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Chemoprofiling of the aerial parts of the unexplored wild nutmeg species M. beddomei subsp. Spherocarpa W.J. de Wilde led to the isolation of two new flavonoids, including an isoflavone 5,7-dihydroxy-3-(5'-hydroxybenzo[d](7',9')-dioxol-1'-yl)-4H-chromen-4-one (1) and a β-hydroxydihydrochalcone; (3(S)-hydroxy-3-phenyl-1-(2',4',6'-trihydroxyphenyl)propan-1-one (2) along with eleven known compounds (3-13) for the first time. The chemical structures of the isolates were elucidated by various spectroscopic analyses (1D and 2D NMR, HR-ESI-MS and IR). Chemotaxonomic significance of the isolates was discussed in detail. In addition the selected compounds were assessed for their in vitro cytotoxicity against human adenocarcinoma cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231). Amongst malabaricones (3, 5-7) showed promising activity against both the cell lines whereas trimyristin (10) efficiently inhibited MCF-7 also partensein (8) and promalabaricone B (9) were found to be moderately toxic to MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7.

Abstrcact Jamu Selokarang is one of the traditional drinks originating from an area, namely Madura, the ingredients used in the manufacture of Jamu Selokarang are turmeric, ginger, ginger, betel leaf, soursop leaves, cloves, nutmeg, coriander, temu ireng and ginger. The ingredients used in the manufacture of herbal medicine selokarang contain a lot of antioxidants and essential oils. Testing is needed to determine the antioxidant activity contained in the herbal medicine selokarang. This study aims to determine the effect of substitution of jamu selokarang on antioxidant compounds, total phenols, flavonoids, ash content and water content. This study used a simple completely randomized design method (simple CRD) with a single factor, namely the black cumin formulation of 0%, 2%, 4%, 6% and 8% which were included in jamu selokarang. The research was repeated 3 times. The parameters observed were: water content, ash content, antioxidants, total phenols, and flavonoids. The results showed that the substitution had a significant effect on water content, ash content and antioxidant activity, while the total phenol and flavonoid analysis had no significant effect. Treatment 0% black cumin had water content of 2.68%; Ash content of 7,90%; DPPH anti-oxidant for 49.08%; antioxidant FRAP 26.25 μgAAE / mL; total phenol was 2.05 μgGAE / mg, and total flavonoids was 0.91 μgQAE / mg.

This work aimed to isolate the essential oil from the nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) seed, to determine the qualitative and quantitative chemical composition of the obtained essential oil, as w...

Streptococcus mutans is an oral commensal. Its bacteria are involved in the dental caries pathogenesis. Nutmeg flesh (Myristica fragrans Houtt) is one of the native plants of Indonesia. Nutmeg flesh (Myristica fragrans Houtt) contains antibacterial properties such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, saponins, and essential oil. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of nutmeg flesh (Myristica fragrans Houtt) extract in the inhibition of Streptococcus mutans growth. The extract of nutmeg flesh (Myristica fragrans Houtt) was made using the maceration method with ethanol 96% as the solvent. The Diffusion methods to identify the inhibition of Streptococcus mutans growth. The concentration of nutmeg flesh (Myristica fragrans Houtt) extract used in this study were 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100. The one-way ANOVA analysis showed that there was the effect of nutmeg flesh (Myristica fragrans Houtt) extract on Streptococcus mutans growth with value p0.05, and then data was tested by Least Significant Difference (LSD). This study's conclusion showed an effect of nutmeg flesh (Myristica fragrans Houtt) extract in inhibiting Streptococcus mutans growth. The concentration of nutmeg flesh (Myristica fragrans Houtt) extract, which has the greatest inhibition zone on the growth of Streptococcus mutans, is at a concentration of 100% is 33,53 mm. KEYWORDS: Nutmeg flesh (Myristica fragrans Houtt), Streptococcus mutans

Background: Recently, many drugs have been developed and used for the treatment of hepatic and renal diseases. Nutmeg apart from being utilized as kitchen spices in Nigeria has also been used for healing and medicinal purposes. Aims: In the present study, nutmeg supplement was evaluated against Acetaminophen (APAP) induced hepato- renal-toxicity. Study Design: Twenty (20) adult wistar rats weighing185-220 were obtained from animal house of the department of Pharmacology University of Port Harcourt were divided into four groups having 5 rats each (n=5). Methodology: The animals were divided into four groups of 5 rats each: Group A (normal control) were administered distilled water, group B (negative control) received a single dose of acetaminophen (1000 mg/kg) for two days. Group C received 500 mg/kg body weight of nutmeg supplement one hour before receiving 1000 mg/kg acetaminophen, while group D received acetaminophen (1000 mg/kg) only on day 1 and 2 and the drug extracts on day 3-7. All dosage was dissolved in distilled water orally. The experiment lasted for seven days. Twenty four hours after drugs administrations the animals in each group were anaesthetized. Blood samples were collected and animals sacrificed, liver and kidney tissues removed for various histopathological, biochemistry, antioxidant and haematological examinations using standard procedures. Statistical analysis was done using ANOVA and Tukey poc-hoc Test. Results: Administration of nutmeg supplement orally effectively restrained APAP-induced alterations in the activities of hepatic (48.60-38.00) and renal markers and Antioxidant enzymes in liver (0.43-0.53). The hepatic and renal architecture of APAP administered rats showed distorted liver and kidney tissues, hepatic vacuolations, destroyed glomerular and renal tubules. Nutmeg+APAP as well as APAP+ Nutmeg administrations were able to ameliorate the effects of APAP administration. Conclusion: The result indicated that APAP overdosed is hepato-renal- toxic and Nutmeg supplement possessed hepato-prote-curative properties as well as renal-prote-curative properties against APAP-induced damage in rats.

A research work was carried out to evaluate the effects of toasted Monodora myristica spice as feed additive in quail diet in a completely randomized design. The proximate, vitamin and mineral composition and anti-nutritional factors, growth performance, cut parts and organ characteristics, biochemical parameters and egg quality traits were evaluated in this study that lasted for fifteen weeks. A total of 120 day-old quail chicks were brooded for 14 days. Thereafter, they were allocated to four dietary treatments designated D1, D2, D3 and D4 also having 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% Monodora myristica respectively. Each treatment was replicated three times at 10 quails (2 males: 8 females) per replicate. Growth performance and carcass characteristics study lasted for 7 weeks while eggs were collected for four weeks. Daily feed intake was reported to be 2.39g/bird/day, 2.83g/bird/day, 3.22g/bird/day and 3.15g/bird/day respectively for 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% Monodora myristica-flavoured diets. There was no significant (P>0.05) increase in the daily feed intake though it increased only numerically as level of inclusion increased from 0% to 1.0% but decreased at the level above 1.0%. There were significant (P

The aim of the study is to evaluate and compare the antibacterial activity of ethanolic stem extract of (Wild African nutmeg) Pycnanthus angolensis (Welw.) and some commercially available toothpaste against bacteria isolated from the hidden resident mouth cavity microfora. Bacteria were isolated from swabs of apparently healthy individuals and were identified using Staining procedure biochemical tests and the use of Bergey’s manual of bacteria identification The assay for antibacterial activity of Pycnanthus angolensis stem bark extract and the four toothpastes were determined using agar well diffusion method. The Gram positive bacteria isolated were Streptococcus sangus, Streptococcus ratti, Stomatococcus mucilaginous., Peptostreptococcus sp., and Streptococcus mutans and the Gram negative bacteria were Veillonella atypical, Veillonella parvula, Veillonella dispar and Acidiaminococcus sp. Oral B toothpaste showed maximum efficacy of inhibition with inhibition zone diameter as wide as 20 mm at 100 mg/ml. Percentage frequency distribution of antibacterial activity of conventional toothpaste (Close-up) against hidden resident mouth cavity microfora depicts Acidaminococcus sp.13%, Veillonella parvula (10%), Veillonella dispar (12%), Peptostreptococcus sp.(12%), Stomatococcus mucilaginous.(9%), Streptococcus ratti (13%), Veillonella atypical (11%), Streptococcus sangus (9%) and Streptococcus mutans (11%), Percentage frequency distribution of antibacterial activity of conventional toothpaste (Oral B toothpaste) against hidden resident mouth cavity microfora reveals Acidaminococcus sp.(11%,) Veillonella dispar (11%), Veillonella parvula (10%), Peptostreptococcus sp. (12%), Stomatococcus mucilaginous.(15%), Streptococcus ratti (11%), Veillonella atypical (8%), Streptococcus sangus (10%), and Streptococcus mutans (12%), Percentage frequency distribution of antibacterial activity of conventional toothpaste (MyMy toothpaste) against hidden resident mouth cavity microfora depicts Acidaminococcus sp.(12%), Veillonella dispar (9%), Veillonella parvula (8%), Peptostreptococcus sp.(10%), Stomatococcus mucilaginous.(16%), Streptococcus ratti (9%), Veillonella atypical (15%),Streptococcus sangus (9%) and Streptococcus mutans (12%), Percentage frequency distribution of antibacterial activity of conventional toothpaste (Olive toothpaste) against hidden resident mouth cavity microfora shows Acidaminococcus sp.(9%), Veillonella dispar (10%), Veillonella parvula (10%), Peptostreptococcus sp.(12%), Stomatococcus mucilaginous.(13%), Streptococcus ratti (10%) ,Veillonella atypical (17%), Streptococcus sangus (7%), and Streptococcus mutans (12%). Pycnanthus Angolensis stem bark extract inhibited the growth of the oral bacterial isolates with of zones of inhibition diameter ranging from 6 mm to 17 mm at a concentration of 100mg/ml. Secondary metabolite (Phytochemical) screening shows the presence of flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, reducing sugars, steroid, phenol, terpenoid, pyrrolozidine alkaloid, glycoside and cardiac glycoside with glycoside and terpenoid most present. However, anthraquinones and volatile oil were absent. With menial antibacterial activity, P. angolensis can be use in the formulation of herbal toothpaste. It should be advocated that Pycnanthus angolensis should be added to our convention toothpaste to improve the functional ingredient of the toothpaste and Plant-based traditional knowledge has become a recognized tool in search for new sources of drugs. It is clear that the use of these herbal plants can offer a platform for further research.

BACKGROUND Development of new personal repellents to prevent tick bites is progressing to keep up with the increasing threat of tick-borne diseases in humans. However, the market share of natural, plant-based repellents is still quite small. We tested all of the major (>1%) components found in the essential oils of rosemary (Spanish variety) and nutmeg. These were tested with Dermacentor variabilis ticks, a robust tick capable of vectoring human diseases, in a no-human horizontal Petri dish assay. For comparison, we also tested the active ingredients currently recommended by the CDC and EPA as personal repellents for use against ticks. RESULTS Of the 16 oil components tested, three performed significantly better than N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET) in our assay. These compounds were myristicin and safrole found in the nutmeg oil, and terpinolene found in nutmeg oil and as a minor (

Introduction and Aim: The most emerging area of research in nanotechnology deals with the synthesis of nanoparticles which are of great importance due to its use in various biological fields. Myristica fragrans is commonly known as “nutmeg”. It is popular as a spice and also possesses various therapeutic properties. It has a characteristic pleasant fragrance and a slightly warm taste. It has various therapeutic uses and is widely used. The aim is to assess the anti-inflammatory activity of nutmeg oleoresin mediated silver nanoparticles. Materials and Methods: The nutmeg oleoresin mediated silver nanoparticles were synthesized and was confirmed by UV Vis spectroscopy. The anti-inflammatory property of the prepared nutmeg oleoresin mediated silver nanoparticles was assessed using albumin denaturation inhibitory assay technique. Results: The nutmeg oleoresin mediated silver nanoparticles showed good anti-inflammatory activity with increasing concentration of the nanoparticles. Conclusion: Although a variety of steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have been developed, researchers are focusing on natural substances to develop new anti-inflammatory agents. Nutmeg mediated silver nanoparticles showed a good range of inhibition and can be used against inflammation. The myristicin present in the nutmeg maybe responsible for its anti-inflammatory action. Increased albumin denaturation is reported in conditions like in rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes and cancer. Hence this may pay way to manage such conditions.

Myristica fragrans Houtt. (Myristicaceae), an aromatic evergreen tree, is well known as a commercial source of mace (aril) and nutmeg (seed), which have long been widely used as spices in the culinary field. In addition, various parts of M. fragrans have been used in folk medicine for treating several diseases. Since its extensive uses in the culinary sector and folk medicine, M. fragrans has long attracted a great deal of attention from pharmacologists and chemists. Numerous studies have indicated that M. fragrans contains diverse phytochemicals such as lignans, neolignans, diphenylalkanes, phenylpropanoids, and terpenoids, which exhibit many of pharmacological activities. Among them, macelignan (1), meso-dihydroguaiaretic acid (2), myristicin (111), and malabaricone C (Mal C, 104) are the most active compounds. The aim of this review is to comprehensively summarize the phytochemical and pharmacological properties of M. fragrans that have reported to date.

The prevalence of acute respiratory diseases, the particular severity of their course, as well as the frequent relapses and complications require constant search for new, more effective and safe medicines for their prevention and treatment and introduction of these drugs into clinical practice. Generally, most of the medications used in the treatment of acute respiratory viral infections have a number of side effects. Currently, one of the promising areas of pharmacy is the study of biologically active substances, the medicinal plant raw material, and production of extracts and herbal medicines based on them. Objective – pharmaceutical development of a scientifically based composition, technology for obtaining anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial tablets developed on the basis of a selected and standardized plant substance-a thick extract of the leaves of sage nutmeg, which grows in Tajikistan. When solving the task used the methods of evaluating the technological properties of LRS, physico-chemical properties of plant extracts, physical and technological properties of the mass for tabletting, pharmaco-technological tests of the developed tabletsa study of quantitative content of biologically active substances was determined by Pharmacopoeia methods. The developed solid dosage form with thick extract of sage leaves can be registered as a medicinal product, and the developed technology of tablets with thick extract of sage leaves can be of interest to manufacturers of medicinal products from plant raw materials. The developed methods can be used in laboratories for the detection and quantitative determination of BAS in plant raw materials of Clary sage leaves and medicinal products from this LRS. Thus, based on the results of pharmacological and technological research, we have developed a technology for obtaining a thick extract of sage nutmeg and tablets based on it for the treatment of otolaryngological diseases, which in turn is of interest for further research of the developed drug and its introduction into production.

The present study included the isolation of alkaloids from the nutmeg fruit (Myristica fragrans) where one of the alkaloid compounds in the nutmeg fruit was found, which is the existence of the aromatic and has carbonyl and phenol groups in addition to nitrogen. The isolated alkaloid showed antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli), while the alkaloid compound showed an antifungal effect against Candida albicans and Cryptococcous neoformans. No cytotoxicity of human blood solution in concentration (10-200 ppm) was shown in the isolated alkaloid compound. From this result, it was concluded that the alkaloid isolated from Myristica fragrans can be used in treatment of various disorders because of the effectiveness of the compound against bacteria and fungi.

Antioxidant activity test for the extract of ethyl acetate nutmeg stem bark (Myristica fragrans Houtt) was carried out using 2,2-diphenyl-1picrylhydrazil (DPPH). The test results of antioxidant activity of ethyl acetate nutmeg stem bark extract with DPPH method at a concentration of 25 ppm, 50 ppm and 100 ppm obtained IC50 value = 68.14 ppm with IC50 value of vitamin C (as positive control) 3.657 ppm. The results of column chromatographic separation of ethyl acetate nutmeg stem bark extract obtained 5 combined fractions namely MFEK 1, MFEK 2, MFEK 3, MFEK 4 and MFEK 5. The test results of the fraction antioxidant activity in a good category were the MFEK 1 fraction. The MFEK 2 fraction to MFEK 5 showed an antioxidant activity lower than compared to the ethyl acetate extract. This shows that the ethyl acetate nutmeg stem bark extract has a better inhibitory activity, because there are several active compounds contained in the extract which can inhibit free radicals, so the IC50 value of the extract is better than the fractions.

Herbal medicines have been shown as anti-inflammatory with potentially lesser side effects. The active compound of nutmeg seed is proven to accelerate the healing process of inflammation. This study aimed to evaluate the gel formulation of Indonesian nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt) seed extract for anti-inflammatory activity. A true experimental post test only with control group design was used in this study. The gel was formulated with various concentrations of nutmeg seed extract, namely formulations F1 (0%), F2 (2%), F3 (4%), F4 (8 %), and F5 (12%). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by the least significant difference (LSD) methods were performed with SPSS version 22. The results showed that all formulas had an opaque physical appearance, brownish-yellow color, soft texture, and aromatic odor. The increase of extract concentration in gel formula will affect the adhesion and spreadability. F5 showed the highest anti-inflammatory activity compared to other groups. This formula was generally identified as having a good physical appearance, homogeneity, and stability with a pH value of 6.16±0.24, adhesiveness of 51.12±0.15 sec, and a spreadability of 19.54±0.12 cm2. Therefore, Indonesian nutmeg has the potential to be well-acceptable as a candidate for topical anti-inflammatory agents in global health benefits.

Myristica fragrans Houtt., commonly known as nutmeg, is an Indonesian indigenous dioecious evergreen tree which contains 5-15% volatile oil. The oil is usually produced from the seed or mace. Nutmeg oil has been extensively utilized in aromatherapy, natural medicine, and the perfume industry. This article provides an overview of the chemical compounds, biological potency, and toxic effects of nutmeg essential oil compiled from recent literature (2000–2020). Nutmeg oil mainly comprises monoterpenes and phenylpropanoids. Several reports on gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometry analysis of nutmeg oil showed that there were 27–38 chemical constituents detected at various concentrations. Many secondary metabolites of nutmeg oil reported to show biological activities that possibly substantiate its utilization in natural medicine. Numerous studies reported the biological activities of this volatile oil such as antioxidant, analgesic, antiinflammation, anticonvulsant, antibacterial, antiparasitic, insecticidal, and anticancer activity. But large intake of nutmeg oil could cause intoxication which is shown through symptoms in cardiovascular, central nervous system, anticholinergic, and local effects in the stomach. These symptoms are mainly attributed to the effect of myristicin, safrole, and elemicin overdose. This updated review paper intends to attract more attention to nutmeg oil and its potential to be developed into a medicinal product for the prophylaxis and therapy of diseases.

Myristicafragrans Houtt. (Nutmeg) is a widely known folk medicine across several parts of Asia, particularly used in antimicrobial treatment. Bacterial resistance involves the expression of efflux pump systems (chromosomal norA and mepA) in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Crude extract (CE) and essential oil (EO) obtained from nutmeg were applied as efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs), thereby enhancing the antimicrobial activity of the drugs they were used in. The major substances in CE and EO, which function as EPIs, in a descending order of % peak area include elemicin, myristicin, methoxyeugenol, myristicin, and asarone. Here, we investigated whether the low amount of CE and EO used as EPIs was sufficient to sensitize MRSA killing using the antibiotic ciprofloxacin, which acts as an efflux system. Interestingly, synergy between ciprofloxacin and CE or EO revealed the most significant viability of MRSA, depending on norA and mepA, the latter being responsible for EPI function of EO. Therefore, CE and EO obtained from nutmeg can act as EPIs in combination with substances that act as efflux systems, thereby ensuring that the MRSA strain is susceptible to antibiotic treatment.

Bacteria that cause acne include Staphylococcus aureus and Propionibacterium acnes. Nutmeg leaves are plants that contain antibacterial substances that can inhibit bacterial growth. The purpose of this study is to make soap preparations from nutmeg leaf extracts and find out the formula that is most effective in inhibiting the growth of P.acnes and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Nutmeg leaves were extracted using maceration method with 96% ethanol solvent. Liquid soap preparations are made in 4 formulas. Antibacterial activity test was carried out by the dilution method for MIC and disk diffusion methods to determine LDH liquid soap preparations. Based on the test of the antibacterial activity of 96% ethanol extract, nutmeg leaves have the ability to inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus with a MIC value at a concentration of 0.5% and negative on Propionibacterium acnes. Liquid soap preparations in F1 (extract 2%) have LDH values of 9.87 ± 0.41 mm; F2 (extract 4%) has an LDH value of 10.50 ± 0.35 mm; F3 (extract 8%) has an LDH value of 10.70 ± 0.25 mm; F4 (extract 10%) has an LDH value of 11.87 ± 0.25 mm. The highest LDH value is F4 with a concentration of 10% extract, LDH F4 is a formula that has the most antibacterial activity approaching LDH positive control JF Sulfur which has an LDH value of 13.25 ± 0.25 mm

The bathroom which is a place for people to clean up themselves is also prone to contamination. The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial properties of nutmeg against isolates from the bathroom using different solvents such as acetone, ethanol and water for the extraction of the nutmeg. In this study, samples from different areas in Veritas University male and female hostel bathrooms were screened for bacterial and fungal contamination and results from the study showed that bacterial genera such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, and fungus Aspergillus were found in this public bathroom surfaces. The Cup-plate Agar Diffusion method was used to determine the antibacterial potency of the nutmeg while the Filter paper method was used to determine its antifungal properties. The results proved that nutmeg has great anti-microbial properties thus was capable of inhibiting the growth of these isolates. Results from this study also revealed that when acetone was used as the solvent at 75% concentration, it was the most effective for the antibacterial susceptibility test while ethanoic solvent at the same concentration was the most effective for the antifungal susceptibility testing.

In the present study, polyherbal oil-in-water vanishing emulsion cream was formulated based on the anti-fungal, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, skin-soothing, and anti-aging potential of aloe vera, kachora plant, linseed, long pepper, nagarmotha plant, nutmeg, turmeric, and wheat grain. All herbs were extracted by using the maceration method with ethanol as solvent. The prepared vanishing cream was then evaluated for various parameters, and results were obtained within acceptable values. The prepared vanishing cream was found stable and firm during the stability studies performed as per the guidelines of International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) at different temperatures for a period of a month. Results have shown that formulations have good stabil¬ity. It can be concluded that the prepared polyherbal vanishing cream was pleasing, simply washable without side effects, and can be utilized to protect and avoid degradation of the skin.

Background: Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt) has the potential to control blood glucose and lipid levels. However, it contains safrole compounds, which are dangerous when humans consume them. Objective: In this study, we eliminated safrole from nutmeg and investigated its antidiabetic and antidyslipidemic properties. Methods: Nutmeg seeds were powdered, extracted with 90% ethanol, and chromatographed to remove the safrole. Safrole-free nutmeg extract was concentrated, and its antidiabetic and antidyslipidemic agents were tested in a type 2 diabetes mellitus rat model. Results: The results showed that the blood glucose level decreased by 20% after 2 days of treatment, 30% after 4 days of treatment and 40% after 6 days of treatment with nutmeg extracts. The blood triglyceride level did not change in the first 2 days of treatment, and it decreased by 25% after 4 days of treatment and by another 25% after 6 days of treatment. Luciferase assay showed that safrole- free nutmeg increased the activities of PPAR α and γ in a dose-dependent manner, which marked the potential mechanism of lowering the triglyceride and glucose levels. Conclusion: Results thus obtained are suggestive of the potential dual effect of safrole-free nutmeg extract on antidiabetic and antidyslipidemic management.

Toxoplasma gondii is a globally obligate intra-cellular protozoan zoonotic disease. This study evaluated the efficacy of Thymus vulgaris and Myristica fragrance Houtt (Nutmeg) ethanolic extracts against chronic toxoplasmosis. A total of fifty laboratory-bred male Swiss Albino mice were infected with Me-49 T. gondii strain and divided into five groups G1:non infected/non-treated control, G2:infected/non-treated, G3: infected/treated with Thymus vulgaris extract, G4: infected/treated with nutmeg extract and G5:infected and treated with Spiramycin. Mice were given Thymus and Myristicaethanolic extract 4 days post infection for 14 days then sacrificed 4 weeks after last dose. Brains and livers were dissected out and processed for histopathological examination. Tissue cyst count evaluated the efficacy of extracts. The results showed that mean number of brain cysts was significantly reduced by 47.5% in mice treated with Thymus extract while Myristica extract treated group showed a mild reduction (0.8%). Thymus effect was near to Spiramycin in cyst reduction (47.5% & 48.89%) respectively. Brain and liver lesions in Thymus treated mice showed considerable improvement.

Brief Background This study was undertaken to assess the anti-plaque efficacy of Nutmeg mouthwash. The antibacterial properties of nutmeg mouthwash against Prevotella intermedia (Pi), Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) in vitro were also assessed. Materials and Methods In vitro testing of Nutmeg mouthwash against Pi, Pg, and Aa was carried out. Thirty periodontally healthy subjects between the age group of 21- 23 years (mean age 22 years) were enrolled in the cross sectional 4-day plaque re-growth study and were divided into two groups and assigned one mouthwash for each group. Mouthwashes were labelled as A and B. Mouthwash A was a Nutmeg mouthwash; Mouthwash B was commercially available 0.2% Chlorhexidine mouthwash. Subjects were advised to refrain from any kind of mechanical oral hygiene techniques. Plaque index (PI) was checked on day 1 and 5. After a washout period of two weeks, the mouthwashes were switched and cross-over clinical trial was again carried out and plaque scores were taken on day 1 and 5. Results Pi significantly increased from day 1 to day 5 (P < 0.01) in Groups A and B during all the trails. In inter-group comparison, Nutmeg mouthwash was almost comparable to Chlorhexidine mouthwash. However, chlorhexidine showed superior anti-plaque activity. In vitro test, showed Nutmeg mouthwash (0.01%) was effective against Pi, Pg, and Aa. Conclusion: Nutmeg mouthwash was found to be potent plaque inhibitor although less efficacous than Chlorhexidine mouthwash. It can serve as a good alternative for the patients who prefer natural products. Key words Anti-plaque, mouthwash, Nutmeg

Microbial drug resistance is creating severe problems worldwide. Medicinal important plants are a rich source of phytochemicals. These active compounds have antimicrobial and anticancer properties. Over a period of years, various plants based active compounds and its active principles have been analyzed for phytochemicals with antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans but this study was conducted on phytochemicals against multi-drug resistant S. mutans from dental plaque samples. Identification and isolation of S. mutans from dental plaque was done by using standard tests like Gram staining, phenol red test and blood agar hemolysis. Sensitivity/resistance pattern was done by antimicrobial sensitivity test by Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion test. Phytochemical extraction from Myristica fragrans (nutmeg) seed (MFS) and leaves (MFL), cloves (Syzigium aromaticam), Punica granatum fruit peel (PGP), Morus alba L. plant type I (MLP I) and M. alba L. plant type II leaves (MLP II) were done using solvent maceration with methanol, ethanol and water. Extracts were tested for antimicrobial properties against multidrug resistant S. mutans using antibiotic sensitivity test by agar well diffusion method and then were subjected for screening and identification of active phytochemical groups by chemical tests and high performance thin layer chromatography. The confirmatory analysis of the active compounds was done by using chromatography techniques: HPLC and GCMS. In the screening of medicinal plants clove bud, nutmeg seed and pomegranate peel showed effective antimicrobial activity against MDR S. mutans. The minimum inhibitory concentration for pomegranate peel was found to be 20 mg/ml, for clove 10 mg/ml and for Myristica seed 15 mg/ml.

Aim This study aimed to evaluate and compare the antimicrobial efficacy of root canal sealers of different bases when mixed with herbal extracts. Materials and methods An evaluation of three sealers (Endomethasone, AH plus, Apexit plus) mixed with three herbal extracts [Emblica officinalis (Amla), Myristica fragrans (Nutmeg) and Salvadora persica (Miswak)] was done against nine strains of bacteria at various time intervals using the agar diffusion test. Moreover, measurement of the mean zones of inhibition was done. Results The largest zones of bacterial growth inhibition were observed with Endomethasone mixed with Myristica fragrans (Nutmeg) followed in the descending order by AH plus mixed with Salvadora persica (Miswak) and Apexit plus mixed with Salvadora persica (Miswak) respectively. The differences between zones of inhibition among different groups were found to be statistically significant. Conclusion Zinc-oxide-eugenol-based sealer (Endomethasone) mixed with herbal extracts produced the largest inhibitory zones followed in the descending order by resin-based sealer (AH plus) and calcium-hydroxide-based sealer (Apexit plus), respectively. Clinical significance Herbal plants such as [Emblica officinalis (Amla), Myristica fragrans (Nutmeg) and Salvadora persica (Miswak)] are rich sources of bioactive compounds that possess antimicrobial properties. Mixing their extracts with endodontic sealers can produce additive antimicrobial effect against microbes found in inflamed pulp. How to cite this article Devi MT, Saha S, Tripathi AM, et al. Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Efficacy of Herbal Extracts Added to Root Canal Sealers of Different Bases: An In Vitro Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2019;12(5):398-404.

Palm Oil contains high content of carotenoids and is a rich source of vitamin E consisting of tocopherols and tocotrienols which are well known nutritional antioxidants. Lipid oxidation has seriously limited the stability of palm oil resulting in rancidity. Therefore this work evaluates the antioxidant potential of Monodora myristica (African nutmeg) on Palm oil stability. Monodora myristica extract was obtained by maceration technique using n-hexane as solvent. Equal volumes of Palm oil obtained from one source were treated with different volumes (0.2ml, 0.4ml, 0.6m, 0.8m, 1.0ml) of African Nutmeg extract using syringe. Two experimental groups were prepared. A group were placed under the sun (S.S) and the other group in a room (S.R) for a period of two weeks. These treated oil samples were analyzed by titration, on weekly basis to determine the free fatty acid content and acid value. Results obtained showed that for the two groups of treated Palm oil, the free fatty acid content and acid value increased significantly (P

Acne is a common skin condition observed in adolescents. Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt) (MF) is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine, its major toxic components, safrole and myristicin, are rich in essential oils. Essential oils of MF (MFO) were extracted by hydrodistillation, the residue was extracted using 50% methanol (MFE-M). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of MFE-M against Cutibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus aureus was 0.64 mg. Four compounds were obtained from MFE-M: myristicin (1), (+)-erythro-&Delta, 8&prime, 7S,8R- dihydroxy-3,3,5&prime, trimethoxy-8-O-4&prime, neolignan (2), (+)-erythro-&Delta, 8&rsquo, 7-hydroxy-3,4,3&rsquo, 5&rsquo, tetramethoxy 8-O-4-neolignan (3), and erythro-&Delta, 7-acetoxy-3,4,3&prime, 5&prime, tetramethoxy-8-O-4&prime, neolignan (4). Compound 2 exerted the strongest antimicrobial activity, with MICs of 6.25 and 3.12 &mu, g/mL against C. acnes and S. aureus, respectively. Moreover, 2 inhibited NO, PGE2, iNOS, and COX-2 levels in RAW 264.7 cells induced by LPS or heat-killed C. acnes, NO production at 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50) was 11.07 and 11.53 &mu, g/mL, respectively. Myristicin and safrole content was higher in MFO than in MFE-M. MFO and MFE-M caused no skin irritation after a single topical application in Wistar rats. MFE-M, with low safrole and myristicin content, did not cause skin irritation and exhibited an anti-acne effect, moreover, 2 was identified as the active substance. Therefore, MFE-M could be employed to develop anti-acne compounds for use in cosmetics.

Nutmeg plant (Myristica fragrans Houtt) is known as one of traditional medicine. The nutmeg root has a strong potential in antioxidant and anticancer agents among other nutmeg plant parts. The n-hexane root extract has been carried out by thin-layer chromatography and obtained 8 fractions (labeled as Myristica fragrans Houtt Root: MFHR 1 − 8). Specifically, the MFHR 4 has been purified for several times to obtain a yellow-brown color. Furthermore, lignan compound 6′-methyl-(7‑hydroxy-8-methylbut-9-en)-3,2′-dimethoxybiphenyl-4,5-diol) was identified with chemical formula of C20H24O5 and analyzed using UV–vis spectroscopy, fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), 1D/2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Based on MTT assay, MFHR demonstrated moderate anticancer activity against MCF-7 cell lines of 51.95 µM, meanwhile, DPPH activity confirmed the strong antioxidant activity with IC50 value of 12.67 ppm.

The tree is endemic to the Maluku Province of Indonesia, India, Sri Lanka, Zanjibar, Indochina, Taiwan, and Malaysia. The small, dark colored, dry and very light fruit (described as seed by many) with a very thin fragrant skin that is easily broken, is used medicinally. The fragrant thin skin of nutmeg is called mace and is used independently. Ibn-al-Baitar quoted various authorities that it is astringent, digestive, improves functions of stomach, spleen and liver (cirrhosis), relieves flatulence, and is beneficial for halitosis. Avicenna described it as antiemetic and beneficial for eyesight and oliguria. It is especially useful in indigestion and diarrhea due to decreased retentive strength of intestines in patients with ‘cold and wet’ temperament. Muslim physicians in India describe nutmeg and mace as stimulating, narcotic, digestive, tonic and aphrodisiac, useful in diarrhea of cholera, especially when roasted; also, in obstruction of the liver and spleen. A paste made with nutmeg was used in nervous headache and palsy, and applied around the eyes was thought to strengthen eyesight. Ibn Jazlah called the peels of the tree as the most useful medicinally. Nutmeg contains volatile oil comprised of alkyl benzene derivatives, terpenes and myristic acid, d- and l-α-pinene, sabinene, d-camphene, dipentene, elemicin and isoelemicin, safrole, eugenol, geraniol, d-borneol, and l-terpineol; also 4% myristicin, which is toxic and narcotic. Behavioral effects of nutmeg have varied by the type of extract and the route of administration. Oral administration of methanol, dichloromethane (DE), and hexane (HE) extracts caused a significant increase in locomotor activity, and i.p. administration of DE and HE produced significant reduction in rectal and core body temperature in mice. Myristica seed extract potently reduced TC, LDL-C, lowered cholesterol/phospholipid ratio, and significantly elevated HDL-C, and prevented accumulation of cholesterol, phospholipids and TGs in liver, heart and aorta, and dissolved aortic atheromatous plaques by 75% of hypercholesterolemic rabbits. In a double-blind RCT, topical application of nutmeg oil was not significantly different in improving symptoms in diabetic painful neuropathy and neuropathic pain than placebo.

This study was aimed at investigating the toxic effects of potassium bromate on the spleen and heart of Wistar albino rat and to evaluate the protective effects of aqueous extract of African nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) against potassium bromate induced toxicity in the two organs. Twenty-four (24) male wistar albino rats weighing between 180g and 200g were divided into four groups of six animals each. Group I animals were served with rat feed and water as the control group, group II were administered daily with 30mg/kg bw potassium bromate while groups III and IV animals were administered with 0.5mL of 20% and 40% aqueous extracts of nutmeg seed in addition with 30mg/kg body weight potassium bromate respectively for two weeks. The animals were kept at optimum temperature within a 12 hours light/dark cycle while the experiment lasted. Enzyme biomarkers such as Aspartate Transaminase, Alanine Transaminase, Alkaline Phosphatase; antioxidant enzymes such as, Superoxide dismutase, Catalase; reduced Glutathione; some lipid profiles like Cholesterol, Triglyceride and malondialdehyde were measured in the spleen and heart homogenates of the animals in all the groups. Results of this study showed that potassium bromate exerted significant (P < 0.05) toxic effects on the spleen and heart homogenates while the administration of aqueous extracts of African nutmeg seed caused a marked reversal in the toxicity in a dose dependent manner. However, the results of this study showed that aqueous extract of the seed of African nutmeg is a potential antioxidant against potassium bromate toxicity in the two organs. Keywords: Toxicity, Potassium bromate, Myristica fragrans, Cardiac tissue, Antioxidant

According to National Sleep Foundation in America, more than one third (36%) in young adults aged 18-29 years old reported hard to wake up in the morning. Nutmeg seeds contain atsiri oil about 10% and miristin that have sedative effect. The purpose of this study is to prove that nutmeg seeds shorten sleep induction time and prolong sleep time. This type of research is experimental research with a post test only control group design. The samples used were 27 male Swiss Webster mice, which were divided into three groups. The first control group was given diazepam; the second group was given nutmeg seed extract dose of 7.5 mg; and the third group was given aquabides. The data obtained from the sleep duration of mice in each group. To determine differences in each experimental group, data with normal distribution were analyzed by one way ANOVA test and data with abnormal distribution were analyzed by the KruskalWallis test using SPSS 22.0 for Windows. The results of the Kruskal-Wallis test showed that sleep induction time had a value of p = 0.001. Based on the one way ANOVA test, the result shows the length of sleep time from the treatment group has a significant difference to the control group with a value of p = 0,000 and also showing a significant result to the comparison group with a value of p = 0,000. Nutmeg seed extract (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) with a dose of 7.5 mg can significantly extend the sleep duration of mice. Keywords: nutmeg seeds extract, sleep duration.

The essential oil of the nutmeg plant ( Myristica fragrans Houtt) has been obtained from roots, bark, fruit, mace and seeds using Stahl steam distillation. Each essential oil have tested for antioxidant activity with DPPH. Antioxidant activity of essential oil from each nutmeg plant to DPPH with concentration 25, 50 and 100 ppm. Each essential oil did not show strong antioxidant activity but the result of nutmeg isolation had strong antioxidant activity with IC 50 that was 80,555 ppm. Based on GC-MS analysis of essential oil of nutmeg isolate obtained myristicin compound with 96.52% area and time Retention 22.127. Myristicin is one of the main components of essential oils of nutmeg plants that play an important role as antioxidants. Keywords: Nutmeg plant ( Myristica fragrans Houtt), Essential Oil, DPPH, Antioxidant radicals REFERENCES Suryanti, Siti. 2014. Metabolit Sekunder Pada Tanaman dan Fungsinya. http://seputarduniasains.blogspot.com Diakses tanggal 2 juni 2015. Gupta, A. D., Bansal, V. K., Babu, V., Maithil, N. 2013. Chemistry, antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of nutmeg (Myristica fregrans Houtt) Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnologyh 11 :25-31. Rodianawati, I., Hastuti, P., Cahyanto, M. N. 2015. Nutmeg’s ( Myristica fragrans Houtt) Oleoresin: Effect of Heating to Chemical Compositions and Antifungal Properties Procedia Food Science 3 :244-254. Masyithah, Z. 2006. Pengaruh Volume dan Konsentrasi Pelarut pada Isolasi Trimiristin dari Limbah Buah Pala Jurnal Teknologi Proses 5 (1) Januari; 64-67. Wibowo, S dan Komarayati, S. 2015. Sifat Fisiko Kimia Minyak Cupresus ( Cupressus benthamii ) Asal Aek Nauli, Parapat Sumatera Utara Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan 33 (2) Juni 2015: 93-103. Nurdjannah, N. 2007. Teknologi Pengolahan Pala. Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian . Bogor. Hellen, M, Vargheese, T.N, Kumari, J, Abiramy, Sajina, Sree, J, 2012, Phytochemical Analysis and Anticancer Activity of Essential Oil From Myristica fragrans, International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Review and Research. Chatterjee, S, Zareena Niaz, S. Gautam, Soumyakanti Adhikari, Prasad S. Variyar, Arun Sharma, 2007, Antioxidant Activity of Some Phenolic Constituents from Green Pepper (Piper nigrum L.) and Fresh Nutmeg Mace (Myristica fragrans) J. Food Chemistry 101 , 515–523. Sulaiman, S. F and Kheng, L. O. 2012. Antioxidant and anti food-borne bacterial activities of extracts from leaf and different fruit parts of Myristica fragrans Houtt. Food Control 25 :533-536. Akinboro, A, Kamaruzzaman, M. B, Asmawi, M. Z, Sulaiman, S. F, Sofiman, O. H. 2011. Antioxidans in Aqueous extract of Mirystica fragrans (Houtt) Suppress Mitosis and Cyclophosphamide-induce chromosomal aberrations in Allium cepa L. Cells, Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE B (Biomedicine & Biotechnology) . 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Essential oils (EOs) of culinary herbs and spices are used to flavor, color and preserve foods and drinks. Dietary intake of EOs is significant, deserving an attention of toxicologists. We examined the effects of 31 EOs of culinary herbs and spices on the transcriptional activity of human aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), which is a pivotal xenobiotic sensor, having also multiple roles in human physiology. Tested EOs were sorted out into AhR-inactive ones (14 EOs) and AhR-active ones, including full agonists (cumin, jasmine, vanilla, bay leaf), partial agonists (cloves, dill, thyme, nutmeg, oregano) and antagonists (tarragon, caraway, turmeric, lovage, fennel, spearmint, star anise, anise). Major constituents (>10%) of AhR-active EOs were studied in more detail. We identified AhR partial agonists (carvacrol, ligustilide, eugenol, eugenyl acetate, thymol, ar-turmerone) and antagonists (trans-anethole, butylidine phtalide, R/S-carvones, p-cymene), which account for AhR-mediated activities of EOs of fennel, anise, star anise, caraway, spearmint, tarragon, cloves, dill, turmeric, lovage, thyme and oregano. We also show that AhR-mediated effects of some individual constituents of EOs differ from those manifested in mixtures. In conclusion, EOs of culinary herbs and spices are agonists and antagonists of human AhR, implying a potential for food-drug interactions and interference with endocrine pathways.

In simple terms, inflammation can be defined as a reaction from the body to an injury in living tissue. Anti-inflammatory drugs help in controlling and reducing this inflammation. Natural spices showing anti-inflammatory properties with no side effects, hence they can be used as an efficient anti-inflammatory drug in the near future. To determine the anti-inflammatory activity of Myristica fragrans (Nutmeg) using MTT Assay. The plant material was obtained as a gift sample from Life Care Phytolabs Private Limited. An extract was prepared from the sample. Cell viability assay – MTT Assay was performed, and Raw cell line 247 was used to study the anti-inflammatory potential of the extract. The results collected were put into a graph and table for discussion. A gradual decrease in the number of inflammatory cells as the concentration of the extract was increased was observed in the inflammatory cell line. The cell viability, which was 7.08% when the concentration of the extract was 1ng increased up to 30.6% when the concentration of the extract was increased up to 100ug. The MTT assay test on a raw cell line 247 showed that the Myristica fragrans extract exhibits some level of the anti-inflammatory property. Further research on isolating the specific component of the extract responsible for its anti-inflammatory property can be done in the future.