogen (Ntot) and phosphorus (Pavail). Portable water was used as the control. Vermifiltration of the wastewater was shown to be effective for the removal of 52–65% TDS, 56–62% TSS, 34–40% COD, 48–52% BOD, 56–62% Ntot and 53–58% Pavail. The results showed that the morphological, physiological and biochemical processes in Z. mays, T. aestivum and S. bicolor improved when seeds were subjected to treated wastewater. CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrated that a potential reuse of vermifiltered wastewater as a source of irrigation water with continuous monitoring of the water quality is productive and sustainable. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Appropriate wastewater technologies and sound management are crucial to global water quality and conservation. The integrated algal pond system (IAPS), considered an efficient, passive and low‐cost wastewater treatment technology for peri‐urban spaces, is perceived to yield a final effluent unsuitable for discharge. Experiments were carried out to challenge the prevailing perception that algal‐based wastewater treatment processes and in particular IAPS produce an effluent that does not always meet national and/or regional regulatory standards. Formation of a microalgal–bacterial floc (MaB‐flocs) and settleability together with biomass removal from algal settling ponds (ASPs) is shown to reduce total suspended solids (TSS) from >50 to <20 mg L−1. Thus, production of a readily settleable MaB‐floc coupled with removal of settled biomass from ASP ensures that final effluent TSS remains below the general limit of 25 mg L−1 and yields an effluent suitable for either irrigation or discharge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the conventional processes employed in most wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) worldwide are not designed to entirely remove or oxidize emerging pollutants, which, due to their incidence and persistence, can cause damage to both the environment and human health, several options for their degradation and removal have emerged. Coupling the advanced Fenton oxidation process as a polishing or tertiary wastewater treatment alternative within conventional WWTP processes stands out among the treatment options. Therefore, the main objective of this research was to evaluate, at the laboratory level, the ability of the advanced Fenton oxidation process to oxidize triclosan, ibuprofen, DEET (N, N-diethyl-meta-toluamide), carbamazepine, caffeine, and acesulfame-K, which represent several groups of emerging pollutants in real wastewater from the second settling tank of a municipal WWTP. The compound used as a catalyst (Fe2+) supplier in the advanced Fenton oxidation process was ferrous sulfate heptahydrate (FeSO4•7H2O). The results obtained upon application showed that the advanced Fenton oxidation process could simultaneously oxidize and remove practically the total concentration of the above-mentioned emerging pollutants, except for DEET (85.21%), in conjunction with the chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), and fecal coliforms (FC, pathogen group) in the effluent generated by the advanced Fenton oxidation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The calculations were done for a wastewater treatment plant that had mechanical, biological, and sludge processing stages and served a population of about 11,100 people. Domestic wastewater, storm water, and industrial water collected from businesses that release into the sewage system are all treated at the treatment plant. The STAS 6953-81 method was used in this research to determine the total suspended solids content. The purification plant's efficiency in removing these substances was assessed using measurements taken from both the influent and effluent. The quantities of coarse material (by weighing) retained from the sewage treatment plant using the two types of screens were also determined. It was observed that the efficiency of the treatment plant was over 98%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the use of date stone powder-based plant natural coagulant in the treatment of iron and steel industrial effluent. Coagulation process was conducted using different dosage from date stone powdered (0.2–10 g/L) and different pH values (5–10) using orbital shaker at 200 rpm. The treatment efficiency was evaluated by examine the removal for chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), ammonia-nitrogen (NH3 –N), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), aluminum (Al), and nickel (Ni). The maximal removal for COD, TSS, NH3 –N, Mn, Fe, Zn, Al, and Ni were 59.4%, 99%, 92.1%, 87.1%, 97.7%, 94.8%, 65.8%, and 80.3%, respectively. Date stone powder has enormous promise as a plant-based natural coagulant for industrial effluent wastewater treatment and might be used to treat effluent from the iron and steel industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is carried out within the framework of the requirements of ensuring reliable operation of the Central Wastewater Treatment Plant of Ulaanbaatar to increase the treatment performance and mitigate the adverse impacts of the current poor performance on nature and ecology. The dynamic of the current influent was studied in order to find the best-suited solution as a means of improvement for the WWTP. As an immediate and fast-to-build solution, an equalization tank and pre-aeration facilities were proposed. The positive effect of the facilities on the biological treatment stage and the overall treatment performance was estimated both theoretically and empirically. The results showed that the overall performance of the treatment for BOD5 and TSS will be increased by up to 30% and 10%, respectively. Furthermore, the high fluctuation problems the central WWTP in terms of hydraulic and pollution load will be positively affected by the intervention, eliminating the main cause of the current poor treatment performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Septic tanks (STs) as a decentralised approach to community wastewater treatment were investigated as a pathway for emerging contaminants (ECs) entering the aquatic environment. A broad range of ECs were examined in five community STs (population equivalents 217–475) and receiving rivers in Scotland over 12 months. All 68 studied ECs were detected at least once in ST influent or effluent at a broad concentration range from ng L−1 – μg L−1 which can surpass freshwater predicted no-effect concentrations. Pharmaceuticals with acute use, such as antibiotics and antifungals, had high monthly variability and concentrations can exceed those previously found in centralised wastewater treatment works. Differences between the STs demonstrate the impact of localised prescription and population behaviour on EC concentrations. The similarities in concentrations between influent and effluent, suggest limited or no removal of ECs in STs. Hence, dilution of the discharges is required to mitigate environmental risk. Although the contribution of ECs sorbed to suspended solids to the total EC concentration was generally small (<10%), higher contributions (>30%) were observed for fluoroquinolone antibiotics (ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin), antidepressants (fluoxetine), and antifungals (clotrimazole). A wide range of ECs were also detected in rivers upstream and downstream of the ST discharge points, and concentrations increased by up to 95% downstream. In general, risk quotients (RQs) in the rivers were low, indicating small risk for the environment. However, higher RQs (>1) were found for ibuprofen, diclofenac and ciprofloxacin in a few samples. Therefore, reducing their concentration by improving ST performance or through sustainable medicines use may be needed at low dilution locations to mitigate any risk. [Display omitted] • Community septic tanks are a pathway for emerging contaminants entering rivers. • There is no or limited removal of emerging contaminants in community septic tanks. • Pharmaceuticals with acute use show high variability in wastewater. • Effluent concentrations can exceed those in centralised wastewater treatment works. • Medium or high environmental risk found for ibuprofen, diclofenac and ciprofloxacin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the use of membrane bioreactor technology (MBRs) in the treatment of wastewater generated in the dairy industry. These wastewaters have physicochemical and microbiological characteristics that require specialized treatments; biological processes are the most recommended because of their costeffectiveness, efficiency of elimination and high environmental friendliness. MBRs combine the biological degradation process with membrane filtration, obtaining a high quality effluent. They can be aerobic or anaerobic, highlighting that when the process occurs anaerobically, by-products such as biogas and biofertilizers are generated, in addition to the possibility of direct reuse of the effluent in secondary processes of the industry, which constitutes an approach to the biorefinery concept. Different investigations have shown organic matter and total suspended solids (TSS) removal values in the ranges of 90 - 99 % and 85 - 100 %, respectively, compared to conventional biological treatment processes, which only reach up to 80 %. Emphasis is placed on the type of membranes used and their particularities due to their impact on the quality of the final effluent, being microfiltration (MF) and ultrafiltration (UF) the most commonly used to treat dairy wastewater. These premises make membrane bioreactor technology a viable option for the treatment of wastewater generated in the dairy industry in Cuba. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional wastewater treatment processes require extensive energy inputs for their operations. Biologically enhanced primary treatment (BEPT) is a promising technology to capture incoming organics that may be utilized to produce biogas and potentially hydrogen with further downstream processing. This study involved a biologically enhanced primary treatment (BEPT) of raw wastewater at bench and pilot-scale using activated sludge (AS) addition and dissolved air flotation (DAF) using raw wastewater at a municipal wastewater facility in Western Australia with average chemical oxygen demand of ~800 mg/L. The results of pilot-scale testing showed an improved removal performance for total chemical oxygen demand (COD-T), soluble chemical oxygen demand (COD-S), and total suspended solids (TSS) compared to conventional primary treatment (PT). Specifically, average COD-T, COD-S and TSS removals for BEPT were 33.3%, 13.5% and 45%, respectively which was 10%, 100% and 6% higher than PT. Moreover, the sludge produced from BEPT had a high solids content of 4.8 g/L, which might not need further thickening prior to anaerobic digestion. It is important to note that no chemicals were used during BEPT testing, which makes the process very cost-effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Implementation of fly ash‐based ceramic tubular membranes in starch wastewater treatment can be considered as a cost‐effective approach towards treating huge quantities of wastewater generated in starch industries. The membrane used in this work possesses excellent chemical and mechanical stabilities and has average pore size of 0.133 μm and porosity of (40.17 ± 1.04)%. The permeate produced by treating wastewater from all three starch sources, namely corn, wheat, and rice, was absolutely free of total suspended solids and turbidity and contained slight chemical oxygen demand, which is under permissible limit for discharge into natural water bodies as prescribed by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), India. Besides, the experiments conducted revealed that along with applied pressure, cross‐flow velocity and size of starch granules can also play pivotal roles in determining the extent of flux decline. Moreover, the estimated cost of the fabricated membrane is 250.00 USD/m2, signifying that the membrane has affordability for being implemented in starch processing industries of all scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coating industry is one of the most important consumers of water and chemicals and consequently is a major water polluter in Mauritius. The focus of this study was to characterise wastewater generated by a coating industry in Mauritius. The objectives were to develop a wastewater sampling strategy and to analyse the pollutant parameters as per Mauritian regulations. The wastewater samples were analysed for physicochemical properties and metal abundances over a period of 6 months. The physicochemical parameters analysed were pH, electrical conductivity (EC), true colour, total suspended solids (TSS), biological oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), nitrate, phosphate, sulphate and free chlorine. The wastewater samples were also analysed for metal ions such as sodium, potassium, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, iron, lead, manganese, mercury, molybdenum, nickel and zinc. The results of the physicochemical parameters indicated the presence of biologically resistant organic matters in all the wastewater samples with elevated values of BOD5 and COD, and low biodegradability index, respectively. The coating industry wastewater samples were acidic and saline in nature. Moreover, they presented high concentrations of TSS, free chlorine and sodium ions compared to standard limits promulgated by the Mauritian Government. Spearman's rank correlation matrix with non-linear regression analysis showed significant associations among the measured parameters which were found to have a common origin in the coating industry wastewater. This research will be useful for regular monitoring and setting up an adequate coating industry wastewater treatment for the potential reuse in production processes in Mauritius. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While Rwanda is aiming at environmental pollution resilience and green growth, some industries are still discharging untreated effluent into the environment. This study gives a general overview of the compliance level of industrial effluent discharge in Rwanda and the linked negative environmental impacts. It comprises qualitative and quantitative analyses of data obtained from wastewater samples collected from five selected industries in Rwanda. The selected industries had previously been audited and monitored by the Rwanda Environment Management Authority (REMA), due to complains from neighboring residents. The study found that the effluent discharge from wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) for all concerned industries failed to comply with (i) oil and grease (O&G) national and international tolerable parameter limits or the (ii) fecal coliforms national standard. In addition, a compliance level of 66.7% was observed for key water quality monitoring parameters (pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), and heavy metals (i.e., lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and chromium (Cr)). Following these study findings, one industry was closed by the REMA for deliberately discharging untreated effluent into an adjacent river. This study recommends the adoption of the best available technology for effluent treatment, installation or renovation of existing WWTPs, and the relocation to industrial zones of industries adjacent to fragile environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Utilization of pinecone powder as a plant-based natural coagulant for the treatment of iron and steel factory effluent was examined. The concentrations of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), ammonia-nitrogen (NH3 –N), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), aluminum (Al), and nickel (Ni) in effluent wastewater were investigated. Results showed that the maximal removal of COD, TSS, NH3 –N, Mn, Fe, Zn, Al, and Ni using pinecone powder were 83.3%, 99%, 83.9%, 86.8%, 93.7%, 89.7%, 73.7%, and 86.7%, respectively for effluent at natural pH 8 using a dosage of 3 g/L. The Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy result showed the existence of various functional groups involved in the coagulation process. Overall, this study shows that pinecone powder has enormous promise as a natural coagulant for water treatment and it could be utilized to treat effluent from iron and steel plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aluminium industry is one of the largest sectors and wastewater generated from this industry could cause crucial environmental problems due to its high heavy metal concentration and conductivity. Therefore, this study aims to determine the characterisation of the wastewater discharged from the two aluminium facilities by considering water recovery potential. While Facility-A produces stainless steel kitchenware, such as pots and pans, In Facility-B, anodised coating takes place from secondary aluminium and wastewater is generated from the units where anodised coating baths and control processes are carried out. For the analyses, the wastewater composite samples from different sections, such as washing, sand-blasting and dyeing in Facility-A were taken in 2 and 24 hours. In Facility-B, three 2-hour composite influent water samples and an effluent sample from chemical wastewater treatment were taken to determine conductivity, pH, chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), etc. As a result of the analyses made, a high value of TSS was detected at all sampling points in Facility-A. It was also seen that the conductivity after demineralisation process in Facility-A was below 30. In Facility-B, it was determined that while the pH obtained from two influent samples was below the discharge limits and showed acidic characteristics, one sample was very basic with a pH value of 12.19 and exceeds the upper limit of discharge. All influent samples in Facility-B show high TSS content in comparison with discharge limits specified in the regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing pressure on water resources in the world has revealed the necessity of using marginal water resources in irrigation. With the use of wastewater, which is one of the marginal water resources, the pressure on freshwater resources is alleviated, the discharge problems of wastewater are solved, and soil and crop productivity increase with the high nutritive effect of wastewater. However, salinity, heavy metals, some harmful chemicals, and the pathogen risks of wastewater should not be ignored. In this context, in this study, the effluent of the wastewater treatment plant located in the central Edremit district of Van province was evaluated in terms of usability in irrigation. Samples were taken from treated wastewater during the vegetation period in 2020 and 2021 and pH, EC, cation and anions, micro elements and heavy metal, total nitrogen and phosphorus, total suspended solids, chemical oxygen demand, biological oxygen demand, fecal coliform, percent sodium, sodium adsorption rate, residual sodium carbonate and Langelier saturation index were determined by analysis and calculations. As a result of the study, the treated wastewater does not pose a risk in terms of pH, EC, cation and anions, micro elements and heavy metal, total suspended solids, percent sodium, sodium adsorption rate, residual sodium carbonate, langelier saturation index and fecal coliform, but attention should be paid to the total nitrogen and phosphorus, chemical and biological oxygen demand contents. It was concluded that the treated wastewater is in compliance with national and international standards, and there is no harm in its use in irrigation and thus treated wastewater can be recommended as a reliable water source for irrigation in the semi-arid province of Van/Edremit. However, in order to ensure safe and sustainable management in irrigation with wastewater, it is necessary to monitor water quality and make necessary inspections of soil, crop and irrigation systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores a novel integration of electro-physicochemical technologies to generate energy and treat water from combined food waste (FW) and blackwater (FW-BW), with BW containing waste activated sludge with simulated flush water. The FW-BW substrate was gravity-separated and pretreated with hydrodynamic cavitation (HDC). Solids from gravity separation were used for energy generation via anaerobic digestion (AD) alone or integrated with microbial electrolysis cells (AD-MEC). HDC pretreatment had 51.6% more CH 4 production in 5 days (266 mL CH 4 /g VS) and 63% more in 30 days compared to AD without HDC. The CH 4 production after 5 days of digestion with HDC pretreatment (266 mL CH 4 /g VS) was similar to the amount produced without HDC over 30 days (263 mL CH 4 /g VS). Using MEC increased CH 4 production by 12.7% compared to AD-only. The liquids from gravity separation were treated with electrocoagulation (EC) at 15 V (90 min), which removed 96.2% of the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and 100% of the total suspended solids. The pilot scale design indicates that the AD-MEC and EC units would generate 1.4 times more energy than energy consumed through applying these novel technologies. These findings demonstration the applications of four technologies (HDC, AD, MEC, and EC) in an energy-efficient waste management approach, producing bioenergy and cleaner water for low-tier use, especially in areas lacking traditional waste treatment options. [Display omitted] • Novel technologies for energy and water treatment of food waste + blackwater. • HDC pretreatment had 51.6% more CH 4 production in 5 days than AD-only. • AD-MEC integration increased energy production by 12.7% compared AD-only. • Electrocoagulation at 15 V for 90 min removed 96.2% COD and 100% of solids. • A pilot scale AD-MEC design showed 1.4x more energy generated than energy input. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodegradable, economical, eco-friendly, and readily available plant-based mucilages have advanced the water treatment technology significantly and replaced the toxic sludge-producing synthetic water purifiers such as ferric chloride, alum, polyaluminium chloride, polyacrylamide, and inorganic polymers. The plant-based mucilages are becoming increasingly popular due to lesser chemical residues and disease risks. The main components of plant-based mucilages are the primary sugars such as D -galactose , L -arabinose, and D -xylose that are very efficient for removal of metals and toxic substances from water. The present review focuses on using the most efficient natural mucilages from different plants to remediate different types of wastewaters such as drinking, textile, and industrial. The polymer bridging and charge neutralization were considered primary processes of mucilages for removing water contaminants such as trace elements (Pb, Cr, Cd, As, Fe, Ni, and Mn), total suspended solids, chemical oxygen demand, turbidity, total dissolved solids, suspended materials, and dye decoloration. [Display omitted] • Mucilages are natural biomaterials produced by plants via myxospermy or myxocarpy. • Polysaccharide mucilages mainly consist of arabinose, galactose, rhamnose, and xylose. • Mucilages are promising substitutes for synthetic sludge-producing water refiners. • Mucilages remediate polluted water mainly by adsorption and charge neutralization. • Commercial production and standardization of mucilages to treat water is demanding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability to forecast key features of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) influent, is emerging as an important tool to enable advanced WWTP operational strategies. Various data driven models have been reported in the scientific literature for WWTP influent forecast however, there has been no quantitative comparison of them against each other. The present study is the first to undertake this comparison utilising a high-frequency reference dataset generated from the Urban Water System model. Specifically, the performance of autoregressive models was compared against time-delay networks, nonlinear autoregressive networks and long short-term memory networks. Time-delay networks were generally found to outperform the other tested methods, although the reliability of the generated forecasts decreases as the prediction horizon exceeds one hour. While longer prediction horizons would be desirable, there is a trade-off between model accuracy and overall optimisation of plant operation. This study also highlights the challenge of dealing with both concentration and flow variations suggesting the need for future research to analyse the separate impacts of flow and concentration variations on model performance. • Data driven models can forecast WWTP influent flows and composition. • time delay neural networks achieved the highest average FIT and correlation factors. • using mass load data rather than concentration data gave better predictions. • model predictions improved by including total suspended solids data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• An innovative wastewater treatment process with low energy and land requirement is introduced. • The process is based on the advanced primary filtration process. • The novel process offers reduction of energy cost and improvement of performance of WWTPs. Conventional technologies employed in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) demand significant energy consumption. Concurrently, the wastewater infrastructure is experiencing a heavy strain as a result of the increased influent loads and pollutants. Advanced primary filtration (APF) is an emerging wastewater treatment process for early removal of suspended solids from raw wastewater. In this work, the APF process comprises of a two-stage filtration system, consisting of a proprietary rotating belt filter (RBF) (collectively known as microsieve) followed by a proprietary continuous backwash upflow media filter (CBUMF). The principal focus of this study is the assessment of the APF process performance, and the prediction of the total suspended solids (TSS) effluent concentrations of the APF process, using a parameter estimation method. According to pilot scale experimental results, the percentages of TSS (average TSS removal rate of 51 %) and biological oxygen demand (BOD 5) (average BOD 5 removal rate of 30 %), removed by the microsieve were notably higher compared to conventional primary treatment (sedimentation). The removal efficiency of the APF process during stable operation, varied from 69 to 86 % for TSS, as compared to 50–70 % typically achieved with primary sedimentation. The removal performance of BOD 5 varied from 44 to 82 %, as compared to 25 to 40 % typically achieved with primary sedimentation. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal rates for the APF process ranged between 62 and 90%, as compared to 25–40 % typically achieved with primary sedimentation. The early removal of TSS prior to aeration tank has the potential to significantly enhance the capacity of the WWTP and decrease the energy requirements of the aeration tank. A high degree of concordance between model predictions and experimental data was observed. This study demonstrated the potential of using the APF process for the early removal of TSS from raw municipal wastewater just upstream of the aeration tank. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The discharge of wastewater from aquaculture ponds causes a certain degree of damage to the environment. It is necessary to continuously improve the treatment efficiency of wastewater treatment devices. The purpose of this study is to obtain an optimal ratio of wastewater circulation devices in order to obtain the best operating parameters and to reduce the discharge of polluted water. We constructed an experimental wastewater circulation device consisting of three units. The primary unit contained modified attapulgite (Al@TCAP-N), volcanic stone, and activated carbon for precipitation. The secondary and tertiary units used biological methods to enhance removal rates of nitrogen and phosphorus. Water quality indicators of total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), ammonia (NH3-N), permanganate (CODMn), and total suspended solids (TSS) were detected. Water quality was tested under different matching ratios for three units of different hydraulic retention time (HRT) and load Results showed that the removal rate of TP, TN, NH3-N, and TSS reached 20–60%, 20%, 30–70%, and 10–80%, respectively. The average reduction efficiencies of secondary module chlorella and filler on TP, TN, NH3-N, CODMn, and TSS were 56.88%, 30.09%, 0.43%, 46.15%, and 53.70%, respectively. The best removal rate can be achieved when the matching ratio of each unit becomes 2:1:1 and the hydraulic retention time is maintained within 2 h in the high-concentration load. Finally, the average removal rates of TP, TN, NH3-N, and TSS reached 58.87%, 15.96%, 33.99%, and 28.89%, respectively. The second unit obtained the enhanced removal effect in this wastewater treatment system when adding microorganisms and activated sludge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to characterize Marrakech City (Morocco) tanneries effluents. The analysis of 5 different tanneries recipes revealed identical temperatures (25°C), acidic pH ranging from 2.69 to 3.65, electrical conductivity ranging from 40.33 ± 1.21 to 90.43 ± 2.40 mS/cm, high chemical oxygen demand (COD: 939.33 ± 26.46 - 7,739.55 ± 297.68 mgO2/L), biological oxygen demand (BOD: 24-42 mgO2/L). In addition, there were high quantities of total suspended solids of about 6,400 ± 100 - 15,700 ± 200 mg/L, total dissolved solids (TDS: 22,566.67 ± 57.74 - 50,900 ± 100 mg/L), total solids (TS: 28,966.67 ± 57.74 - 66,600 ± 264.58 mg/L), sulfate (SO4 2-: 1,021.43 ± 61.86 - 2,9 50 ± 35.71 mg/L). High concentrations of total chromium ranging from 200 to 500 mg/L and Cr6+ from 117.22 ± 20.19 to 393.37 ± 42.74 mg/L were recorded. Different size and shape of effluents particles and filaments influence the sedimentation speed and scour velocity, as well as the pollutants adsorption. These results indicate that tanneries effluents are polluted, and the physico-chemical characteristics vary from one to another one. This approach could be useful as a decision-making tool for the implementation of a depollution process adapted to the local socio-economic context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the current study was to evaluate the growth of Arthrospira platensis in the effluent of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaues vannamei grown in biofloc systems. In the first experiment, A. platensis grew for 12 days in different dilutions (100, 10, 1%) of effluent and in the fertilizer medium in order to determine ideal dilution for the growth of the microalgae in the effluent. At the end of the experiment, the biofloc 100% treatment showed a significantly higher cell density than the fertilizer medium treatment. A second experiment, which lasted for 20 days, was conducted in order to evaluate the growth and bioremediation potential in treatments without total suspended solids, which were removed by decantation, and untreated effluent. The final biomass in the biofloc treatment was 0.50 ± 0.59 g/L and 0.18 ± 0.14 g/L in the biofloc decanted treatment. Both treatments removed 90% of phosphate from the effluent. Nitrate values oscillated throughout the experiment. Thus, it is possible to affirm that the cultivation of A. platensis can be used as a tool to reduce the nitrogen and phosphate loads in the effluent of L. vannamei raised in biofloc systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water is essential to support daily life, ecosystem, environment, and development. Due to rapid industrialisation, population growth, and economic development, the water demand increases worldwide. For this reason, research is being conducted to find alternative sources of water for non-potable purposes. Domestic greywater is receiving much attention worldwide as a possible alternative water supply for domestic and productive purposes. This study aims to determine the water quality index (WQI) for domestic wastewater and evaluate the effectiveness of Iron Removal Media (IRM) and Cattail Typha Angustifolia plants in treating greywater. The domestic wastewater used for treatment was wastewater from laundry activities. There are two types of models designed to obtain different data for both media. The first model design is used with Iron Removal Media and the second model is with Cattail Typha Angustifolia plants. After the greywater treatments, the efficiencies of different treatments were observed and compared to the WQI standard. It was found that the removal efficiencies were 25% for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), 23% for chemical oxygen demand (COD), 12% for total suspended solids (TSS), and 9% for pH using IRM. When Cattail Typha Angustifolia media was used, the removal efficiencies of 57% for TSS, 46% for COD, 45% for BOD, and 10% for pH were achieved. This study showed that using Cattail Typha Angustifolia plants as media for the greywater treatment process could be more effective as compared to IRM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Detergents (surface active agents) are chemical compounds, which are largely used for washing purpose. The use of detergent has expanded in recent years in both households and industries, causing several problems in sewage treatment facilities as well as hazardous effects on organisms and the environment. Test was conducted to determine some physicochemical parameters from samples of wastewater collected from Soap and Detergent (Al-Amin) industry at the discharge point to the recipient environment. Among the parameters determined included: temperature, pH, Total Dissolved Solid (TDS), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Biological Oxygen demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total hardness, Turbidity and Oil and Grease. Test results indicated that the Temperature had values which ranged from (25-44)0C for the Waste water, the pH values ranged from (8.83-10.62). The TDS values ranged from (3285.50-5320.92) mg/l. The TSS values ranged from (173.72-210.48mg/l). The BOD value ranged from (181.84-638.92) mg/l, The COD value ranged from (379.38-1470.33) mg/l. The result of the Total hardness values ranged from (154.98-232.34) mg/l, the Turbidity values ranged from (275.04-320.58) mg/l. The Oil and Grease value range from (6.22-71.22 mg/l). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]