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The main goal of the current investigation was to decontaminate ibuprofen (IBP) from hospital wastewater using sea mud as an H 2 O 2 activator. Sea sludge was converted into catalysts at different temperatures and residence times in furnaces, and then tested in the removal of IBP, and the most efficient ones were reported for the production of catalysts. The catalyst was optimized at 400 °C and 3 h. SEM-mapping, FTIR, EDX, BET, and BJH experiments were used to characterize the catalyst. Experiments were done at two pulsed and continuous ultrasonication modes in a photoreactor, and their efficiencies were statistically compared. The designed variables included IBP concentration (10-100 mg/L), the catalyst concentration (0-3 g/L), pH (4-9), and time (10-90 min). The oxidation process had the maximum efficiency at pH 4, treatment time of 60 min, catalyst quantity of 5 g/L, and IBP content of 50 mg/L. The catalyst was recycled, and in the fifth stage, the removal efficiency of IBP was reduced to 50%. The amount of energy consumed for treating IBP laden-wastewater using the evaluated catalyst in two modes of continuous and pulsed ultrasonic was calculated as 102 kW h/m 3 and 10 kW h/m 3 , respectively. IBP oxidation process was fitted with the first-order kinetic model. The system can be proposed for purifying hospital and pharmaceutical wastewaters., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

This investigation aimed to remove phenol from real wastewater (taken from a petrochemical company) by activating peroxy-monosulfate (PMS) using catalysts extracted from pier waste sludge. The physical and chemical properties of the catalyst were evaluated by FE-SEM/EDS, XRD, FTIR, and TGA/DTG tests. The functional groups of O-H, C-H, CO 3 , C-H, C-O, N-H, and C-N were identified on the catalyst surface. Also, the crystallinity of the catalyst before and after reaction with petrochemical wastewater was 103.4 nm and 55.8 nm, respectively. Operational parameters of pH (3-9), catalyst dose (0-100 mg/L), phenol concentration (50-250 mg/L), and PMS concentration (0-250 mg/L) were tested to remove phenol. The highest phenol removal rate (94%) was obtained at pH=3, catalyst dose of 80 mg/L, phenol concentration of 50 mg/L, PMS concentration of 150 mg/L, and contact time of 150 min. Phenol decomposition in petrochemical wastewater followed the first-order kinetics (k> 0.008 min 2- , C-H, C-O, N-H, and C-N were identified on the catalyst surface. Also, the crystallinity of the catalyst before and after reaction with petrochemical wastewater was 103.4 nm and 55.8 nm, respectively. Operational parameters of pH (3-9), catalyst dose (0-100 mg/L), phenol concentration (50-250 mg/L), and PMS concentration (0-250 mg/L) were tested to remove phenol. The highest phenol removal rate (94%) was obtained at pH=3, catalyst dose of 80 mg/L, phenol concentration of 50 mg/L, PMS concentration of 150 mg/L, and contact time of 150 min. Phenol decomposition in petrochemical wastewater followed the first-order kinetics (k> 0.008 min -1 , R 2 . According to the results, the pier waste sludge catalyst/PMS system is a critical process for eliminating phenol from petrochemical wastewater.3 . According to the results, the pier waste sludge catalyst/PMS system is a critical process for eliminating phenol from petrochemical wastewater., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Disposal sludges from shipping docks contain elements that have the potential to catalyze the desired treatment process. The current work was designed to decompose phenol from wastewater by activation peroxymonosulfate (PMS) using a catalyst made from sea sediments (at 400 °C for 3 h). The catalyst had a crystalline form and contained metal oxides. The parameters of pH (3-9), catalyst dose (0-80 mg/L), phenol concentration (50-250 mg/L), and PMS dose (0-250 mg/L) were tested to specify the favorable phenol removal. The phenol removal of 99% in the waste sludge catalyst/PMS system was achieved at pH 5, catalyst quantity of 30 mg/L, phenol content of 50 mg/L, PMS dose of 150 mg/L, and reaction time of 150 min. From the results, it was implied that the pH factor was more important in removing phenol with the studied system than other factors. By-products and phenol decomposition pathways were also provided. The results showed that the sea sediment catalyst/PMS system is a vital alternative for removing phenol from wastewater medium., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

A new magnetic nanocomposite clinoptilolite (CLT)/Starch/CoFe 2 O 4 was synthesized using co-precipitation method. The prepared magnetic composite powder was utilized for decontamination of methylene blue dye (MBD), methyl violet dye (MVD), and crystal violet dye (CVD) from water media. The BET analysis showed that CLT modification using starch and CoFe 2 O 4 nanoparticles improved its specific surface and the amount of specific surface area for CLT, CoFe 2 O 4, and CLT/Starch/CoFe 2 O 4 powder was reported to be 18.82 m 2 .g -1 , 151.4 m 2 .g -1, and 104.75 m 2 .g -1 , respectively. Experimental results showed that pH 9 had a vital role in the adsorption process of all three types. Langmuir and Redlich-Petersen isotherm models were well fitted with experimental data. Also, the maximum adsorption capacity of CVD, MBD, and MVD to the desired composite was determined as 32.84 mg.g -1 , 31.81 mg.g -1 , and 31.15 mg.g -1 , respectively. In addition, the kinetic data of the removal process followed a pseudo-first order (PFO) kinetic model. Negative thermodynamic parameters were indicated that the process is spontaneous and exothermic. Finally, ad(de)sorption experiments' results showed that the synthesized nanocomposite adsorbent has an excellent ability to adsorb cationic dyes after several consecutive cycles., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Hydroxyapatite (HAp) powder was produced from chicken (femur and beak) and fishbone wastes and used as a green adsorbent to decrease Cd 2+ from aqueous media. The HAp powder was generated at 900 °C and characterized using physicochemical techniques. Chicken femur' HAp (16.72 m 2 /g) had a higher surface compared to chicken beak and fishbone ones. The solution pH was the most important parameter in removing Cd 2+ . The highest Cd 2+ removal was achieved at pH 6, temperature of 25 °C, contact time of 80 min, and adsorbent mass of 2 g/L. The Cd 2+ adsorption data fitted well with the quasi-second-order model in kinetics and the Freundlich model in isotherm. The highest adsorption capacity of Cd 2+ using HAp-chicken femur, HAp-fish bone, and HAp-chicken beak was determined 22.94 mg/g, 21.54 mg/g, and 21.45 mg/g, respectively. The Cd 2+ adsorption using HAp powder was a spontaneous and exothermic process and accidental collisions at the liquid-solid interface were reduced. The decrease of Cd 2+ adsorption efficiency was not significant after multiple recovery steps of the desired powders. In addition to Cd 2+ , other parameters of real wastewater (shipbuilding industry) were reduced by the proposed adsorbents. The utilization of hydroxyapatite powder is expected to be a cheap and eco-friendly method for eliminating metals such as Cd 2+ ., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

In this paper, Zeolite-MgO was generated using alkali-thermal method and was utilized as a catalyst to decrease amoxicillin (AMX) concentration in the presence of H 2 O 2 from wastewater. Different tests like Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), field emission scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray analysis (FESEM-EDX), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were done to determine catalyst properties. Active groups of C-S-C, CO, CC, C-N, C-O, N-O, and N-H were identified in catalyst frame. According to XRD results, lower crystallinity of nanoparticles after modification of zeolite by MgO can lead to improvement of AMX removal. Active surface of zeolite (2.32 m 2 /g) was increased after optimization by MgO to 2.96 m 2 /g, indicating an increase in the catalyst capacity for activation of H 2 O 2 . In addition, furnace temperature (200-500 °C), residence time in the furnace (1-4 h), and Mg(NO 3 ) 2 : zeolite ratio (0.25: 2, 0.5:2, 1:2 w/w) were studied to achieve the optimized catalyst for AMX removal. Different parameters like pH (5-9), H 2 O 2 concentration (0-6 mL/100 mL), dose of catalyst (0-10 g/L), AMX concentration (50-300 mg/L), and reaction time (10-130 min) were also studied. The best efficiency (97.9%) of AMX removal was achieved at acidic pH with the lowest amount of H 2 O 2 (0.1 mL/100 mL) and 7 g/L of catalyst. AMX removal using the developed process followed pseudo-first-order kinetics. Reclaimable Zeolite-MgO catalyst can be effectively utilized in wastewater works., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known conflict of interest that may obscure or affect their judgment to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

In the current study, the bio-adsorption potential of Callinectes sapidus biomass for control of cadmium, nickel, and lead from the aqueous stream was assessed. Spectrum analysis of FTIR, AFM, EDAX, mapping, SEM, TEM, and XRF was used to study the properties of the C. sapidus biomass. The XRF analysis revealed that C. sapidus bio-adsorbent has various effective metal oxides that can be useful to adsorb pollutants. The best model to describe the equilibrium data was Freundlich isotherm. The Langmuir bio-adsorption capacity was reported at 31.44 mg g -1 , 29.23 mg g -1 , and 29.15 mg g -1 for lead, cadmium, and nickel ions, respectively. Pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic models were studied to test the kinetic behavior of the process. An intra-particle diffusion model was used to determine the effective mechanisms involved in the bio-adsorption. Based on t 1/2 , it can be concluded that the equilibrium speed of the bio-adsorption process is high. The thermodynamic study showed that the metal bio-adsorption process using C. sapidus biomass is exothermic and spontaneous. The field applicability of the crab bio-adsorbent for eliminating concurrently several contaminants (metal ions, antibiotics, sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium) from an actual wastewater was successfully examined.

This research has analysed the physiochemical properties of a catalyst that has been developed - biochar-La, including BJH, BET, EDX, SEM, FTIR, pHpzc, and iodine number. The catalyst consisted of effective functional groups, including C=S, C-O, C=C, -COOH and O-H, with a specific surface area of 31.2 m 2 /g. The catalyst was used in the biochar-La/ultrasonic/persulphate system to remove phenol from wastewater. The kinetics, mechanism, and reusability of the catalyst for the phenol removal from synthetic wastewater were determined. The results suggested that phenol removal kinetics follows pseudo-first-order model (k = 0.0386 1/min), and the catalyst can be reused three times. The potential of operation of the biochar-La/ultrasonic/persulphate system - with the effective removal of phenol and other organic compounds from real petrochemical wastewater - was tested. The results indicated that the removal of phenol from the petrochemical wastewater with a relatively high total dissolved solid is >99%. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-mass) test revealed that the complete decomposition of some contaminants in the petrochemical wastewater had occurred, as H 2 O and CO 2 were detected. The contribution of a heterogeneous mechanism for phenol oxidation by biochar-La/ultrasonic/persulphate was calculated to be 60%. Overall, the results showed that the biochar-La/ultrasonic/persulphate system is very effective and promising for the removal of phenol from the petrochemical wastewater.

We introduce a new adsorbent, bimetallic chitosan particle (BCP) that is successfully synthesized and applied to remove the orange II dye from wastewater. The effects of pH, BCP quantity, and contact time are initially verified on the basis of the percentage of orange II removed from the wastewater. Experimental data reveal that the Cu/Mg bimetal and chitosan have a synergistic effect on the adsorption process of the adsorbate, where the dye adsorption by Cu/Mg bimetal, chitosan alone, and bimetal-chitosan is 10, 49, and 99.5%, respectively. The time required for the complete decolorization of orange II by 1 mg/L of BCP is 10 min. The Langmuir model is the best fit for the experimental data, which attains a maximum adsorption capacity of 384.6 mg/g. The consideration of the kinetic behavior indicates that the adsorption of orange II onto the BCP fits best with the pseudo-second-order and Elovich models. Further, the simulated azo dye wastewater can be effectively treated using a relatively low quantity of the adsorbent, 1 mg/L, within a short reaction time of 20 min. Overall, the use of BCP can be considered a promising method for eliminating the azo dye from wastewater effectively.

In the present work, the biomass of Aspergillus flavus (AF) was modified using magnetic nanoparticles MnFe 2 O 4 and metal-organic framework of ZIF-67, and its ability to remove tetracycline antibiotic (TCH) was investigated. With the help of physicochemical tests, AF biomass modification with ZIF-67 and MnFe 2 O 4 magnetic nanoparticles was confirmed. Based on the BET value, AF-MnFe 2 O 4 -ZIF-67 (139.83 m2/g) has a higher surface value than AF (0.786 m2/g) and AF/MnFe 2 O 4 (17.504 m2/g). Also, the magnetic saturation value revealed that the modified biomass can be isolated from the treated solution using a simple magnetic field. Maximum TCH elimination (99.04%) using AF-MnFe 2 O 4 -ZIF-67 was obtained at pH 7, adsorber mass of 1 g/L, adsorption time of 40 min, and TCH content of 10 mg/L. The thermodynamic study indicated that the TCH abatement using the desired composite is spontaneous and exothermic. The experimental results showed that the adsorption process is compatible with the pseudo-second-order kinetic and Freundlich model. The maximum adsorption capacity for AF, AF-MnFe 2 O 4 , and AF-MnFe 2 O 4 -ZIF-67 was quantified to be 9.75 mg/g, 25.59 mg/g, and 43.87 mg/g, respectively. The reusability of the desired adsorbers was examined in up to 8 steps. The outcomes showed that the adsorbers can be used several times in TCH elimination. The provided composite can remove TCH from hospital wastewater, so it can be suggested for use in water and wastewater treatment works. • The A. flavus biomass was modified with MnFe 2 O 4 and ZIF-67 to remove tetracycline. • The magnetic sorbent was stable as it was reutilized 8 times with efficiency >86%. • The adsorbent had good efficiency in the presence of cations (Na+, K+, and Ca2+). • Tetracycline adsorption obeyed pseudo-first order and Freundlich models (R2 > 0.9). • > 99% of tetracycline was removed at pH 7, sorbent mass of 1 g/L, and time 40 min. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, carbon nanotubes (CNT) and β-cyclodextrin (CD) was used to generate magnetic composites (CNT/MnFe 2 O 4 and CNT/β- CD/MnFe 2 O 4) to remove the emerging contaminant of tetracycline (TC) antibiotic from various aqueous solutions. Various techniques were used to investigate the structural and surface characteristics of the adsorptive composites. Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) test illustrated that the synthesized magnetic composites have a higher specific active surface than CNT. The effect of water pH, temperature, sorption time, TC content, and type of aqueous solution on the elimination efficiency was explored. Our data followed the isotherm models of Redlich-Peterson and Temkin. The peak of TC adsorption capacity from distilled water using CNT, CNT/MnFe 2 O 4 , CNT/β-CD/MnFe 2 O 4 was determined 82.66 mg/g, 86.48 mg/g, and 89.53 mg/g, respectively. The TC adsorption capacity using CNT/β-CD/MnFe 2 O 4 magnetic composite from urban drinking water and wastewater was determined at 55.02 mg/g and 40.36 mg/g, respectively. The adsorption process revealed that the removal of TC from distilled water using the synthesized adsorbents follows the pseudo-first-order model. In contrast, the removal of TC from municipal drinking water and wastewater follows the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The TC decontamination process was spontaneous and exothermic and could be performed well at ambient temperature. Overall, the studied adsorbents (CNT and CNT-based magnetic composites) can be used as promising adsorbents in the TC removal processes from aqueous solutions. [Display omitted] • The CNT/β-Cyclodextrin/MnFe 2 O 4 nanocomposite had a BET value of 166 m2/g. • Tetracycline (TC) from different solutions was adsorbed to the magnetic composite. • The TC uptake capacity from wastewater using nanocomposite was obtained 40 mg/g. • The TC adsorption onto nanocomposite followed Redlich-Peterson and Temkin models. • The TC removal from distilled water was obeyed pseudo-first-order model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current investigation, the adsorptive performance of hydroxyapatite (HAp) was improved by using Fe 3 O 4 magnetic nanoparticles and polydopamine (PDA) and was applied to eliminate Hg(II), Co(II), and Ni(II). The tests of XPS, XRD, EDX, FTIR, TGA, and VSM were applied to identify the HAp/Fe 3 O 4 /PDA structure and adsorption mechanisms. Based on the finding, pH was of the most effective variables in the elimination process and the highest yield was determined at pH 6 for all studied metals. The equilibrium data followed the Langmuir and Freundlich models (R2 > 0.9). According to isotherm modeling, Hg(II), Co(II), and Ni(II) removal using HAp/Fe 3 O 4 /PDA has a physical mechanism. The highest elimination capacity (q m) for Hg(II), Co(II), and Ni(II) was set at 51.73 mg/g, 49.32 mg/g, and 48.09 mg/g, respectively. The effect of contact time had a good consistency with the findings of the Weber and Morris kinetic, as the process was done in two steps. The Gibbs free energy parameter revealed that the abatement process is spontaneous and its spontaneity degree decreases with elevating temperature. Various analyzes were used to explore the characteristics of the HAp/Fe 3 O 4 /PDA composite. In summary, HAp/Fe 3 O 4 /PDA had an effective capability to remove toxic metals from distilled water and landfill leachate. [Display omitted] • Hydroxyapatite (HAp) was magnetically composited with Fe 3 O 4 and polydopamine (PDA). • The crystalline and mesoporous adsorbent of HAp/Fe 3 O 4 /PDA had a BET area > 37 m2/g. • The highest metal removal efficiency (> 92%) was obtained at pH 6. • The highest elimination capacity for Hg, Co, and Ni was obtained > 48 mg/g. • HAp/Fe 3 O 4 /PDA was used to remove metals from a landfill leachate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A catalyst (BET: 4.4 m 2 /g) was produced from waste sludge of shipping docks. • The catalyst was used with H 2 O 2 and ultrasound to remove amoxicillin (AMX). • The catalyst was used to treat AMX from water, urine, and hospital effluent. • The catalyst was recycled 8 times but then lost 50% activity. • AMX degraded (~98%) by the synergy of catalyst/H 2 O 2 /ultrasound at pH 5 in 60 min. The waste sludge from shipping docks contains important elements that can be used as a catalyst after proper processing. The purpose of this study was to remove of amoxicillin (AMX) from the aquatic environment using waste sludge from shipping docks as catalyst in the presence of hydrogen peroxide/ultrasound waves. The catalyst was produced by treating waste sludge at 400 °C for 2 h. N 2 adsorption, SEM, XRD, XRF, and FTIR techniques characterized the structural and physical properties of the catalyst. The BET-specific surface area of the catalyst reduced after AMX removal from 4.4 m 2 /g to 3.6 m 2 /g. To determine the optimal removal conditions, the parameters of the design of experiments were pH (5–9), contaminant concentration (5–100 mg/L), catalyst dosage (0.5–6 g/L), and concentration of hydrogen peroxide (10–100 mM). The maximum removal of AMX (98%) was obtained in the catalyst/hydrogen peroxide/ultrasound system at pH 5, catalyst dose of 4.5 g/L, H 2 O 2 concentration of 50 mM, AMX concentration of 5 mg/L, and contact time of 60 min. The kinetics of removal of AMX from urine (k = 0.026 1/min), hospital wastewater (k = 0.021 1/min), and distilled water (k = 0.067 1/min) followed a first-order kinetic model ( R 2 > 0.91). The catalyst was reused up to 8 times and the AMX removal decreased to 45% in the last use. The byproducts and reaction pathway of AMX degradation were also investigated. The results clearly show that to achieve high pollutant removal rate the H 2 O 2 /ultrasound and catalyst/ultrasound synergy plays a key role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]